CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historicai  IVIicroreproductions 


Institut  canadiiGiirt  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1^ 
1^ 


II  2.2 

1 2.0 

11111= 

1.4    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  873-4S03 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notos  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtaii;  tha  baat 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Faoturas  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  altar  any  of  the  imaf  as  i;i  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checlted  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


□ 


Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauria  at/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 
D 
D 


D 


□ 


Cartes  giographiques  an  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  da  I'ombra  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^as 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ^t6  film^as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentairas: 


T 
t( 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  mailleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  poasibla  de  aa  procurer.  Lea  ditaiis 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthoda  normale  de  filmaga 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


n 

D 
D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurias  et/ou  peliicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6coior6es,  tachetias  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


T 

P 
o 

fl 


C 
b 
tl 

s 
o 
fi 

si 
o 


r~Y  Showthrough/ 
iJll    Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in^gale  da  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


T 
si 
T 

VI 


3 

hi 

re 
m 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalament  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  peiure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  fiimies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meiileure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

3 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  hee  been  reproduced  thenkt 
to  the  generoeity  of: 

Library  of  the  Pubiic 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  imegee  appeering  here  are  the  best  quelity 
possibie  considering  the  condition  and  iegibiiity 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specif Icetions. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  eppropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  lest  psge  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hend  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  f ilmA  fut  reproduit  grice  k  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Lii  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grsnd  soin.  compte  tenu  de  le  condition  et 
de  le  nettet*  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contret  de 
filmege. 

Les  exemplaire0  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
pepier  est  ImprimAe  sont  fiimAs  en  commen^ent 
per  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustretion,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  ces.  Tous  les  autres  exempieires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
le  dernlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apperaltra  sur  la 
derniire  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grend  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciichA,  ii  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'engle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  heut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcesssire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iliustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

m 


THE   WORKS 


OP 


^1         HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


%] 


THE    WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


\OLUME  I. 


THE  NATIVE  RACES. 

Vol.  I.     WILD  TRIBES. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  ; 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS. 

1883. 


Kiili-iiil  iiciunling  t.i  Art  of  Omgress  in  tljp  Year  Isxi',  liy 

HU15KKT  H.  TUNCIIOFT, 

Jn  tin-  (iltici'  (.f  tlic  Liliiiiiiaii  i<{  Ciiiijjir^rt,  at  AViinliiiit,'t"ii. 


All  Rhjhts  J  ■'■nerved. 


PREFACE. 


In  rur«n.a„cc.  of  a  gonon.l  plan  involving  the  „--«i„e. 
turn  „f  a  *,.,o„  of  „.„,.,<„  „„  t,,„  ,,^,,,^„.„  ,;...       ^  ,^ 

Am;.,„.a,  r  ,„«o„t  tin.  ddineation  of  i,„  „„o,.i„i„,, 
;;""••";-  ■■■  "-.  (h.,st.     To  ,!,„  in,„K,„.se  ten-i.on  I  i  ,    ." 
>  .^;>n  th.  wcstorn  ocean  fmm  Ala»i<a  to  Da.ien     „    i ' 

i-tivtHnn^'  almost  f™,„  ,„!,.  t„  „     ,   .  ,„'""", ^'•"^"■ 
witlii..  If    r    •.  .     '        '"  "-'l"'U"i,  and  em  iracm" 

~.™.Hn.«;a„.,a,t,.o:x;:i.:i,S;^^^^ 

uits  ha^e  l..e„  i,,|,l  «a„e«l,at  asunder  In-  the     , 
o  cn.eu,ns.anc,.s  vet  are  its  .«u,,ants  dra«„  I    'na     , 
o  nearness  of  relationship,  and  will  l,e  l,ro, il         t 

laits  on  the  other.  1„„|,  ,,,„„      ,^,    ,  . 
eharaoter,st,cs  of  ,|,is  vast  don.ain,  n.aterial       ,  .«     | 
ar.  con,para.,velv  unknown  and  are  es.s..ntiallv  IZt 

of  the  «orld  have  contrihnted   of  th.ir  ener>.ies.  .„ 
th,.s  con>i«sitc  mass,  leavened    by  it,  desti, 

-ri<in,M.nt  thenew  problem  of  it^f,;;:,,'^''!;:, :,,;::: 

1".*.0-  of  tins  West  ante,late.,  that  of  the  Kast         v 
»  centu,,-,  and  although  there  .„a,.  he  apparent  IZ^ 

(vii) 


VIU 


rKEFACE. 


irciioity  in  the  sulyect  thus  tc'iTitoi-ially  tivuted,  there  is 
an  a[)[)iirent  tendency  toward  ultimate  unity. 

'I'o  H)nu'  it  may  he  of  interest  to  know  the  nature  and 
extent  of  my  ivsourci's  for  writing'  so  important  a  series 
ol' woi'ks.  The  hoolvs  and  manuseri]»ts  necessary  lor  the 
tasl<  existed  in  no  lihrary  in  the  world;  hence,  in  ISoO, 
1  eonnuenee(l  coUcctiuLi'  matei'ial  relative  to  the  Pacific. 
States.  AlU'r  securiniz'  eNcrytliiiii;'  within  my  reach  in 
AnuM'ica.  1  twice  visited  l']ui'oi)e.  s[)endin^i:'  ahout  two 
years  in  thorough  I'esearches  in  J'Jidand  and  the  ciru-t' 
cities  of  the  ( "ontinent.  liavinu'  exhausted  every  avail- 
ahle  source.  1  was  ohliged  to  content  myself  with  lyinji; 
in  wait  I'oi'  opportunities.  Xot  lonu'  al'tei'ward.  and  at 
a  time  when  the  jjrospect  of  materially  adding  to  my 
collection  seemed  anythin.n'  liut  hopeful,  the  IHh/io/ia/, 
/iiijK'r'nd  (Jc  Mrjlrn,  of  the  unfortunate  Maximilian,  col- 
lected duriuL;'  a  neriod  of  fortv  \ears  hv  l>on  .)os('  Mai'i'a 
Andrade.  litterateur  and  ])ul)lisli(>r  of  the  city  of  ^lexico, 
was  thi'own  upon  the  European  market  and  furnished 
me  ahout  three  thousand  additional  volumes. 

\n  18(10.  having'  accunndated  some  sixteen  thousand 
hooks,  manuscripts,  and  })aui[)hlets,  hesides  maps  and 
cund)ersome  tiles  of  I'acific  Coast  journals.  I  detei'mined 
to  iio  to  work,  Ihit  1  soon  found  that,  like  I'antalus, 
while  up  to  mv  neck  in  water.  J  was  dvini:'  of  thii'st. 
The  facts  which  1  reipiired  were  so  co[)iously  diluted 
with  ti'ash.  that  to  follow  dillerent  suljjects  throuiih  this 
trackless  sea  of  ei'udition.  in  the  exhaustive  manner  1 
had  })roiiosed,  with  hut  one  life-time  to  devote  to  the 
work,  was  siuiply  im[)racticahle.  In  this  emerjivncy  my 
friend.  Mr  Henry  L.  Oak,  lihi'arian  of  the  collec- 
tion, canu;  to  my  relief.  After  many  consultations, 
and  not  a  few  partial  failures,  a  s^stem  of  indexing'  the 


PREFACE. 


IX 


subject-matter  of  the  whole  library  was  devised  sufTi- 
eie.itly  general  to  be  practicable,  and  suflicienth-  partic- 
ular to  du-ect  me  innnediately  to  all  mv  authorities  („. 
'<uiy  given  point.  The  sy.stem.  (m  trial.'.stands  the  tct 
Hu.l  the  ni.lex  when  completed,  a.s  it  already  is  Ibr  the 
twelve  hundred  authors  .juoted  in  this  work!  will  mure 
tlian  doiihlo  the  practical  value  (.Cthc  library. 

Of  tl...   iuipc'tauce  of  the  l;,sk   undertaken.    1    need 
not  ,s.y   that  1    have  loaned    the  higiRst  opinion        \t 
P>vsent    the    few  grains   ol"   ,yWnt    „,.    ,„    j,;^,,,^,,^    ,,^. 
tlH'  mountain  of  ehalf  as  to   be  of  couiparatively  litll'e 
|H'neht  to  searchei's   in   tlu-  various   hiau.'hes   of"  K^aru- 
"ig:  and   to  sift  and  select  from   this  mass,   to  extract 
''•">'i  iHdky  tome  and  transient  jourual.  from  the  arcbiyes 
"I  convent  an<l  mission,  facts    valuable  to    the  <ehohn- 
and  interesting  to  the  general   reader:  to  arrau^^e  th.'^e 
'a.-ts  ,n  a  natural  order,  and   b,  present  tl.eui   in  s„rh  -i 
"""nicras  to   br  of  j.ractical  benefit   to  in.juirers  in  the 
various  bran.-bes  of  knowledge,  is  a  work  of  no  nuall 
nuport   au.l    iv>ponsibility.      And    th.aid.   miiie   is    the 
lahorof  the  artisan  rathe-  than  that  of  the  artist  a  i\>v". 
•ng  of  weapons  for  abler  ban.ls  to  wield,  a  prodncim- 
•>f    niw  materials   for  skilled   UHrbanies  to   weave   and 
^••>l<>i'  at  will:  yet.  in  undertaking  to  brin-  to  b-bt  IV.mu 
.sounvs    innumerable    e>.en!ial    fu-ts.    whieb.    from    the 
very  shortness  of  lif,.  ji'  iVom  no  oth.T  ea„se.  ninst  otlu-r- 

wise  be  let-tout  in  the  physical  and  s,u-iaUeuerab/aMons. 
winch  occupy   the  ablest  minds.  I  Ibel   that  1  en-a-e  in     ♦ 
no  idle  i)astime.  '  ' 

A  word  as  to  the  Nations  of  which  this  work  is  a  de- 
wnption.and  my  nietho.l  of  treating  the  subje-'t.  \bo- 
ngmally.  for  a  savage  wildei-ness,  tliere  was  hciv  a  .hms." 
poi.uation;  particularly  south  of  the  thirtieth  parallel 


PREFACE. 


and  along  the  border  of  the  ocean  north  of  that  line. 
Before  the  ad^^nt  of  Europeans,  this  domain  counted 
its  aborigines  by  millions;  ranked  among  its  people 
every  phase  of  primitive  humanity,  from  the  reptile- 
eating  cave-dweller  of  the  Great  Basin,  to  the  Aztec  and 
Afaya-Quiche  civilization  of  the  southern  tal)le-land, 
— a  civilization,  if  we  niiiy  credit  Dr  l)ra[)er.  "  that 
might  have  instructed  l']urope,"  a  culture  wantonly 
crushed  by  Spain,  who  therein  "  destroyed  races  more 
civilized  than  herself."' 

Differing  among  themselves  in  minor  particulars  only, 
and  bearing  a  general  I'esembluuce  to  the  nations  of  east- 
ern and  southern  America:  diil'ering  ngain.  the  whole, 
in  character  and  cast  of  features  IVoui  every  other  people 
of  the  world,  we  haxc  here  presented  hundreds  of 
nations  and  toniiues,  with  thousands  of  l)eliefs  and 
customs,  wonderfullv  dissimilar  for  so  setireirated  a 
humanity,  yet  Avonderfully  alike  .for  the  inhabitants  of 
a  laud  that  comprises  within  its  liuiits  nearh-  every  phase 
of  climate  on  the  globe.  At  the  touch  of  European 
civilization,  whether  Latin  or  Teutonic,  these  Uiitions 
vanislic'd;  and  tlieir  unwritten  history,  reaching  back 
for  thousands  of  a'ies.  ended.  All  this  time  thev  had 
been  com i nil' and  uoiiiii'.  nations  swallowiuii'  up  nations, 
annihilating  and  being  lumihilated,  amidst  luunan  con- 
vulsions and  struiiulinn"  civilizations.  Their  strange 
destiny  fullilled,  in  an  instant  they  disa])pear;  and  all 
we  have  of  them,  besides  their  material  relics,  is  the 
glance  cauuht  in  tlieir  liastv  liiiibt,  which  liives  us  a 
few  customs  and  traditions,  and  a  little  mvtholoiiical 
history. 

To  gather  and  arrange  in  systematic  compact  form  all 
that  is  known  of  these   people;   to   rescue  some  facts, 


PREFACE. 


XI 


perhaps  from  oblivion,  to  bring  others  from  inaccessible 
nooks    to  render  all  available  to  science   an,l  to  the 
general  readier,  is  the  object  of  this  work.     Xecessarilv 
-mo  part,  of  it  .nay  te  o,K.n  to  the  charge  „f  drv    ,«• 
I  have  not  l*e„  able  to  interlanl  my  f,u=ts  with  ini..rest 
mg  anecdotes  for  lack  of  space,  and  I  have  endeavor.,1 
to  avoKl  spc^ulatua.  believing,  as  1  do,  the  work  of  the 
lector  and  that  of  the  theori.er  to  be  distinct,  a  ri 
a    be  who  attempts  to  establish  .some  ,«.t  conjecture 
Une   nnpartn.g   general    infonnation.  ca!,    harjlv    be 
.■n.,ted  for  nnpartial  statements.     With  respect  ,;,  the 
orr,tor,al  d.v.sions  of  the  lirst  vohnne.  whi  •!,  is  co  ' 

med  to  the  Wild  Tribes,  and  the  neccssitv  of    i™ 
descr,p„ons  ot  the  same  characteristics  in  -eacb.'  ther^ 

may  be  found  u,ore apparent  than  real.     Althou.!,  there 

are  many  snndar  cu.^ton.s.  there  are  als au^  nun  , 

d.fterenee.s.  and.  as  one  of  ,l,e  chief  dini,.ul,ie.;  „f  „,i 
vobune  was  ,o  keep  i,  witbin  rca.sonable  liu.it.s.  , „|in'. 

pe,     to  e.x^st      The  .second  vohuue.  which  treats  of  ,  e 
C      b,.cd   .Nat,ou.s.  olfers  ,re  fascinating  lield.  and 

th  ample  space  and  all  exi..,ing  authorities  at  b.ud, 

heaul    ,sthewr,tcrsifinreres,.,enotberee iued 

I    value.     As  regards  .Nly,|„,|,,,,.,,,,,„,,^    ,,^,,,. 

1  .c.  and  .l,gra„ous.  of  wbi.-h    the   Ibree   remsiui,  . 

vobuucs  treat  ,t  has  been  n,y  ai,n  ,o  present  ciearh  a„d 
oncsely  all  knowledge  e.x.ant  on  these  subje,.,;:  and 
he  work,  as  a  whole,  is  iutend,.d  to  e,ub,„h-  all  fa,.ts  that 
have  been  preserve,,  „,„eorning  these  people  at  the  tin.e 
of  then-  ahnost  snnultaneou,  di.seovery  and  disappear- 
an  e.  u  w.ll  he  noticed  that  1  have  said  little  of  the 
natives  or  then-  deeds  since  the  coming  of  the  JOuro- 


xu 


PREFACE. 


poans;  of  their  wars  against  iiivaclors  and  among  them- 
selves; of  repartimientos,  presidios,  missions,  leserva- 
tions,  and  otiier  institutions  for  their  conquest,  conver- 
sion, protection,  or  oppression.  My  reason  lor  tliis  is 
that  all  these  things,  so  far  iis  thev  have  any  ini[)ortance, 
belong  to  the  modern  histoi'v  of  the  countiy  and  will 
receive  due  attention  in  a  subsequent  work. 

In  these  live  ^■olumes.  l)esides  inroiuiatiou  iu'(|nired 
from  sources  not  therein  named,  are  ijoiideiiscd  tlie  re- 
searcdies  of  twelve  hundred  writers,  a  list  of  whose  Avorks, 
with  the  edition  used,  is  given  in  this  \olume.  1 
have  endeavored  to  state  fully  and  clearly  in  my  text 
the  substance  of  the  matter,  and  in  reaching  my  conclu- 
sions to  use  due  discrimination  as  to  the  i'es[)ective  value 
of  different  authorities.  In  the  notes  I  gi\e  liljcral  (pio- 
tations.  bothcorroboratixeof  the  te.vt.  and  touching  points 
on  whicli  autuoi's  dill'er.  together  with  complete  references 
to  all  authorities,  includiu'''  some  ol' little  \alue.  on  each 


int,  for  the  use  of  readers  or  writei's  who  ma\  either 

h  t( 


l>*^ 

be  dissatislied  with  my  conclusions,  or  may  wish  to  in 

vestigate  any  particular   lji"anch   of  the  subject   farther 
than  my  limits  allow. 

I  have  gi\en  full  credit  to  each  of  the  many  authors 
from  whom  1  ha\e  taken  material,  and  il".  in  a  few  in- 
stances, a  scai'city  of  authorities  has  compelled  me  to 
di'aw  somewhat  largely  on  the  few  who  have  treated  })ar- 
ticular  points,  I  trust  I  shall  be  jjardoned  in  view  of 
the    comprehensive    natui'c    of    the  woi'k.      (^)uotation3 


are  made  in 


the  li 


muuaues  ui  whu 


■htl 


ie\'  are  Avritten, 


and  great  pains  has  been  taken  to  axoiil  nuitilation  of 
the  authors  words.  As  the  books  cjuoted  Ibrm  [lai't  of 
my  private  library.  1  have  been  able,  by  com})arison 
with  the  originals,  to  carefully-  verify  all  references  al'ter 


PREFACE. 


SUl 


thoy  wore  put  in  typo;  lioiieo  I  may  confi.lo.itlv  liopo 
that  fewer  error.s  have  crept  in  than  are  n.sually  found 
ni  woi-ks  of  such  vjiriety  and  extent. 

Tlie  lahor  involved  in  the  preparation  of  tliese  vohniie^i 
wdl  be  appivciated  by  few.     That  expended  on  the  first 
XiAumv  alone,  with  all  the  material  before  me,  is  more 
tlmn  e.ii.ivalent  to  the  well-directed  eiforts  of  one  person 
lor  ten  years.      In  the  work  of  selecting,  siftin-   and  ar- 
ranging my  subject-matter.  I  have  called  in  the  aid  oi'  a 
liirge  coi-ps  of  assistants,  and.  while  desiring  to  place  on 
HO  one  hut  myself  any  responsibility  for  the'work,  either 
lu  Ntyle  or  matter,  I  would  render  just  acknowledgment 
for  the  services  of  all;  esp,^cially  to  the  following  gentle- 
men,   for  the  eflicient  manner  in  which,   each  in  Iiis 
special  department,  they  have  devoted  their  energies  and 
ii''ihties  to  the  carrying  out  of  my  plan;— to  Afr  T. 
Aiundel-irarcourt,  in   the   researches  on  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  Civilized  Xations;  to  Mv  Walter  M. 
Fi.-her.  in  the  investigation  of  Mythology;  to  .Air  Albert 
<M.Idsrhmidt,  in  the  treatise  on  Language;  and  to  Air 
Henry  L.  Oak,  in  the  subject  of  Antiouities  and  Abori-'. 
uial  History.  '^ 


if 


COKTEKTS  OF  THIS  YOLUME. 


CHAPTER  I. 

ETHNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION, 


rAGE. 


''"D;"!si[J'l'7~rT'r  """™'"^  0"«'"-Unity  of  Race!: 
Z    V  ;f.'^«-''^Po»t""cous  Generation-OriViu  of  Animals 

I^lt          T     "r"""^   ^^"''••'-^•^   "^  l'o,.uIatio,.-I)istril,„t         of 
I  ants  and  Anunals-Adaptubility  of  Species  to  Localitv-c'h  siii 
m  of  Si,ec.es    Ethnological  Tests4laces  of  the  Pa^ifit-S  'i 
Intercourse  with  Europeans '^ 

CHAPTER  II. 

HYPERBOREANS. 
General  Drvisions-HyperlK,rean  Nations-Aspects  of  Natuiv-Vceta- 

CHAPTER  III. 

COLCJIBl  4NS. 
Habitat  of  the  Cohimhian  Group-Physical  Geo.raphv-Sources  of 

!:;i^:r'^'-^""r'-^^''''"-icHn.ate-i^u:extrc.:a^^^ 

M.ml,.h._ri,eir  Ho„,e-Pl,ysical  Peculiarities-Clothin;r-SIu.|. 
U-^Suscnauce-  nipIenients-Manufacturc^s-Arts- Property- 


150 


CHAPTER   IV. 

CALIF0RNIAN8. 

^r^r    '^'r'"'  Califoruians-The  Klan.aths,  Modocs, 
ftiuL-'tas,  I  at  L.ver  Indians,  Eurocs,  Cahroc«,  Hoopahs.  Weeyots. 

(XV) 


XVI 


CONTEXTS. 


I'AflE. 
Tctlcwahs,  anil  Ktifiuc  Fiivf-r  Indians  jind  tlicirCiistdnis  -ThcTdia- 
inas,  I'tinids,  I'kialis,  <iiialalas,  Sononias,  I'rtaliinias,  Napis,  Siis- 
cdls,  Suisancs,  Taniali-s,  Kari[nini's,  Tiiloniox,  Tlianiicns,  Olcliont's, 
Hnnsicns,  Ksci'Icns,  and  (itlicfs  of  Central  Califitrnia"  'I'lic  <'a- 
liuillos,  Dii'^'nenos,  Islanders,  and  Missicin  Hanclierias  of  Soutliern 
California— The  Sinikes  or  Sliosliones  proper,  I'talis,  Hannoeks, 
Wuslioes  uud  other  Shoshone  Nations IJ-'J 


CHAPTER  V. 

NKW  MKXICANS. 

(ieo;;raphical  Position  of  this  Croup,  anil  IMivsieal  Featnrcs  of  the  Ter- 
ritory-Family Divisions;  Ajpaches,  I'neltlos,  liower  Californians, 
and  Nortiiern  Mexicans— Tin- Apaclic  Faiaily:  Conianclx's,  Apaches 
])roper,  Ilnalapais,  Vninas,  Cosninos,  Vain[iais,  Valcliedinies.  Va- 
niajahs,  Crnzados,  Nijuras,  Navajos,  Mojaves,  and  their  cnstonis 
—Tiie  I'uehhi  I'aniiiy:  Pneldos,  .Moipiis,  i'inias,  Maricopas,  I'apa- 
<,'os,  and  their  Neij,dil)ors— Tlie  Coeliiniis,  Waieuris,  rericiiis,  and 
other  Lower  Califiirnians -Tlie  Seris,  Sinaloas,  Tarahnniaiis,  Con- 
clios,  'J'epelmanes,  Tohosos,  Acaxees,  and  otliers  in  Niirtliern 
Mexico 471 

CHAPTER  VI. 

•WILD  TlilliKS  OF    JtEXICO. 

Territorial  Aspects— Two  Main  Divisions;  Wild  Tribes  of  Central  Mex- 
ico, and  Wild  Trilies  of  Soutliern  Mexico— The  Coras  and  others  in 
Jalisco — Descendants  of  the  Aztecs  -The  Otoniis  and  Ma/ahnas 
Adjacent  to  the  Valley  of  Mexico — The  Panies— 'J'he  Tavasios  and 
Matlaltzincas  of  Michoacan-  The  Itnaztecs  and  Totonacos  of  \'era 
Cruz  and  Taniaidijias The  Chontales,  Chiiiantecs,  Mazatccs,  Cni- 
catecs,  Chatinos,  Miztecs,  Zapotecs,  Mijes,  llnaves,  Chiapanccs, 
Zo(|ues,  Lacandones,  ('holes,  Manu's,  Tzotziles,  T/.endales,  Cho. 
ehones  and  others  of  Sonthern   Mexico G15 

CHAPTER  VII. 

•WILD    TRUil'.S    OF    CENTUAL    A5tERICA. 

riiysical  Oeofjraphy  and  Climate — Three  (Jroupal  Divisions;  First,  the 
nations  of  Vncatan,  (Jinitemala,  Salvador,  Western  Honduras,  and 
Nicaraj,Mia;  Secor.d,  The  Mosijnitos  of  llondnras;  Third,  the  na- 
tions of  Costa  Hica  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama — The  I'opolucas, 
Pipiles  and  Chontales — The  Descendants  of  the  Maya-(i>uiche  Paces 
— The  Natives  of  Nicara;4ua— The  Mos(|uitos,  Poyas,  l!aiiias,  I,en- 
cas,  Towkas,  Woohvas,  and  Xicannes  of  Honduras — The  (luatusos 
of  the  Uio  Frio — The  Cainumes,  Payanios,  Dorachos,  (Joajiros, 
Mandin;.'os,  Savanerics,  Sayrones,  and  N'iscitas  livinj^  in  Costa  Pica 
and  on  the  I«tlinius 681 


ArTIIORITIES  QUOTED. 


''■"iv::;;;;t'ft^'tt;i^';:"r'- "™ '-' -  ''■'""•■  ':■■■"■ 

^'"■m;vH=I=-^^^^  ^^.,„, 

i.,  ton,,  i.x.  •'■'^'-""""-   t"i'i.  111.;   Jcnmux  (  ,,a„s,    V„v„  .srii,- 

AllHir.i  .Mrxi.aii...     M,.xi,.„,  |,si<» 

Al..l.M.\n.<.nH>  .1.,.   Di...,,.,,,,,;,  (;..o,ni,i,..  His.on,.,,.     Al.I.i,!,    ITS,;  0 

A.::r;i--'^v-=r'^  -- 


A I 
A 
A 
A 


''''i''in  .\iilii|iiaiiaii  Socicfv    T 
'■'.'■•'  iv.'d  (iO.   4  v„|s. 


niiiNactioiis  and  Coll 


cctions 


M 


oiccxicr 


'"■'•."•iiM  Ktlmolo^ri,,,!  Sorii'tv   T 


ii'«''';i':iii  Missions,  H 


iiicriian  N. 


•Ii's  and  (I 


I'^lory  of.      U 


ninsacfions.   X.'w  V„rl<,  |,s4.-)-8.  vols 


ItlTICS, 


oircslcr,  ISU. 
ia,  ls.")7. 


riiiladclpii 


"-'■'-"  (^.ar,erly  K.gi.tor.     I'Jni;;^!^  < 


S18  ct  .sf(|. 


XVUl 


AUTIIOUITIES  (iUOTED. 


AiM('i-ic;iii  (\)iiiirl('r!y  lii'vicw.     IMii!iiilcl|iliia,  IS'.'T  I't  w'l. 

Allirrir.ill   l!c,ui>liT.       I'llil;iili'l|)lliil.    ISI)7    el  sci^. 

Aiiicrir.iii  licNJcw.     New  N'ork,  ISirifi  sc(|, 

Aiiu'iiMiic   t 'ciiiriilf.     r<i|iiiiisiitiiiii  (III  |)i>trk't  iK;   Saiito-Tlidnias,    (iiiatc« 


iijii 


lii.      I'.iiis.  \Si\. 


Am|»Tc  (.1.  .1. ),  rriiiiii'Mailc  en  Ani(''rii|iii'.      I'aris,  IS."),  'i  vols. 


Viialc-.  .Mi'\iiaiiii>  lie  < 


tCIK  I 


II,    Litcratma,  rti 


.M. 


isno. 


.'I'lilctsiiii    (.\l('\.    ('. ),    llaiiil-riiiiik   and   .Map  of  Frazor'.s  aiitl   Tliniiijisoirrt 


!i\crs. 


Sail  l''iatici> 


|ls.-,,s|. 


Aiiiliews  (\V.  S.),    llliiNtralioii.-.  of  ilir  Wc-it   Imlit's.    liOiidoii,  [|,S(ilJ.  folio. 


Aimali's  (It's  \'ova 


l'ari>,  ISO!)   U.   •_'»  vol 


Aimiial  of  Sciciitiiic  Disi'ovfi-v.     lioston.  IS.')(i  ct  sc<[. 

Annual  l!c';;i>tri'.     I.oiiiloti,  I7S7   IS(I7.    17  vols. 

Alison  i(  ;coil;c),  a  \'oya;;i'   round  llic  World,    I7HI  -I,      London,  17l> 

Antii|niii''s    .Mcxii'aincs.       I'aris,   ls;i4.  folio.  ;}  vols.     'I'f.\t,    '2  Mils.,    raili 


■Mo. 


Ill  "J  ili\  i>ion 


]>lati's,  I  vol. 


Antnrii'/  V  .\cc\rdo  (liafai'l),  .Mciiiorias  Mist 


Madrid,  17!il 


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('a'^ii'llana  y  .Mt'Niiana.     Mexico,  |.">7.">. 
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de  M  irliuacan. 


M. 


Il'i'.tli 


Arilienlioltz  i.l.  .M.  von),  'I'lie  llistorv  of  tlie  I'irates,  eti'.,  of  Aineiica.    l.on- 


Arc'liieol(i;^ia.    or    Miscellaneous    Traits    rclaliii;,'   to    Antii|uity.       London, 

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i; 


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Arenas  (I'edrode),  N'ocalnilario  .Manual  de  las  F,eii''nas  Castellana  v  Mex- 


icana. 


.M( 


I1.-.n:<i 


Arenas  ( I'eiiid  i 


.!(•!.  V 


rio  Manual  de  las   Lenunas  Castellana  v  .Mex- 


II 


ana.      I'ucl,la.   Ls:il. 


Ari/.corrcia  (.Mariano),  l!es|iiiesta  dc  .V!;,'uiios  I'ropietarios  de   I'incas  liiisti 


Ml 


I S  l!t. 


Arle;j:iii  (.losepli  de),  < 'liii'iiiica  do  la  I'rovincia  de  N.   S.    1'.    S.  l'"r,inciseo  do 


/; 


.M 


exico, 


17:!7 


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Am 


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.M 


cinoire  sii 


r  Tecriture  titrurativi 


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xix 


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<l(ir,  Nhara.jiia,  ami  Cnsta  Uica.     Lomloii,  ls.">it. 
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York,  |,S7:{. 
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ries.     Cincinnati,  IKIiT. 
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I'li'iiiiiiil.     Ni'w  N  nrk,  l.s."rt>. 
Iti^'liiriil  i-loliiii,   A  (i('ii;;nijilii<'jil  and   lii^tiiiii  ;il  \"w\\  <>(  ilu'  Wnilil.     l.nu- 

<l**i>,  IslO.   .'i  Mils. 
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;.'rt''.s.  lM  Si'.ss.,  lliiiiM'  l'.\.  lUtr.  177.   I'l.  ■-'.)     Wa-^liiMVI'iii.  Isiis. 
liliMiiiilii'iil  (i;.i.  A  (icncial  View  of  tlic  World,    r.iiii-a.v,  Isu7,    It... 
liodcLra    \  (,liiadia  (.liiaii    I'Vaiicisco),  riiiiiiT  \  ia^^c   liasia    la    Alliiia  di-  ."S 

;;racros.    I77'>.      .MS. 
ltodi';;a  v  tjiiiadia   (.liiaii   l'l•alll•i^«•o),    Navcjrarinii  y  dc-iiiliiiiniciilcis  iicclios 

df  I'liijcii  dc  S.  M.  ('II  la  fusta  si>|itcilll'ioiial  tie  ('alit(»riii;i  |I77'.I|.      MS. 
l>o;,';^'^<,  I. ill' of  (oiv.  I,,  W.  l>oi,'j|.s,  liy  liis  Sou.    .Ms.  |>7.'{. 

l!o;iUNla\V>ki  (It.  \oli|,  IClit'l- dciitsclli'  ( 'oloiiisalioll  in  Mexico.     UiTlili,  IK.'d, 

ISoldiir  (.1.    r>.   Z.I,    I'.xirail  d'tiiii!  Li'ttru.     In  Noiivilk-.s  Amuili-' dcs  N'oy., 

ISI.'i.   loin,  fviii. 
I'lollacrt  (Will.),  Aiili([iiai'ian  and  otliur  Kt'soaiclics  in  Nrw  (Jiaiiada.     I-oii- 

don,  Isi'it). 
I'xdli'i-  (llfiiiy  A.),  Anion;,'  tlic  Indians.     I'liiiadcli'liia,  I.S(;s. 
ISonilla  (.\iiloiiio(,  Urcvc  ('oiii|(('iidio  dc  Tciji-*,    177'-.     MS. 
IJonncr  (  T.  D.I,   Tlie  Lift-  and  Advcntiiics  of  JaiiifM  I*.  IJcckwourtli.    New 

Voik,  ls.".S. 
I'onnycastlc  ( 1!.  II.),  Siianisli  .AiiH'rica.      Londmi,  I^IS.   2  voN, 
Jtortliwick  (.1.  !>.),  Tlii-cf  W'ars  in  < 'alifoinia.      I!diiiiiiir;;!i.  Is.'>7. 
I'loscana  (( ici'i'iiiiiiio),   ('liini;.'rliiiii('li;  A   lli>t'ii'ii'.il   .\r('oinil   of  tlic  ()ri;;iii, 

I'tc.  of  the  Indians  of  San  Juan  ("a|iistiaiin.      New  ^'o|■k.  1S!(I. 
liotiiriiii  llciiadui'i  (Lorenzo),  <'oiu|iiiti)  ('roiiolip;^ico  dc  los  liidioN  Mi'.xicanos. 

In  Doi'.  lliht.  S]v\.,  .Hcrio  iii..  jit  iv. 
JSotiiriiii  riciiadiici  ( l,orcn/o|,  Idea  dt-   I'lia  Niii'\a    llisi.iria   (Iciicral  do  la 

Anicriia  S('|iii'utrioiial.     Madrid,  174l>. 
Itoudin.il  (Llia^l,  .\  Star  in  tlii'  West,  or  a  liiiiiililc  atlciiipt  to  lind  tlii"  loii;r 

lost  Ten 'Irilics  of  l.srat'l.     'rrcutoii,  l.siCi. 
]{ox  (.Miv-liacl  .lauics),  Adveiitiires  and  Mxidoiations  in   New  and  Old  Mcx- 

io).      New  \  (uk,  ISf.'l. 
]»ovle  (I''i-cdi'riikl,  A  Uiilc  across  .-i  ( 'oiitiiicnt.      Loiidiui,    ISCiS.   '2  vols. 
Jiracc  (Ciias.  ]..).  Tlic  itaccsof  the  <  »K1  World.      New  York.  lS(i;{. 
Jirackciirid,L'c  (II.  M-),  \'ic\vs  of  Loiiisiaiia.      rittslmr;,'.  isl  i. 
llrackctt  (.\liicrl  (i.),  (Icii.  Lane's  riri;,'aile  in  Mexico.     Ciiiciiiuati.  l.S.")4. 
liradf(U'd  (.\le\.  W.).  Aniericaii  Anliijuitics  ami  i;c-.earclu  s  into  ilic  ()rij,nii 

and  History  of  the  l!ed  Kai'c.       sew  York,   is  II. 
IJrasscur  dc  ItoiirliourLT,  l>il)liotlii'iiu     Mexico-(;iiiiliiiiMlienuc.      I'aris.  I,S71. 
IJrasseurdc  lioiirlinuru-,  Ksiiuisscs  d'     istoire,  (r.\rcii('iiloL';ie,  d'l',tliiio;:4raiihie, 

etc.     I  I'aris,  iSC.-j.) 
Ikasseur  dc  itoiiilntur;^',  (irainniaire        la  I,an.;iic  (j>iiicli(''e.      I'aris.  ISfVi. 
lirasseur  de   l>nuilioiii^',    llistoire  (i       Nations  civilisi-es  dii  Mexiiiuc  et  dc 

rAiiu'riiine  < 'cut  rale.      Paris,  IS.'      0.   4  vols. 
IJrasscur  dc  IJourlioaru',  Lettres  iioiir     rvir  d'lntioduction  a  rilistoirc  pri- 
mitive des   Nations  Civilisees  d     rAnieriiiue  .Sejilentrioiial.     Mexico, 

1851.   4to. 
lirasseur  dc  ISoiirhoiir;,',  Mannscrit  T'  ,ano.    I^tiides  siir  lesystcinc  ;;raiilii(iue 

et    la    laiiL;iie  des    Mayas.      Taris,     18(11)  70.     4to.     'J  vols.       (Mission 

Seieiitirn|ue,  Iiiii;,'iiisti(|ue.) 
BraHseur  de  Mourliour;,',   ropol  Viili.     Le  Livre  Sacre  et  les  Mytlies  dc  I'An- 

tiquite  .\iiii'ricaiiu!.     I'aris,  ISIil. 
T$ra.sseur  de  l!oiirlM)iii%  (^liiatre  Lettres  stir  le  Mexiijuc.      Paris,  l.S(>8. 
Brasseur  dc    P.oiirhoiir;,',    liecherches  siir  les   Itiiines  dc    PalcmnK'.     Avo<^ 

les  l)e;sins  dc  il.   dc  Waldcek.    l'ari.s,  Ibtjii.    folio.    1  vol.  text;  iiiul  1. 
jyol.  plates. 


1  ■ 


Al'THOUlTIES  QUOTED. 


xxi 


rtra-txfiir  dc  PmurlKuir;.',  \'iiva^'i'  Mur  I'lstliiiii'  ilc  'ri'liiiaiilc|iciv     VmI  ,  ISCii!. 
Miiiiiiiii  (l>iiiiicl  <;  I.  'I'lic  .M>lll■^l>l'  llif  Ni'w  Woiltl.    New  Viirk,   l.siiS. 
Hii^-iit  (A.I,  \'iiya;ic  ail  (  Miii/aciialriis,      I'aris,  l^;{7. 
liritisli  ( 'iiluiiiliia,  i'a|)t'i's  relating' III  till' AH'airH  (jf.   London,  IS.V.)  CO.   folio. 

;<  vols, 
llrilixli  Nortli  i\nu>ri<-a.    London,  n.  d. 
Ih-ownc  |d.  Kosm),  Atlvcntnics  in  tin-  Aparlu'  C'onntry.    Now  York,   187L 


llM 


(d.  1! 


<  'I'liHoc's  i.sland,  I'll 


N'oik,  ISC. I. 


Ui'ownt'  (d.  KoMs),  Ut'sonrrcH  ol"  tin'  I'ai'ilic  Stat('^^.    San  Franrisco, 


ISCi'.t. 


lirow  nc  (d.   Ifo.s.H),   A  Skricli  of  \\w  SfUlfnient  and  Kxidoiation  of  Lowit 

California.     San  Franci.Hco,  !SU!>. 
Hiowncll  ((  liailis  df  Wolf),  'I'lio  Indian  Hi.  "wof  North  iiud Soiilli  Aniorica. 

Il.irlfoid,   ISC.."), 
liryanl  (lldwini,  \'t>ya;;t' imi  Califoniii'.    I'aris,  n.  d. 
llrvaiif  (lldwini.  What  I  saw  in  California.    Nfw  York,  18."iS. 


Jiiicaiiri-rs  ot  .Xnicrica,   llic  History  ot.     Itosion,  |,S,)(, 

lliicliaiiaii  (danu'sl.  .Skctclu's  of  the  History,  ALtnnurs  and  Customs  of  the 

N.  AiiK'riiiin  Indians.     I^indoii,  1S24. 
Ihirklc  iHciiiy  i'honiiis),  History  of  Civili/atiiin  in  Kn^^Iand.  London,  ISGL 

•_'  vols, 
liiill'mii  (i:.  th.uld),  Six  Months  in  the  Cidd  Mines.     I'hiladeli.liiii,  18.">(). 
ItiiHiiii'h  ('I'lioiiias),  ( )i-c;.'on  and  I'^ldorado.     liostoii,   Isc.ti. 
Hiillock  (W.  H.),  Across  Mexico  in  ISC.4  5.     London,  iSC.Ci. 
Itulloik  (W.  11.),  Six  Months' ISesiilonco  and  Travels  in  Mexico,    London, 

isjr..  •_'  vols. 

V.iilow  (.\.  von),  Der  I''reistaat  Nicara'.'na.     Uerlin,  ISl'.t. 

r.iir;,'na  (l-'rancisco  de),  (leo;;r!ilica  hcscripcion  de  la   Parte  Sejitentrioiial  del 

Polo  Arliro  de  la  America  (Oajaca).     Mexico,    U\~-\.   4to.   2  vols. 
Ihirjicia  (Prancisco  de),  I'alestra  Historial  de  \'irtiides,  y  Lxeniplaies  Apos- 

tolicos.     Mexico,  KiTt*.  4t(t. 
Burkart   (dosej.h),    Aiifeiithalt  und  Rciscu  in  Mexico,     Stnttj^'art,   ISIUJ.  '2 

Vols. 
I'lirke  (Pdinniiil),  An  Account  of  European  Settlements  in  America.     Lon- 
don, ISOH.  4t... 
IJuriicy  (dames),   .\  Chronolo^^ical  History  of  Northeastern  Yoya;,'es  of  Dis- 
covery.    Liindon,  ISIO. 
l.unicy  (daiues),   A  CMiidnolo;,'ical   History  of  tlu"  Voyuj^es  of  Discovery  in 

the  South  Sea.      Loudon,  1,S<».S-1C..   4to.   4  vols. 
I'.iirtoii  (It.),  The  Phiglish   Heroe;  or  Sir  P'rancis   Drake  revived.     London, 

1C,.S7. 
r.mloii  (1!.  P.),  The  City  of  the  Saints.     Loudon,  ISC.I. 
I'.uschiiiaun  (dohaim  Carl  P.d.),  Das  Ajiache  alseine  Athapaskischc  Sjirache 

crwieseu.      P.crlin,  |1SC)(I|.   4to. 
liuscliinanu  (dohaun  Carl  Pd.),  Der  Athapaskischc  Sprachstamiii.     I'.erliu, 

|is.-.l|,   4t(i. 
Buscliiiiauii   (.liihaim  Carl   Pil.),   (Irammatik    der  Sonorischeu    Sjnachen. 

l.crliu,   ISCij.     4to. 
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ill  (leii  Sonorischeu  Sprachen.     P.erlin,  [1S.V>|.   4to. 
Duschiiiann    (dohaun  Carl    Pd.),   Die    Piuia-Sprache    niul  die   Spracho  de 

Koh.scheii.     Jierlin,  |IS,"i,"tJ.   4t(.. 
Bu.scliiiiaiiu  (dohaun  Carl  Pd.),   I )ie  Sprachen  Ki/.h  uiid  Nettda  von  Neu- 

Califoriiieii.     IJerliii,  [PS,"),")].   4to. 
IJuscliiuaun  (dohaun  Carl  l^d.).  Die  Spnren  der  A/tekischen  Sprachen  im 

Ncinllichen   Mexico  luul   Hohercn   Amerikanischen   Norden.     llerlin, 

PS.V.>.  4to. 
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liaskischeii   Sprachen.      llcrlin,  lSt;;{.  4to. 
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uiul  derAVe.st.seite  des  Uritischeii  Nordamcrikas.     Berlin,  [IboTJ.  4to. 


JW 


sxu 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Eusrlim.'inn  (.Toliami  ( 'iirl  Etl. ),  Systoinatiscl  ._■  AVortti'.lVl  ilos  Atliaimskisdicn 

Si)i-iii'lista!iims.      I'.crliii  [IS.VltJ.   4t(>. 
IJii-cliiiiaiiii  (.loliaiiu  Carl  Etl.),  rher  diu  Aztekisdieii  Ortsiuinieii.     ]>('iliii 

|IS.".:J|.  4t.). 
lidssiiTiv  (Til.  (kO,  I/Empirc  Mcxicaiii.     Paris,  \H(>X 
liastaiiiaiito,   (l>('iii;;ii()),   .Mcmoi'ia  (ieoinilica  y    Estaili.stira  del  Estado  du 

< Iiiaiiajiiati).     In  Soc.  Mcx.  <i»'<i„'.,  I'xik'tiii,  timi.  i. 
IJii^taiiiaiili' (Cai'liis  IMaiia),  MaAaiias  de  la  Akiiiieda  de  .Mexico,     Mexico, 

l.s:{.">~t;.  '2  vols. 
Iiyaiii  ((leor;;c),  >VaiidcriiigH  in  some  of  Tke  Western  Uepublica  of  Atnor- 

ica.      koiiiloii,  1S.~>(). 
livaiii  (( ieorge),   \Vild  Life  in  Iko  lutenor  of  Central  America.     London, 

18  ID. 


Cake/.a  do  Vaca  (.Mvar  Nnnez),  IJelation.     Translated  from  tke  Spaniskky 

iiiickinukaiii  Siiiilk.     New  \'(irk,  1S71.  4to. 
Cakc/a  de  Vaca  (.Mvar  Nnfiez),   Itelatiuiie.    In   Itaninsio,  Navig.,  torn,   iii.; 

Marcia,  llistoriadores  I'rim.,  tom.  i. ;  Ternaux-(.'om]iaiis,  \«y.,  serie  i., 

torn.  vii. 
Cakreni  (.lose  Maria),   Estadistica  do  la  Miniici]ialidad  de  Nativitas.      In 


Soc 


.M 


ex.  (ieoi; 


iolelin,  torn. 


lati 


lecvlativa 


V  Pnu'tii 


Cakrcra  (.Jose  .Maria),  Sokre  el  Origen  de  la  I'alakra  Mexico.  In  Soc.  Mex. 
(leog.,  Hoietin,  tom.  viii. 

Cakrcra  (I'aiil  Felix),  Teatro  Critico  .\iiiericano.  In  IJio.  (.\nt.  del.k  I'e- 
scriptioii  of  an  .Ancii'nt  City. 

Cakrcra  ikicno   (.losepk    Conzalez),    Navegac.    '    I'^s] 
.Manila,  I7.'i4.   folio. 

Cakiillo  (.Jnan  Uodriguez),  l^ilacion.  o  Diario,  de  la  Navcgacion  (|iit'  ki/o, 
l.")4iJ.     In  Sniitk  (Ik),  Col.  de  \'arios  Documiyitos. 

< 'aldi'ron  de  la  Uarca  (.Madamci,  Life  in  Mexico.      I'.ostoii,  kS4l{.  2  vols. 

Cakfornia,  Estaklecimiento  y  i'rogiesos  de  las  .Misioiiesde  la  .\ntigua  Cali- 
fornia, dis|inesto  por  un  Itckginso.  (Ckielly  tke  letters  of  1*.  .Inan 
Maria  de  S,;lvatieri-a.)     In  l>o<'.  Hist.  ]\Iex.,  serie  iv.,   torn.  v. 

(California   .\cadei:iy   of  Natural    Sciences,    Proceedings.       San    Erancisco, 


l.S(i2  et  .HC 


California  I'ai'iner  and  .lonrnal  of  Useful  Sciences.     .San  I'Vancisco,  lS(i(t  .'{. 

California  Illustrated.     New  ^'ork,  I.S.")2. 

("akfornia,  Its  Past  History;  its  I'reseni  Position,  etc.     London,  \S')(). 

California  Mcri'antik!  .lournal.     .San  l'"raiicisco,  lS()(t. 

California,    Nouvelie    Hescente  des  Esjiagnols  dans  Tile  de  Californie  Tan 

KiS.S.     In  \'oy.  de  I'l'lmiiereur  de  la  Cliiiie. 
California  State  Medical  .Journal.     Sacramento,  lS,")(i-7. 


( 


iktornias 


Noti 


tie  la  Provincia  de  Califoruias  en  Tres  Cartas  de 


uu 


Sacerdote.     Valencia,    I7'.I4. 


Californie,  llistoire  Ciin'tienue.     I'aris,  1S.")I. 

<'aivo  (Ckarles),  Itecneil  Coniplet  des  Traites.     Paris,   lS(V2-7.    Ki  V(ds. 

(  aniargo  (Douiingo  Munoz),   llistoire  de  la  liepukli(|iic  de  'i'laxcallan.     In 

Nouvelles  .Vunales  des  \'oy.,  IS  t;k  toni.  xcviii  ix. 
Caniplu'll,  A  Concise  History  of  Spanisk  .\nu'rica.     London,   1741 


('anipkell  (.\rckikalii),  .\  \'oyag( 


tke  World.      Ldinkiirgii,    ISKI 


t'ancio  (Lorenzo),   Cartas,   ano  de  17ti().     In  Doc.    Hist.    .Mex.,   serie 


tom.  II. 


t^ipron  (E.  S.),  History  of  California.     TSoston,  I.S,">4 


Carl 


)ajal  Espmosa 


(I'r 


Ili,st( 


de  Mexico  desde  los  iirimeros  tiei 


))os  de  (jue  liay  iioticia.     .Mex.  1 


SdJ,   vo 


t^arkajal  (Francisco   Leon),    Discnrso  sokre  la    Legislacion  de  los  Aiiti 


M 


exicanos. 


M( 


lS(i4. 


Carleton  (.lames  Henry).  Diary  of  an  I'.xcursion  to  tke  Knins  of  .\k(),  etc. 

New  Mexic).      Ill  Smitksoiiian   Iteport,  1S,')1. 
Carii  (Giun-llioaklo),  Las  Carta.s  .Vmericauas.     Mexico,   1821 -'2. 


AI'TIIOKITIES  QUOTED. 


T)iM- 


i.t, 
>r 
t. 


'  .'imii-i,.,!  (Mrs  Af.  j  )    \),s.,r.,l-.,    ir  r   > 

'  ""Kif ' -•  '■••  "■--- |.''™;^;l'^;sr;t,,/:ssl'■''iv;,I,-■ 
'"'■■all,,, (s  N.I,  h,d,k.,,i« ,( s',,i  ,;rrr  •''"'"''■  '■■■••■■  "-'i' 

;-'S::;;;l;iii,iEi'';5-;^;V^-!rt:t.,,,^  

;;sii5i5sifi5i'=^ 

lia|,|„.  l;-A,|,,.,„,|„.    Vov.'...      (•'•)       .''"'"'"".  IN.'7. 

,     4to.  :<  v.ls.  "'^'   "'•^'""^'  ''''I't    Nuuvdie  Fran.v.     Paris 

'  Iiariiay  (l),sii,'0    fit.;     ..f  P.  •  ...  '    "  ' 

'■'"•"i"'; ;>';:;;'; 'ill'';';;:: ;'■;''' ■..  f'-i..,s„. 

•    M.\i|,'l,.|  (\li,.l..,l)     I,.   1,     ,  .  .         , 

*''''-'i" ^''iM'uMi^ai'iv  I,-:'',.;'' '''''''■'•';'•■  ''■"-. '^<w. 

,'l"""l^''"i-,.'..„.  \n,.,lM,rvs  „•■■'■''''''■''''•  '^- 
*  '"I''"'"' K'.l     Mii„.ri   (■    ■        '^'"'  ' '■■i"'i>''".    Is.'O, 

"Ix.  '•    •^"•".i  -I'lla  (alil.HMia.     Vnavia,    I7s;.    •> 

,.,     •*'"■■«  vols.  ''^"'""-   ■^••"■"'•\Mt„a  ,M   .M..ssi..„.     (Vs..Ma     I'm, 

.  '■'■^•"'  ■'^""tl.  S..a.     I„.n.io„'    ,7;)';!."'  ^'' ''•'  ''""'  «'f  i'"n,luras  „.  ,1,,; 


S  n.  (1. 

•is   1711. 
I. 


Paris, 

ilrl 


XXIV 


ArTIIOrtlTIES  QUOTED. 


f'oili'X  Mondii/'n,  etc.,  Src  ATi'X.  T'i(•t!ll■(■-^^'^ilinv^!>i. 

('i>;;iillii(li»  (l)i('i:i»  I.di'czi.  Ilistiiria  (It;  N'uciitliiiii.     Miulriil,  KVSS.  folio. 


( '«ikr  I  lli'iiiv  •!.),  A  Kiilc  over  tlu'  lldckv  .Moiiii" 


1. 


Ill,    1S.')J, 


Colliiisoii   (![.),  ,\cci)iiiit  (if  llif  l'n>(ct'tliii;;s  of    II.  M.  S.  MntLTiirisc,  fn<m 
I!i'liiiii4  Miii't  t'»  ('aiii!)i'idr,'t'   Hay.     jii   l.oiul.   (a-n;,'.  Soc,  Juur.,  \ul. 

\\\.       I,(llnl()ll,    Is.")."). 

(,'oli)iiil)i>  (Iciiiiiiidol,   llistuiic,  tli'llu  vita,  c  dc' fatti  duU' Aiiiiiiiraulio  1). 

('iiristiif(in)  ('(iloiiitii)  sill)  I'adic.     X'ciictia,  I7(*'.>. 
Colon    (I'cniaiidii),    La    lli.^toria   did    .AliniiaiilL'    I).    C'liii.>t6val    t'oluii    .-^u 


I'adi 


111  IJarcia,  IIisti)iia<loics  I'riiii.,  toiii 


("oltmi  (Waltcn,  l»c<kaiid  I'oit.     Ni'w  Voik,  ISIIO. 


('i)lt(iii  (Walter),  'I'lic  Land  of  Cold.      New  \i 


ISCO. 


ColloM  (Walter),  Tlircf  \ f; 


('alif< 


N 


f\\    ^  OIK, 


IS.'iO. 


< 'oiiiliicr  (('.),  \'oya;^(,'  an  (lolfe  do  ( 'alifoiiiic.      I'aris,  ii.d. 


C'liiinii'tlaiit  (Oscar),  Lcs  ('i\  ilisatioiis  Inioiin 


I' 


ISIJ.S, 


<'oiiiilc  <r.\rtli('ol()i;ie  Auif 


.\iiiinaii'c.      I'aris,  ISIKI  7. 


('cilliilios     I'll 


•ialcs   Mexii'iiii 


V  1  ;  1.").")."),  l.">(j."),  158."),    1771. 


Tl riuinal  .M.S.  i; 


lis.   folio.  5  vols 


Coiidrr  (.losiali),  .Mexico  and  (iiialt'liiala.      Loiidol'i,   IS:?|.   2  vols. 

Cook  (daiiiesi,  .\  \'oya;j;e  to  tin-  I'acilie  Ocean.      London,  17~'-l.  4to.  3  vols. 

and  folio  atlas. 
Cooke  (IV  Si  (i.i,  Scenes  and  .\d\>Mitiires  in  the  .\niiy.    I'liihulelpliia,  IS.")7. 
Cooper,  The  History  of  North  America.     London,  17V.I. 
Corral  ( I'raiienisi,  N'ova^es  aiix  Indes  Occideiiiaics.      I'aris,  J7-'-.  '2  vols. 


Coniwallis  (Kiiialian),  The  New  Id  l>orado,  or  IWitish  Culiiniliia.     J.oikIoii, 

1S.-)S. 
Coroii.ido   ( I'rani'i-'Co  Va/'[iiez  de),   Tlie    Helatioii  of.     Country  of  Cihola. 

[l.'itO.J     In    llakliiyt's    \'o\a;;es,    vol.     iii.;    Tfniaiix-Coiiipaii.s,   Nov., 

seric  i..  toin.  ix.:   liainusio,  Naviu'.,  toin.  iii. 
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liarceloiia,  ISKI. 
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Hoc.,  toni.  i. 
Cortes   (llernan).    Cartas   y    Itelacioiies   de    llernan  Corti's  al    Kmiierailor 


Carlos  V.     I'aris,   |S(;() 


The  I)e-<iiatclies  of.     Translated  hv  (i 


lols 


N. 


Cortes   (llernan) 
York,  ISi:{. 
Coitc's  ( I  leinaii),   Ifistoria  de  Niiev.i-Ksjiana.     .\iiiiieiitada  ])or  |)on  I'raii- 


Anli 


iiiio  Loreii/ana. 


.Mexico,  177l>.   foli 


Cortes  ( llernan  I,  \'ida  de  llernan  Corles.     [De  Kehiis  ( iestis,  etc.]    In  Ica/.- 


halceta.  <  'ol.  de  1  >oc.,  loin.  i. 


Cortes,    Marl 


\  r,   e 


I   al.,  Pe   Ills 


\lis  iivi)er   inveii'ls 


I'. 


■rdinandi   Corlesii  ail 


( 'aniiiiiii    y.      Narratioiies   eniii    alio   i|iii)da::i    I'v'lri    .Martyri 


.".;{'J 


■1' 


Coite/ (.lose).  History  of  the  .VpacheXalioiis.   [17'.)'.!.]   Ill  I'ac.   U.  \l.  Uepts. 


Cotlieal  (.Mex.  .1.',  .\  (iraiiiinatical  Sketch  of  the  Laii^riiauo  spoken  liy  the 


In  liaiis  of  the   .Mo-iniiio   SI 


111  .Viiier.    Ltliiiol.  Soc.,  Tiaiisact. 


Coulier  (.lohn),  .\dventures  on  the  Weslern  Coa  t  of  South  Aiiieri 


d 


the 


Interior  of  ('alifoinia.      London,  ISI7.  "Jmi^ 


I'ouller  (Thomas),  Notes  on  l'i>per  California.    In  Loud.  Ceo;,'.   Soe.,  .lour. 

vol.  V. 
Cousin  (\'ictor).  Course  of  the  History  of  .Modem  I'hilosophy.     New  York 


IS7-.'. 


ds 


Cox  (l<aae).  The  .\iiiials  of  Trinitv  CouiiP 


in  craacisco. 


is.-.s. 


( 'ox  ( Iviissi,  .\il\  eiilnies  on  the  ( 'iildiiiliia  lliver.      London,   IS.'SI.   I'm 


i,>covenes    lie|\v(( 


II   I 


Coxe    (Win.),    .Vcconnt    of   tlii!    Kiissian    I' 

.\merica.     London,  1787. 
CrciiHiny  (.lohiiC.),  Life  .Viamig  tlu' .Vjiaches.    San  I'raiicisit),  ISiiS. 


iiis-ia  aiiil 


AUTIIOIIITIES  QUOTEir. 


XXV 


Crespi  (Juan).  Tliaiiu  ilo  la  r.siictlicidu  do  Mar  c|uc  lii-:<)  la  f.avata  Sa;itia,m>. 

[('a|it.  .luaii  I'cic/,  1771. 1     lii  Doc.  ili.-<1.  ^iu.\.,   .^t-iif  iv.,  Imii.  \  i. 
(_  res|ii  I'luaii),  N'ia.nc  ilc  la  i;>;'(.(litii)ii  do  'I'iirra  de  Sau  1  ' 


lie '(I  a 


Miiiitcroy. 

Cdjiia  did  Uiariii,  tdc.  [I7ii.l.j    111  I'tx'.  ili>t.  .Mix.,  si'iic  i\.,  toui.  vi. 
('i'i)iii.M'  ('I'itii.s  I'Vy),   The  Naluial  Wealth  of  ('alifuriiia.     Sau    I'laucisco, 

LSiiS. 
("row.:  (Fri'dcricU),  'I'lii'  (;os|p(d  in  Ci'utral  Aiueiiia.     l-oiiilou,  IS.'iO. 
(iiail.Tiio  ili- 1  iiii'i)  dc  las  A;,'!' ■-.iiiiu's  y  lla/.aua.s  di'  tiis  i\ioliii-s  Aimches. 

iu  Hoc.  lli-l.  Mf.\.,  M'l'if  iv.,  toui.  iii. 
( 'ui'sla  I  I'l'liiii' Arroyo  do  lii),    l'..\traito  di-  Iu  (Irauaitiia  .Mut.-iiii.     (Sliea's 


Liu:ui.>ti«-s,  No.   1.)     Now  \  ork,    ISlii. 


Cuosta  (iolii 


Ar 


ro\o  iio  lat 


A  \ 


ih: 


ooaoularv  or  llira^-o  l.o(.u  o 


if  the  Mutsuii 


J.aiiL;ua:;i'  of  Alia  (.'aliforuia.     (.Shoa's  Liii^'uL-tics,  No.  b.j    Saw  York 
[S&2. 
Ciillou, 'I'lio  f-tliiuus  of  Dariou  Shi|)  Canal.     London,  IS,").'!. 


L'utt>  (.1.  Maili 


I  of  Culifoniiu  and  Now  .Mox'u-o.     IMiilii- 


aihsoii),   lUo  Coni|Uo.s 
ilol|ihia,  1117. 

Palo  (1!.),  N'olos  of  an  I'xoiirsion  to  tlio  I.sthiiius  of  'JVdiuautoiioo.     Loii- 

diii,  IS'il. 
Dall  (Wni.  II.),  Ala.^ka  and  it.-i  rosoiircos.     IJoston,  1870. 
l)ally    (!•;.).    Sur  lo.-<   Kaio.-   liidi;;oues   ot   sur    rAr(lu'olo;;io   dii    Moxiquo. 

I'aris,  I  MIL.'. 
l»ain|iior  (Wni.),  A  Now  Vov.uc  round  tlio  World.      London,  iC'.i'.t   I7(til.   .'5 

vols. 
Dappor  (O.),   I»io  riiliokaiinio  Noiio  Welt.     Ainstordaiu.    1('.7.">.   folio. 
l>aru  in  (Chariot),  'I'lio  Do.^oont  of  .Man.     Now  \'orl':.  I'i7l.  liMil^. 
harwin  (Cliarlos),  ».»n  the  driuin  of  Siieoies.     Now  \'ork,  IS71. 
Daviil^oa  (( ioor^o),    Dirootury  for  the   I'aoilio  ('oa>t  of  tlu'   I  nilod  States. 

Waslunutcui,  n.d. 
l>:ivila  ((iil  (ion/alo/),   'I'catro   I",olosi:istico  do  la  l'riiuiti\a  I;.;losia  do  las 

ludias  (  (icidontalos.      Ma;li'id,    Mil'.)  .").">,   2  Vols,    folio. 
iJiivila  (.luliaii   ( iuliorioz),    .Monioiias   llisti'iricas  do  la  ( 'on;4ro;:.iiio!i  de  el 

( )ratoii,i  do  1,1  Ciudad  do  Moxioo.      .Moxioo,   17:i().    folio. 
l)avila   I'adilla  (.Vv;;vsliul,  1  li.-ioria  do  la  l''vndaoion  y  llisovr^o  do  la  I'ro- 

\  imia  do  Saul  iau'ii  do  -Moxioo.     llrussolas,  ltiJ."i.   I'olio. 
Davis  (.\.!.  .Vntiijuilios  of  Aiuorioa.      IJullalo,    ISKi,  and   Now  ^■ork,  IHt7. 
Davis  (W.  W.  11.),   J-^1  t;rin,;(>;  or,    New   Mexico  and    lior    l'oo|ili'.      New 

York,  ls,'i7. 
Deaso  and   .Siiuiisoii,   .\ii   Account   of  the  KeconI    Antic   Di^covorios.     In 

Loud.  (ioo;;-.  Soc,  .loiir.,  V(d.  viii. 
Do  l>crc\  (Drouinl,  l/iairoiio  ol  IWnu'riiiuo.      I'aris,  ISIS. 
Du    ('o>ta  (15.    !■'.),  'I'he    i'ro*  olunihian    Discoxorv  of  .\ni<'iica.     Alhain', 

l.Sds. 
Dotlroot  •Houry),  lirili>h  t'oluniliia.     San  I'raucisi-.i.  Is').). 
I)olariidil  (.lolini.  An  lni|uiry  intollio  ( >rij;iii  of  tlio  .Vuti>|inlios  of  .\nicrica. 

Cinciiiiiati,   |.s;i'.l.    llo. 
Delano  (\.).  Life  on  tlio  I'lains.     New  York,  ISiil. 
I>olaporto,  lioisou  oiiios  I'ranzosou.      i/oi]i/i^',   177-. 
Doniocratic  Kcviow.      \Va>liia.uton,  etc.,   ls;iJ  ot  >oi|. 
Doiik  cliiiflou  dor  nissischon  ;;oo-rapliisclioii  (JeselL-Mliafl  /u  St  1\  torsltur<^, 

Woiniar,  ISK)  ol  soij. 
Dorhoc,    Loltios  I'crilos  do  la  ( 'alifornio.      In  Nou\ollo->  Aniialos  dos  \'oy., 

ls.")K.  loin,  cxxviii  \xx. 
DoSniol  (P.  .1.  ,\v).  Loiters  and  Skolchos.     I'hiladolphia.  ISi:i. 
Do  Sniol  (P.  ■!.  ilol,  .Mi-.>i,iu>  do  rOro;:ou.    London,  IslS. 
Do  Sail  I  (I'.  .1.  i\f},  ( Irou'oii  .Missions  and   'I  ravels  over  the   lonkx    .Mount- 
ains.     Now  \'ork.  Is  17. 
Do  SiMiM  il'.  .1.  del,  \'oy.i;j,s  aii\  .Monta'.ino>  liochon-os.      I.illo,   )s."i;t. 
Do  Sai/l  (!'.  .1.  do,  Wo.i/rn  .Missions  and  Mis>iou,irios.     New  York,  LS(i3. 


0ff 


^^^mm- 


XXVI 


AUTHORITIES  QT'OTED. 


Dcwpos  (W.  V>.),  TiOUers  from  ini  Kiirly  Sctflcr  of  Tcxii-.     Louisville,  IS.I'J. 
Diaz  (.liiaii),  Itiiicrario  dc  la  Armada  del  Key  ('ah'ilicK  :i  la  Isla  do  Vuratau, 

1")I.S,  en  la  <iiie  fiio  Jiiaii  di'  (Irijalva.      In  Ica/liali'i'ta,    Coi.  ilf   Doc, 

toni.  i.;  'J\'rnaux-(,"t)ni])aiis,   Voy.,  m'M'io  i.,  loni.  x. 
Diaz  del  ( 'astilld  (IJcrnal),  Historia  Verdadora  dc  la  ('iini|uista  de  la  Niiova- 

Ksiiana.      Madrid,  Ki.T-'.  4t«>. 
Difcioiiariit  I'niviTsal  do  ilistoria  y  do  Gco^'rafia.     Mexico,  IS."),'}.  4t().   10 

vols. 
Dillon  (.\.),  P.caiites  do  rilistoire  du  Mexiquc.     Paris,  1S_'_'. 
niorania.     [Mexico. |  n.d. 

IUxon  ((;eor;,'e),  A  \'oya<,'0  rniind  the  World.     London,  ITS!),    (to. 
Doidis  (.\rtliur).  An  Account  of  the  Countries  adjoining  to  IIuilson"s  I>ay. 

I-ondon,    1744.  4to. 
Doctrina  t'hristiana  y  (^onfosionario  en  Lenj;ua  Nevonie.    (Sliea's  liinguist- 

ics,  No.  5.)     Sun  Au^'usfine,  ]S(!"2. 
Docnruentos  j)ara   la    Ilistoria   do    Mexico.      Mexico,    ]Sr):{-7.    -0   vols.    4 

series.     Scries  iii.  in  fcdio  and  in  4  ]iarts  refern.'d  to  as  volumes. 
Doeumcntos   jiara  la   Ilistoria  eclesiiistica  y  civil  de  Niieva  \'i/caya.      In 

Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  iv.,  toni.  iv. ;  and  MS. 
Dollfus  (.v.),  and  K.   de  Mont-Serrat,   Voyage  (!ecdo;^ii(ue  dans  les  Ki'jiuli- 

li(|ui's  de  ( Iiiatemala  et  de  Saivadiu'.      Paris,   IStiS.  4to.     (Mission  Sci- 

entilii|Ue,  (ieolo;^i(;.) 
Domeiierh  ( I'lnnnaiiuel),  Jouriuil  d'un  Missionaire  an  Texas  et  an  Moxique. 

Paris,  1857. 
Domenech    (Hnnnanuel),    Maniiscrit    Pictojjjraiihiciue    AiMcri<'ain.       Pari.s, 

ISIJO. 
T)oinenccli  ( Kinnianuel),  I,o  Moxinno  tel  qu'il  est.     Paris,  lS(i7. 
Domenei'li   (Emmanuel),   Seven   dears'  PesideMce  in  the  (Ireat  Deserts  of 

North  America.      London.  lS(i(). 
Doniiii;;iiez   ( l'\   A.),   and  S.    V.    de  Escalante,   Diario  y   Dernitero,  Saiiti* 

Pi' ii  Monterey,  177<i.      In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  ii.,  tom.  i. 
D'(  )rl>i;.Mi\'  (.Mcide),  \'oya,i;e  dans  les  deux  Amcriiiucs.      Paris,  IS.")!). 
Dou;j:lass   (SVm.),  A  Summary,    Historical  and    I'olitical,    of    I'.ritish   Set- 
tlements.    Hostou,  17.V).  2  vols. 
Dra'4)iin  ("amiiai.Lrns  throuLih  the  liocky  Mountains.     \e\v  ^'orl<,  1S1(). 
Drake  (I''raucis|,  The  World    lMicom]iassed.     Out  of  the-  Notes  of  .Miister 

l''rancis  I'Metcher.      London,  1S")4.     (Hakl.  Soc.  ed.) 
Drake  (Samuel  (i.),   The  Ahoriginal  Races  of  North  Anu  rica.     Philadcl- 

jihia.  ISdO, 
Draper  (John   \Vm.\   History  of  the  Intellectual   Dcvel(i)iment  of  l'!urojie. 

New  York,  1S72. 
Draper  (■lolm  W'm.),  Thoughts  on  the  I''uture  Civil  Pnlily  of  .\merica.    New 

York,  1S7L 
Drew  (('.   S. ),   Ollicial  Report  of  the  Owyhee   Ki'connoissauce.     .lackson- 

ville.  ISC.,"). 
T>uhaut-('i!ly  (.v.),  Via'„'i,'ii>  intorno  al  ;;Iol)o.     Torino,    ISIl.    "J  v(ds. 
Dnuli.ir  (I'.dward  H,),  The  Mexii'an  Papers.     New  York.  isiW). 
Duniwav  (.Vliiu'ail  •).),  Captain  (iray's  Comitan.v  ;  or  Cr.issinn'  the   Plains. 


Purl  I 


I  S.'.'.t. 


I)unlop  ilioltert  (ilas;.'(iw).  Travels  in  Central  .Vnierica.      London,  1S47. 
Dunn  ( lleiirv!,  Cuatimala,  or  the   I'nited   Provinces  of  Central   America. 


\( 


rk.   IS-JS. 


Du 


niM.lohni,  History  of  till' Oreiron  Territory.      London,  ISH. 


Dupaix  (( Juillermo),   Itelationde  la  iiremiere  (seconde  el  troisieme)  p-xpi'di- 


tioii    itour 


la    I 


ieclicrche    <ie; 


Anti 


l'"rench    translation,    in    Antii 


torn.    III. 


iiiisli    text,    in 


.M 


npiite: 


111    P 


l\  s. 


Sii.-iiiisli   text   all 


d 


ex.,   tom.   I.,   div.    I 


Plat 


es   III   i( 


iiiLTsliorou 


:Ii's    Me\.     .\iiti< 


Du; 


Eii.i,dish  translation,  in  id.,  vol.  vi.  i'latesin  id.,  vol.  i\ 
loiicc.iii  (P.  I'll.),  Mi'iiioire  sur  le  systeme  ( liammatiral 
ile  r.Viiieriquc  dii  Nurd.     Paris,  1S;}S. 


des    L 


AUTIIOr.ITIES  QUOTED. 


XXVll 


Eilinljurjjli  Tloviow.     F.ilinhiir^'li,  ISOiotsoq. 

Kilwjinl  iDiiviil  r..),  Tlic  llisli.iy  of  Texas,      riliciiinriti.  IS.'IC). 

Kdwai'ils  ( IJi-viiii  I.  'I'lic  llistiirv.  Civil  .tinl  ( '(Hiiiiicici.il,   (if  llic  ISritisli  Colo- 


Ull'N  111 


till'  West  linlii's.     Lull. Ion,    I7!»:{   ISDI.   -Jto.   ;{  vol< 


Kihvarils  ( l''raiil<  S.),  A  (.'ampai;;!!  in  New  Mcxiro.     l'liiia(li'l|iliia,  1S17. 


V 


iiicrsoii 


(Iv.  W'.),  i'^ssav  on  <'ivili/.atioii. 


Kiiioiv  (Wni.  H.I,  Itciiort  of  tlic  T.  S.  ami  ^fcx'.   I'liuiiilarv  Siirvcv. 


:{4ili 


EllR 


ConLT-,   l>t   Soss.,   House  E\.    Doe.    |:{.").)     \N'asliiliL;t<in,    IS,")7.    -Ho.    ;{  vols. 


.Vliei't.  and  ( "ooUe,  Notes  of  Military  Ito'onn 


ii-sarii-e,    ete.,  in  New 


Mexico  anil  C'alifoiiiia.     (.'{(Itli  (Jong.,  1st  Sess.,  i''.x.  Doe.   11.)     W'lisli- 
iii;;lon,   ISIS, 
n  (.V.I,  Aicliiv  fill'  W'issenseliaftlielio  Knnde  von  Kus^lanil.      Ueilin. 

77s  anos. 


•.rma 

•]seal,iiite   (Silvcstre   Vele/ 


Carta  eserita  en  "J  de  .Mnii  di;   I77S 


!•: 


Ill  Doi'.  Hist.  .Mex.,  serie  iii.,   \tt  iv. 


icaler 


;i  ( l',\arislo),  and  M.  (i.   idanii,  Mejico  Hisfi'irieo-deseriiitivo.    .Mail- 


rid,  I  si;-.'. 
Eseoliar   (.Monso   de),    .Veconiit   of  the    Provinee   of  N'era    I'liz.     In  l.ond. 

( ieiiLT.  Sill'.,  .lour.,  vol.  .xi. 
Esendeni   (.losi-   .X.^iistin  de),  Noticias  Estadistieas  del    Estado  de  Cliilina- 

liiia.    Mexieo,    IS.'il. 
Esendeio  l.los;'  .V.mistiu  dc),  Notieias  Estadistieas  del   I'.slado  de   Diiran;^'o. 

.Mexieo.   ISH». 
Esendeio   (.losi'    .Vyustin   de),    Notieias   Estadistieas  de  Sonora  v  Siiialoa. 

.Mexico,  1SH». 
Es|iaiv.a  (Marcos  de),  Tnforiiie  jiresentado  al  (loliieriio.     Zaiateeas.  ls;!(). 
Es|i<'io  (.\iilonio  lie).    El  \'iaie  ove   lii/o  .\ntonio  de   Espeio  en  el  anno  de 

oilieiita  y  tres  (to  New  .Mexico).      In  HaUlnyt's  N'oyai-'es,  \ol.  iii. 
Esjiinosa   (Isidro    l-'elis  del,    Clironica  .Vposti'ilica   y  Seiii|iliica   de  todos  loH 

Cole^ios  lie   l'io]ia,i;aiiila   Fide  il<' esta  Niie\a-I''.s|iana.     I'riniera  Parte. 

Mexico,  17l(>.   folio.     [  l'"or  Se;iiiiida  Parte  see  .\iiiii\  ila.  I 
Esi|nenieliii  i.\.    ().),    De  .\niericaenselie  Zee-l!oo\cis.      .\iiisteidani,  I(i78. 
I''--le\a  (.Ins:-  Marial.  .V]nintes  .\n|iieoioi;'icos.      In  Mii-eo  Mex.,  loin.  ii. 
Evans  (.Ml.crt  S. ),  Our  .Sister  Ke|(iildie.'     Hartford,  |S70. 

I'aliens  (.Iii-e|ili  W.),  \  Story  of  Life  on  the  rsthimis.     New  ^'ork.  1S."3. 
Eai^es  (Ediianliii.  Noticias  Estadistieas  solire  el   De|iartaiueiito  de  Tux|)aii. 

Ill  Sue.  Mex.  Ceo;f.,   Poletiii,   torn.  iv. 
l'"a;;t's  (  Pednii,  \'oya;,'e  en  Californio.     In  Nouvidles  .\iiti;iles  des  \'oy.,  1844. 

toiii.  ci. 
I'anconrl  (Charles  St  .lohn).  The  History  of  Vncatan.      I.ondoii,  1S.")4. 
Karnliaiii  ('riioiiias  .1,1,  The  Early  Days  of  California.      Pliilaiicl|iliia.  IS(iO. 
l'"Mi'iiliiiiii  I  rill. mas  ,].),  I.iie  and  .\dventiires  in  Caiifoniia.    New  ^'lllk,  ISKJ. 
l''ariihaiii  (  I'lioinas  .1.),  Mexieo.     New  Wnk.  lS4ii. 
I'aniiiaiii  iTIioiiias  , I.),  Travels  in   the   Creat  \\'e--terii  Prairies.    New  ^'ork, 

lsi:{. 
Eedix,  l."Cn''jj;oii  et  !es  (^otes  de  rOeeaii   Pacilinne  dn   Nonl.      Paris,    |S|(!. 
i'erry  (dahriell,  Sri'iies  de  la  Vie  M(<xieaine.      Paris,    1S,*)S. 
Eerry  (Cahriell,  Scenes  de  la  Vie  Sanva;;t'  an  Me\ii|iie.      Paris,  ISI'.S. 
Ferry  ((i;ihriel),  Xairalmiid  Life  in  Mexico.     New  ^drk,   IS.'it;. 
Ei.u'iiier  (l.onisi.  '['lie  llaiiiaii  Pace.      New  Vork,   1S7'_'. 
Eiiick  (lliiuo).  .VccoiMit  of  ,\iitii|iiities  in  the  State  of  N'era  Cni/.     liiSniith- 

soiiian  Iteport,   lS7(t. 
Eiiidlay  (.Mex.   C.l,  .\  Directory  for  the  N'avi.u'atii f  the   Pacilic  (tceaii. 

I.ondoii.   IS.'il.   •!  Vols. 
l''itz.;ei;ilil  (.laine>  Edward),  .\n  Examination  of  the  Cli.iiter  and    Proreed- 

in.L's  of  tlie  lliiilsoirs  P.av  Coiii|ia!iy.      I.ondoii,   is  HI. 
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.Meriila,  IS_'-.'. 
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■PP— WHP 


xxvui 


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Font  (Pc.lni^,  Not  ire  siir  la  (Iriiiidf  MaisDii  (HIimI    Miicic/.uina.     In  Tcirnaux- 


C 

iiiitMiiii' 


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1 

Footc  ( I  liiirv  Si  liar; 
Footc  (.Mr>).'  i; 


'!'c\as  and  tlic  Tcxaiis.     I'liiladilpliia,  iSll. 
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>h 


I'oilics  (Alcx. ),  Calironrui:  iV  History  of  L'ippcr  and  J.owur  ('aliloriiia.    Lou- 
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licadll 


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l-"niiiciscns  (I'.iasiinis),    (hiinelscher   uinl    Americanischer    Llumen-liuscli. 


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Franck  (Seliastian) 
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Ii-thal    ll'iiamanuel 


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.\i 


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d  (.li 


,1,  .\i 


a.     I'h'I'ahrunuen,  U 


n  nnd  Sludi 


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iipaiis,  \  ov.,  siTif 


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'l\'liiianti'|)('<'.    Loll 


l>St4. 


(jiiivfs  (I'ranrisi'o),  Diaiio  y  Pcnotero  into  siunii'i  cI  M.  U.  I'.  Fr.  ni 
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(iciiiclli    ("arrcri    (Oiovanni    Francesco),    .\   Ndyau'c  round  tlic   World.    In 

\'ova^;rs.  Col.  (Ciiurcliill),  \ol.  iv.,  ami  in  other  Colicri  ions,      I'hites  in 

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XXX 


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Helps  (Aillmrl,  Tlic  l.ifi"  of  I.as  ('as,is.     riiilailflpliia.  ISOS. 

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liOllilcili,    |S|  I. 

('iiiii'iiiii  !  Iiiiui>!, 


Ih'scriptioii  lie  la  l.oiiisiaiM'.     I'aris,  Hiss. 


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Aiiieiica.      llel.>iii;^fors,   IS.").").   4to. 
Holtoii  (Uaae  I",l,    New  ( iianada.      New  ^'orI<,   IS.')7. 
Hooper  (Will.  II.),  Ten  Months  anion'4  the  'J'ents  of  the  Tiis|<i.     J.oiido 

I  s.-,.!. 

Horn  I  Mr^).  An  authentic  and  thrilling;  Narrative  of  the  Captivity  of 

CiiiciiiiiMti,   n.d. 
Horn  (Ceiiiuei,  De  ( )ri;;iiiil)ns  .\inericanis,      Ha.uae,  1(!.")'J. 
Hiiiistumi  (Mrs),  Texas  and  the  (Jnlf  of  .Mexico.     London,  ISIt.  2  vols. 
Hu<Uc)ii's  l>:iy  Conipaiiy,  lleport.     London,  1S.")7.  folio. 
Hiicho  i.ldliii 'I'. ),  Koiiiphairs  I'.xiieilitioii.     Cincinnati,  IS.")!'. 
Hunil.ol.lt    i.Vlex.    .le),    Kssai    I'ol  "      ' 


ltli|Ue    siir 


le    I 


vovanine    ile  la   .xoiivelle 


Iv^pauiie.      I'aris,  iSll.   folio.   •_' vols,  and  atl 
ninliojdl  i.Mi'x.  de),  Htal  I're-ent  de  la  i;i-pal)lii|iie  de  Celitro-Ainerica  on 


H 

Ciialciiiala.      In  Noiivelles  .\  . 
HunilioMt    (Ale>;.   del,    Kxanieli   C 


les  \\ 


IS27.   t 


/.     tolll.    XXXV. 


N. 


ineau  Contiiieiit.      I'aris,  iSHt;-'.!.   .")  vol 


tii|iie  de  riiistoire  de  la  ( ii'oLiraphie  dii 


HunilMildt    (Alex,   de),   Ko^nios.      I'.ntwnrf  einer  physiM'heii  Well  liesclirt 


limiv.      Stntl^.'-art,    IS4.")-IS(i-i 


Hiinilioldl  (Alex,  dc).  Personal   Narrative  of  Travels  to  the  I'.ciiiiiionial  jl, - 


if  the  New  ( 


w  Coiitiiieiit.      London,  lS.'-J-!t 


Hiiiiiliuldt  (Alex,  ilel,   Vuesiles  Cordilli'i-es,  et  .M 


/   vol 


lies  d"  IWnnriinie.      Paris,  ISK). 


)niiineiis  des  Peiiples  Indi- 


llniiler  (.lohii  I).),   .M 

ISj;{. 
Hiitcliin^is"  Califoriiia  Mai:i 


ds 


einoirs  of  a  Ca])livity  anion;;  the   It 


Londc 


HuxJcv  (Tl 
Hi 


iziiie. 


(  I  lioiiia- 


Henry  I,  ('r!lii|iies  and  .\dd 


San  I'lanciseo,  1S.")7-(>I. 


New  \ 


Vurk,  1S71 


rhciiiias    Heiiiy),    Lay   Seniioiis,   Addresses,   tuul  Kev 


irk,   Is7:t. 


iew.s. 


New 


i! 


iil 


x::xii 


AUTIIOKITIES  QT'OTED. 


Ilicrri.  Iliiiuas  (li;  Mimtd-lica!,  Xnn  <"rii/.     In  Mnsco  Mcx.,  torn.   iii. 
Ir'ii/fp.ilii'ta  (.li>ai|iiin  (Jarrial,   ( '(ilct'cioii  dc  Dociiiiifiitiis  jtara  la  llislnriii  <le 

Mi'xii'd.      Mexico,   ).S.'),S-()(>.    t'nlio.    1»  vols, 
lliistrarioii  Moxicaiiil.      Mrxico,  1,S.")|. 
Iiiciili'iils  ami  Skcti'lu's.     CiiK'iiiiiati,  ii.il, 

liiili.iii  Allaii'^,  l!i'|Mirt  of  the  <  ■onmii^sioircr.     Wasliiii;,'ton,  IS.")!  I't  m'(|-. 
liidiiiii  Mil',  'I'lails  of  Aniciicaii.     l/oiiiloii,  1S.">:{. 
lustiliito  Nai'ioiial  ilf  (icoi,'iafia  y  Mslailistica,  iJolctiii.    Si'o  Soi'icdail  Mi-x- 

icaua,  ('(('.,  its  lali-r  iiaiiic. 
Irvinu' ( Wasliiii;,'loiii,  'I'lif  Adveiitiirt's  of  Caiitaiii  Hoiiiievilli!.     New  \'oiU, 

ISi'.O. 
Irviii.u'  (Wastiin^'ton),  Astoria.     New  ^'ork,  ISfiO. 
Irviiii;  iWasliiii'^'toii),  'I'lit'  Life  ami  X'ovajiosof  Cliristoplicr  (^oliiiiibiis.    New 

S'ork,    ISC'.t.  ;{  vols. 
Ives    (.l(ise](li    ('.),    Ifeiiort    llMoii    the    Colorado  Itiver  of  llie  ^\■est.      (JJdtll 

Coll;.;-.,  IstSess.,  lloiise  i'.x.  l>oe,  <KI.)     Wasliiii^'toii,  lS(ij.    Ilo. 
lxtlil\oi'liitl  (iMTiiaiido  de  .\lva),  Cniautes  llori'ildes  des  < 'oii(|m''iaiits  dii 

Mi'xiijiie.      Ill 'I'eriiaiix-Coiiiiians,  \'oy.,  sc'iie  i.,   toin.  viii. 
IxtliKorliitl  (l''eriiaiido  de.Mva),  llistoire  des  ( 'IiielLiineijues.     In  'rernaiix- 

('oiii|paiis,  Nov.,  serie  ii.,  toiii.  ii.      I'aris,    I.S40.   2  vols. 
Ixtlil\oiliitl  (l-'eriiaiido  de  Alva),   Ilistoria  Cliieliiiiieea.    In  Kin;,'sl)or()iigirH 

.M<'\.  .\iiti(|.,  vol.  ix. 
Ixtlilxocliiil  ( I'eiiiaiuio  do  Alva),  llelaeioiics.    Iii  Kiiig.sluiroujjirs  .Mex.  An 

til).,  vol.  ix. 

Jackson  i(!eorj,'('  W.),  Vocabnlarv  of  tlie  Wintoon  T,aii}fiia;,'i'.     MS. 

.lames  I  I'Mwiiil,  .Account  of  an  Ivxpeilition  from  l*ittsl)iii|;li  to  the  Itocky 
.Moiiiilaiiis.      London,  IS-J,'?.  ,'{  vols. 

Jaiianc-e  l'".(|uivaleiit  of  the  most  coiiimoii  Eiij,'iisli  Words.     Tokei.  ii.d. 

.laraniillo  (Juan),  lielation  ilii  Voya^te  fait  ii  la  Nmntdle-Terre.  In 
'rcriiaiix-Compans,  \'oy.,  .serie  i.,  toiii.  ix. 

Jell'c  TVS  ('riioiiias),  N'oyau'es  from  .Asia  to  America.    liondon,  17I>1.  4to. 

Jenkins  (Joliii  S.),  Voya.u'c  of  I'.   S.    Kxidorin;,'  S<|Uadroii.     .Xiilmrn,  |S5(). 

Jewett  (.loliii  I!.),  A  Narrative  of  the  Adventures  and  SiiU'ei  in^'s  of.  New 
\<nk,  iSlll. 

Joan  liajitista,  .Vdvcrtcncias  para  los  Coiifcsores  de  los  Xatniale.s,  Mexico, 
Kloi). 

Johnson  (('has.  (!ianville).  History  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona.  Sail  Fran- 
cisco, ISdH.    Ito. 

Johiisioii  ('riieodore  T.),  (^iliforiiia  and  ()re;r<in.     I'hilailelphia,  ls."i7. 

Jones  (I'liarles  ('.,  Jr),  Antii(uiti(!s  of  the  Soulheru   Indians.      New  York, 

is;:?. 

Jones  (( leiu-Lre),  The  History  of  .Ancient  .America.     London,  \sy.i. 
Jones  (Strachaii),  The  Kiitchin  Trihes.     In  Smithsonian  lleport,  18(i(). 
Joiirdanet  (!>.),  Dn  .Mexi(iue.      Paris,  ISfil. 
Juan  l(Ie(U-^e),  and   Antonio  de   I'lloa,  Voya^te  Ili.storique  <le  rAinerique 

Meridioiialo.     Amsterdam,  IT-'rJ.  4to.  2  vols. 
Juarros  (Uomiiij^o),  A  Statistical  and  Commercial  History  of  the  Kingdom 

of  (Jiiateniala.     London,  1824. 

Kaintschatka,  llistoire  de.     Lyon,  17(17.  2  vols. 

Kaiii-  (I'aiill,  Wanderiiij^s  of  an  Artist  anion;.;  the  Indians  of  N.  America. 

London,  ISoit. 
Kcdiy  (Will.),  All  Excursion  to  California.     London,  IS.'il.  2  V(ds. 
Kendall  ((ieoigt!  Wilkins),  Narrative  of  the  Texan  Santa  I'"e   Expedition. 

New  ^'ork,  IS'itJ.  2  vols. 
Keniieciv  (Will.),  Texas;  the  IJise,  Progress,  and  Prospects.    London,  1841. 

2  vols. 
Keppel  (Henry),  The  Expedition  to  Ilorneo.     London,  lS4fi.  2  vols. 
Ker  (lleiirv),   'I'ravel.s  through  the  Western  Interior  of  the  U.  S.     Eliza- 

bethtown,  181C. 


■f 


m 


SI- 


ArTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXlll 


Ki'iT  (tliilicrt*,   A  (Iriicnil   llistury  iiiid  ('(illt'ctinii  of  N'tiynp's  anil  TravcN. 

Kiiililiui'.L;ll  mill   Liilnlnli,    IS'Jt.     IS  Mils. 

Kinu  ('  hnciirii.  MDUiilMiru't'iiiij:-  in  ilic  Sierra  Nt'Miiiii.     I'lu^tuii,    Is7'.'. 
Kiii;i-<lii>ri)iij;li    (I,iinl),    Aiitiijuitics   of  Mfxini.     I, Imi,    ls;{|-lS.   Inlio.  0 


Kino.  K;i|i|iiii,  ninl  Miiii;;c,  f  Itiiicrjirics  of  tlii'ir traxcN  in  Somna  iinil  on  (lie 

(111,1  IliM'i.  I     In  Doc.  Ilist.  .Mcx.,  serif  iv.,  loni.  i. 
Kirliy  iW.  W'.i.  .\  .lournev  to  the  N'oucan,    l!us>ian  .\iiii'ii:a.      In  Sniilli- 

soniaii  III  |iort,  |.S(;i. 
Kittiilz  (I'.    II.    Mill),  I  )enk\viirili;:keii.'n  einer   Iteise  narli  ilrni  ''ii^slselien 

.\nierika.  n.ii  ii  Mikronesien  nnil  ilurcli   KanilM'hatka.     (ioilia,  I.S.'iS.   '2 


vols. 


Klaiimlli  (.1).    Ill  rlierclies    snr  Ic   Pays  ile   Foil  San;^.    |ii 


is  nial   a   nroiios 


|ponr  mil-  lailii'  de  rAnn''rii|ne.    In  Noiivelles  AniMJes  ile>-  \'oy.,  iNiH. 


toni.  Ii. 


Kleinni  idustav  ),   Allu'i'nu'ine  ('nltiir-(i('.-*('liii'lite  der  Mensiiiheil.      I.ei|i/i; 


lsi;!-.">_'.   |(»  vol- 

[neeiaml  (SahPii'l  i. 


Tlie  W'oiiilers  of  the  \'oseniite   N'aliev.     Iiuston,  IsTI. 


Kni;^lit  ('riioni;!-!.  Pioneer  Life.      .MS.    ISTl'. 

Kniuiit  iW'ni.   II.),  Iiainaoft's  iiaml-liook  AInianai'.    San  I'raneiseo,  lSli-2-l. 

':{  vols. 
Kot/eliue  (Otto  von),  A   New  \'oya;.'t'  roiinil  tin- W'oilil,    Isl':!-().      London, 


IS:!(l.  •_*  vols. 


Kt>i> 


•  line  ((  hto  von),  .V  \'oya;_'e  of  |)iseovery  into  the  South  Sea  and  I!ee- 
rin^'s  Straits.      London,  ISlM.  .'{  vols. 
Kru^'er  ( I'. ),  The  l-'irst  Diseoxeryof  Anieriea.      New  \'iiik.  |S('>:{. 
Krasen^-tern  (.\.  •!.  von),  \'o\ai:e  nmnd  the  Worhi.      Loniion.  I.sl.'{.    Ito. 
l\ra>en-iern  i.\.  .1.  Nun),  \\'orter-Sanindun;;en.     St    I'etersiiaru,    IS|;{.   -Ito. 
Kvostotr,  ,'iMil  liaviiioll',  \'oyii;;'e  dans  r.\inuriinit\    In  Nonxclles  Annalesdes 


V 


|S.')_'.    loin,  esx.w. 


Lai'ha]ielle  (.\.  d  m.  I,e  f'ointo  de  Itaousset-I'onlhon.      Paris,  Is.'i',*. 
Lai'iiiiz.i  (.lii-e  Maiial.  Ilistoria  Anti;,'iia  de  Mexieo.    Oiscniso  llisti'irieo.    In 


M 


li-.eii  .\1( 


.Ml 


tlllll.    IV. 


I.art  (.Iiiainiis  lie),  Novvs  Orhis.      Lv;.'d.  Hatav.,  \ii'A'.\.   I'ulio. 
I.aioiiii  It!.),  \'ova,u'es  aiitoiir  tin  Monde.      Paris,  IStt.   ,S\ol- 


l.a    II 
I' 


irpe 


(.1 


eaii    I'raiii'oi 


<).    Ahii'iri'    di;  rilistoire   (Ji'iii 


lies   V 


oyai'e: 


!l  vols,  and  atl 


.aillliel  .;■  I  I',.  I,    llisji.'i-einl 

Me\.  I  iin:;-..    iiiileliu,  loll 
.aiiihert.  ( 'mioa- 


1  de  las  ('(donias  Militares  de  ("liihuahiia.      In  Si 


( Ihservalions  u|ion  the  Manners,  Ciistunis,  etc.      London, 


Lamia  i  Dieun  de),  I! 

I'aiis,  isr.i. 
Lull:.'  ulohii  I  )iiniiioi 


de  lasCo.sasde  \'neataii.     [.Siianisli  and  I'reiiih. ) 


>f  tlie  ( >ri''in  and   .Miuiiat 


lolis    o 


f    the     Pol  VI 


siaii  Naliiiii-i.      Luiidon,   IS.Sl. 


Laii'isilor!!  Ml.  1 1,  voiii,  \oyaue- and  Travels.    London.  ISKi  14.   4ti).  'J  vols. 

La  Peiiiiise  i.le.iii  I'Viilieois  ( ialaup  de),  \'oya;:c  iiiil ■  iln   iimlide.      I!(''di;.;t! 

jiar  M.  L.  A.  Milit-.Miiieaii.      Paris,   an.   vi.   1I7'.IS.|    t  \nl>.   and  alias. 
Laphaiii   (.1.  .\.i.    Tlie  .\ntiiiiiities  of   Wisconsin.     (SniiiJisoiiian   Contrihii- 

tioll.  I      W  .ishiie.;!!)!!,    IS."):!.     Ito, 
La|ilai-e  (( '.  I,  ('aui|pa;.jiu' d':  t 'iriainiiiavi;,'atioli.      Paris,  ISH    ."it.   (i  vols. 
Lareiiaii'ili'i e,   Me\ifi.i..  i.t  i  :ii.it..i,...l.>       IVn.i 


't  ( iiiateliia 


la.      Paris,  IS  17 


Larrainzar  (.\|,ii I),    Dictaineii  sohre  la  t)hra  de  I>rasseiir  de   Iioiirliour 


M. 


hSii, 


oiinseo. 


In  Sue.  Mex.  ( lei 


Larraiii/ar  (.M.inuel).  N'oticia  Historiea  do  Soe 

liiiiet  ill.  tlllll.   iii. 
Las  Casas  I  llMiloIoine  lie),  llistoria  de  Indian.     MS.   folio.   4  vols. 
Las  <'asas  (Ilartolonn'  de),  Historia  Apologetica  de  las  Viulias  (Iceidentalos, 

M.S.   folio.   4  vols. 


XXSIV 


AUTIIOmriKS  QroTKl). 


I     ! 


IiaHK('ii!w(riisos  rrlinnn),  Tlflarolrtnizacionilc  lii  liaja<'.ilifoiiiiii.    Mi'xii'o, 

I.atliaiii  (Itnltcit  (Icinldii),  Coiiiparativc  IMiili>Iii;;y.     I.oiiiloii,  ISH-J. 
Latliaiii  lUnlii'i't  I  iiii'iliiiii,  Man  and  Ills  Mi^'iiiliiin^.     I.iiikIihi.  Is.'il. 
I.atliani  (liiilx'it  ( iiii'i|i)iii,  'i'lic  Nativi'  llati's  ol'  tliu  lkn.->iai>  l'hu|iii'('.     I.on- 

<|iill,   IS.'it. 

Ijatonr-AllMril,  S|KMinii'n-i  of  Mcxiraii  Si'iilplurc  in  tlic  l'().-<>c»iiiiMif . 

In  Kiiij;->lt(iriiu;;li'N  Mcx.  Anlii|.,  vol.  iv. 
l.atroWf  (Cliarlcs  .lii>i'|ili|,  'I'ln-  liainltli-r  in  Mexico.     London,  IS.'tt!, 
Lcccioncs   I'lsiiii-iinali's  |iara  las  'I'aiidas  de  I'^jtTclfios  de  S,  l;;na('io,  en  cI 

IdioMia  \I(-\i"ano.      I'nclila.  IStl. 
l-<M'ky  (\V.  I-;.  II.),  History  of  Kuropcan  Monils.    New  York,  ls7;t.  2  vol-*, 
la'jar/a   l.lnan  'losi'   Marline/,  dc),   Aniilisi.s   l')stailistieo  de  la  I'rovinciu  de 

Mieiinacan  en  ISJ.'.      .Mexieo,  IH.'J. 
I,eni|irieic  (Cliailes),  Notes  in  Mexico  in  IStil   •_'.     London,  ISHJ. 
Lenoir  (Alexandre),    I'.iralli'le  des   .\nciens    .Monninents   .Mexicains,  nvco 

cenx  de  ri'",;;y|ite,  de  Tlnde,  et  du  resle  <le  I'ancien  niondi'.       In  .\nti<i. 

iMcx.,  toni.  ii.,  div.  i. 
Leon  (Martin  de),  Caniino  del  Cieloen  Len.u'na  Mexieana.      Mexico,    llijl. 
Leon  (Martin  ile),  Mannal  llreve,  y  Forma  de  Adininislrar  los  .Santos  .Suc- 

ranienlos.      .Mexico,  jiitl). 
Leon  vdaiiia  (.Xntoaio),   l)escriitci(Mi   Ilistin'ica  y  Croiudoyica  de  las   do-t 

I'iedras.     .Mexico,    ls;{_'. 
lA'on  V  <iaina  (.Vntoaio),  .Sa;;;^i(»  dell'  Astronoinia,  ('ron(do.;ia,  etc.     Itonia, 

ISKI. 
Lethenaan  (dona.K  Sketch  of  the  Navajo 'I'rilicMtf  Indians.     In  Saiitiison- 

ian  licport,   IS.")."i. 
Lettres   Kdiliantes  et   Cnrienses  eerites  des    Missionn   l'ilran;,'('res.      Lvon, 

ISl'.t.    I  »  vols. 
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Jjuwi 


I  (• 


s  am 
ISII.    »to. 


'I'raNels  to  the  Sonret!  of  the  .M 


issonn   Uive 


Loudon, 


Linati  (<'.),  Costnnies  Civils,  Militaircs  et  lieli;,'ieux  du  Mexicpn'.     Itrax- 


elles,  n.d 


Liot  (W.  15.),  I'anani.i,  Nicara;fna  an<l  Tehinintepec.      London,   ISP.t. 
Lippincott's  Ma,u'a/ine.  I'liiladdphia,  iStiS  et  se(|. 


isiansk 


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ISII.    4to. 


i/ana. 


De 


ionario  de  Nnestra  Senora  ile  Itzanial.     Extracts  in  Landa 


(Diepide),  Uelacion  de  lasCosasde  \'ncatan. 


Llorente  (.J.  A.),  Oenvre.s  de  Don  IJartlu'lenie  de  Las  ( 'asas.     I'.iris,  l.S2'_'.   2 

vols, 
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a 


''.   Si 


oar.,  vol.  1 


Loa  en   tMisei|nio  de   la  .Vpariciini  de  Xuestra  Senora  de  (ruadalupe.     (V. 

Lenyiia  .\/teca.)     [.Mexico,  1  ISIK!. 
Locknian,  Traxclsof  the  .lesaits.      London,  ITI'i.  ■'  vols. 
London  ( leM;;iaphica!  Society,  .lournal.      Loudon,  ISSI  -'().  40  vols. 


L 


Port. 


id  Tniker.  .\nieric.i  ami  the  West  imli 


London.  LSI.'). 


JjonI  (.lohii  Keast),  'I'lie  Naturalist  in  Vancouver  Island  and  llritish  Cohini- 

hia.      London,  ISIid.   2  v(ds. 
Lorenzana   v    IJnitron  (I-'rancisco   Antonio),    Cartas   Pastorali^s.      Mexico, 

177<».    lio. 
Lowenstern  (Isador),  Le  Mexiiiup.     Paris,   ISt.*^, 
iiowensteni  (M.  .1.),  .loarney  from  the  City  of  .Mexico  to  Mazatlaii.  [1S38.] 


In  L(Hid.  ( 


icoi^.  Sot 


our.,  vol.  XI 


Lowry  (.V.  .\.),  Klamath  Vocahnlarv.     MS.   1S7,'?. 
Luhl.ock  (John),  The  Ori^'in  of  Civilization.     New  York,  1871. 
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1S37. 


ArTllolUTIKS  (jroTKl). 


XXXV 


1 


I.ilili'vvi;.'  I  IFrniiMli  T'..),  'rilc  I.itcintiirr  of  Amcrir.iil  .\l)'ili_;iliiil    I..lli;rilii;,'i'N. 

I.iilliloii.   IS.'iS, 
l,ii.'»>iui   (ItiiM'Uini   lift,  .I'liinial  ilii  \'ciya;,'f  fail   ii   In  Mfv  ilii  Sinl  asi'i'  Ics 

KliliiistiiTH,    ICSl.      I'aris.    I(;'.):t. 
I.yoii  1(1.  I''.  I,  ■Imiriial  of  a  lll^^illl■ll(•l•  ami  Tciiir  in  tlic  Itcpiililic  of  Mcxini. 

l.llMllllll,    Is.'S,    "J  Mils. 

M'CliiM'  (I!.).  Disi'dViTV  of  the  Xortli-Wi'st  I'a-isi'jc    In  l.on>l.  ('.v,:.  Sec, 


idir..  \oi.  wiv. 


I.onilon,  IS.'il. 


Mcf'iillnni  (Win.  S.  I,  Calilin-nia  as  I  saw  it.     llnHaio.    Is.'ii). 

Mel  nlloli  i.laini^  II.,  .Ir.).  iii'scan'lics  in  .\nHMiia.      Hall  inioii",  |sl7. 

I\|('t'iilloli  (.l.mif    ll.,.lr.).  Iirscai'clio,  l'liiliisii|i|ii('al  ami  .\nlii|'iai  i,ni,  roii- 

cciiiin;.- llif    MiDi'i'iiMal  lli»lciivof  .Xnicrica.      liMlliinoic,    is.'.l. 
.M(l>anii'l  (Wui.   l>.i,   Kaiiv  1  >avs  iif  ( 'alif.ii  nia,      .MS. 


M; 


nail!  ( I>.  ( ;.   I''.  I,  I tuic  on  I'ril 


l-n  <    nllll 


nliia.    I.fiiiilon,  lsi;;i. 


Marlii- (.Maltlicwi,  N'anconvt'i-  Island  anillirilisli  ( 'dlnniliia,     Lcmilon.    l.Sl!, 


.\I 


,i.^r||,^,i,i-  i.iiiiiii),    I  ii<i  rro^Tcss  lit  .xnicrna,  Iniin  tlic  I  iiscdvi'i'v  iiy  i  nliiin- 

lins  to  jSKi.     I.diiiliin,  ISI7. 
Mi'lnlosli  (.loliiii,  Tlic  Origin  of  the  Xortii  .Uin'iiran  Indians.     New  ^■^l^k, 

fS.Vt. 
AIi'!\can  iKatf),  Manna!  of  Sucial   Si'icnrc.      Iii-iii;,'  a   ciindcnsatiipu  of  tin- 

l'rinc'i|ili->  of  Siiii.il  Si'. -ici' cif  11.  ('.  Can-y.      I'lii!iidi'!|pliia.   l^7-. 
MacUi'ii/if   I.Mcv.l,     X'liya^cs   finni    .Montri'al     t!iron;^li     llic     t'lmtiiH-iit  of 

North  .Vnicric'a.      London,   iSdl.   -Iln. 
.McSlicnv  (lliili.inl),  Hi   rnilh'io;  nr,  .\  .Mi\cd    Itislifroni  .Mcxii'n.      I'liila- 

di||iliia,  is.'ill. 
Maillard  (  hoiani,  Tin'   llisiciry  of  tlic    llcpnlilii'  of  T.'xas.      I.undon,    ISI2. 
Majof  (  Uiilianl  llcnn  ),   Tin;   Life  of   I'rincc   llcni  y  of  l'oitu;j;al.      London, 

I  Mis. 
MmIiIiv.  Lntcr  on  California  Indians.     MS. 

Malii'  I'liiin  (\'.  .\.),  I'll  ('oii|i  d'Ocil  sur  Ic  ^■n^atan.     Paris,  n.d. 
.Mallc-ltnin  (\'.   A.),  I'lccis  dc  la  (M'o-iaiiliic  I' iiivcrscllc.    I!ni.\(  lies,  LSIli). 

ti  vtils.  and  atlas. 
IMaltc-liinn  (V.  .\.l.  La  Scmora  ct  scs  Mines.     Paris,  ISIU. 
IMaiizi  (I'ieini),  11  ( 'nn<ini-|(i  di  Mo-^i'o.      Itoma,  1SI7. 
.^la|■llois  ( r.aiiH'),  Tlie  llistciry  of  Lmiisiana.      Pliiladeljiliia.  IS.'!!). 
Mairli  y    Laliores  (.lost'),  llistmia  ile  la  Marina  Real   l'.s|)anola.     Madrid, 

iS.Vl.   -tto.  ■_>  vols    and  atlas, 
^lareliaiid  (lltieiinei.  \'ova;.'e  .\ntonrdn  Moiiile  |)endant  les  .Xliiu'es  i7'.M)-'.)'2. 

I'aris,  ails  \i   \iii.     |l7iis   I  soil,  j,")  Mils,   and  atlas. 
Man  \-  iKaiidol{>h    l!,l,    l",\|il(iration   of  the   lli^d    itiverof   Lmii-^ian.i.      (:ii.M 

t'oiii  .  '-'d  Sess.,  Semite  l",\.  Due.  "it. I  Wasiiin.L'ton,  IS.'il. 
AL'icy  I  i:aiid(p!|ili  I').).  The  Prairie  Travider.  New  \'ork,  IS.V.I. 
Maivv  I  l;.iiid(iliih  I!.  I.  i;e]i(prt  of   Kdiite  from   I'mt  Smith  to  Santa  {■"(•.    Ciist 

Con-..   Nt  Se>s.,  Seiia.'e  i'lx.   Due,  Ct.l      W'a-hin-ioii,   1  S.'iU. 
Mari'V   I  i;aii(i(il|ili    |!.|,    'I'hirfv    Years  of   .\rniy  l.il'e  on   t'le    IJorih'r.      New 

^  oil;,    ISI'ill. 
Marineii   (Lmin),   Siiniario  ih-  la   el,-irissima  \'ida  y  Ileruiens  licfhus  de  his 

Catilciiii-iis  Meves,       Tiili'du.    l."it_'.    4lo. 

Marinier  iXi,  Noiice  >iir  les  inilien,-,  de  l.i  Califdriiie.    In  r.rv.-nil  MM.).  \'ov. 

en  Cal. 
MarmieriX  I,  I.cs  \(,\;i|^r,.iiix   Niniveaiix.      I'.iris.   n.d.   :!  vols. 
.Maripie/    (Pi.Tdi,    Due    .Xntichi    .Munniiienti    di    .\rehitetliira   Me— ieaiia. 

Iloiiia.  Isiil. 
^larsh  ((;.   P.),  ^^■^l  ami  Nature.     Xew  \nvk.  ISi;7. 
Martin  iCIi.i,   i'reeis  des  liveiieiiients  de  la  Canip.i''ne  dii  Mixiiine.      Paris, 

isi;;?. 
Martin  i.luhn.l  .\n  .Xciiniin  ,,1   the  Natives  iif  the  'l"(iie;',i  Inlands,     l.nmliin, 

I  sis.    •_'  v,,ls. 

M.irtin  (I!.  Monti,'<imery ).  lli^tnrv  <e"  th     liriti-li  Cuj.mies.    Louden,  IS.'U-."). 

'"'  ^"''*-    ,•       1     .. 
\oi..  1.    ;j 


XXXVl 


AUTIiOiaTIES  QUOTED. 


'.lartiii  (11.   Mimt^'(iiiuTy),   Hisioiy  of  tlii'  West  Indies.     I.oii.lon,  l.S.%.  2 

voi.s. 
Maiiiii  (U.  Mi>Mt;:(<!ii('rv).  'I'lu'  Ilinlson's  Hay  Ti'iritoiics  ami  \'aiic()UVL'r'.s 

Island.      Liiiidini,    ISC). 
Martyr  I  I't'ttTl.  Decades.      In  Voy.,  a  S(deetii)n,  cte.  liondon,   Isj-J. 
AlarlN  r  ( I'etei),    I'eiri   .Martyris  al>   .Vn^leria,  etc.,   do    Kclms  <  di'anieis  et 

( M-Ue  noun  deeaijes  tres,      Hasilcac,  1,");!;$.  folio. 
Manrelle  (l-'ran.  .\ntiniii>i,  .loiirnal  of  a  \'oya;re  in  I77">.   n.|il.,   ii.d.    tto. 
.Mayer  ( l<i'ant/l,  Memoranda  ujion   .Me.xican  Antii[uities.      In  Seliooleraft's 

Areli.,  vol.  vi. 
Mayer  (liranl/),  Mexico  as  it  was  ami  as  it  is.     New  York,    lsr>J. 
Mayer  (Ilrant/),  Mc.\ico.     Aztec,  Spanish  and  l{e|itiblieiiii.    Hartford,  1S.")I?. 

'2  vols. 
Mayer  ( IJrant/),  <  Hiservations  on  Mexican  History  ami  Arclia'ido;;y.   (Sniilli- 

sonian  Contriliution,  No.  Sii.i     Wasliinuton,    ls.")(>. 
Mayne   iK.  ('.),    I'oiir   'k'ears  in   llritisli   Colnniliia  and  \'ancon\  er   Islam!. 

I.ondiin,  iSCi'i. 
Meares  (.lolinl,  \'oya;;'es  made  in  tlie  ye;irs  i7*^>>  '.•.      London,   IT'.Ht.    Ito. 
Mediiui  (lialtliassar  (le),  Clminica  de  la  Santa    I'lovincia  de  San    I)ie;;ode 

Mexico.      .Mexico,   KiSJ.   folio. 
Melanges  Itusses  Tires  du    llidletin  Historic()-l'liilido,Lrii|ne  de   I" Academie 

Inipi'iiale  des  Sciences  de  St   reterslionr;;.      St    l'eteisliour,u,   i>i.")S. 
Meletta.  i'ali-Tlali  Vocalmlary.    MS. 

Mciine  (dan;es  I'".  |,  Two  Thousand  Miles  on    IliMv-eliack.      New   ^'ork,  !S(;7. 
.Mende/ ( Modesto),  r>eri(dit  iilier  eine    rnlersiicliiin.us-l^x|iedition   nacll  den 

IJiiinen  der  alten  Slailt  Tikal.      In  Sivers,  .Milled  .\nieriia. 
Mendiela  (<  ieroninio  de».  Ilistoiia    Kcdesi:islica  Indiana.      .Mexico,    lS7(t. 
Mendo/a  (.loan  (ion/ale/  del,  Ilistoiia   de   las   ( 'osas   mas   notaldes,  litos  y 

coslnmlires  del  ( Iran  l!e\  no  de  la  Cliina.     Aincrs,  l,")l((>. 
Meii^;ariiii  ((ireucn'v),  .\  Selish  or  J'latliead  (iraiiimar.     (Shea's  Liiij;iiistics, 

No.  •_*.)     New'Vork,  ISC)!. 
Meiioiix  ille  (Thierry  del.  Ui'ise  nach  (Jiiaxaca,     Leipzitr.   17S!). 
Mercalor  (( lerardiis),  Atlas  sive  Cosmoj^raphicae  .Meditatioiies.     Dvishvr;.'!, 

ir.lil.  folio. 
IMexican  rictiire-\Viitin;;s.     I'ac-similes  of  .\ncient  Mexi<an  I'aintinixs  ami 

II  ier.i'4lypliics,  in  Kiiiuslioron^irs  .Mex.  .\ntii|.,  asfcdlows: 
("odex  IJcrliii,  l'"ac-siiuile^  of  Oiiuiiial  Mexican  I'aiiitinus  ih'positi'd  in  the 

IJoyal  Lilirary  of  lierliii  liy  the  Itaroii  de  llumlpiddt.   Mil.  ii. 
Codex    I'.odleian.     I'ac-similcs,    in    llodleiaii   l.ilirary   at    Oxford.       (Nos. 

■js:<s.  ;{i;i.").  :!_'07.  "iki.  i  v(ds.  i.  ii. 


( 


oilex 


r.ni 
I 


ouiiia, 


(  oilex  l.nr^ian.   rac-siini 


l.ihrarv  of  the  Institute,   vol. 


r. 


:Mn-e 


eiiin.    Iioiiie.  vo 


I.  iii. 


Codex  lioturini,  l''ac->iiuile,  C 


itiou  of   IJoluii 


Codex  I  >i{ 


I'ac-siinile,  Woval  l.ilirarv. 


Codex  I'eJcrNary,  l"ac-simile.  in  |io>.Mssion  of  M.    !■" 
Codex  .Mcndo/,1,  Copy  of  till'  Cidleclion  of  Meiidoza.  vid 


i.    i; 


de   la  C 


ileccion.   vo 


Inl 


criu-elion  of    the    Colleclio 


i1.  iii. 
xplicacion 


n.   vol.  VI. 


Codex  Telleriaiio-lteuiensis,  Coiiv,  in  IJov.il  Lilirarv  at    Paris,   vol  i. 


I'.xplicacioii,  vol.  v.      I'.xplaiiatioii,  \ol.  vi 


Codex    \'al'calius.    Copy,    l.ilpiary  of    the 


SpieL':azione  didle  Ta\oli 


d. 


Codex  \ 


1' 


h 


T 
il  I 


\at 
<lati( 


lean,   iiome.    vo 


Is.    ii.    ii 


ran 

ilirarv.   vol.  ii. 


d.   vi. 


^lexicaii  Sculpture,  Specimens  ]ireservi  1  in  llie 
lioronuh's  .Mex.  .Vutiii.,  vol.  iv. 


lirilish  Miiseuiu.    In  Kin;. 


Mexicaiiische  /iistjiiidt 


dell  .lahreii  IS.'SII  '_'.      Stntl'.'art,   !S;!7. 


Mexico,  .\iiales  del  .Mini.-terio  i 


le  I' 


miieiito.      Mexico 


IS,-.  I. 


M, 
M 


the  Coiinlrv,  IIif*tor\  am!  I'edide.     l,oiidon,    IS(i:{. 


exno  III 


ISl-_>.      New  V.uk 


ISCJ. 


Mexi<o,  .Memoria  |)reseiilada  a  S.  M.  Ill  Kinperador  jior  td  Ministro  de  Fo 
nii'iito.     Mexico,  IStiO.    Ito. 


AUTIIOHITIKS  QT'OTF.D. 


XXXVll 


Mo^in,.  N,,,i,ias,l..lM  ri,„l„l.      Mrxi.....  1S;^5    -Uo 
A.vin,,  A    Ini.io,  i,v„  l!,.,ni.t,.,-.      |,..,„1„„,  isil    ' 
A  I'Miiiu   (  ,„„|,„s,      I'iiii.-,   IT.V    -vols 
A  .•M.|ii,..  I-;iM,l...s  lli>i„n,,,„,.,     |.,,j     •,,^.-,, 

^ni  i^.iu.  sn.ani;  i:s..;';.:*;";;-,ir,'i..i;""'^"""'^-  ^-"•'""- '«'-  •*  -i. 

^  1 1     (Nicholas,,  Hi.s,,.,v  of  MoNi..,,.     I..„..l.,„,  ls-'4 

A  '''■'■  '•'""■I'"'"-    ''»^'  Arn..,i-st  Hi,.  M.mIo.s.     L,..h1o„    IST-? 

^I:;;"L;;;:;I :  t- 1:  ']::;„^;:::",s;r  ■'---  ">'"'■■"'-.- [.-.]. 

;;';t;;5:;;;;;:::'''v:;-.^';si>:;''^.;-  -^.i— .. 

::;:;'';tt;^s/r^'-i;:-::l':,;!;:7 ■••-■'-- -■a.i..n.i..s. 

inVnTnti;^;;;:'''''''''''-''-'^^^^^ m,.. 

M..lllm,.s,.„,|!al,|,n„,,  1)..,-  Hu.l.tli,,^.      I,,;,.,!.    ,s.;.>    .,  vols 
MoIlliMiiNcii  |l!,i!cliiiii),  'ra..,>l.ii,Ii   ,.  iM.r    I',.;    .  ,  M-    •     •      ■ 

^lo;vi;.;7^;!;,::;,;''-;^,^';r'H'''''^:', ■''--•  ^-vo,.k.  ,^.,. 
''''''.;;;:' ^'i;^^^i;•^•:;:;.:y;r;^''''"'''^>'''-^^^  >.. 

i!!;:;-nin';S::.i';v:,!!::|-?, ;;;'/•';'-       x,.  na..„,  ,s... 

^l^iill-  of  vaiioas'l,,;  I    V     ■■'■■"'•'  !';••'  •  "'"I'^'ialiv  \i,.wof  tlio 

,,  i'inia,i,.i,,hi;;:'is!;:,V:iir"''  ^""""-''  >-"••:'  "".i  souh.  Amm.;;! 

Arosai,o  .M-'Ni,.,-,,,,,,     .M,,^i,„    ,S4,,  o    ;  ^.„, 
>  nM,;,„,.l,„  I,   |j,,.-,|„    ,,,  -■    '    ^-ls. 

:;:SrV:ti,--T;i'(;::-r-- - "-■ 


M 


'viy  i.S- I 
^.n,  Ft- 


Ivotri),   A 


'i/oiia  ami  Soiu.ra.      N,  \-    ^V 


o\o  I  Mciiito  M 


lllcisio,    ISCi.'i. 


'fo;:lM|i|iy  an, I  i;,.>nii 


nc>  of  A 


l^ill. 

li/oiia   aii'l   Sdii 


oi-a. 


Ilia  ilfi,  ( 


"lil''iM:">nlt  ,i:,luar.li,  \-,.,>„.| 


lias    Mcjii;, 


lii'iiiias 


C.i'u 


'Ml.    I), I 


Mill! 


M 


(■Jii'o. 


If 


III  i.loliii),   I 


"""'^'  I".  I^H.  :.'  \ol 


I  t'liiiT  ;;vliviifii  S,  lii|,l,.|- 


'III!,'  <l<'i-  i;,  iiiilplik 


\Valla  III  I',, II  I 


>''|iort  on  li, 


'I'llloii. 


W 


oil-lillrlinii  of  a   M 


ili.aiN    Kia.l   )' 


roiii 


W 


Ilia- 


mmmmmm 


MRM 


xxxvm 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


MiillorM.  0.),  floscliidito  (lor  Ainorikniiisrlicn  Urrc'li;,n()non.    r.ascl.  ISOT. 

IMullcr  f.l.  W.  voii),  Ucit'-jijic  /iir  (Ji'st'liicliti-,  etf.,  voi  Mi'xico.  I^fiji/ij,', 
iStM. 

IMulk'r(.F.  W.  V -ii).  Ivt'iscn  in  lieu  A't'icini^^tcnstaati'ii,  ("auiiila,  uml  Mex- 
ico.    Lcipzij,'.  'S(14.  ,'i  vols. 

^liillcr  (Max),  Cliips  fnim  a  (Icrmaii  Worksln)]!.    New  York,   ISd!).  "2  vols. 

M iilli'i' ( Max),  Lcctiiri's  mi  the  Scit'iicc  of  Laii^na;,'i'.  New  ^'ork,  1.S71-2. 
•-'vols. 

Miiii>li'r  (Scliastiau),  ^'osiiio.ui'aipliia.     liascl,  l.")4.">.   -(to. 

Miir;,f|iia,  Ksfadistii'a  a!iti;;iia  >•  iiioilcnia  <ic  la  I'roviiicia  <le  (Jiiajaca.  In 
Sue.  Mfx.  <M'o;i:.,  Iiiilciin,  toiii.  vii. 

Miirpliy  and   llarni'd,  Tlii'  I'm^^cI  Sound  nircctorv. 

MniT  (('liri>to|)li  ( iolilicl)  Mill),  Naclniclit  \(iii  \('rsclii('(l('nt'n  Liiinlfin  dcs 
Spaiiisilicn  AiiKTJka.      Ilallc,  ISOlt. 

]\!nna\  illii^'li),  !li^tol■i(•al  Account  of  Discoveries  and  Travels  in  Norlli 
America.      London,  \s\l'.).  •_' vols. 

Z\ln--co  Mexicano.     Mexico,  1S4:!  ,").   ,"»  V(ds. 


N.    (N.),   America,   or   an  exact  descrijition  of  flic  West  Indies.     London, 

l(i.V>. 
2Savarii'tc  (Martin   I'Vrnandez),  Colcccion  de  los  A'ia^rcs  y  Descnliriniii'iitos 

(|iie  lucieioii  los  Ksjianoles  desde  lines  d(d  Siulo  W.     Mailri<l,  ISu'.")  .'{7. 

rt  vcds. 
Ni'ixfra  (Manuel  Crisostonio),  Disertacion  scdire  la  len'j;iia  <  )tIiomi.   Mexico, 

lS4.->. 
Xeliel  (Carlos),  Viaje  I'intoresco  v  Anineol  'ijico  solire  la  lU'inililieiv  Meji- 

cana,  IS-.".)  .'U.  "  I'aiis,  ls:V.>.  'folio. 
Nene  Nacliri<liten  von  den.'n  nenentdekten  Iiisnln.      lfanil>nri;',    177<>. 
>.'eve  y  Molina   (iaiis  de).    (Irainin.ilica   dcdla    Liniiiia    (Momi.      I'1s|misI,i  en 

Italianodal  Conte  I'/ica  Silvio  \'in<'enzo  l'icc(doinini.      Iioiiia,  ISll. 
Nicolai   (|-lliiid).    Xewe   nnd  Wailiafte  Kelalion  \  on  West-nnd-Osf    Indien. 

Miinclieii,  ICllt. 
Nicolay  (('.  (i.),  Tlie  Ore^ron  Territory.     London.  ISIC). 
Xicvv.c    Weerelt,     Anders    ;;lieiiaeMi|>t     ^^'e--t-|||di(■n.      .\msterdani,     l('rJ'_'. 

folio. 
Ni/a  ( Marco  de),  A   Itclatioi    of  the  r(  iiercnd   father    l-'iier   Marco   de   \ica. 

tondiin;,'  liis  dis(cnieiy  i  "  Cciiola  or  ('ilifda.      In   !Iaklii\l's   X'oyaucs, 

V'd.   iii.;  Ternanx-("oin|>ans,  \'oy.,  si'rie  i.,   toni.   ix.;    Itamiisio,   Navi-  ^ 

,u'atioiii,  torn.  iii. 
Noriiia:i  (IS.  .M.),  Ifamlileshy  Land  and  Water.     New  ^'ork,  iSl.'i. 
Norman  ll!.  M.i,  l!aml)les  in  ^■ncatan.     New  N'oik.  ISIH. 
Noitli  .\nieiican  llevicw.      Itoston,  iSMtct  se<|. 
Nolt  i-l.  ('  )   and  <  o'o.    ll.   (Widdon.    lndi,i;cnoiis  Itaces  .,f  the   Karth.   Tliil- 

adel|>hia.  Iscs. 
Noiivelles  .\niialcs  de>  A'oya-fs.     Paris,  ISI'.)  (".(».    l(i,S  vol.s. 

Oersted.  l/.\iiu''rii|iie  Centralo.     Uoi)enlia;;'ne,  ISti.'i. 

(^L;illl^  i.ioliiil.  .\merica:  llein.u' the  lafcsi  inid  nio^t  accurate  Desi'ri|it  ion  of 
the  New  World.     London,  1()71.  folio. 

<  henoll.  Sketches  of   Mission   Life  aiiloii'.:  the  ilidiaiisof.      Nt'W    ^  oik.  IS"it. 
Orozco  y  liena   (Manuel),   (ieourafia  ile  las   Li'iiL;iias  y  Carta    Iltno.iriatica 

de  >L'>\ico.      Mrxico,   |,S(i  I. 
Onio   il'raiici^co  Xa\  ier  .\lexo  de),  S<ducioiid<'l   (uan    ridlilciiia  ac' rca  de 


«»rte-a 


la  I'olilacion  de  las  .Americas. 

ism  de),    .\iien(lice  to   \'cvtia. 


Mexiio,  I7ii;{. 


(L 


Hist. 


.\nti','u;i 


toni.  III. 


Ort( 


ll- 


rancisco  i 


le).  iielacion  de  la  I'.ii'  raila 


(iiii'  iii/.o  a 


las  Calif,, 


( 


Ulan    I'  lanci-co  ile 
seile  ii.,  lorn.    iii. 


(irti'ua 


el    alio    I 


Ic    li;;:i.     In   Doc.    lli-t.  M 


Orti-'.ia   i.Io-c]i|i  del.    \'oi';ilcila"'o  en    l.(ii;_;iia  < ';i--icll,;na  y  Co:a.      In  Soc, 


Mex.  t;ei 


litdetin,  loin.  \ili. 


ISfiT. 
Mpx- 


In 


AUTIIOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


XXXiX 


OrtcMvs  (Aliralininvs),  Tlii'Mtrviii  Orliis  'I'lTnuvm.     Aiitvoi'|ii:ic,  l."7'l.   I'oli 
(Iswalil  (I'r.),  Ciililoriiifii  ijiil  .--fiiH'  \'ci'li;illiii>sc'.      I.fiii/i;.',    Isi'.i. 


Ulis(l'\   N.),   Istliiiiiis  (It    I'iiiiaiii:'..      New  \i>\\ 


lS(i,. 


<)ltii\ii>,  I'lciiiHiiailc  dans  Ic  (inliV  ilu  .Mcxi'i'.U'.      In  .Nnuvi'llts  An 


V 


ls;{;{.  tuiii. 


ONcrland  .MimiIIiIn.     San  I'ranriscii,  ISCiS  ct 


•!■ 


( )\  icdi)  \-  N'aldcs  (( Ion /a  1(1  I'crnandcz  del,  II  i>iiiria  ( i(  iicial  v  Nat'iia!  dr  las 


hiilias.     .Ma.iiid,  isr.i:).   4  vids.  4t.i. 


(Ivi. 


do  V  \'ald<s  i(  i 


ill!  Fcinandcz  del,   KclaciuM  Snniaiia  dc  la    Ili>tiiii:l 


Natural  di- la-  Indias.      In  Itaicia,  lii^lciiiadincs  I'lini.,   ti 


Ndrlli 


(l(in, 


liiMitdM 


Moji- 


Ni 


I'll 


is-.  I. 


|M< 


Sue. 


Parlii (.Ii)ac|uiii  I'".),   el   al.,  ( 'idcn'iiin   dc    Dciciun.'nln-^    Ini'dito-;   iclaliMis 


al  |)fsciil>riniit'nto.  ( '(iiii|iii>ta  y  (  idnnizacinn  dc  las   T 


i: 


.Madrid,  lSi;4- 
rts  of  IvNiilniat 


vols. 

tioiis  anil  Survt'vs 


\\ 


isliiiiL:ton,    Is.i.i- 


•n  An 
Pacili.'  11.    {{..    It  .  , 

(Id.    i:!  vols.  4l"o. 
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I'mc  (Lc';;li),    Notes  on  a  .lourncv  fioni    I>i'li/('   to  ( Jiiatcniala.      In    Loiid. 


r 


(Jl'o;;'.  S( 


oar.,  \oi.  VIII 


I. 


IL,'I.-S 


iK 


■I,  N 


oiivcaii  \  ova'jv  a 


utonr  du  Moni 


Taris.  17!I7 


l'a.i;i's  (!■'.  dc),  'i"i'av(ds  round  llic  World.      London,    17'.':{.  "J  vols. 
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Pal; 

I'al.i 


Mnulisli  transliition. 
ii'io  ( 1  >!(■"(!  « laiiia  dc),  licl; 


.Mlianv,  ISCO.     (No.  1  of  Souicr's  ( 'ollcct ion. 


irlon  IIC( 


I).   I'clioc  II.    IS;ni 


ic  a  N  prccci 


ilin-l 


lia  |i 


lor  cl  liiccniiailo  lalacio  a 


n  I  ai'hci'o,  (  oi.  I 


lios.    Description  dc  la    Province  dc  ( inalcniala. 
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Itcy 

Ic  I  loc.    toni.  \  i. 
I'Translatiiin  of  prc- 


I'alliscr  i.lolm),  l"..\|iloration  of   l'.rili--li  .Vnicrit  a.      London,  iSCiO.   foli 
Palliscr  (.lolin).  Solitary  ll.iiiililcs.      Loudon.    IS.-)."}. 
Palmer  I. loci),  .lournal  of  'I'rascls  oxer  the  L( 


P 


IS.- 


ilou  ( irain-i 

iv..  toni.  vi.  vii. 


sco),  Notic 
.M 


ias  dc  las   ( 'a!il'( 
c\ieo,    |S.-)7. 


P.-ilo  :  1 1-' rill 


Itclaeion  llistoriea 


.Mountains,      ( 'ini  innat  i, 

In     I  >oc.     II  ist.    .Mex.,   sei  ii3 


I   \'iila    V    .\lio-tolir;is    Tare: 


\'<Mieralilc  Padre  j-'rax  .luni|icro  Scrr. 
I '■'■.    .Mil'.  CIcs.),  ( lianiinar  ami  Diet 


.M 


CMCO 


I7S7 


onarv  ot   the 


.lUauia    l.aie.;ila'.:e 


r.  ",•  le-, 


I. 


iie.:\iistiis.  No  \'l.i      New   ^  (uU,   isdi'. 


de). 


tiles  V  (  liriosa; 


Noti 


.Icl  N 


Ml 


UC\o   MivMco 


( il 


In  Doe,  lli-t.  .M 

p 


ex.,  seric  111. 


I  It  l\. 
1  M. 


ii.i.'io  del,  Proin|iluariii  .Manual  .Mexaano       .Mexico 
eic'),  .louriNil  of  an  lvx|ilorini;' 'I'oiir.      Itliina,   IM'J 


Notes  'rakeii  d'l 
Pliiladclpliia,    IS.-.C, 


rini;    tin 


i: 


X|reilllloll  lllioll 


;li  { 


v]i|on  d 


aruiiiaii  i  1- r.iiieisi,  The  California  and  <  Ir 
'arkiiMii  (I'rauri> 


Trail.      N<  w   N 


IM'.l. 


arrv  ( 


III  (l'rauci>i,  The  .Icsnils  in  North  .\iiicriia. 
\\  .  M.i,  .loiniMls  of  the  lirst,  second  and  lliinl 


io-ton,    isi, 


o\  ;i::e^  tor  I  hi 


Patf 


•i\  of  a  Niiilli 


■  \: 


<t   P 


Lomlon.    IsJS  M.   ti  \i 


ine-   tt.u   The    Pcison.il    N, 


irrai  i\c   ol,  eili 


ted 


inioiln 


Di-,. 
I'liiit. 


<  ini'iiiuati.   Is:!:!. 


Pall'.v    (Del,  Pci'lierrhe-.    Philo-.ii|ihi(|lle~    siir  le>  .VliH'ricaili^.     L 


d 
licrloa  (.).  D( 
iiid  llritish  ( 'ill 
il 


-pa III  I. 


Fad- 


iiiiiiiia. 


Loiidi 


I''i,u'iircs 
II,     ISIKI. 


.'lalin.u'  to  \  aiicouv  er'~    l-laiid 


V  '  /  I  I'lanciM'oi,   Caii'i-i-nio  de   la    Doelrina    ('ri--ti 


I  Len'_:na  ( lloini. 


!cxii'( 


>.  ls;u. 

h 


/  (.III, ill),  liclac'oii  ( 


!e/  Milan   I'lo/.  (  roiiolii',^1 


ll'cli 


del 
ill 


viauc  1 


II  1774  eon  la  fia'iata  Saiitiauo.      MS, 


D 


icion  lie  las  <  'tK.is  i 
iceioiiario  L'liiv.  de  li 


,\liti;:ua  de    ^'lll•al,•ln,      In    l.atida  I  i>icuo  de), 
Ilea  tan;   in  Slciiliclis'  \'iiial,in,  vol  ii,  ;  and  in 


lie  V 
CO.'.,  tol 


111 


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Prieto  ((iuillernio),  Viajes  de  Orilen  Sn]»renia.    Mexico,  IS")?. 
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Al  TIIOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


Ilcvisia  Ciciitifii"!  V  I.itci-fiiia.     Mexico,   ]S4."».  '2  v( 


l!t'\i>hi  Mc.\ 


ii'iiiia. 


.Mexico,  IS.T). 


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liicliaidsiin  (.liilm),  Arctic  Seanliin;;  Kxiiedition:  A  .1 


onrna 


of  a  I>oat  V 


i. 


.n,  1,S,')I.  •_'  vols 


ov- 


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li 


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J  >  I  ii:i 


iWi 


O,  A  Cn 


\ 


ovai^e  ro 


iind  the  W  orld.      I.oiiiluii,  I7IS. 


liollin.  .Mcinoire  PI 


\- 


i\'.,  toni.  IV. 


i\siolo;^iiine 


t  PatI 


lolOL;li)lle  stir   11 


s  A 


nicricaiiis. 


In  r 


.losi'  ( iiiadi 


iliii'i 


•),  Niiti 


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ir  la  Hist  I 


V  la  E.stadist 


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V 


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toin.  cxlvii 


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i; 


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C 


i'o'4rai)iiicai  .>ociet\ 


tv  of   I 


itusclieiilicrucr 


r(\V.  S.  W.),  N 


iiiiiliin. 
irraliv  ('  i 


ee  l.oiiil.  ( icoir.    .Nik 


f  a  \- 


o'.aue  roi 


mil  the  Worhl.     Li 


d. 


is;{s.  •_»  vol^ 


1 


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Ill 

ICali- 
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1S21).  ;{ V. 


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lia/.lialrcta.  ( 'cil.  dc  1  )iic..  tun 


Sainiiiliiiii;'  a 


Saa  |-  raiii  is 


illcr  II 
I 


cisclicsciirciliiin^cn 


VI)  f.vcnin; 


11 


iillctiii.     San 


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l"r 


is; 


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Wi 


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siir    rilisloii'e   des    Possessions    Ksjiauiioles   dans    rAineiiniie.      I'aiis, 

IS  10. 
Teniaux-Coniiians  (ireiiri),   Vocalmlaire  des  I'rincipalcs   F.anuiies  du  Mex- 

ii|iie.      In  NoiiNcllcs  .\iinales  des  \'oy..  ISK).    toiii.   Ixxxsiii. 
Teinaiix-( 'oiniians  (  Henri),  \"oya;;es,  Itelalioiis  et  .Mi'iiioires  ori.uinanx  ]Miur 

servir    a    I'lii^toire  de  la  l>eeoiiverte  de   I'Anii  rii^iie.      I'iiii--,  ls.'>7    (1. 

'2  sei'ies,   1(1  and  S  vols. 
Te/o/oinoc  ( I'crnando  de  Aharado),  ("nniica  Mexicana.    In  Kiiij:slioiou;^li's 

.Mex.  Aiiti(|..  vol.   ix. 
Te.'.o/oiniic    (.Mvaroi,    Ilistoire  du    MexiiiiU'.     [Translation    of  jirecedin;;.] 

I'arls,  I ';-.;{.  ■_>  vols. 
Tlioni]pson  ((1.  A.),  Narrati\eof  an  Ollicial  Visit  to  (Jr.aleinala.     J-ondon, 

l,si".». 
Tlioni|isoli  (Waddy),  Ilecoilectioiis  of  Mexico.      New  York,  1SI7. 
Tliornlon  (.1.  (^tuinii),   (Iri'^^ou  and  (  alil'oriiia  in  l!SKS.     Ni'W  \  oik,  ISl'.t.  'J 

V(ds. 

Tliiiniiiiel  (.\.  II.).  Mexiko  iiiid  die  Mexikaner.     Krlanjj;eii,    1S4S. 

Todd  (.lolin),  Tlie  Sniiset  Land.     l!o>toii,  ISTO. 

Tomes  ( Itidiert ),  I'ananiii  in  ls."i.").      New  ^■o|•k,  IS."), 

'I'orciiieinada   (.liian  del,   Monar([uia    Indiana.      Madrid,  17-.'^   ;{  vols,   folio. 

ToaroiilU.  II.),  Ilistoire  (Ji'iurale  lie  r.\ni»'rii|ne.      I'aris,  l7tl'S.  N  \ols. 

Towiiseiid  l.Iolin  K.l,  Narratixc  of  a  .lonrney  across  the  Jtocky  Moiiiitaiiis 
to  the  Coliiniiiia  Kiver.      IMiiladelphia,   ls:{l). 

Towii>lii'nd  (!•'.  I'rencln,  Ten  'I'hoiisand  Miles  of  'J'ravel,  Sjiort,  ami  ,\ilveii- 
tiire.      London.  ISHK. 

Traiitwine  (dolin  ('.I.  liouuli  Notes  of  an  r'.x|iloralinii  of  the  I!i\ers  ,\trati» 
and  San  .liiaii,  IS.')-J.      In  I'ranklin  Inslitiite,  .loiirnal.  Mils  •_'7  S. 

Treasury  of  Tra\el  and  .\d\ciitnre.     New  N'oik,    lS(;."i. 

Trii)eii(L.  !•'.  1!.),  Indauaciones  solne  las  Aiitij;iieilailes  Mexicanas.  Mex- 
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Tscliiidi  (.lohn  .lames  voni.  reniviaii  Aiitii|iiities.     New  York.    ls."),"i. 

Tudor  (lleiirv),  Narrative  of  a  Tour  in  North  America.  London,  ISIiL  "2 
vols. 

Tuthlil  (I'ranklin).  The   History  of  Califoj-iiia.     San  I'raiicisco,  ISCid. 

Twiss  (Traveisi.  The  <  >re,u'oii  'J'erritory.     New  ^'ork,  JSKi. 

Tvlor  I  i'Muard  I!.),  .Vlialinac:  or.  .Mexicoaiid  the  .Mexicans.     London,  IStJL 

T\  lor  ( I'.dward  15.1,  I'riniilive  ( 'iiltnre.      l!o>ton,  Is7l.  "J  vols. 

'J'ylor  ( Ivlward  I!.),  liesi'arches  into  the  Larly  History  of  Mankind.  Lou- 
don. l.S7(t. 

'l"\soii  (.lames  L.),  I>iary  of  a  lMi.\siciaii  in  California.     New  \'ork,  1S.")(). 

Tyson  (I'hilip  T.),  ( leoloj;y  and  Industrial  Resources  of  Calilorniii.  jjalti- 
niore,  1S,")1. 

L'lloa  (.Viitonio  de),  Noticias  Aniericanas.     Madrid,  177-. 


AT-nionrriKs  (^roTED. 


xlvii 


V;!oii  (Kiaiicisco  (If),  A  Itcliition  uf  tin- Disriuicrv.  etc.  [l.'i;i;i.]    In  II:iKliivt"s 


V 


•I.  iii.;   i: 


N. 


m;:iiIiiiiii,   tuiii.  in. 


I'liilfil  Slates  l-lNidiiiiii;,'  llxiu'ditiini.     lMiiliulcl|)liia,    ISJl  ,">S,    IS  Mils.  .|t( 


.1  S 


Mils,    tllll 


1  |iiiMiii   iCIiaili's   Wcntworlli).    Life,   l',\|ilciratiiiiis,   and    I'lililic  Scrviics  nf 

.Idliii  Cliarlcs  I'ri'nmnt.     lioslon,  Is.'iti. 
I'liii,'   (Natliaiiitl),   A   llistcirv  tif  tlie  Ndva^cs  and   'riavcls  nf.      I.unildii, 

l7-'ii. 
I'tali,  Afts,  Itcsiilntinns  and  .Mcnairials.     (Ircat  Salt  l-aUc  ( 'itv,  iSiiCi. 


\'aliiis  (Alfred  di'l,  .Mi'.\ii|in',  ilavant-,  ct  (Jnatcniaia.      I'aiis,   n.d. 


aili'iilt\t'r    l(il'iil';;c 


A  V 


if   1  )is(ii\i'i'v   til  till'   Niiflii    I'aiilii' <  li't'an. 


and  rmind  llii'  Wmld.      I.iindiin,  i7'.l'<.   4ti).   :?  vuls.  amlatlii 


Mllrilailrs  III' 


la  ('i\  iii/ai'iiin.     .Mijicii,  |S."i'J.   '2  vi 


\  ariiliaui'ii  (I'".  A.  dc),    l,e  I'l't'iiiicr  N'uyaui'  ik-  Aiiii'ri;,'ii  N'l'spui'i'i.    A'ii'iinc, 

IS(;'.i. 
A'assar  ('liiliii  tiny),  'rwciity  ^'cais  arniind  tlic  Wmld.      New  ^"l>l■k,   ISCi'J. 
A'atiT   (.liiliaiin    Scvci-iii),     .Mitliridalcs    ddcr    allui'iiiciiii'    Siiiatlii'iikiiiidt'. 

lie  rliii.  isiiiMT.  4  vnls. 
\'(';:a  (.Manuel  dc  la),  llisdiria  did  1  )csi'nliiiiiii('iitii  dc  la  ,\iiicriia.      .Mcxiio, 

ISLMi. 

^'('lasl•ll  (.lii>i''  I'raiii'isi'ii),  Niiticias  Kstadisticas  dd  Mstadn  dc  Suiiura.    Mcx- 

ii'ii,  ls."in. 
^'l•!asl|\ll'x  dc  Cardenas  y  I^cmi  (( 'ai'los  ( 'clcdniiin),  lircvc  I'nii'tica,  >•   Ki'vi- 

iiicii  lie!  t 'iiiilcssiiiiiario  de  iiidins,  I'li   .Mc.xii'aim  v  Castcllaiio.   |.Mc\ini, 

ICill.i 
A'ciic'ias  (.Mi^iii'l),   Niiticia  dc  la  ('alifiirnia  y  dc  sii  ( 'iiiii|iiista.     Madrid, 

IT'iT.     .'i  VI lis. 
A'ciiiainiiinir  (Ivan),  Tiaiiijncs  dc  rAincriiiui- liiissc.     In  Nniivcllcs  Annalcs 

lies  \'ii\.,  IS.")().  l.iiin.  cN.w. 
A'ciiiaiiiiniiir  I  l\aii),  SiiuatiiHi  im'scntc  dc  I'l'^isc  ( )rtliiiilii\c  (( liceu-Uiissc) 

dans    r.\iin''rii[Uc    dii    Nurd.      In    Ninivcilcs    Annalcs   dcs  \  ny.,    ISll. 

tiiiii.  \i'. 
A'cniaiiiiiHiir  (Ivan),  rdicr  die  S|irai'licii  des  rnssiselicii  Anieiikas  naeli  Weii- 

jaiiiiiiiiw;  in  I'.rniaii  (.\.  I,  Areliiv  fiir  W'issi'iiseliafll.    Kiinde   Mm  Kiiss- 

iaiid.   tuin.  vii.,  licft.  i.      Ilcrlin,  1,S4S. 
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ei-ei'.    IST'J. 

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Vllls. 

A  i.:,'iie.iMX    (I'incsi),    S.iiiveiiirs   d'nii    I'lisminicr   dc    (inerie  an    Mexiiiiie. 
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^  ilia  Sennr  y  Sanclie/  (dnscf  Antmiin  del,    Tlicati-ii    Aiiiciieann.      Mexiin, 

17l(i.  •_'  Vdls.    III., 
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eia  lie  el  llza.      |  Madrid.    17(11.]  I'nlin. 
\'iiilictdc-l>iii'.     Sec  Cliarnay  (I).),  (,'iti's,  etc. 
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dnn,   171">.    -  vnls.   folio. 
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doii,   177!   Nl.    0  vols. 


xlviii 


AVTIIOinTIKS  QroTI'D. 


\'uyii,'('-i,  A  N'cw  ( 'iillci'tiiiu  111'  \'ii\i 


l> 


l''('S,    I  »IS|-||\('|1C 


il  Triivcls.    F.niiiliiii, 


I  jll(.    /  \  III 


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Vi>Vii;cs,  New  \'iiVil,u<'S  JMhI  'IVavcIs,      Liiliilnli,  |  ls|S'_';i|,    Dxnls. 

\  ii,\a;.;('H,  N(iii\cllc  I'.ililiiiihi'iiuc  (Ics  \'iiya;.;('>,      l'iiri>,  imI.    PJ  xnls. 

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\'ii\aucs,  Till!  World  Disiilaxril;  (ir,  A  ('iiriniis  ('uljcrliciii  (if  \'(i\ 


'in 


Ldiiddii,  17<ii)-l.  -'!)  v( 


i,';('s  a 


ml 


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A\' 


An 
ildc.'k  (I 


\. 


is,- 


I'r.'di'iii'  do,  Palcncini'  ct  Antics  linin 


liia-->cur  dc  r.diii'lidiii' 


llcllci 


TcM 


('  ri'ili''!'  par 


M. 


alls,   IS(i(i.    folio. 


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Wailnirtoii  (Illicit),  l>aricii,  or  tlic  Mcnliant  Prince.     I.diidoii,  Is.'rj.   Ilvdls. 
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il.  I!.  Uepdrts,   vols.  iii.  iv 


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^t 

the 

(lie  ill 

.1. 

111 

V 

o.k, 

n 

lionilDii, 

:m.    Ill 

iX\.]    Ill 

I'.     New 

Li|iiMit>r. 
Alaska. 


Isn. 


•It< 


(l.  S.  W.  i;x. 


\<il«.  i-v.) 


^VllU.•s  (CharlcH),  Wcslciii  Aiiifrica.      riiilailclpliia,  IS-IO. 


A\ 


ilkc:(  (( inir;:(' 


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1840. 


m 


> 


i : 


i 


i'i 


THE   NATIVE    RACES 


OF  THE 


PACIFIC  STATES. 

"WILD  TlilBES. 


CHAPTER  I. 

ETHNOLOGICAL   LXTRODUCTIOX. 

elothand  stoam.on<nnus     Lulf        ''"'^  ^''*^^  ^'''^  ^^ 
'^••e  woven  into  ,1  ,        i       '-'T'' V""""*"^'^'^'^' ''^''ncs. 

-•!^l-imn^otol.oine  \:r;r^ 

^"'"Hd'acturor   is  X        ^^^''^^^''^"1'^-,  like  that  oftl.o 

\l»e  imncl  it  is  indisnons;   lo   '  T     ^''':'''''''''^'  advanced 
!|-''^)',  l>ut  facts  i^Ar^i  A  r'"^*"? '!"^^- '^^-^ly  lor 

'-'^  ti.o  sun,  of  as:;c;rt^!;ald  L""^>'  ^^"^^"'^^^^  '^ 


Vol.  I.    1 


acts,  and  that 


OA'vi-y  new 
(1) 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTKODUCTIOX, 


fuct  ])r()u:zlit  to  lidit. 


pr 


i'sor\'tM 


iu\r. 


11 


ii(mii  111 


to  ill 


m'lUM'iil   fiiiid.  is  .so  much  ju'ided  to  tlio  uorld's  Atnv  of 


CHOW 


k"d: 


-"vvlu'ii  Ave  coiisidor  lluit,  ])i'oiid  iind  i\\v  ;is  oiii" 


tlicoiics  limy  iviU'h,  the  reahii  ot'delinite,  tiiii.i^ihle,  iisce"- 
t.ihied  truth  is  still  of  so  little  extent,  the  iuDoi '.u./e 
of  every  nevei'-so-iusiunifieiuit  Ji('(|uisiti()u  is  iiuuiiKst. 
(Nnupare  any  fact  Avith  the  i'ancies  which  ha\e  liecii 
prevalent  conceniiiiii'  it.  and  consider.  1   Avill    iiv)t    say 


their  relative  hr'Miance,  hut  their  relativi'  iiiip(irtaiire. 
Take  electricity,  how  many  e\i)lanatioiis  lia\e  licen 
given  of  the  lightning'  and  tlie  thunder,  yet  there  is  \>ut 
one  lact;  the  atmosphere,  how  many  howliiij:'  demons 
have  directed  tlie  tem[)est,  how  many  smiiiu^:'  deities 
moM'd  in  the  soft  hree/.e.  For  the  one  all-sulliciciit 
First  (^uise.  how  many  myriads  of  uod.^  lia\e  l)een  set 
up:  for  every  [ilu'nomenon  how  many  causes  Ikim'  Ii((  u 
iuvi'iited  ;  with  every  truth  how  many  untruths  liaxc 
coiiteiideil.   with   everv  fact   how   main'    faucic 


Tl: 


proli)iind  in\'esti,iiations  of  latter-day  ]»liilosopliers  are 
nothin;!'  hut  sinijile  and  lahorious  inductions  from  ascer- 
tained [\v('i:i,  facts  concerniuL''  attraction,  polarity,  chemi- 
cal aiTmity  and  the  like,  for  the  e\j)lanation  of  A\hi(  h 
there  are  countless  hyjiotheses.  each  hypothesis  iinoU  in;.;' 
nuiltitudes  of  speculations,  all  of  which  e\aporate  as  the 


truth  slowlv  crvstalli/es. 


speculation 


is   \ahia 


ihle  t 


o 


science  ouh'  as  it  directs  the  mind  into  othcrwise-uiidis- 
('ovi'ral)lc  paths;  hut  when  the  truth  is  i()und.  there  is 
an  (']h\  to  s[)eculation. 

So  much  lor  facts  in  fivneral  :   let  us  now  look   for  a 
mouicut  at  the   j)articiilar  class  of  facts  of  which   this 


uoi'k 


a  CO 


llectl 


on. 


Th"  tendency  of  [)irdosophic.  inquiry  is  inoi-e  and  iiior;' 
toward  the  orii^in  of  thiir^s.  In  the  earlier  stages  of 
iutelk'ctual  inii)ulsc.  the  mind  is  almost  wholly  ai»-oi'!)'  I 
ill  mini.-'teriiin'  to  the  n 


{':'{' 


<<ltU 


s  o 


fth 


le  ni'cscn 


ll('\ 


t.  th 


nivsterious  uncertainty  of  tlu>  after  hi'e  proxokes  iiii|uiry. 
au  I  conteniplations  ot"  an  et^'rnity  of  the  future  cnuiMi  in  I 
attention :    but   not  until   knowledue  is  well   a  l\ance;l 


TENDENCY  OF  PHILOSOrillC  IXQUIKT. 


does  it  iip[)eiir  that  tlicro  is  likewise  an  eternity  of  tlio 
past  wui'tliy  of  careful  scrutiny. — without  which  scrutiny, 
indeed,  the  eternit\'  of  the  future  nnist  I'orever  reiuMin 


se 


aled     hook 


Standing'    as   we    do    hetween    these 


two   eternities,  our  view   limited  to  a   narrow    thoiiuh 


ura 


lualh 


\-  wKlenmti'  hori/on.  as  nature  nnveils  hi'r  nns- 


Is  h 


tcries  to  our  iuijuiries.  an  inlinity  s[)re;ids  out  in  either 
dir;'ction.  an  inliuity  of  minuteness  no  less  than  an 
iniinity  of  iumu'nsity ;  I'or  hitherto,  attempts  to  reach  the 
ultimate  (^f  molecules,  have  proved  as  lutile  as  attem[)ts 
to  reach  the  ultimate  of  masses.  Xow  man.  the  nohlest 
work  of  creation,  the  only  reasoninj;'  (creature,  standing; 
alone  in  the  midst  of  this  vast  sea  of  undiscovered  truth, — 
ultimate  knowli'dge  ever  recedin.i:'  I'rom  his  ,uras[).  [)rimal 
causes  only  thi'own  I'arther  hack  ;is  proximate  j)i'ol)lems 
iU'c  solved. — man.  in  the  study  of  maid^ind.  nuist  i'ollow 
his  researches  in  hoth  ol'  these  directions.  ])ackwai'd  its 
well  as  i'orward,  nnist  indeed  deiive  his  whole  l^nowl- 
ed;ie  of  what  man  is  and  will  he  IVom  what  he  has  heen. 
Thus  it  is  tiiat  the  study  of  mankind  in  its  mimiteness 
assumes  the  gi'andest  proi)ortions.  \  iewed  in  this  liiiht 
tluMv  is  not  a  feature  of  primitive  humanity  without  siu- 
"iiicance;  there  is  not  a  custom  or  characteristic  oi'  sa\- 
a/e  nations,  however  mean  or  rcNoltini:'  to  us.  IVom  which 
impoi'tant  le.ssons  may  not  he  ih'awn.  It  is  only  I'rom 
till'  study  ol'  ha>'l)arous  and  partialis  cnltixati'd  nations 
that  we  are  ahle  to  couiprehend  man  as  a  [iroiiressiNC 
l)ein.i'.  and  fo  icca!i'ni/,c  the  siiccessixe  statics  throuLli 
whii'h  our  sa\a;A>  ancestors  lia\c  passed  on  their  way  to 
ci\ih/ation.  With  the  natural  jihilosophcr.  there  is  little 
thouiiht  as  to  the  relative  importance  of  the  manil'old 
wo'.'l<s  of  t'reation.  The  tiny  iusect  is  no  less  an  ohject 
•  if  \\\<  i)atieiit  scrutiny,  than  the  wouih'rful  and.  complev 
machinery  of  du'  cosmos.  The  lowei'  races  of  men.  in 
the  study  of  humanity-,  he  deems  of  as  essential  imjjoit- 
aucc  as  the  hi'-i.hei'  ;  our  present  higher  I'aces  Iu'Iul:'  liut 
the  lower  types  of  venerations  yet  tc  come. 

Hence,  if   in   the    followiujj,'    j)a;^cs.    in    the   array  of 


I  :.: 


4  ETHNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 

minute  facts  inoidout  to  the  snceossivo  peoples  of  w.ilcli 
we  speiik,  some  of  them  ai)])ear  small  and  mnvortliy  of 
notice,  let  it  be  remembered  that  in  nature  there  is  no 
such  thinjj;'  as  insignificance;  still  less  is  there  anything 
comiected  Avith  man  nnwoi-thy  of  our  most  careful  study, 
or  any  peculiarity  of  savagism  irrelevant  to  civilization, 

Difterent  schools  of  naturalists  maintain  widely  diller- 
cnt  opinions  reuardinu'  the  oriizin  of  mankind.  Ivxisting 
theories  may  be  broadly  divided  into  three  categories; 
in  the  first  two  of  which  man  is  considered  as  a  spt/cial 
creation,  and  in  the  tiiii'd  as  a  natni'al  development  fi'om 
some  lower  tyjie.  'file  special-creation  school  is  divi<ie(l 
(ju  the  ([uestionof  unity  or  diversity  of  race.  Tlie  first 
party  liolds  by  the  time-hcmored  tradition,  that  all  the 
nations  of  the  earth  are  descended  from  a  sinule  human 
])air;  the  se(M)nd  allii'ms.  that  by  one  creative  act  wen*  pro- 
duced several  special  creations,  each  separate  creation  1)eing 
the  origin  ol'  a  race,  and  each  ra"e  j)i'imordially  adajtted 
to  that  i)artof  tiieglol)e  which  it  now  inhabits  The  third 
theory,  that  of  the  develo[)nient  scho;)l,  denies  that  there 
ever  were  connnon  centres  of  origin  in  oi'gaiiic  creation; 
but  claims  that  plants  and  animals  gcneratt'  spontaiu'- 
ously,  and  that  man  is  but  the  madilication  of  some  pre- 
e.\istin'4  animal  form. 

The  first  hypothesis,  the  doctrine  of  the  monogenists, 
is  ably  supported  by  Latham.  Prichai'd.  and  many  other 
eminent  ethnologists  of  Murope.  and  is  the  favorite 
opinion  of  orthodox  thinkei's  throughout  Christendom. 
The  human  race,  they  say,  having  sprung  from  a  singl'.> 
pair,  constitutes  but  one  sto.'k,  though  subject  to  vai'io'.is 
modifications.  Anatomically,  there  is  no  dilVerence  be- 
tween a  Xegi'o  and  a  Muropcan.  The  color  of  the  skin, 
the  textuiv  of  the  hair,  the  convolutions  of  tiie  bi'aiii, 
and  all  other  peculiarities,  may  be  attributed  to  heat, 
moistmv,  and  food,  .Man.  though  ca[>able  of  subduiiig 
the  world  to  himself  and  of  making  his  home  under 
climates  and  circumstances  the  most  diverse,  is  none  the 


OIIIGIN  OF  Man. 


thero 

^^B 

tion ; 

^B 

tiine- 

^^B 

•  pro- 

B 

Miists, 

"'^ 

other 

•1 

vorito 
lulom. 

ario'.is 

:3 

CO  1>^'- 

^ 

i  skin, 

ln-ain, 

:H 

ln'ilt, 

W 

)i'luiii;j; 

"^B 

uiulcr 

ue  the 

-^ 

h'ss  11  cliild  of  iiutuiv.  acti'd  upon  and  inoldod  Ijy  tlioso 
t'oiiditioiis  whicli  lie  attempts  to  iioxcni.  ('liiuatc.  peri- 
odicities of  iiatiui'.  material  siirroimdin,t:s.  lial)its  of 
t!ioii,::lit  and  nuxles  of  life,  aetinj;'  tliroii,t:li  a  lon.i-'  series 
1)1"  a,u('s,  exercise  a  powerl'id  inlhience  npon  the  linman 
i)hvsical  ori-ani/ution;  and  M't  man  is  i)erreetl\'  created 
lor  any  .s[)here  in  whicli  lie  may  dwell;  and  is  <i.overned 
in  his  condition  hy  choice  rather  than  h\-  coercion. 
^Vi'ticnlate  lan,i:uai:e.  which  lorms  the  jzreat  line  of  de- 
mai'cation  lietween  the  human  and  the  Ijrtite  creation, 
may  ho  ti'aced  in  its  leading  characteristics  to  one  com- 
mon soin'co.  The  ditioivnces  hetween  tlu'  races  of  mi-n 
are  not  siu'cilic  dill'ei'onces.  TIk'  <:reater  ])art  of  the 
tloia  and  launa  ol  America,  those  ol'  the  circum[)olur 
re;iions  excepted,  are  essentially  dissimilar  to  those  of 
the  old  world:  while  man  in  the  now  world,  tliouuh 
l»cai'in,Li'  triu'es  of  hi,i:h  antiqnitN',  is  spocilically  identical 
with  all  the  races  of  tlu'  earth.  It  is  avoU  known  that 
the  hyhrids  of  ])lants  and  of  animals  do  not  possess  the 
])ower  of  ivi)roiiuction,  while  in  the  inti'rmixtnro  of  the 
races  of  men  no  snch  sterility  of  proiJLony  can  ho  fonnd ; 
and  therefore,  as  there  aiv  no  hnman  h\ hrids,  tl  ei'o  are 
no  separate  hnman  I'ucos  or  s[)ocios.  hnt  all  are  one  fam- 
ily. r>esides  hein.u  consistent  with  sonnd  reasoninj:.  this 
theory  can  hrinii'  to  its  sni)[iort  the  testimony  of  the 
sacred  writiniis.  and  an  internal  evidence  of  a  creation 
di\ini?  and  spiritual,  whicli  is  saiu'tionod  ])\  trailition, 
and  confn-nied  hy  most  philosophic  minds.  Man, 
mdiki'  aiiiiiials.  is  the  direct  olls[)i'in_L!;  of  the  Creator, 
and  as  muIi  he  alono  contimies  to  deri\o  his  iidierit- 
ance  IVom  a  divine  Konrce.  Tlui  llehi'aic  ivcord,  con- 
tiniio  the  monoLivnists,  i-  tlu'  only  anthentlc  solution  of 
the  ori.i-inof  all  thin-s;  nnd  its  histoiy  is  not  only  I'lilly 
sustained  hy  science,  hut  it  is  upheld  l»y  the  traditions 
i)f  the  most  ancient  harharous  nations,  "whose  mythology 
strikimily  reseinl>les  the  Mosaic  accoimt  of  the  crt'ation, 
the  dehiize.  and  the  disti-ihnticajo*' ])eoi)les.  The  ^^emitic 
lamily  alone  were  civili/eil  from  the  hoLiinninii'.      A  pe- 


I 


*  g 


I  i  Hill  i! 

I 


il 


6  ETHNOLOGICAL  INTIIODUCTIOX. 

ciiliar  jK'oplo.  constiiiitly  uplu'ld  by  spociul  net  of  Frovi- 
doiice  IVom  lallinji'  into  [iiipmisni.  they  iilono  pos-^essed  a 
true  knowledge  of  tlu'  mystery  of  civatioii.  A  univer>id 
iieci'ssity  foi'  some  form  of  worsliij).  a  lielief  inliereiit  in 
all  mankind,  in  an  omnipotent  deity  and  a  life  hty ond 
the  ^ra\e.  ])oint  to  a  connnon  origin  and  j^ophesy  a 
eonmion  destiny.     This  ntiieh  for  the  moiumenists. 

The  second  liyi)othesis,  that  of  the  [)oly;ienists.  holds 
that  there  Avas  not  one  only,  hnt  several  indcjieiident 
creations,  each  ^ivinji'  birth  to  the  essential,  unchan^ealile 
peculiarities  of  a  separate  I'ace;  thus  constitutin.u'  a  di- 
versity of  s[iecies  with  primeval  adaptation  to  their 
<it>()i:raphical  distrii)ution.  Aforton  Agassi/.  Clidd(jn, 
and  others  in  America,  stand  spoii>ors  for  this  theory. 
The  physiolouical  diil'erences  ol'  rac(>.  they  say.  \vhich 
separate  maidvind  into  dassi's.  do  not  result  from  climatic; 
.surround injas,  but  are  inherited  fi'om  original  projienitors. 
They  ])oint  to  marked  charactei'istics  in  various  peoples 
which  have  remained  imchanLicd  ibr  -a  period  of  lour 
thousand  \ears.  In  place  ol'  controvertinu'  (li\  ine  i'cac- 
lation,  they  claim  that  Mosaic  history  is  the  history  of  a 
•sinizle  race,  and  not  the  history  of  all  mankind;  thai  the 
record  itself  contains  an  implied  existenceof  other  races; 
and  that  the  distribution  of  the  Aarious  s[iecies  or  races 
of  men.  accordin^i'  to  their  i'elati\'e  oi'pmisms.  A\as  jiart 
of  the  cri'ative  act.  and  ol'  no  less  importance  than  Avas 
the  act  of  creation. 

The  third  hyi)othesis.  derived  maiidy  from  the  writ- 
injis  of  Lamarck.  Darwin,  and  lluxky.  is  based  tipon  (he 
])riuci{)le  of  evolution.  .Ml  existin,^'  species  are  dcNclop- 
meiits  of  some  prei'xistin^L'  i()rm.  Avhich  in  like  manner 
desci'nded  by  true  ••eneration  from  a  Wivui  still  kmer. 
Man.  say  they,  bears  no  impress  oi'a  divini'  orii:iual  that  is 
not  common  to  brutes;  he  is  but  an  animal,  more  [teifectly 
(le\ eloped  throuuh  natural  and  sexual  si-lection.  Cnm- 
niencinu'  with  the  s}»ontaneous  veneration  of  the  lowest 
types  of  vetii'table  and  animal  life. — as  the  accuiiudation 
of  mold  upon  food,  the  swarminii  of  mai:iiots  in  nuat, 


i! 


HYPOTHESES  CONCERNING  OIliaiN. 


a 


tlic  infusorial   aniinalculos  in  water,  the  generation  of 
insect  life  in  decaying  vegetable  sub.stance.s, — the  birlh  of 
one  form  arising  out  of  the  decay  of  another,  the  slow 
and  gradual  unfolding  from  a  loAver  to  a  higher  sjliere, 
aeling  through  a  long  succession  of  ages,  culminate  in  the 
grandeur  of  intellectual  manhood.     Thus  nmch  for  this 
lil'e,  while  the  hope  of  a  like  continued  progress  is  enier- 
taine(1  lor  llie  life  to  come.    While  the  tendency  of  variety 
in   organic   ibrms  is  to  decrease,  argue  these  latter-day 
niitui'alists,  individuals  increase  in  a  proportion  greater 
than  the    provisional  means  of  support.     A   predomi- 
naling  species,   nnder  favorable   circumstances,   rapidly 
multiplies,  crowding  out  and  annihilating  opposing  spe- 
cies,    There  is  therefore  a  constant  struggle  for  existence 
in  nature,  in  which  the  strongest,  those  ])est  fitted  to  live 
antl  improve  their  species,  prevail;  while  the  deformed 
and  ill-la\'ored  are  destroyed.     In  courtship  and  sexual 
selection  the  Avar  ibr  precedence  continues.     Throughout 
nature  the  male  is  the  wooer;  he  it  is  who  is  armed  lor 
fight,  and  j^rovided  with  musical  organs  and  ornamental 
appendages,  with  which  to  charm  the    fair  one.     The 
savage  and  the  wild  beast  alike  secure  their  mate  o\er 
the  mimgled  form  of  a  vanquished  rival.     In  this  man- 
ner tlie  more  liighly  favored  of  cither  sex  are  mated, 
and  natural  selections  made,  Ijy  which,  l)etter  ever  pro- 
ducing Ijetter,  the   species  in  its  constant  variation  is 
constantly  improved.      ^lany  remarkal^le  resemblances 
may  be  seen  between  man  and  the  inferior  animals,     in 
embryonic  development,  in  physical  structure,  in  material 
composition  and  the  function  of  organs,  man  and  animals 
are   strikingly  alike.     And,  in  the  possession  of  tbat 
immaterial   nature   which    more   widely   separates   the 
human  from   tbe  l^rute  creation,  the  '".r  onable  soul' 
of  man  is  but  an  evolution  from  Ijrute  instincts.     The 
dillerence    in   the   mental    iiiculties   of  man    and    ani- 
mals is  immense;  l)ut  the  high  culture  Avhich  T)elongs  to 
man  h;is  bwn  slowly  developed,  and  there  is  plainly  a 
wider  separation  between  the  mental  power  of  the  lowest 


8 


ETUNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


'1^    I 


zoijplijte  and  the  highest  ape,  than  between  the  most 
intellectual  ape  and  the  least  intellectual  man.  Fhysi- 
eally  and  mentally,  the  man-like  ape  and  the  ape-like 
man  sustain  to  ea^sh  other  a  near  relationship;  while 
between  the  mammal  and  the  mollusk  there  exists  the 
greatest  possible  dissimilarity.  Articulate  language,  it 
is  true,  acting  upon  the  brain,  and  in  turn  being  acted 
upon  to  the  improvement  of  both,  belongs  only  to  man; 
yet  animals  are  not  devoid  of  expedients  for  express- 
ing feeling  and  emotion.  It  has  been  observe;!  that  no 
brute  ever  fashioned  a  tool  for  a  special  purpose;  but 
some  animals  crack  nuts  with  a  stone,  and  an  accident- 
ally splinteretl  Hint  naturally  suggests  itself  as  the  first 
instrument  of  primeval  man.  The  chief  dilllculty  lies 
in  the  high  state  of  moral  and  intellectual  power  which 
may  Ije  attained  by  man;  yet  this  same  progressive 
principle  is  likewise  found  in  brutes.  Nor  need  Ave 
Ijlush  ibr  our  origin.  The  nations  now  most  civilized 
were  once  barbarians.  Our  ancestors  were  sa\^ages,  who, 
with  tangled  hair,  and  glaring  eyes,  and  blood-besmeared 
hands,  devoured  man  and  beast  alike.  Surely  a  re- 
spcctaljle  gorilla  lineage  stands  no  unfavorable  compari- 
son. 

Ik'twccn  the  first  and  the  last  of  these  three  rallying 
points,  a  whole  continent  of  debatable  land  is  sprcacl, 
stretching  from  the  most  conservative  orthodoxy  to  the 
most  scientific  liberalism.  Numberless  arguments  may 
1)0  advanced  to  sustain  any  given  position;  and  not  un- 
freqiicntly  the  same  analogies  arc  brought  forward  to 
prove  propositions  directly  oppugnant.  As  has  l)cen  ob- 
served, each  school  ranks  among  its  followers  the  aljlcst 
men  of  science  of  the  day.  These  men  do  not  differ  in 
minor  particulars  only,  meeting  in  general  upon  one 
broiid,  common  platform;  on  the  contrary,  they  find 
themselves  nnable  to  agree  as  touching  any  one  thing, 
except  that  man  is,  and  that  he  is  surrounded  ])y  those 
climatic  intkiences  best  suited  to  his  organization.  Any 
one  of  these  theories,  if  substantiated,  is  the  death-blow 


PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS. 


of  the  others.  The  first  denies  an}-  diversity  of  species 
ill  ereiitiun  uiid  all  iiinuutabilitv  of  race;  the  second 
denies  a  unity  of  sjjecies  and  the  possibility  of  chanji'e 
in  race;  the  tliird  denies  jdl  s[)ecial  acts  of  creation  and, 
like  the  first,  all  iminutabillty  of  race. 

The  question  respecting  the  oriiiin  of  animals  and 
])lants  has  likewise  underuonc  a  siuiilar  ilux  ol'  1)eliels, 
but  with  dillerent  result.  ^Vluitever  the  conclusions 
may  be  with  I'cgard  to  the  origin  of  man,  naturalists  of 
the  present  day  very  generally  agree,  that  there  was  no 
one  universal  centre  of  propagation  for  pliuits  and  ani- 
mals; Ijut  that  the  same  conditions  of  soil,  moisture, 
heat,  and  geographical  situation,  always  produce  a  shni- 
larity  of  species;  or,  what  is  eciuivalent,  that  there  were 
)nany  primary  centres,  each  originating  species,  -which 
spread  out  from  these  centres  and  covered  the  earth, 
'j'his  dor.trine  was  helsl  by  early  naturalists  to  be  irrecon- 
cilable with  the  ^^cripture  account  of  the  creation,  and 
was  therefore  denounced  as  heretical.  Linnanis  and  his 
contem[)orarics  drew  up  a  pleasing  picture,  assigning  the 
birth-place  of  all  forms  of  life  to  one  particular  fertile 
spot,  situated  in  a  gonial  climate,  and  so  diversified  with 
lofty  uKjuntains  and  declivities,  as  to  present  all  tlie 
various  temperatures  recpiisite  for  the  sustenance  of  the 
diliereut  species  of  animal  and  vegetable  lil'e.  The  most 
exuber;uit  types  of  llora  and  fauna  are  found  within  the 
tropic  d  i-egions,  decreasing  in  richness  and  profusion 
tow.;i;!s  either  pole;  while  man  in  his  greatest  jjerfcction 
occupies  the  temperate  zone,  degenerating  in  harmony  of 
features,  in  })hysical  symmetry,  and  in  intellectual  \igor 
in  either  direction.  Within  this  temperate  zone  is  placed 
the  hypolheti;',al  cradle  of  the  human  race,  varynig  in 
locality  according  to  religion  and  tradition,  'i'lie  Cau- 
casians are  referred  for  their  origin  to  ]\hnuit  Cauc;i>us. 
the  ?^I<)n;j,olians  to  ]\[ount  Altai,  and  the  Africans  to 
^[ount  Atlas.  Thi'ce  jirimordlal  centres  of  po[)al:ii'(!n 
have  been  assigned  to  the  thi-ee  sons  of  Noah, — Arauia, 
the  S.'Uiitic;  India,  the  Japetic;  and  Egypt,  the  ruumtiv.- 


10 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


i  ! 


coni:ro.  Thibet,  an\  tlio  inaiint.iins  ,sui'roun;ling  (ho  Gobi 
desert,  liavo  b^uii  dcisi;j;ii;ite;l  us  the  point  IVoni  which  u 
genenil  distribution  w;is  miido;  while  the  sacrod  writings 
mention  Ibui-  ricli  and  boaiitilul  valleys,  two  of  which  aro 
watered  by  the  Tigris  and  l"]n[)hratos,  as  the  birth-placo 
ol'  ni;in.  It  was  formerly  believed  that  in  the  bciiinnin-j;, 
the  [)ri!neval  ocean  covered  the  remaining  portion  of  the 
idobe,  and  that  from  this  central  spot  the  Avaters  receded, 
tiiereb)'  extending  the  limits  of  terrestrial  life. 

Admitting  the  unity  of  origin,  conjecture  points  with 
apparent  reason  to  the  regions  of  Armenia  and  of  Iran, 
in  ^vestern  Asia,  tis  the  cradle  of  the  human  race.  De- 
parting from  this  geographical  centre,  in  the  directions 
of  the  extremities  of  the  continent,  the  race  at  iirst  de- 
generated in  proportion  to  distance.  Civilization  was  ibr 
many  ages  confined  within  these  central  limits,  until  by 
slow  degrees,  paths  Averc  marked  out  to  the  eastward  and 
to  the  westward,  terminating  the  one  upon  the  eastern 
coast  of  Asia,  and  the  other  upon  the  American  shores 
of  the  Pacific. 

Concerning  the  distri))ution  of  plants  and  animals, 
but  one  general  opinion  is  now  sustained  with  any  de- 
gree of  reason.  The  beautifully  varied  systems  of  vege- 
tati(^n  with  which  the  habitable  earth  is  clothed,  springing 
up  in  I'ich,  spontaneous  abundance;  the  botanical  centres 
of  corresponding  latitudes  producing  resemldance  in  gen- 
era without  identity  of  species;  their  inability  to  cross 
high  mountains  or  wide  seas,  or  to  pass  through  inhospi- 
taljle  zones,  or  in  any  way  to  spread  far  from  the  original 
centre, — all  show  conclusively  the  impossibility  that  such 
a  multitude  of  animal  and  vegetable  tribes,  with  char- 
acters so  diverse,  could  have  derived  their  oriiiin  from 
the  same  locality,  and  disappearing  entirely  from  their 
original  bi^'th-jilace,  sprung  ibrth  in  some  remote  part  of 
the  globe.  Linni^cus,  and  many  others  of  his  time,  held 
that  all  telluric  tribes,  in  common  with  mankind,  sprang 
from  a  single  pair,  and  desccniled  from  the  stock  which 
was  preserved  by  Noah.     Subse(|uently  this  opinion  was 


M 


PRDIORDIAL  CENTEES. 


n 


moiVifiofl,  dvlng  to  each  f^pocics  an  origin  in  .some  certain 
sp'jt  to  which  it  WHS  particularly  adiipted  by  nature;  and 
it  ^vas  supposed  that  i'roni  these  priuiar\-  centres,  throut:li 
SL'conchu'y  causes,  there  was  a  general  difl'usion  through- 
out the  surrounding  regions. 

A  comparison  of  the  entomijlogy  of  the  old  world  and 
the  new,  shows  that  the  genera  and  species  of  insects  are 
ibr  the  most  part  peculiar  to  the  localities  in  which  tbcy 
are  Ibund.  J>irds  and  marine  animals,  although  um-e- 
stricted  in  their  movements,  seldom  Avander  far  I'rom 
specific  C(!ntres.  AVith  regard  to  wild  beasts,  and  the 
larger  animals,  insurmoimtable  difficulties  present  them- 
selves; so  that  we  may  infer  that  the  sysfeuis  of  animal 
life  are  indigenous  to  the  great  /.oijlogical  pro\inces 
where  tliov  are  ibund. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  harmony  Avhich  exists  be- 
tween the  organism  of  man  and  the  methods  by  which 
nature  meets  his  recpiirements,  tends  conclusively  to 
s!i()w  that  the  world  in  its  variety  was  made  lor  man, 
iind  that  man  is  made  ibr  any  portion  of  the  earth  in 
which  he  may  ])o  found.  Whencesoever  he  comes,  or 
howsoever  liereaches  his  dwelling-place,  he  always  finds  it 
Itrcpared  for  him.  On  the  icy  banks  of  the  Aivtic  ( )cean, 
where  mercury  freezes  and  the  ground  never  softens,  the 
lisi'cimo,  wrapped  in  furs,  and  burrowing  in  the  earth, 
revels  in  grease  and  train-oil,  sustains  vitality  b\'  eating 
raw  ilcsh  and  whale-fat;  while  tfie  naked  inter-tro|)ical 
mau  luxuriates  in  lile  under  a  ])urning  sun,  where  etlur 
boils  and  reptiles  f^hrivel  upon  the  hot  stone  over  Avhieli 
they  attempt  to  crawl.  Tlie  watery  iVuit  and  shading 
vegetation  would  1)e  as  useless  to  the  one.  as  l!ie  heating 
food  and  aniuial  clothing  would  be  to  the  other. 

The  capability  of  man  to  endure  all  climates,  his  om- 
nivorous habits,  and  his  powers  of  locomotion,  (nabl(> 
liiui  to  roam  at  will  over  the  earth,  lie  Avas  i  ndowed 
^\ith  intelligence  wherewith  to  invent  methods  of  migra- 
tion and  means  of  protection  from  nnfavorable  climatic 
in!luen(?e,  and   with  ciipabilities  for  existing  in  almost 


12 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


any  pju't  of  the  \vorl(l;  so  tliiit,  \n  tlio  oconomy  of  natiiro 
tlu'  iR!(!t;s.sity  did  not  oxist  uilli  i-cjiiird  to  iiiiiii  lor  tluit 
diversity  of  creation  wliich  uas  deemed  re(iui!;ite  in  tlio 
ca.se  of  [(hints  and  animals. 

Tlu!  (dassilication  of  man  into  .sjiecics  or  races,  yo  as 
lo  1)0  able  to  de.si^njite  by  his  orL^ani/ation  the  family  to 
Vvhich  he  belongs,  as  well  as  the  (juestion  of  his  ori;^in, 
luii?  been  the  snbject  of  great  diversity  of  opinion,  IVoni 
the  fact  that  the  various  forms  .so  {iradiiato  into  lach 
other,  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine  which  is  sjHcicj 
and  which  variety.  Attempts  have  indeed  been  made 
at  divisions  of  men  into  classes  accord inii;  to  Iheir  pri- 
meval and  permanent  pliysiolo,i;ical  structure,  but  wluit 
uniformity  can  be  expected  I'roui  such  a  classificativai 
anioiii;'  naturalists  who  carniot  so  much  as  agree  what  is 
l)rimeval  and  what  ])ermanent? 

The  tests  applied  by  ethnologists  for  distinguishing  tlu; 
race  to  which  an  individual  belongs,  are  the  color  of  the 
.';kin,  the  size  and  shape  of  the  skull, — detcrmine('  gen- 
erally l)y  the  facial  angle, — the  texture  of  the  hair,  and 
the  character  of  the  features.  The  structui-e  of  language, 
also,  has  an  important  bearing  npon  the  allinity  of  raiics; 
and  is,  with  some  ethnologists,  the  primary  criterion  in 
the  (dassilication  of  species.  The  I'acial  angle  is  deter- 
mined by  a  line  drawn  from  the  foivhead  to  the 
front  of  the  nppcr  jaw,  intersected  by  a  horizontal  line 
[)assing  over  the  middle  of  the  ear.  The  facial  an,-lo 
of  a  lOnropean  is  estimated  at  85'^,  of  Ji  Negro  at  75  \ 
and  of  the  ape  at  GO^.  Eepresentations  of  an  adult 
Troglodyte  measure  35^,  and  of  a  ^^at\r  30\  >^ome 
writers  classify  according  to  one  or  several  of  these  tests, 
others  consider  them  all  in  arriving  at  their  conclusions. 

Thus,  Vircy  divides  the  human  liimily  into  two 
parts:  those  with  a  facial  angle  of  from  eighty-five 
to  ninety  degrees, — embracing  the  Caucasian,  Mongo- 
lian, and  American;  and  those  with  a  facial  angle  of 
from  seventy-five  to  eighty-two  degrees, — including 
the  Malay,  Negro,  and  Hottentot.     Cuvier  and  Jaquinot 


SPECIFIC  CLASSIFICVTIONS. 


18 


make  tlnvo  classt's,   placinp:  tlio  ^ra\aj  and  American 
amoiiii'  the  ^^lll)(livi^i(ms  of  tlie  Moniroliiin.     Kant  niaki-s 
I'oiii"  divisions  under  lour  colors:  white,  Mack,  copijer,  and 
oli\t'.      I.inna'us  also  makes  lijur:    ]']ur(;pean,  wliiti.'-li; 
American,  coppery;  Asiatic,  tuwnv;  and  AiVienn,  black. 
iJuii'on  ma,i\es  ilve  divisions  and  IUumen))acli  live.     ])hi- 
meuhadi's  class! (ication  is  bused  upon  cranial  admeasure- 
ments, comi)le.\i()n,  and  texture  of  the  hair.      His  di\  is- 
ions  arc   Caucasian   or    Arvan,   ^lonj^ohjui,    llihiopian, 
Malay,  and  Ameri(;an.     Lesson  makis  six  divisions  ac- 
cording!;   to  colors:   white,  dusky,  orange,    yellow,    red, 
and  bluck.     Bovy  do  h't,  Vincent  arranges  fifteen  stocks 
under  three  classes  wliicli  are  dillerenced  by  hair:   lluro- 
peau  strai.Liht  hair.  American  straidit  hair,  and  crisped 
or  curly  hair,      in  like  manner  I'rof.  Zeune  dei^Liuates 
his  divisions  under  three  types  of  crania  ibr  the  eastern 
hemisphere,   and  three  for  the  Avestern.  namely,    liidi 
skulls,  broad  skulls,  and  lon;j;  skulls.      Hunter  classifies 
the  li  iman  i'amily  under  seven  species;  A^:assi/  m;;kcs 
ei,!_i,i;     I'ickerinp:,  eleven;    Dc^smoulins,   sixteen;     and 
('rawfoi'd.  sixty-three.     Dr  Latham,  considered  by  many 
the  chief  exptment  of  the  science  of  ethnoloiry  in   I'n- 
[:inid,  classilies  the  difTerent  races  mider  three  pi-imnry 
divisions,  uamelv:  Monu;olida\  Atlantidie,  and  dapetid:.'. 
I'richard  makes  three  principal  types  of  cranial  confonna- 
tion.  which  he  denominates  respectively,  the  civili;:ed 
races,  the  nomadic  or  wanderinj;'  races,  and  the  sava;.:e 
or  huutiuL;'  I'acis.     Ali'assi/  designates  the  races  of  men 
ac:'onlinL>;  to  the  zoidojiical  ])rovinces  which  they  respecl- 
ively  oc','Ui)y.     Thus  the  Arctic  realm  is  inhabited   by 
Ilyp'jrboreaus.  the  Asiatic  by  Monirols,   the    Ihn-opean 
by  Avhite  men.  tlie  American  by  American  Indians,  the 
African  l)y  liku'k  rar-es,  and  the  I'.ast  Indian,  Australian 
and  PolyUv^sian  by  their  respectl\u  [n'wi,i"s. 

Xow  when  we  consider  the  wide  differences  hctwecn 
naturalists,  not  only  as  to  what  constitutes  race  and 
species,-  if  there  be  variety  of  species  in  the  human 
family, — but  also  in  the  assignment  of  peoples  and  indi- 


u 


ETHNOLOGICAL  HiTRODUCTION. 


viduals  to  their  respective  categories  under  tlie  direction 
of  the  given  tests ;  when  we  see  the  human  race  chi><.si- 
lied  under  from  one  to  sixt}'- three  listinct  species, 
acc(jrding  to  individual  opinions;  and  when  we  see  that 
the  several  tests  which  govern  classification  are  by  no 
nie:uis  satisfactory,  and  that  those  who  have  made  this 
subject  the  study  of  their  lives,  cannot  agree  as  toncliing 
the  fundamental  clianicteristics  of  such  classification — 
we  cannot  but  conclude,  either  that  there  are  no  abso- 
lute lines  of  separation  Ijetween  the  various  menil)crs  of 
the  human  family,  or  that  thus  far  tbe  touchstone  ])y 
which  such  separation  is  to  be  made  remains  undio- 
covered. 

The  color  of  the  liuman  skin,  for  example,  is  no  cer- 
tain guide  in  classification.  Microscopists  liave  asoor- 
tained  that  the  normal  colorations  of  the  slcin  are  not  the 
results  of  organic  dili'erenccs  in  race;  that  complexions 
are  not  permanent  physical  characters,  but  are  sub- 
ject to  change.  Climate  is  a  cause  of  physical  dil't'ei'- 
ences.  and  iVcquently  in  a  single  tribe  may  be  ibuud 
shades  of  coloi-  extendin'j;  tbrouu;li  all  the  various  traiisl- 
tions  from  black  to  white.  In  one  people,  part  occup\  iug 
a  C(^ld  mountainous  region,  and  part  a  heated  low- 
land, a  marked  difterence  in  color  is  always  ]:)orceptil)le. 
reculiarities  in  the  texture  of  the  hair  are  likewise  no 
proof  of  race.  The  hair  is  more  sensibly  afr'ected  by 
the  ai'tlon  of  the  climate  than  the  skin,  i^very  degrea 
of  coU)r  and  crispation  may  be  found  in  tbe  Euro- 
pean family  alone;  and  even  among  the  I'rizzlod  locks 
of  negroi>s  e\'erv  gradation  appetu's,  ir(^m  crisped  to 
llowing  hail".  I'he  growtii  of  the  be;u*d  may  bo  cul- 
tivated or  retarded  according  to  tbe  caprice  of  the  indi- 
vidual ;  and  in  those  tribes  which  are  characterized  b\'  ;;u 
absence  or  thinness  of  beard,  mav  be  ibund  the  practici>, 
continued  for  ages,  of  carel'uUy  plucking  out  all  traces 
of  beard  at  the  age  of  inilnn'ty.  N'o  [)hysi()logicid  de- 
formities have  been  discovered  v.bich  ])revent  nny  peoijle 
from  cultivating  a  beard  if  such  be  their  pleasurj.     Tho 


iJIII!    .!! 


ALL  TESTS  F.VLLACIOUS, 


15 


conformation  of  the  cranium  is  often  peculiar  to  habits 
of  reariiip;  the  young,  and  may  be  modified  by  acci- 
dental or  artilicial  causes.  Tlie  most  eminent  scliolars 
now  liold  tl)<>  opinion  that  the  size  and  t^liape  of  the  t^kull 
has  far  less  inlluence  upon  the  intelligence  of  the  indi- 
vidual than  tho  quality  and  convolutions  of  the  brain. 
The  structure  of  language,  especially  uhen  ofi'ered  in 
evi.lence  supi)lementary  to  that  of  jjlnsicjd  science,  is 
most  unportant  in  establishing  a  relaiiont^hip  between 
races.  But  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  langiuiges 
are  accpiired,  not  inherited;  tliat  they  are  less  permanent 
than  Uving  organisms;  that  they  ai'e  constantly  changing, 
merging  into  each  other,  one  (lialect  dying  out  juid  iiu- 
other  springing  into  exif^tence;  that  in  llie  migrations  of 
nomadic  tribes,  or  in  the  arrival  of  new  nations,  alilioiigh 
languages  may  for  a  time  preserve  their  se\eral ty,  they 
arc  at  last  oljliged,  from  necessity,  to  yield  to  the  as- 
similating inilueiices  which  constantly  surround  thrm, 
an;l  become  merged  into  the  dialects  of  neighboring 
clans.  And  on  the  other  liand,  a  counter  iniluence 
is  exercised  u^uai  the  absorbing  dialect.  The  dialectic 
fusion  of  two  conmiunities  results  in  the  partial  disa[)- 
])eui'aut'e  of  both  languages, so  that  a  constant  assimilation 
ami  ilissiniilation  is  going  on.  "  The  value  of  language."' 
sa\.;  hatliam,  "has  been  overrated;"  and  AVhitnev 
aCiinus  that  "language  is  no  inlidlihle  sign  of  race;" 
although  both  of  these  authors  give  to  language  the  first 
])la(v  as  a  test  of  national  afiinities.  Language  is  not  a 
jtliysi()l.)gieiil  characteristic,  but  an  a('(|uisition;  and  as 
such  should  be  used  with  care  in  the  chisiilicaiion  ol 
species. 

Science,  during  the  last  half  century,  has  unfolded 
manv  imjiortant  secrets;  has  tamed  impetuous  elements, 
called  forth  power  and  life  iVom  the  hidden  recesses  of 
the  earth;  has  aroused  the  slum) )erimi,' cni'riiies  of  both 
mental  and  mat;  rial  force,  changed  the  currents  of 
thought,  emancipated  the  intellect  from  religious  tran- 
Bcendentalism,  and  spread  out  to  the  Ijroad  light  of  open 


16 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTEODUCTION. 


day  a  vast  sea  of  truth.  Old-time  licliefs  have  had  to 
t!;ive  place.  The  deljris  of  one  exploded  do;;ma  is  scarcely 
cleared  away  beibre  wc  are  startled  Avith  a  reciiiest  ibr 
the  yielding  up  of  another  long  and  dearl}^  cherished 
opinion.  And  in  the  attempt  to  read  the  book  of  Lu- 
nr.mity  as  it  comes  Iresh  from  the  impress  of  nature,  to 
trace  the  history  of  the  human  race,  by  means  of  moral 
and  physical  characteristics,  backward  through  all  its 
intricate  >vindings  to  its  source,  science  has  accomi)lished 
much;  but  the  attempt  to  solve  the  great  [problem  of 
human  existence,  l)y  analogous  comparisons  of  man  with 
man,  and  man  with  an'mals,  has  so  far  been  vain  and 
futile  in  the  extreme. 

I  w()ul(]  not  be  understood  as  attempting  captiously  to 
decry  the  noble  eCbrts  of  lein  ned  men  to  solve  the  prob- 
lems of  nature.  For  who  can  tell  what  may  or  may 
not  be  found  out  In'  inquiry?  Any  classification,  more- 
over, and  any  attempt  at  classification,  is  better  tlinn 
none;  and  in  draAving  attention  to  the  uncertainty  of 
the  conclusions  arrived  at  ])y  science,  1  but  reiterate 
the  opinions  of  the  most  proibund  thinkers  of  tbe  day. 
It  is  onl)'  shallow  and  ilippant  scientists,  so  cnlled, 
who  arbitrarilj^  force  deductions  I'rom  mere  postulates, 
and  with  one  sweeping  assertion  strive  to  annihilale  all 
history  and  tradition.  They  attempt  dogTnatically  to  set 
up  a  reign  of  intellect  in  opposition  to  that  of  the  Author 
of  iutelk'ct.  Terms  of  vituperation  and  contempt  with 
whicli  a  certain  class  of  writers  interlard  their  sophisms, 
as  ajipliefl  to  those  Iiolding  difi'erent  opinions,  are  alike 
an  ollensc  aiiiiinst  uood  taste  and  sound  reasoning;. 

Xotv.ithstanding  all  these  failures  to  establish  rules 
by  which  mankind  may  1)0  dixided  into  classes,  there 
yet  remains  the  s!iibl)orn  f;ict  that  dilVerences  do  exist, 
as  palpable  as  '!ie  diftereuco  l)etween  daylight  and 
d;irkness.  These  difivreuces,  however,  are  so  played 
ui)on  by  change,  tha'  hiduM't(^  tlie  scholar  has  been  un- 
a!>le  to  trans! ix  those  elements  which  appear  to  hiui 
permanent  .f.n.d  chann'Jeristic.     For,  as  Drsiper  remarks, 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


17 


■ulcs 

It  here 

•xist, 

anil 
laved 
|i  uii- 

hlui 
lark.s, 


"  tlie  permanence  of  organic  forms  is  altogether  depend- 
ent on  the  invariability  of  the  material  conditions  under 
■which  thoy  live.  Any  variation  therein,  no  nuvtter  how 
insigniiicant  it  might  be,  wotdd  be  forthwith  followed  by 
u  coiTes[)onding  variation  in  form,  'f  he  present  invari- 
al)ility  ol'  the  world  of  organization  is  the  direct  conse- 
quen  -e  of  the  physical  equilibrium,  and  so  it  Avill  con- 
tinue as  long  as  the  mean  temiieraturc,  the  annual  sui)ply 
of  light,  the  composition  of  the  air,  the  distribution  of 
water,  oceanic  and  atmospheric  currents,  and  other  such 
agencies,  remain  unaltered;  but  if  any  one  of  these,  or 
of  a  hundred  other  incidents  that  might  be  mentioned, 
fdiould  suffer  modificatiijn,  in  an  instant  the  I'ancii'ul  doc- 
trine of  the  immutability  of  species  would  )je  brought  to 
its  true  value." 

The  Auiorican  ludiaus.  their  origin  aud  consanguinity, 
have,  from  the  days  of  (V)lumbus  to  the  present  tiuie 
proved  no  less  a  knotty  question.  Schoolmen  and  scien- 
tists count  their  theories  by  hundreds,  each  sustaining 
some  pet  conjecture,  with  a  logical  clearness  equaled 
only  by  the  facility  with  which  he  demolishes  all  tlie 
rest.  One  proves  their  origin  by  holy  Avrit;  another 
by  the  writings  of  ancient  pliiloso pliers;  another  b}'  the 
sage  sayings  of  the  Fathers.  One  discovers  in  them 
Phoenician  merchants;  another,  the  ten  lost  tribes  of 
Israel.  They  arc  tracked  Avith  equal  certainty  from 
Scandinavia,  from  Ireland,  iVom  Iceland,  from  Green- 
land, across  Bering  Strait,  across  the  northern  Pacilic, 
the  southern  I'aeilic,  from  the  Polynesian  Inlands,  iVoui 
Australia.  I'rom  Africa,  ^'enturesome  Carthaginians  Avere 
thrown  upon  the  eastern  shoi't';  .hqianese  junks  on  the 
Avestern.  The  breezes  that  Aval'ted  hither  Ainerica's  primo- 
genitors are  still  bloAving.and  the  oe^'au  currents  by  Avhich 
they  came  cease  not  yet  to  How.  The  finely  sjnni  Avebs  of 
lo'dc  by  Avliich  these  fancies  are  maintained  would  prove 
anuising,  did  not  the  profound  earnestness  of  their  re- 
spective advocates  render  them  ridiculous.  Acosta,  Avho 
studied  the  subject  for  nine  years  in  Peru,  concludes 


Vol..  I.  a 


T 


18 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTllODUCTION. 


fill 
Jill 


that  An\(  rica  was  the  Ophu*  of  Solomon.  Ari.stotle  re- 
lates that  the  Carthaginians  in  a  voyage  were  carried  to 
an  unknown  island;  whereui)on Florian,(Jomai"a,  Oviedo, 
and  others,  are  satisfied  that  the  island  was  Ivspafiola. 
"  ^^'ho  are  these  that  lly  as  a  cloud,"  exclaims  ilsaias, 
"  or  as  the  doves  to  their  windows  ?"  Scholastic  sages 
answer,  Columbus  is  the  columba  or  dove  here  prophesied. 
Alexo  ^^aneg•as  shows  that  America  was  peopled  by  Car- 
thaginians; Anahuac  being  but  another  name  for  Anak. 
Ijcsides,  both  nations  practiced  picture-writing;  both 
venerated  iire  and  water,  wore  skins  of  animals,  jjierced 
the  ears,  ate  dogs,  drtuik  to  excess,  telegraphed  by  means 
of  ilres  on  hills,  Avore  all  their  iinery  on  going  to  war, 
])oisoned  their  arrows,  beat  drums  and  shouted  in  battk'. 
Carcia  found  a  man  in  Peru  who  had  seen  a  rock  with 
something  very  like  Greelc  letters  engraved  upon  it;  six 
hundred  years  after  the  nnolheosis  of  Hercules,  ('oleo 
ma-Je  a  long  voyage;  Homer  knew  of  the  ocean;  tlie 
Athenians  waged  war  with  the  inhabitants  of  Atlantis; 
hence  the  American  Indians  were  Greeks.  Lord  Kings- 
borough  proves  conclusively  that  these  same  American 
Indians  were  Jews:  because  their  "  s\'mbol  of  inno- 
cence" was  in  the  one  case  a  I'awn  and  in  the  other  a 
lamb;  because  of  the  law  of  ^Foses,  "  considered  in  ref- 
erence to  the  custom  of  sacriliciug  children,  which  ex- 
isted in  ^lexico  and  lern;'  because  "  the  iearsof  Inmidts 
of  the  people,  famine,  pestilence,  and  warlike  invasion,;, 
were  exactly  the  same  as  those  entei-tained  by  tlie  Jews 
if  they  failed  in  the  performiuire  of  any  of  their  rituid 
observances;"  because  "  the  education  of  children  com- 
menced amongst  the  ]\Iexica)is,  as  with  the  dews,  at  .';n 
exceedingly  early  age;"  because  '"  Ijeating  with  !i  stick 
was  a  very  common  punishment  amongst  the  dcAvs,"  ns 
well  as  among  the  ^lexicinis;  ])ecause  tlie  priesthood  (;f 
l)o!h  nations  "was  hereditary  in  a  certain  iinnily;"  be- 
cause both  were  inclined  to  pay  great  respect  to  lucky 
or  unlucky  omens,  such  as  the  screeching  of  the  owl 
the  sneezing  of  a  person  in  company,"  etc.,  and  because 


OrJGIX  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


19 


Tican 
inno- 

in  rc'i- 
Ih  e:v- 
imr.Vi  s 

vitui.l 

(.'(111!- 

;it  ini 

s:'  ns 
lood  (if 

lucky 
lociiube 


It 


ol'  ;i  lunulivd  Oilier  c'(|ujill_v  wund  and  ivlovant  ariiii- 
iiK'uts.  Aiialo,iioii,s  reason iu,L!;  to  this  of  J^ord  Ivinus- 
borough's  was  that  of  the  Merced  Indians  o['  California. 
Shortly  after  the  diseoverv  of  the  Yosemite  Vallev, 
tidings  reached  the  settlers  of  Ahiriposa  that  certain 
chiefs  had  nnited  with  intent  to  droj)  down  from  their 
mountain  stronghold  and  annihilate  them.  To  show 
the  Indians  the  uselessness  of  warring  npon  white  ni'-n, 
these  chieftains  were  invited  to  A'isit  the  citv  of  San 
Francisco,  where,  from  the  nnmher  and  superiority  of 
the  peo[)le  that  they  would  there  behold,  they  should 
become  intimidated,  and  thereafter  maintain  i)eacc.  IJut 
contraryto  the  most  reusonal»le  e\i)ectations,  no  sooner  had 
the  dusky  delegates  returned  to  their  hinie  than  a  coun- 
cil uiis  called,  and  the  assembled  warriors  were  informed 


that  the\  r<'ed  have  no  i'ear  of  these  stran<:er; 


1- 


or, 


said  the  envoys,  "the  |)eo[)leof  the  great  cityof  San  Fran- 
cisco are  of  a  diiVerent  tribe  from  these  wliite  settlers  of 
Mariposa.     Their  maimers,  tlu'ir  customs,  their  language. 


tl 


icu"  dress,  ar 


e  all  diil'erent.     The\'  wear  black  coats  aut 


high  hats,  and  are  not  able  to  walk  along  the  smoothest 
path  without  the  aid  of  a  .stick 


There  ai'e  manv  advocates  for 


an 


A  si  at 


ic  ori!j.ni,  Motn 


th 


among  ancii-nt  and  modern  si)eculators.  luxorable 
winds  and  currents,  tlie  short  distance  l)etween  islands, 
traditions,  lioth  Chinese  and  Indian.  I'l'fer  the  ]>eo|)lingof 
America  to  that  ([iiarter.  Similarity  in  coloi'.  leaturt's. 
religion,  ri'ci<oning  ol'  tinie.  absence  of  a  lu-avy  beai'd, 
i;ii  1  iiuuuuii'able  other  (()m[tai'isons.  are  drawn  bv  en- 
tmisiastic  advocates,  to  sujtjioi't  a  Mongolian  oi'igin.  The 
iie  arguments,  in  whole  or  in  j)art.  are  used  to  ))ro\(! 


that  America  wa 


s  pcopU'd    hy 


rcuch. 


li>li. 


roiims. 


g\  ptiaii.* 
I'isians. 


hv 


tl 


.tbiopian 


cxiUians;  aiit 


I 


also  that  difu'ieid  pints  were  settled  by  dilVeivnt  peoi)les, 
The  test  of  language  lias  been  ai)p!ied  with  eipial  I'acllity 
and  enthusiasm  to   Fi.'.vutian.  .1 


I'W 


IM 


uemcian. 


Carll 


la- 


iniaii.  Sjianiai'd,  ( 'hinese,  .bipanese.  and  in  fact  to  lu'arly 


dl    tl 


le    nations  ot 


til 


e    eart 


h.     A 


coiiiiilete    rcNiew  o 


f 


! 


20 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


theories  and  oi)iui()ns  concernin;^  the  oriLiiii  of  the  Tii- 
(liaiis,  r  propo.se  to  ^'p  e  in  another  i)hiee;  not  that  intriu- 
■sically  they  ai'e  of  much  vahie,  except  as  showing  the 
clilferent  fancies  of  dilVerent  men  and  times.  Fancies,  I 
say,  for  modern  scholars,  with  the  aid  of  all  tlie  new  rev- 
elations of  science,  do  not  appear  in  their  investi|jiations 
to  arrive  one  whit  nearer  an  induhitahle  conclusion, 

it  was  ohvious  to  the  Euroj)eans  when  they  fn'st 
helield  the  natives  of  America,  that  these  were  unlike 
the  intellectual  white -skinned  race  of  Europe,  the  hiU'- 
harous  hlacks  of  Africa,  or  any  nation  or  people  which 
they  had  hitherto  enccnuitered,  vet  wei'o  strikinjilj  like 
eacli  other.  Into  whatsoever  part  of  the  newly  discov- 
ered lands  they  penetrated, they  Ibund  a  people  seemingly 
one  in  color,  physiojiuomy,  customs,  and  in  mental  and 
social  traits.  Their  vestii-es  of  anti([uity  and  their  lan- 
fiua<:es  presented  a  coincidence  which  was  generally 
ohserved  by  early  travelers.  Hence  physical  and  psy- 
chological comparisons  are  advanced  to  pi'ove  etlnio- 
logical  resemblances  among  all  the  ])eo})les  of  America, 
and  that  they  meanwhile  possess  (ujuuuon  peculiarities 
totally  distinct  I'rom  the  natii^ns  of  the  old  world. 
Morton  and  his  coniivres.  the  originators  of  the  Anu'r- 
ican  homogeneity  theory,  even  gi)  so  i'ar  as  to  claim  I'or 
the  American  man  an  origin  as  indigenous  as  that  ol" 
the  I'auna  and  llora.  ^J'hey  classily  all  the  tribes  of 
America,  excepting  only  the  Eskimos  who  wandered  oNer 
iVoin  Asia,  as  the  Amei'ican  race,  and  divide  it  into  the 
American  iamily  and  the  'J'olteciin  fuuily.  I'lumenbach 
classifies  the  Amei'icans  as  a,  distinct  species.  The 
American  Mongolida;  of  Dr  Latham  are  divided  into 
Eskimos  and  American  Indians,  J)r  Moi'ton  })ercei\('s 
the  same  chai-acteristic  lineaments  in  the  face  of  the 
Euegian  and  the  ^Mexican,  and  in  tribes  iidiabiting  the 
l?(K'ky  Mountains,  the  ^lississippi  A'alley,  and  Eloiida, 
The  same  osteolotiical  structure,  swarthy  color,  strai<iht 
liair.  meagre  beard,  ()1)rKpiely  cornered  eyes,  prominent 
cheek  bones,  and    thick  lips  are  connnon  to  them  all. 


INDIVIDUALITY  OF  UACE. 


21 


r)r   T.iitlunn  dcscrilR's  liis  AnKTicaii  ^roi^u'clidii'  as  vwv- 
I'isiiiii'  uiioii  llio  Morld  a  material  ratlior  than  a  moral 


inllucnct';  v.\\ 


\\v^  111 


K'lii  iiK'amvliik'  51  color.  lU'ithcr  a  true 


th 


■\\liito  iioi'  a  it't  black;  hair  .straiulit  and  hlack.  rarcU 
liulit.  sometimes  curlv;  eves  sometimes  ohrHiue;  a  broad, 
iiat  ^ace  and  ii  ivtreatiiig  Ibrehead.  J)r  I'ricliard  con- 
siders the  American  race,  ])svch()k),iiically,  as  neither 
supei'ior  nor  inferior  to  other  ])rimitive  races  ot"  the 
"world.  I'orv  di'  !*^t  Vincent  classilies  Americans  into 
live  s)H'(  ies.  includin<i'  the  Kskim<js.  The  Mexicans 
he  considi'rs  as  coiiiiate  Avith  the  Malays.  Unmboldt 
characterizes  the  nations  of  America  as  one  race,  by 
their  strai;zlit  ,iilossy  hair,  thin  beard,  swarthy  com- 
])lexion.  and  cranial  tbrmation.  Schoolciaft  makes  l()ur 
fironps;  the  iirst  extending  across  the  northern  end  of 
the  continent ;  the  second,  tribes  living' east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi; the  third,  those  between  the  Mississii)pi  and  the 
liocky  Monntains;  and  the  Ibnrth.  those  Avi-st  of  the 
llocky  Mountains.  All  these  he  subdivides  into  thirty- 
seven  I'amilies;  but  so  liir  as  tliose  on  the  racificCoast 
are  concerned,  lie  mi^ht  as  reasonably  have  made  of 
them  twice  or  half  the  number. 

All  Avriters  aiireo  in  jiiving  to  the  nations  of  America 
a  remote  anti(iuity;  all  admit  that  there  exists  a  ^ireater 
unifornnty  between  them  than  is  to  be  found  in 
the  old  woild;  many  deny  that  all  are  one  race. 
There  is  nndoul)tedly  a  piwailinii'  nnil()rmity  in  those 
])hysical  charact«-'ristics  Avhich  tiovern  classification;  but 
this  miiformity  jioes  as  far  tc)  i)ro\('  one  universal  race 
throuiihout  tiie  world,  as  it  docs  to  jiroM'  a  race  peculiar 
to  America.  Traditions,  ruins,  moral  and  j)hysical  jiccu- 
liarities.  all  denote  for  Anieiicans  a  remote  anticpiity. 
1'he  action  of  a  climate  ])eculia]'  to  America,  and  of 
natural  surroundiji,us  connuon  to  all  the  people  of  the 
continent,  could  not  lail  to  produce  in  time  a  sinnlarity 
of  physiological  sti'ucture. 

The  impi'cssion  of  a  Xcav  Woi'ld  individuality  of  racft 
was  no  doubt  strengthened  in  the  eyes  of  the  ( 'oiupieror;:, 


i   i 


22 


LTIIXOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


and  in  tlie  mind  of  the  train  ofwritors  that  followctl.  hy 
the  fact,  that  tho  newly  di«u>vored  trihos  \\v\v  nioiv  like 
cat'h  other  than  Avero  any  other  jjeoples  tliey  had  ever 
l)er()re  seen;  and  at  the  same  time  very  nnich  mdike  any 
nation  whatever  of  tlie  old  world.  And  s(j  any  I'eally 
existing'  physical  distinctions  amonp;  the  American  stocks 
came  to  he  overlooked  or  nndervahied.  Din-win,  on  the 
anthority  of  l"]lphinst()ne,  ohservt's  that  in  India,  '"id- 
thouiili  a  newly  arrived  I']nroi)eini  cannot  at  fn-st  distin- 
jinish  the  varions  native  I'aces.  yet  they  soon  aj)])eai'  to 
him  entirely  dissimilar;  and  the  Hindoo  cannot  at  fn-st 
])erceive  any  difference  hetween  the  several  Knropean 
nations." 

Jt  has  hcen  ohserved  l)y  Prof,  von  Martins  that  the  lit- 
erary and  architectnral  i-emains  of  the  civilized  trihcs  of 
.Vmerica  indicate  a  hi_u'her  de.uree  of  intellectual  eleva- 
tion than  is  likely  to  he  found  in  a  nation  i-meriiin^' 
from  har))arism.  In  their  sacerdotal  oi'dinances.  privi- 
leu'ed  orders,  retiulatetl  desijotisms.  codes  of  law.  tnid 
forms  of  government  are  i'onnd  clear  indications  of  a 
relapse  from  civilization  to  harharism.  (/'hiite;nil)i"iand, 
from  the  same  premises,  develojjs  a  directly  o[)posite 
conclusion,  and  ])erceives  in  all  this  hijih  initi(|uity  and 
civih/ation  only  a  praiseworthy  evolution  from  primcNal 
harharism. 

I'hus  arguments  drawn  from  a  comjjai-ison  of  pai-allel 
traits  in  the  moral,  social,  or  physical  condition  ol"  man 
shoidd  he  received  with  allowance,  for  man  has  nnich  in 
connnon  not  only  with  man.  hut  with  animals.  A'ari- 
ations  in  hodily  structure  and  mental  faculties  are  gov- 
erned ])y  ji'eneral  laws,  'fhe  ,ureat  variety  of  climate 
which  characterizes  America  could  not  I'ail  to  produce 
various  hahits  of  lii'e.  The  half-tori)i(l  llyperhorcan, 
the  fierce  wari-ior-hunter  of  the  vast  interior  I'orests.  the 
sluii^ish.  swarthy  native  of  the  trojtics.  and  the  intelli- 
uent  Mexican  of  the  tal»le-land.  slowly  dcvelo[)in,Li'  into 
civilization  under  the  rt-(inin,u'  inlhiences  of  arts  and 
letters. — all  these  indicate  variety  in  the  unit\-  of  the 


T 


Sv 


liACi::j  OF  THE  rACIFIC. 


23 


lunii 

'h  in 

Yaii- 

n()V- 

iinato 

(ullK'O 

orciJii, 
-.  llu! 
ntc'lli- 
Li'  into 
s  i\n(l 
)!'  the 


Amorioiui  race;  AvliiU'  the  insulation  of  American  na- 
tions, and  the  general  chanicteristii's  ineiilent  to  peculiar 
])hvsical  conditions  could  not  tail  to  produce  u  unity  in 
their  variety. 

The  races  of  the  I'acilic  States  endirace  all  the  va- 
rieties o("  species  known  as  American  under  any  ol'  the 
classifications  nientioni^h  Thus,  in  the  li\e  ilivicions 
of  lilumenhach.  the  l']skiinos  of  the  norlh  would  come 
muU'r  the  I'ourth  division,  which  end)ruces  .\hdays  and 
I'olynesians.  and  wliich  is  distin«iuislied  h\-  a,  hiuh 
s([uare  skull,  low  I'oreliead.  short  hroad  nose,  and  j)i"()- 
iectinu'  iaws.  To  his  fifth  cla.'^s.  the  American,  which 
he  subdivides  into  the  .Vmerican  family  and  the  Tol- 
teeun  timiily,  he  <iives  ii  small  skull  with  u  hiiih  apex, 
ilut  on  the  (K'ciput,  hi<ih  cheek  hones,  recedinj;'  Ibrehead, 
ju|uiline  nose,  lar^e  mouth,  and  tumid  hps.  Morton, 
ahhouj-li  he  makes  twenty-two  divisions  in  all,  classifies 
Americans  in  the  same  maimer.  The  Polar  iiimily  he 
characterizes  as  brown  in  color,  short  in  stature,  of  thick, 
clumsy  pr()i)ortions.  with  a  short  neck,  lar^e  head,  fhit 
face,  small  nose,  and  eyes  dis[)o,sed  to  ohli(iuity.  He 
pei-ceives  an  identity  of  I'ace  amonji  all  the  other  stocks 
from  .\h)unt  St  Klias  to  l'atap,<)nia;  though  he  desi.iinates 
the  si'mi-civili/ed  tribes  of  Mexico  and  I'eru  as  the 
Toltecan  family,  and  the  savage  nations  as  the  Apjiala- 
chian  l)ranch  of  the  Amei'ican  family,  Dr  Trit'hard 
makes  three  divisions  of  the  tribes  bordei'in,i;'  the  Pacific; 
between  ,\h...mt  St  Mlias  and  ('a])e  St  Lucas:  the  tribes 
from  till'  borders  of  the  I'skim-  s  southward  to  ^  an- 
couvi'r  Island  constitute  the  first  division:  the  tribes 
t)f  OivLLon  and  Washin;iton.  the  second:  and  the  tribes 
of  rppcr  and  Lower  ('alil()rnia,  the  third.  Pickering 
assigns  thi>  limits  of  tlie  American,  Mahiy.  or  Toltecan 
family  to  California  and  Avestcni  Mexico.  He  is  of  tin; 
oi)inion  that  they  crossed  from  southeastern  Asia,  byway 
of  the  islands  of  tlie  Pacific,  and  landed  upon  this  con- 
tinent south  of  San  J''i'ancisco.  there  beinu'  no  traces  (jf 
them  north  of  thi.';  i)oint;  while  the  Mongolians  found 


r^ 


I 


21 


ETHNOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


4 

4 


tlicii"  way  from  iiortlicastcru  Af^lii  across  PxTiufX  Strait, 
'I'lit!  Calif'oniiaiis.  tlicri'lorc.  lit"  calls  Malays:  and  the 
inliahilaiits  dl'  N'aiicoiivcr  Island.  IJi'itish  ( 'olimihia, 
A\  asliiimton,  and  On-Lion.  lie  classilics  as  Monpslians. 
Calirornians.  in  the  eyes  of  this  ti"a\t'k'r.  dillcr  IVoiii 
their  northern  nei,Lihhors  in  complexion  and  ]>hysio<i- 
noniy.  The  oidy  physiological  test  that  Mr  I'ickerini;' 
Avasahle  to  a])ply  in  order  todistin^nish  the  I'ohiiesian  iu 
San  i'rancisco  iVoni  the  native  ('alifornic  i.  an  as  that 
the  hah"  of  the  former  uas  ua\y.  Avhile  that  ot"  the  latter 
Avas  straight.  ])oth  have  more  hair  than  the  Oreuon- 
ian.  The  skin  of  the  Malay  of  the  Polynesian  Islands, 
and  that  of  the  Caliiornian  ure  alike,  soft  and  very 
dark.  Three  other  analoiious  eharaeteristics  Avi're  dis- 
eovei'ed  hy  ^Fr  rickerinu'.  Iioth  have  an  oj)en  coun- 
tenance, one  Avil'e.  and  no  tomahaAvk!  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Mongolian  from  Asi;i,  and  the  Orejionian  are  of  a 
liiihti'r  complexion,  and  exhihit  the  same  j-eneral  resem- 
hlances  that  are  seen  in  the  Americtuiand  Asiatic  J']skimos. 
In  j:eneral  the  Toltecan  family  may  he  descrihed  as  of 
good  stature,  Avell  })roportioned.  rather  ahove  medium  size, 
of  a  lijzht  copper  color;  as  having  long  hlack  oljliipiely 
pointed  eyes,  regular  white  teeth,  glossy  hlack  hair,  thin 
heard,  ])rominent  cheek  hones,  thick  lips,  large  a([uiline 
nose,  and  retreating  forehead.  A  gentle  e\j)ression  about 
the  mouth  is  Mended  with  severity  and  melancholy  in 
the  ui)per  portion  of  the  face.  They  are  hi'ave,  ci'uel 
in  Avar,  sanguinary  in  religion,  and  revengelul.  They 
are  intelligent;  possess  minds  well  adapted  to  the  ])in'suit 
of  knowledge;  and,  at  the  time  of  ihv  arrival  ol'  the 
Spaniards,  were  well  advanced  in  hish)ry,  architect- 
ure, mathematics,  and  astronomy.  They  constructed 
atpieducts,  extracted  metals,  carved  images  in  gold, 
silver,  and  copj)er:  they  could  s[)in,  weave,  and  (\yv] 
they  could  iiccurately  cut  ])recious  stones;  they  culti- 
vated corn  and  cotton;  huilt  large  cities,  constructing 
their  huildings  of  stone  and  lime;  made  roads  and 
erected  stupendous  tunndi. 


SAVAGE  iir:\iAxiTy. 


C'crtnln  ctlmolo^iriil  /ones  liavc  bci'ii  ohscrvcil  liv 
soiiu'.  strctcliin.:  iicrnss  tlic  conrnicnt  in  Niirions  latitudes, 
lirokt'U  soiiu'wliat  l)V  iiitcrMctin;:  I'ontiiU'utMl  i'li'\iili()iis, 
hut  I'ollowiim'  for  the  most  ]r,wt  isotlii-rniiil  lines  whicli, 
on  coiiiiiiu  iVoni  iUv  I'iist.  Ir'IkI  noi'tliwanl  as  llir  sol'tci* 
iiir  of  lln'  Piicilic  is  ontcrctl.  Tims  the  l']sl<imos  ncai'ly 
Mnround  tlif  jioii'.  Xi'xt  come  tlic  Tinncli,  stri-trli- 
inji'  across  tlu'  continent  IVoni  the  east,  sonieuliat  irrcL;- 
nlarly.  hut  thi-ir  course  marked  ^enerallv  hv  tliermii; 
lines.  hen:lin,u'  northward  al'ter  crossin;^'  the  liocky 
]\h)untains.  thi'ir  southern  houiKhu'v.  touching!'  the  I'a- 
eilic.  ahout  the  (il'ty-lil'th  paralleh  The  Aluonkin  liunily 
horder  on  tlie  Timieh.  commencin,::'  at  the  mouih  of  tlio 
St  Lawrence  llivi-i'.  and  extt-ndini:'  westward  to  the 
liocky  Mountains.  Natural  causes  alone  jirevent  the 
extension  of  these  j)i'lts  round  the  eiiiii'e  earth.  In- 
deed, hoth  ])hilolo::ists  and  |)hysioloL:ists  trace  lini's  of 
allinity  across  the  I'acilic.  IVom  island  to  island.  iVoin 
one  continent  to  the  other:  one  line,  as  we  Iuim'  seen, 
crossinii'  IJerint;'  Strait,  another  I'oUowini!  the  Aleutian 
ArchipehiLio,  and  a  third  strikinjz;  the  coast  south  of  San 
Francisco  IJay. 

It  is  connnon  for  those  unaccustomed  to  look  helow 
the  surliice  ol'  thiniis.  to  n-pu'd  Indians  as  seai'cely 
within  the  category  ol'  humanity.  I']spr('ially  is  this  the 
ease  when  we.  maddened  hy  some  treacherous  outrage, 
.some  dialiolic,  act  of  cruelty,  hastily  jtronounce  them 
incoi'riiiilily  wicked,  inhumanly  malij:naut.  a  nest  of 
vipers,  the  extermination  of  which  is  a  riiihteous  act. 
All  of  Avhicli  mav  he  true;  hut.  iudiied  h\-  this  stand- 
ard.  has  not  every  nation  on  earth  incurred  the  death 
jH'nalty?  Human  nature  is  in  nowise  chan-'ed  hy  culture. 
The  European  is  hut  a  white-washed   sava-i'.      Civili/.ed 


venom  is   no  less  virulent  than  savai 


e  \('nom. 


It   ill 


hec(jiues  the  i"ull  <iro\\  n  man  to  scoiV  at  the  ineiVectKal 
atti'uijits  of  the  little  child,  and  to  attempt  the  cure  of 
its  faults  l)y  killin-'  it.  Xo  more  is  it  a  m..rk  of  henev- 
olent   wisdom    in   those   favored    hy   a   superior   intel- 


2(5  r;i;sT  iNriincorKsr,  wi'in  r.nioiT.ws. 

li;.  vnc;'.  with  tlic  written  records  of  tlu"  ])ast  iVmii  Avhicli 
to  (liiiw  t'.\i>cri«'ii('('  iiiid  li'iirn  liow  Iii-st  to  sluijic  tlu  ir 
coiii'se  lor  tlie  I'litiirc.  to  crv  down  the  mitiiiiL:Iit  man  of 
llic  wildi'rnt'ss.  denv  liint  a  place  in  this  woild  or  tlie 
next,  denounce  liini  as  a  sconrLii'.  an  oiithMv.  and  sei/i' 
upon  escrv  liulit  pi'et«>\t  to  assist  liint  oil'  the  A-.v'r  IVoni 


which  liis  doom 


IS  so  raiiKllN  removni 


'^  1 


um. 


W 


e  view 


man  in  his  primitive  state  from  a  wronji'  stand-p(»int  at 
the  outset.  In  place  of  rcLiardinji  savaiiics  as  of  oiu' 
conmion  humanity  with  ouisehcs.  and  tlu'  ancestoi's 
perhai)s  of  peoj)les  hiLiher  in  the  )<cale  ol  hein.ii.  and 
more  intellectual  than  an\'  the  woi'ld  has  \t't  seen,  we 


1 


)laee  them  amouLi'  the  connnon  t'nemies  of  mankind,  and 


retiard  them  more  in  the  liyht  of  wild  animals  than  of 
wild  men. 

And  let  not  liim  who  seeks  a  deeper  insight  into  the 
mvsteries  of  humanity  desi)ise  he^inninjis.  things  «'rude 
and  small.  The  dilVei'i'iice  hetweeii  ii)o  cnlture(l  and  thi^ 
primiti\'e  man  lies  chielly  in  the  fact  th.it  one  has  a  few 
eentui'ies  the  start  of  the  othi-r  in  the  race  of  j)i(uress. 
])efore  condenniing  the  l»arharian.  let  us  tiist  examine 
his  code  of  ethics.  Let  us  draw  our  liuht  from  his 
liiiht.  reason  after  his  fasiiion;  si-e  in  the  sk\-,  the  earth. 


th 


le  sea.  the  same  fantasti(^  imauei'v 


that 


])lays  upon  his 


fancy,  and  adajit  our  sense  of  rij^ht  and  wronp.'  to  his 
social  surroinidinj:s.  Just  as  liuinan  nature  is  alile  to 
ai)pi'eciate  divine  nature  only  as  divine  nature  accords 
with  human  nature;  so  the  intuitions  of  lower  o.'dcrs  of 
l)ein,t:scan  he  comprehendi'd  oidy  hy  hrinninji;  into  play  our 
lower  faculties.  Nor  can  we  any  more  clearly  ap[)reciaie 
the  conceptions  of  heinjis  helow  us  than  of  those  ahove 
us.  The  thouiihts.  reasoniniis,  and  instinctsof  an  animal 
or  insect  are  as  much  a  mystery  to  the  human  intelle;'t 
as  are  the  lofty  contemplations  of  an  archangel. 


I 


Tiii'.Ki:  lii'Mdrcd  ;iH(l  tliiity-six  y 
stcin  lioidtr  ni  Noitli  Aim  rici 


(iirs  were  occn 


jiiid  in  the  (lisciivc'v  "f  tlii> 
Fr<iin  the  tiiiic  when,  in  I^OI,  tlie  lulvin- 


tiuiins  niifai'v  of  'J'riuna.   Itddliuo  dc   I'.iistidiis, 


Od.'icllcd  the  TstI 


iiiins  (1 


D, 


i!irii,iu  s(  arch  cf  '_;ii!d  and  iuai]>,  till  tlir  y(  ar  1S:!7,  wliin  ^Messrs  I): 


f 

iiul 


PACIFICATION  OF  TIEKUA  FIU5IE. 


27 


Piiii]wciii.  l>v  ordcviif  till'  TTiiil-iiiirs  Tiny  roirtmiiy,  ('nt)i])]iti  (ltli''siirvc_viif  (ht> 
liiu'tlii  1 11  I  xtn  iiiity,  wliiili  liiiiiinU  tlu'  Arctic  ( Icciiii,  llic  iiitcrvciiiii'^  tci'vitniy 
VMS  iliscdvcriil  at  iiitcrvaN,  lunl  iiiulii-  widely  ilitVci'ciit  circiinislaiiccs.  |)ur- 
in^;  tli.it  time,  iimli  r  variuiN  iiiiiiiccliat:'  ii  ciiiivcH,  Imt  witli  tlic  lnnad  ]ii'iii(  i- 
jilc  uf  u\aricr  iiiid(  riyiii','  all,  ^ilcU  jiaits  uf  thin  ti  rritiny  as  wcic  cDiucivcd 


tn  lie  iif  slltllcic  lit  value  were  seixed,  illld  the  illlialiitlillts  llUlile  a  |>l'e\  til  tlie 
r  ipacity  uf  the  invaders.  Thus  the  ]iiir|)cpse  df  the  worthy  nntary  liastidas, 
the  lirst  S|iiiiiaid  who  visited  th 


iiitii:  'lit  (if  Ninth  Aiiiericii, 


was   liaellic 


liartir  with  the  Indians;  and  his  kind  treatment  was  rewarded  by  a  success- 
ful tnitlic.  Ni\t  came  Coliiiiiluis,  fiuiii  the  (i)i])osite  (lirectinii,  sailiii;^  siiiilh- 
vard  iiiinii,'  the  eiiast  iif  llnlidiuas  nil  his  fiuirth  viiyiiKe,  in  I'lO'i.  His  was 
the  niilili  r  iiliject  (if  (lisciivciy.  He  Was  stiiviii;^  to  i,'ef  thidu^jh  (ir  rdiiiul 
this  I'll rni  lifiiit  which,  stainlini^  lietweeii  himself  and  his  llicdry,  persistently 


larreil  Ins 


lniiLjress  Wis 


twai'd.     He  had  nu  time  for  liarter,  n(ir  anv  iiicli- 


iiatiiui  til  jilaiit  SI  tth  iiieiits;  he  was  liinkini;  fur  a  strait  iir  passaee  thniiinh 
or  riiiiiid  till  sc  (iiiti  r  ((inlims  In  the  mure  dinileiit  rei^idiisnf   liuli 


lint, 


unsuccessful   ill   his  laudahle  ( 


tVdit, 


It   leiiL/th   vielded  til  th 


(■ii]iiilily  df  his  crew,     li^' jn  riiiitt(  d  his  liiiitlicr,  the  .Vdelaliladu,  to  land  and 

)f  Spain,  and,  in  the  year  fullow- 


t.ike  piissessldli  (It  llie  Cduntiy  tnr  Ille  Klllj^'Ol 
inn,  ti)  attempt  a  settlement  at  V(  lat^ila. 

Ill  1."i(m;-s,  Juan  de  Siilis  vith  rinzdii  continued  the  search  of  Cdliimluis, 
nloii^,'  the  coast  df  Yucatan  and  ^Ie\i(  o,  fur  a  passaj^'e  fhrdiiyh  to  the  siMitliei  n 
ocean.  Til"  disastrous  adventures  of  Alon/.o  de  Ojedii,  I)ie^,'ode  Nicui  sa,  and 
Juan  de  la  t'usa,  oil  the  Islhinusof  Diiricn,  hefwceii  the  years  l.")l)7  and  l.'»ll, 
l).iiil),dit  into  liion^  intimate  ei  litact  the  steel  vveiipoiis  of  the  chi/alroiis 
lKdal;^iis  \\  ilh  the  li.iked  liddii  s  of  the  sava.i^es.  Vaseo  NilTiez  de  laillioa, 
niter  ,1  tiiiKoiiie  jiiuriiey  iicid^s  the  Isthnnis  in  I'tV.S,  was  rewarded  hy  the 
first  \iiw  df  the  J'acilic  Ocean,  of  which  lie  todk  possession  for  the  kiiii,' 
of  Sjiaiu  on  lh((  twenty-tilth  of  Septeiiilier.  The  white  sails  of  ('('irdova 
(Iriiaha,  and  (laiay.  descried  liy  the  natives  of  Yucatan  and  Jlexieo  in 
l."il7-l'.>,  wi  re  (juicldy  fnlaiwcd  liy  Cmti's  and  his  keen-scented  hand  of 
advi  utureis,  who,  received  liy  the  nnsuspeetiiij^'  nativ(  s  as  ends,  wnnld  have 
111  (11  dismissed  liy  them  as  liiiids  hail  imt  the  invasion  eiilniiiiat(  d  in  tlio 
Cdiiipiest  df  Mexico.  ])urini,'  the  years  ].")2'2-:il,  Cortes  made  expedilions  to 
Tehuantepee,  IMiiueo,  and  Ccntr.il  America;  tiil  (ion/.ales  and  Cristntial  do 
Olid  iuvadi  d  Nicaiiii^na  and  Hmiduras.  Numo  de  Onxiuan  in  l-'i.'in,  w  ith  a 
lari^e  force,  tonk  p  issessiiiu  of  the  eulin!  imrtliern  ciiuntry  from  the  cllv  i.f 
Jlexieo  (o  the  liorlheiii  liouiidaiy  df  Sinald.i;  and  Calie/.i  de  Vaea  erossid 
the  ediiliiieiit  friiiii  Texas  tn  Siiialna  in  the  years  MJH-liCi.  Jnurnivs  to  the 
liortli  were  made  liy  C.nti's,  Cilna,  Coninado,  Jlendoza,  and  C.iliiillo  Iietwe(  n 
the  years  l.">);(i  and  l.'ilJ.  Hundn ds  of  luimaii  Cathnlie  iiiissii.naiies,  n  ady 
t  I  lay  down  their  lives  in  their  earuest  anxiety  for  the  souls  df  the  Indians, 
spread  out  into  the  wilderness  iu  every  direction.  l)ui'in};  the  latter  jiart  uf 
the  sixteeiiih  fcntury  had  jiaice,  — th(!  expeditinn  of  rrancisco  de  Iharra  to 
Saialiia  iu  l.'i'i'i,  (hu  cimpaiyii  of  Hernando  de  IJa/.ali  a^'ainst  the  Indians 
{.f  Sinaloa  ill  l-'iT't,  the  ailveiitnres  of  Oxeiihaia  iu  Harieniii  l.">7."),  th,'  vd\- 
nge  '.(iiind  the  world  of  Sir  rraucis  l)rake,  touching  iiudu  the  Norihwest 


f 


28 


riEST  INTEKCOUUKE  WITH  EITiOrEAXS. 


f'liast  ill  1")7'.';  tlir  fXiifili*'.()i\  of  .Viitdiiin  d^  Esik  jo  to  New  ^.Icxico  in  IHS"; 
Fnilicisico  (Ic  (tali's  ret;]- ii  fioiii  .M.icao  tn  iNfcNico,  liy  \\;\\  I'f  tiic  XoiUiwi'^t 
C'liist  in  ITiSt ;  the  viiy  .;^"  of  ^Miildiiiiado  to  tlir  iiiia'^iiiavv  Straits  of  Aiiiaii  iu 
J'iSS;  tlir  <\]ii-(litiiiii  (if  ('a  itano  dc  Sos^l  to  Xcw  Mf\i-,;.  in  lo'.Kl;  thi'  vii\a;_'c  of 
Juan  dc  Fiica  to  the  Strait;,  of  Aniaii  iu  I'l'.tl;  tlic  wivck  of  tlir  'Sail  A^iistin  ' 
•,\\>nn  till'  Xorthwist  Coast  in  i.").!.);  the  voyaL.c  of  Sebastian  Vi/.caino  towards 
California  in  1. ":)(;;  fhr  disco vrrus  of  Juan  dc  <  )riati'  in  \i  >\  AfiNico  in  l")'.!'.!.  and 
luany  others.  Tiitcrcoursc  with  the  natives  was  extended  diirilii,' llic  hcven- 
teenth  century  liy  the  voya'^c  of  Schastian  Vi/.caino  from  ^Icxico  to  Cali- 
fornia in  n!02;  hy  the  ex|ieditiuii  of  I'raiicisco  dc  Ortega  to  Lower  Calil'orniik 
in  |r,:il:  liy  the  j(Uirney  of  Thomas  (la'^c  from  ^Mexico  to  ( iuateniahk  in  Kills; 
liy  the  voyage  round  the  woihl  of  William  Dampier  in  I<I7!t;  hy  the  rccl;le:s 
advenliir<sof  the  1!uccaii((rs  from  KiSO  to  Hi'.id;  by  (he  expeditiini  of  Isidor 
de(Mi.ndo  into  I,ower  California  in  KlHii;  hy  tin' exinditi  ii  of  Father  Kino 
t  1  Sonoia  and  Arizona  in  l('iS:i;  liy  thi'  expeditions  of  Kino,  Kaii]ius,  JlaiiLc, 
Jienial,  Caiiaseo,  Salvatierra,  and  others  to  S(  noia  and  Arizona  in  Ki!)!-!); 
mill  liy  the  occiiiiafion  of  Eower  California  hy  the  Jesuits,  Salvatieiia, 
l':4arte,  Kino,  and  rircolo.  from  K'l'.tT  to  17'i|.  ^■(lyal;■es  of  circunnia\  i'.ation 
Were  made  hy  l)amjiier  in  17():i-l;  liy  Iioltcvs  in  17(!!S-11;  liy  Slielvoeke  in 
171'J-"2'2,  and  hy  .\iisoii  in  17K)-t.  Frondac  made  ii  voya;4e  from  China  to 
California  in    I7il'). 

The  first  voya.!.;e  thr<iin,'li  Fierin.i,'  Strait  is  su]i]iosi(i  to  have  'lieen  made 
by  Seniun  l>esclinet1'  and  his  coiii|ianions  in  the  year  l<il>>.  and  ]iur|iorts  to 
have  ex]iiored  the  .\siatic  coast  from  the  river  Kolyma  to  the  south  of  t!ie 
riv.  r  .Ui.idi)-,  tlius  lu-oviiijj;  the  si]iaratioii  of  the  continents  of  .Vsia  and  .\iiier- 
iea.  Ill  1711,  a  Kiissiaii  Cossack,  named  i'lumtl'.  was  sent  from  the  fort 
on  the  .\nadir  river  to  sulidiie  the  n  liellious  Tsehukischi  of  Tsihul'  ~ 
ts'hi  N'oss.  a  point  of  lanil  on  the  .\siatic  coast  near  to  the  .Vmerican 
continent.  He  there  n ceived  from  the  natives  the  lirst  intellii^eiice  of  (he 
proximity  of  the  continent  of  Amerie.i  ;ind  tie  charact.  r  of  ihi'  iiihahilants; 
ail  account  of  which  will  lie  ;;i\en  in  anoilier  jilace,  hi  1711,  Nitus  Jierinj^ 
find  .McM  i  Tschirikoti'  sailed  in  compaii  •.  from  l'(  t)  '.jinclnvski.  for  the  oppo- 
site coast  of  .Vinerica.  They  |iarted  eoiiipaey  duriiiL'  a  storm,  the  Lap  r 
reaching'  the  coast  in  latitude  lifty-six.  and  the  former  lalidiiiL;  at  ( 'a  le  St 
Klias  in  latitude  sixty  deirrecs  north.  The  i  arlie-.i  information  c dUci  i  niiii,' 
the  Aleutian  Jslanders  was  ohtainid  by  tin  Ku>siaiis  in  the  ye.ir  i7iri.  win  n 
!>[i'-liael  N'(  vodtsikotf'  sailed  from  ihe  Kamlehatka  ri\er  in  imrsiiii  o  lurs. 
.V  liiissiaii  c;  111  I  Mil  rcial  company,  called  the  I'roiiix  ^rhleniki.  was  fonm     .and 


other  huntiii;.;  and  tradine-  voyai^i 
the  And 


s  followt  il.     Lasari  II'  visited  six  isli- 


if 


reaiiovsu 


i  j-;roup  in    17(il:  and  the  year  follow iiii,' was  made  t    e  dis- 
ivery  of  the   .\la^kan    I'eiiinsula.  suppoM  d  to  In    an  island  until  af    r  the 


survey  ot   tlie  coasi 


st  bv  Caiilain  Cook.      1) 


lusiiiin  made  a  hmitii 


il;  e\p    I   itloii 


to  riialaskaand  tlii'  Fox  Islands  in  17ii 


ami.  iluriiiL;  (lie  sa 


(Ir 


line  \ear.  S! 


<;iot(otl'  visited  th. 


d  of  Ka'liak.     Koio.in.  SoloviitV.  Svnd.  (Ms 


Kreiiitzeii,  and  other  Fiiissian  fiir-hunlers  spent  the  years  17i;:i-"i  amonu  the 
Aleutian  Islands,  capturing;  sea-otlers.  seals,  and  foxes,  lunl  exchaiiying,  with 


the  natives,  In  ads  and  iron  utensil 


for  fi 


occur ATIOX  OF  CALIFOUXIA. 


29 


■111    ll'.Milt' 

iriwi'ls  t" 

til  i.f  thi! 

111(1  Anur- 

ih.    furt 

-..liul.  - 

II  I'iciiu 
<lf  tlio 
.itiints; 

III  rini^- 

■"I'l"'- 
■  l.llllV 
'ill..  St 
iM  riiiii;^ 
I.  will  n 
tins. 
I  .  Ill  il 
,ils  i.f 
t  .■  i!i- 
f     1-  Ihr 

I  itiiui 
S!i  ;!li  11 

■II  iliii. 

iil:-  the 

4.  Nvilh 


i 


A  jrrniiil  tiiirisidiiiu'v  inovi'int'iit,  firowiiiL,'  out  of  the  religious  viv;i!tii's 
01  till!  two  j:rcMt  oiiliTs  of  tiic  ('iitliolic  Cliui'th,  lol  to  tlie  original  occu- 
jiutioii  ot  I'piicr  Ciililnriiia  liy  Spaiiiaids.  The  woik  of  Christiaiiizing  Lower 
.'  iilifoniia  was  iiiauLiurattMl  liy  the  Jesuits,  under  Fathers  Salvatiena  ami 
Iviiio,  ill  l(ii)7.  Wlieii  the  Jesuits  were  expelleil  from  Mexico  in  17li7,  their 
luissions  were  turneil  over  to  the  Franciscans.  This  so  roused  the  zeal  of  tiio 
l)n.niiii.  alls  that  thev  iniineiliately  aii]i('alecl  to  Spain,  iiiul  in  17(11*  olitaimd 
itu  edict,  givin;^  Iheiii  a  due  sliart  ill  the  missions  of  Lower  California,  'i'ho 
Franciscans,  thiiikiiit;  it  luttir  to  cany  their  eflbrts  into  new  fields  tlmii  !•> 
contend  for  preiloniiualiee  at  hunie,  j^'elieroiisly  offered  t(>  ■.  < 'le  the  vlmli  of 
Lower  California  to  the  Douiiuieans,  and  theinselvi  s  retiri'  ;o  the  wild  and 
distant  ri'i^'ions  of  Upper  California.  Tliis  beini,'  agreed  upon,  two  expidi- 
lions  Were  or^,'iini/ed  to  jirijceed  northward  sinmltaneously,  one  liy  water 
a  111  till  other  by  land.  In  Jannary,  17(i'.t,  the  ship  'San  Carlos,'  coninianded 
by  Viei  nte  Vila,  wasdis]iati'hed  for  San  I)iei,'o,  followed  by  the  '  San  Antonio," 
under  Juan  I'ere/.  and  the  'SaiiJosr,'  which  was  unfortunately  lost,  I'ho 
land  exjiedition  was  sejiaiated  into  two  divisions:  the  first  iindir  Itivera  y 
^[oncMila  de]iaiti  (I  fidui  ^rexiro  ill  ^[aicli,  and  aii  'vi d  at  San  l)ie^'o  in  May; 
the  seeniid  under  (iasjiar  de  I'ortol.t  and  J'atl  er  Juiiipero  Sena  reacled 
Sail  I)iepiin  July.  17il'.i.  rorlola  with  his  eoiniiaiiions  immediately  set  out 
by  land  for  the  l!ay  of  Monterey;  but,  imwittiiiL^ly  jiassiuL,'  it  by,  they  eoii- 
tiiuied  iimtliward  until  barred  in  tin  ir  )iro;_;ress  by  the  niaunilice' t  Hay  uf 
San  Fiaueisro.  I  llalile  to  lind  tiie  harbor  of  ^roliterey,  they  retli  aid  to 
San  i.»ie^'ij  in  January,  17711.  In  .\|ril,  I'oitola  made  a  second  and  moio 
successful  attempt,  and  arrivi  d  at  !M,)iiteiey  in  ]\Iay.  ^b'anwhile  J'eicz  and 
Juiifpi  ro  Siria  acromplished  the  voya,L;e  by  sea,  s.ailini,'  in  the  '  Sau 
Callus.'  In  1772,  I'edro  Fauies  anil  Juan  Cresjii  jirocei  iled  from  Monterey  to 
exjilnie  the  J>ay  of  Sau  Francisco.  They  were  followed  by  liivera  y  Miui- 
cada  ill  1771,  and  ralmi  and  l'>.eta  in  177.^;  and  in  17711.  ^luiaL;a  founded 
the  Mission  of  Dolores.  Ill  177'),  ]>odei;a  y  (,|uadra  viiyau;ed  uj)  tho 
Californiaii  coast  to  the  lifty-eiuliih  .  arallel.  In  177(1,  i)omin,L;uez  and  Es- 
calante  made  an  exjieditiiii  fiuiii  Sam  i  Fr  to  ^Monterey,  jreiinnville  jinir- 
niyed  to  Oajaca  in  New  Sp.iln  in  1777.  In  177!S,  Captain  Cook,  in  his 
third  y<\:v^<'  I'lHiiid  ihcw-.Jd,  tnilehed  aloli^;  the  Coast  from  Cape  Flattery 
to  Xoitoii  Smind;  and  in  ]T7',I,  liode^a  y  t^h.adia.  Maurell  ,  inid  .Vrteicja 
voyau'ed  11)1  the  westmi  enast  to  ^Immt  St  I'.lias.  Diiriiii,'  the  years  l7^s.-»-.S, 
Voyaui's  iif  eiiriimnaviuatiiiii  were  mailr  by  liixmi  and  rorthick,  and  by  J,n 
I'erouse,  all  tiiiichiic^'  upon  the  Niirthwest  Coa-t. 

Frmch  ('aiiadi;in  tradi-rs  uire  the  tlist  to  jieiietvate  the  northern  inti-rinr 
west  I  if  Iliid-.iiii  li.iy,  Tin  ir  luiisi  distant  slatimi  was  mi  llir  Sa>kateli.  ■.I'aii 
Ilivi  r.  twii  thuusand  mih  s  fnun  eiviii/atiiui.  in  tlie  heart  of  an  unknown 
wilileriiv>s  inhabited  by  saxa^e  men  and  beasts,  'I'luse  cmov  i(,-.s  ,/,,s /,,.,'s  ,ir 
woiid-ran^ers,  as  they  wi  it  called,  wi  re  adiiiirab)--  adapted,  by  their  disjiusi- 
tion  and  superior  addiiss.  t.  c.iiieiliate  the  Indians  and  funii  settlements 
amoiie  them.  Uiir<  strain,  d,  Imv-vir.  by  cmitiul,  they  committed  excesses 
Vvhiih  the  Flench  enveinmi  nt  iDuid  eheik  only  by  pnihibitinu',  under  jienaliy 
of  dialh,  any  but   its  authorizi  d  ,r.;i  nts  fiom   tradiliL;  within   ;ts  ferritoiies. 


80 


FIEST  IXTEErOURSE  \VITII  EUKOrEAXS. 


f 


IHI 


I^i'itisii  iiKVcliiints  at  Nrw  Yovk  snon  iutir(  il  iiit"  cuinj)!  titiou  v.itli  tin-  fr.r 
lirinccsiif  MniitviMl.  But.  in  KwO,  a  niorc  fdi'iiiiilalilc  (i|nin-iti(iii  arose  in  flu> 
()r'.,'anizaliiiii  nf  the  niulsoii's  IJay  Coiiijiiiiiy.  liy  I'liiicc  Itninit  and  otlii  r 
niililcuHu,  nndi'i'  a  cliartcy  of  Charles  II.  wliidi  '.^ranted  cxi-Insivf  ri^'lit  to  all 
tlir  trrrilory  drained  liy  riv(  rs  llnwiiiL;  into  Hudson  15ay.  Xotwillislaudin^' 
constant  fends  with  tlie  French  merchants'  re^'ardin^'  territorial  limits,  the 
r'unipany  prosjiered  from  the  lie'4innini,'.  jiayiiii,'  aiimiai  dividenils  of  twenty- 
tive  and  til'ty  p-v  cent,  after  many  times   inci-easini;   the  capital   stock.     In 

I  mI'i,  the  Canadians  formed  tin-  < '■'iiiiHiii,,ir  i'"  A'./i/,  in  order  tln'  more  su<'- 
cessfuUy  to  resist  encroacliment.  I'pon  the  loss  of  Canada  hy  the  French  in 
ITi'.J,  hostililii  s  thiclci  ned  between  the  (Mihipanies.  aial  the  trallic  for  a  timo 
fell  off.  In  ITSl,  the  famous  Northwest  Company  was  formed  liy  Cana- 
dian niereliants,  and  the  manai,'enu  nt  entrusleil  to  the  Fro'iisher  lirothi  rs 
and  Simon  M'Tavish.  The  head-quartersof  th<-  com]Mny  W(  ,e  at  Jfontre^d, 
liut  annual  meeting's  were  held,  with  lordly  stati.  at  Fort  \\'iliiam.  on  the 
shore  of  f.,ake  Su]ierior.  'J"he  comp.my  consisted  of  tweiity-thiic  partners, 
and  emiiloyed  ovevtwo  thons.and  clerks  and  servai:ts.  It  ext  reis.d  an  almost 
feudal  sway  over  a  wide  savai,'e  domain,  .and  maintained  a  fornddalile  coni- 
petition  with  the  Ifitdsoii's  JSay  Comjiany.  with  ■  hich  Hay  were  for  two 
yiars  in  actual  war.  In  IHllt.  they  j)in'ehase<l,  from  the  partners  of  .lohu 
Jacob  As. or,  the  settlement  of  Astoria  on  the  Columhia  liiver.  In  1.S21,  tic  y 
united  \.  ith  till  Hudson's  liay  Comjiany:  and  the  eh.irtev  .  ^  .\.  riuL;  the  entire 
region  occupied  by  both  was  renewed  by  a<'t  of  I'arli.mii  i.t.  In  I7<;'J.  sonu' 
merchants  of  New  Orleans  or'^ani/ed  a  comjiany  wliiih  w.is  ei.iinnission! '1 
liy  li'Abadie,  direct or-'_;eneral  ^if  Louisiana,  umh  r  the  name  of  Pierre  Fi- 
j^MlcsIe  Laclede.  AntoiiU'  Maxan,  and  Company.  Their  llrst  |i.  ist  occupied  th.,' 
spot  njioii  which  the  city  of  St  Louis  i  •  now  siiuated;  iiml,  uiah  r  the  auspices 
of  the  lii-othei's  Choiitean.  they  ju  netrated  iiorthwistwaril  In  \ond  the  IJo.  I,y 
■Mountains.  In  ISO'**,  the  Missouri  Fur  (  "mpany  was  foriia-d  at  St  Louis, 
(•inini'*fin^'  of  the  Choute.ius  and  oih<  »'».:  and  an  <  spedilion  nnde,  Major 
J[enr,\  <as  sent  across  the  l{ocKy  Mountains,  whah  established  the  liist  po  ! 
on  the  I  ijundiia  Iliver.  Iietweeii  lh<  y<  iir>  I'-J.'Jand  iH.'til.  ih.  Koeky^buii  - 
an  Fur  Colupai!\  of  St  Louis  cxtei>l<«l  their  .pevations  ov(  {■  ('aliforiiia  and 
(lre;.,'on.  lint  at  a  lost  of  the  livc»  nt  pearly  "Ue  half  of  their  emjiioyi's. 
John  Jae  b  \stor  end  larked  in  tlie  fnr  ti.ide  at  Xew  York  in  ITS  I,  imrcliasini.,' 
i'.t  thai  time  in  M"<-,trial.  In  lMi>.  he  ol.taii.ed  a  < !  ,«rter  for  tln'  .Vmeric.an  Fur 
C  mpauy.  which  was,  in  ISl  1.  na  r'.i  d  into  the  South W(  st  <'omi)aiiy.  In  bsi",), 
Mr  .\ste.r  conceived  the  iiroject  of  ,>-tab!ishin;4  a  tran-e.ii.tinental  line  of 
Dosts.      His  purp<isi    was  to  coiiei  iilrati- the  fur  tra<le  of  the  I'liiMol  Kfntes. 

II  111  establish  nninterriipti  d  communicatii  n  Ik  tween  tlu'  I'aeirti-  ami  tiff  .\t- 
laiitic.  He  madi  propos.ils  of  association  to  the  Northwest  Coni|>atiy.  win,  'i 
Were  not  oldy  I'cji  (  ti  il.  but  an  atli  lapt  \V:ai  II  lade  by  t  j|..t  assoei,,tion  to  iil.'      :- 

pale  Mr  .Vstor  in  his  ojierations.  by  makini;  a  setthiui  nl  at  tlie  m><'Hh  .  '    fi  .• 
Ill  iHltt.  the  racific    Fur  (  omiianv  was  foiiinl' 'I  )>«»    W 


Columbia  l!i' 
Astor,  and  ai 
.M 


1   expeilition   dispati' 


ivelland   bv  \\a\  (if  Si    I^ouih  hikI   th 


iss(uiri    Itiver.     At   the  same  time  a  vessel   was  sent   loiind  Cape  Horn  'n 


(h 


e  mo 


utli  uf  the  Ciduiiibii;  but,  their  adventure  in 


that 


ijuaiter  pi'uvku^ 


THE  (JitEAT  xoirrinvEST. 


31 


1  ,   ' 

tlrl    tilt' 

lliini  '" 


* 


unsnrrcssfnl,  tlio  criminniy  -was  dissnlvcil,  niul  tin'  nixTiitioii-*  of  ^fr  A'^tor 
were  tlKT.'iiftcr  (•oiiruud  t«  the  tiiritdvv  mst  of  tin'  Ifm  kv  M(imit,tin~. 

Siimili'l  Hrani"'.  an  dlliccr  of  lln-  lliu^nirs  ];ay  ('oiiiliaiiy.  was  lli"  first 
Em-diH'an  to  icacli  the  Aivlic  Octaii  tlinHii;li  the  int«  linr  cf  the  cnntiiuiit. 
Ill'  (li'scriiclcil  ('(iiii)cniiiiie  J!iv(  r  to  ils  iiiouth  in  tlie  year  1771.  The  r|i;H'V 
Misiiiipi  liivn- was  livst  visited  liy  .Tiiscih  Frobishi  v  in  177-",.  'i''ii.i'  years 
lati-r,  1)111'  I'i'tcr  roiiil  priit'tratcil  to  witliiii  tliiity  luilis  of  Atlial.isca  Lalci', 
iind  cstalilislicd  ii  trailiiii,'  post  at  that  jioiut.  E'liiv  c^'iioc-loails  of  in.  rch.iii- 
ilise  Were  .xcha-.i-^'c'd  liy  him  foi-  iiioii'  lim- furs  than  his  caiincs  couiil  eaiiy. 
Other  ad VI  iitu rolls  traders  soon  foUowid;  hut  not  lone;  aftiiwards  the  iiit  vi- 
tidile  broils  which  always  attenili  <1  the  early  intercourse  of  Euvopi  aiis  and 
Indians,  rose  to  snch  a  heiL;ht  that,  lad  for  the  aiipeiivance  of  th;d  liliilile 
seonrjie,  the  small- pox,  the  traders  voiild  lia\e  heiu  e\tir]',;ti  il.  Tlie 
ravaees  of  this  dire  disease  continiK  d  to  d.  iiopiilali'  the  coiinliy  iiiiUl 
17S'J,  will  II  traders  aeain  apiieared  aiiion;^  the  Kiiis!eni:iii\  aud  'riniieli. 
Tile  mosi  northern  division  of  the  "Northwest  ('oiiipaey  was  at  that  time 
the  Athahascaii  Lake  neinn.  ^^here  Alexander  Maekeii/ie  was  the  man- 
11^111},'  partner.  His  winter  residenee  was  at  Fort  {'hiiiewyaii,  on  .\tiiiiliase;v 
Luke.  'J'he  Indians  who  traded  at  his  estaldishnu  nt  informed  him  of  the 
I  >i.-f  nee  of  a  lar.L;e  liver  llowin^;  to  the  westward  from  Slave  Laki-.  'Ihiiik- 
!M'.'  !'  reliy  to  reach  the  I'aeitic  Ocean,  Mr  .Mackenzie,  iii  the  year  17.s'.i.  set 
oiii  upon  an  expedition  to  the  west:  and,  desceiidinL;  the  noble  stn  am  which 
bears  his  naiin  ,  found  himself,  contrary  to  his  expi  et;iiions.  upon  liie  shores 
(if  till'  Arctic  Sell.  In  17'.):;.  he  made  a  journey  to  the  I'aeilic,  nscenditi!.,' 
I'eaee  liivi'r,  and  reacliiuL;  the  coast  in  latitude  aliout  tifty-twii.  'i'he  lii-.t 
expedition  or^'ani/.id  by  llie  J!iili>h  eovirnnient  l'^  'i'  the  purpose  of  siir\  ■  \  iie.,' 
the  nortlie'-n  coast,  was  sent  out  tiiidi  r  I^ieiiti  naiits  I'ranklin  and  IViiyiii 
IHIK.  I  liirine  the  year  foUowine.  1'"r:inklin descended  ('op])erniine  liiver.  and 
-ulisi  cjiiently,  in  \'^'I'k  he  made  a  jouiiiey  down  the  ]\Iaeken/.ie.  In  ISdH, 
1).  W.  Harmon,  a  jiartnir  in  the  Northwest  lom|ian\.  ero^^eil  the  Uoiky 
Ibiuntains,  at  «>■■  the  tifty-sixth  parallel,  to  I'raser  and  Stuart  Lakes. 
Till  lints  of  (>ti<   nativi'jt  ^iviii  by  thisi-  travelers  and  tin  ir  companions 

lire  IS-  iitially  tile  same,  and  later  voyaeers  have  failed  to  throw  iiiiieh  adcli- 
tinial  Ijeht  upon  the  subject,  .lohii  ^[eares,  in  I7''^S,  visiieil  tiie  Straits  of 
Euca,  N'ootk;  S,  md.  and  Cook  Inlet :  and.  liming  the  same  year,  two  ships, 
Kent  out  1)\  r.oston  iinrchaids,  iiiid>  r  llobi  rt  (Irayaiid  .Tohii  I'leiidrick, 
(•litirid  X'Mitk.i  Souiiil.  l'".ste\an  M  irtim/  mid  (i mzalo  llaro.  sent  from 
Mexico  to  look  after  the  iiitenst  of  Spain  ill  these  I' u'iolis,  explon  il  I'rince 
AVilliam  Sound,  and  visited  Kadiak.  jMiiine  the  saiiii' year,  the  liii-sinns 
(  st  iMi-.lud  a  tiadine  post  ill  ('o|ip(  r  llivi  1 .  in  I,  .lo>,.  ph  Ihlliii'.s  visited 
th  •  -Meilliall  Islands,  and  till'  lloNton  \i  ssi  Is  (>;plo)id  the  Eastei  n  const  of 
(^ui'cn  Charlotte  Island.  In  I7'.)l),  S  ilv  i  h.r  I'idi'I-o  was  si  lit  by  the  Mi  xiciiii 
^overiiliielit   to  Nootka:  and   .MoiialdoeX)  d   tie     Sirailsof  .lualide  Fllca. 

In  17 'I,  four  shijis  beloi  uim;  to  lioston  tie  haiits.  two  S|ianisli  ships,  one 
I'leneh  and  several  Itilssiali  vessels  touched  llpniitlie  Northwest  Coast.  The 
S,iallisli  Vissi'ls  Were  11  lider  the  command  of  .Ml  jandroM  ilespiiia;  IJii  line  Mar- 
I'hiind  V  as  the  tomniander  of  tlie  I'n  i:   li  shii'.     'Ilii     'Sulilv  Mixieana'  in- 


32 


riKST  iNTEiirontsK  ^viTii  r.riiorEANS. 


tcvccl  \<Mi;k:i  Siiiiiiil  in  IT'.l'J;  inid  (luriiiLjtl'p  saiiic  year,  VaiKouvcrcoimnciici  d 
liis  cxpldraliiiiis  aliini,'  llic  (nast  alidve  Cape  Flattery.  In  18()U-4,  Harnii  Vnu 
lliiiiilioldt  was  making'  Jiis  seaveliint,'  iiiv(sti<j:atiiiiis  in  ^lexico:  while  the 
eajitivi'  \(  \v  Ei^lanchr,  Jewctt,  was  daiieiii^'  att(  nchmee  to  !Ma(|iiiiia,  kiii;^ 
of  the  NiJotl;as.  ].e\vis  and  ('laik  tiaveised  tlie  continent  in  l.SO.").  In  l,s(i(;, 
n 'Mv  riascr  set  out  from  Canada,  and  crossed  the  l{oeky  ^lountains  near 
till'  luadwaters  of  the  river  wliieh  hi  ars  his  name.  ]Ie  (hseended  Evaser 
liiver  to  the  lake  wliieh  hi'  also  eallt d  after  liini«i(  If.  'I'here  he  hnilt  a  fort 
and  oiiened  trade  with  the  native  s.  ]vot/el)ue  visited  the  coast  in  ISKI;  r.nd 
the  liUhsian  (  \}iidilion  nnder  ]\vaniehi'nko,  ^\'asilief^■,  and  Etoliii,  in  1m:2. 
Cajitaiii  ^lornl  ex]ilored  the  Californi.ai  coast  from  San  l)i(L;o  to  San  J'rar.- 
eiseii  in  1S_.");  ('a]Mains  T.t'eehey  and  Liitke,  the  Northwest  Coast  in  IX'2('>;  a!:d 
Sir  Edward  J!eli-h(  r  in  ]S)i7.  J.  K.  Townsend  made  an  excursion  w(  st  of  the 
liocky  Mountains  in  ]h:!4.  In  ]s;i7,  ])eaKe  and  Simpson  niade  an  ojnn 
boat  voyani- from  the  JIackenzie  Itiver,  westward  to  Point  Harrow,  tlie  far- 
thest point  niade  liy  !!(•(  ch(  y  from  the  opposite  directi(jn,  thus  reaehini,'  the 
I'U'iiiKi  'lliiilf  of  nortliwestern  discovery.  Sir  G<'or;_;e  Sinijison  c-ossed  the 
continent  in  JSll.  Freiiaint  in  ]S};t,  and  I'aul  Kinu^  in  ]«1"».  Kushevarotl' 
visited  the  coast  in  ls:),S,  Lapla<'(>  in  1n:>'.(,  Connnodore  AVilkes  in  1*^11.  and 
Cajitain  Kellett  in  If-ll).  Eollowint,' the  discovery  of  gold,  the  country  was  drl- 
nged  hy  adventmcis.  In  IS,")!!-!,  comnK  nee  d  the  series  of  explorations  for  a 
I'licitic  railway.  The  necessities  of  the  natives  were  examimd,  and  renmaiils 
of  disapiiearini;  nations  were  colhcted  upon  reservations  niahr  governna  r.t 
a,L;ents.  'I'he  interior  of  Ahiska  was  lirst  jienetratid  hy  the  euijiloyi's  of  the 
llussian-Americau  Fur  Company,  ^hdakntl'  asei  nded  the  "\ukon  in  ]'->:;S; 
and,  in  lsl2,  l)erahin  estahlished  a  fort  upon  tliat  live)-.  In  XM'.K  W.  H. 
Hooper  made  a  hoat  (xindition  from  Kotrihue  Sound  to  the  ^Iack(  n;;!j 
Itiver:  and,  in  iMld,  ^Villiam  11.  Dall  and  Fredi'rick  AN'hymper  ascenilid  tho 
Yukon. 

I  have  lere  L;iven  a  few  only  of  the  ori;_;inal  sources  whence  my  infoi  illa- 
tion is  i',iri\i  d  couci  rnin.L;  the  Indians.  A  nniltituih>  of  luinor  voyages  and 
travels  have  1h  i  n  ])erformid  (hiring;  the  jiast  three  and  a  half  centnries,  and 
accounts  ]iuhlished  hy  early  residents  anion!,'  the  natives.  th<'  hare  (  nunic  r;i- 
tion  of  wlii(  h  I  fear  would  jirovc  wearisome  to  the  iiaih^r.  Enoii;;li,  how- 
ever, has  hceii  given  to  show  the  immediate  causes  which  led  to  the  disi-ovi  ly 
and  occupation  of  tlu'  several  jiarts  of  this  western  coast.  'J'he  Spanir-h 
cavaliers  ciaved  from  the  Indians  of  the  South  their  lands  and  their  gold. 
The  Spanish  missionaries  demanded  fi'om  the  Indians  of  \ortliern  ]\reNii  o 
and  California,  faith.  The  French,  English.  Canadian,  and  American  fr.r 
companies  sought  from  the  Indians  of  Oregon  and  New  Caleihuiia.  iieltries. 
The  iin^siaiis  ciim|iellid  thi'  natives  of  the  .\leutian  Islands  to  hunt  sea- 
animals.  'I'he  tilth  raw-llesh-eating  Eskimos,  having  nothing  wherev.ith  to 
t<'mpt  the  cupidity  of  the  sii]ierior  race,  retain  their  jiriniilive  pe.iity. 

AVe  oli^i  rve  then  tliric  original  incentives  urging  on  civilixed  whitn 
men  to  overspreiid  the  (hmiaiu  of  the  Im'.ian.  The  lirst  M'as  that  th'r't 
for  gold,   whieh  characterized   the   lieiy  hidalgos  fioiii    Spain  ia  their  con- 


CrriDITV  ANJ)  ZEAL. 


iiifciiiiiii- 
la,u;cs  al.'l 
hies,  aial 
UiniK  1':'- 
',ll.   llclW- 

[lis'-iivci  y 

Spanish 

Irir   L,'iiUl. 

■icaii  fr.r 

jK  Iti'iis. 

lint  sca- 
■with  (i) 

y. 

il  wl  i;o 
lat    tl.'v^t 

II  ir  i-Mii- 


qiiists,  aiiil  til  iilitiiir.  wIi'mIi  iki  crnclty  was  loo  scvcvp  iioi-  any  sacvifioo  of 
liuiiiaii  lid' till)  1,'irat ;  as  tlidil^li  iif  all  thi'  ^'ifts  vdiiilisafrd  tn  man.  material 
or  (liviiir.  iiiif  (luly  \va,^  voith  jiossfssiiii,'.  Tlu'  sicoiul,  fdllnwiiiL!  i-lnsdy 
ill  the  fiiiitsti  ps  (if  the  ihsf.  ami  ol'telitimes  cdiistitutiii;^'  a  [lait  nf  il,  \\;is 
li'li;;iii:i-i  I  iitliusiaMu;  a /ealmis  interest  in  tlie  souls  of  the  natives  ami  tlio 
form  in  whirli  tiii  y  wurshipe,!.  The  thinl,  which  oeeniiied  th  ■  atteiJien  of 
other  auil  niiu"  northern  Etiropeans,  ;,^'rew  out  of  a  covetnus  desire  for 
the  wild  man's  elolhilii!;  to  seeure  to  themselves  the  ]iellries  of  the  ^'reat 
liv[ieil"irean  riLiii-nsof  America.  From  the  soutli  of  Knrope  the  Spaniards 
lalaled  in  tro|iieid  North  America,  and  exterminated  the  natives.  Froiu  the 
north  of  Kurope  the  FreMeli,  Em,Iisli,  and  llussiaiis  I'rossed  over  to  the 
liortli'  lai  part  of  .\merica;  and,  with  a  kinder  and  nmre  reiliied  (  rui  Ity,  I'o 
less  4  lleetuallv  siiccicdeu  in  swee])in^'  them  from  the  face  of  the  (  arth  liy  tlm 
introduction  of  the  iioisoranis  elements  of  a  deliased  cultivation. 

]-'iirtunately  fur  the  Indians  of  the  north,  it  was  contrary  to  the  interests 
of  while  jieojile  to  kill  them  iu  order  to  obtain  the  skins  of  their  animals; 
for.  with  a  f(  w  trinkets,  they  could  jirociu'e  what  otherwise  would  reiiuire 
1  iia;  and  severe  l^oor  to  ol'taiu.  The  policy,  therefore,  of  the  ;,'reat  fur- 
tradiii;.^  conipanies  lias  heeii  to  <-hcrish  the  Indians  as  their  best  hunters,  to 
livL'  at  peace  Vi-ith  them,  to  lieal  thiir  ancient  feuds,  a'ld  to  withlmld  from 
thcni  iiitoxicatine  liquors.  The  condition  of  their  women,  who  were  considered 
liy  t.l:i>  natives  as  littlu  better  than  beasts,  lias  been  changed  by  their  inter- 
Mieial  relations  with  the  sci'vaiits  of  the  trading  companies;  and  their  liioro 
barbarous  practices  discontinued.  It  was  the  ah;iost  universal  custom  of  tlio 
'.■m]iliiyi's  of  th(^  Hudson's  Day  Company  to  unite  to  themselves  nativ(^ 
"..iiieii;  thus,  by  nuans  of  this  relationship,  the  condition  of  the  women  has 
liei'U  raised,  while  the  men  manifest  a  kinder  feeling  towards  the  white  ra(  c 
who  thus  in  a  measure  become  one  with  them. 

The  etliiitsof  e.irly  missionaries  to  this  region  were  not  crowned  with  that 
succi'ss  wiiich  attended  the  Sp.aniards  in  theirspiritual  warfare  ujion  the  sonfii- 
ern  nations,  from  the  fact  that  no  attention  was  paid  to  the  temporal  necessi- 
tiesof  t  111-  native-..  It  has  loni;  since  been  demonstriiti  d  impossible  to  reach 
the  heart  of  a  sava'^i'  throueh  abstract  ideas  of  morality  and  elevatimiof  char- 
acter. .\.  reli;4inn.  in  order  to  find  favor  in  liis  eys,  mtist  first  meet  some 
of  his  ni.aterial  rei[uirements.  If  it  is  eood,  it  will  clothe  him  bettir 
and  feed  him  better,  for  this  to  him  is  the  (diiefest  good  in  life.  Intermix- 
furesof  civilized  with  s.avtige  peoples  are  sure  to  I'esidt  in  tl;e  total  disappear- 
anc-  of  '■!  til  11  iiieiil  III!  the  one  side,  or  in  the  extinction  of  tlie  barbaric  race  nu 
the  other.  The  downward  path  is  always  the  easiest.  (»f  all  the  millions 
of  native  Aiiit  lie.ins  who  liiive  pi  rished  undt  r  the  withering  inlliieiices  of 
Enroiiean  civilization,  there  is  not  a  single  in>!anee  on  record,  nf  a  tribe  or 
nation  having  been  reclaimed,  i cclesiiistically  or  ntherwise,  by  artiliee  and 
argument.  liiili\  idiial  savages  have  been  educated  with  a  fair  degree  of  suc- 
cess. I!ut,  witii  a  iVgreeof  cert.ainty  far  greater,  no  sooner  is  the  white  man 
freed  from  the  siwHid  restraim  of  civilized  eoiiipanionshi[i,  than  he  imniedi- 
atily  tends  tow-ivls  l>arl«»risiii;  and  not  iinfreipteiitly  Ik  cunii  s  sn  f.-iseiuated 
\Nitli  his  in  w  lis  as  to  pj-<'fer  it  toany  nthi  r.  Social  develuimu  lit  is  inhcrcut: 
Vol.  I.    4 


!;     ( 

I  , 
I     , 


!l  I 


34 


riKhT  IXTEKCOrUSE  WITH  EUIIOPEANS. 


sn]i(  1  induci  (1  cultuif.'  is  a  failure  Li  ft  alour,  tln'  iiiitidus  o{  Amciiiu  iiiiL;ht 
liiivo  iiufoi.lid  into  iiK  1  ri;;lit  ;i  livili/utidi  as  (hut  of  Eiir(i|ic.  Tin  y  wiri' 
iilreiuly  will  mlvaiK'i  (1,  and  still  raiiiilly  ailvancing  towards  it,  when  tin  y 
wci'o  so  nivriilfssly  strickiu  down.  15iit  for  a  stmuger  to  n-crcati;  the  heart 
u.;  liLiul  of  ii  red  man,  it  wcru  easier  tu  changu  tbt:  color  uf  Lis  skiu. 


i        !■ 


H 


-i 


:l- 


'•  J'l 


Tt-'^- 


i 


IS" 


^ — - 


UMi'    '      '■ 


Vi  ' 


^  c.  •«  ^     . 


—  '" 


'• 

i  ^,^,.>^»» 


,^.l»"' 


►U'-^*^ 


.■\.«*'''^ 


It 


*. 


-^- 


N  - 


CVI*' 


*^°r' t*^. 


^  »' 


.**vr,,. 


\»* 


tv 


0>' 


'  .«> 


vi 


/ 


\"3 


CMIAPTKI^    ii 


iiVi'!:i;i;(>i;i;\Ns. 


<^ 


(W:vKi;\i,   I'lvii   S-,     IIviKiiiiiKK.w  Natiuns  -  Aspkcix  or  Nvrt'i:!:— VFdfTA- 
lu.N       <  ir;\rK      Ammm.s  -  Tuk  Kskimos      I'iikii!  ("(ii-nti;v     Piiyskai, 


Si,'  IH.K;        Snuw-SmoKs      (iuYKIlNMKNT-     lld.MKsllc    All'AI 


Ki    -AmisKMHSTS 


I)ISK\-Ks       r>fl:l\l.        I'lIK    KiiNIAliAS,  TIlKll!    I'llY-^lrvi,    AM)   SuCIAJ.   CoN- 

imiiiN      I'iii:  Ai.Ki  i>,      I'liK  I'lii.iMvKKr-;      Thk  'I'inskh. 

1  >li.ill  ;ittt'iii|it  to  (lcs('ril)c  the  pliysical  ami  nu'iital 
(•liaract('ri>ti('>  iA'  l!i.'  Xativi-  IJaccs  of  tlio  racilic  Status 
iiiidci-  st'xrii  (listiiit'tivc  tjiroui's:  uaiiich.  I.  ll\|icil)()- 
rcaii-.  lifiiii  tlio-r  nations  A\  lilt-, '  tcrritoi'x  lies  lua'tli  ot' 
tlif  lii'tN -lit'lli  paiallfl;  11.  ( 'oliiniliiaiis.  wjio  ducll  lic- 
twfcii  the  lil'iN  -  tilth  ami  lort\ -sccoml  jiarallds.  and 
wliox'  lauils  to  sonic  I'Xtt'nt  ai't' draiiu'd  1»\  the  < 'olnnihia 
liivfi- and  it^  tiihutai'ics;    111.  < 'alitoniians.  ami  the  In- 


ahitants    of    tlif    (ircat 


i)asin 


1\-.    Ni'w    M 


o.Mcan^ 


inrhidiir^  thr  nation- ot'  the  (  'ojorado  ITimt  and  nortlu  in 
Mexico;  \.  Wild  Trihcs<.r  .Mexico;  VI.  Wild  Tri!.e>  of 
t'ciiti'il  .\inciica;  \  11.  t'i\ili/.ed  Nati(Uisot"  .Mexico  and 
( 'cniral  Ainci'ica.  It  is  niv  |)nf|iose.  \\  ithont.  anv  attempt 
at  et!inolo;.;ical  elas.^-ilication.  oi-  Inrther  coinnient  con- 
ecrninu;  races  and  stocks,  plainly  to  poitra\  such  customs 
an  !  chai'actei'i-tic.-<  as  wiae  pecnliar  to  each  pcopit'  at  the 
time  ol'  its  lir-t  in!ci'cour-e  with  I'-uropcan  stiaii  mt- : 
l"a\in^'  ^cit•n!i^ts  to  make  their  own  deductions.  ;nid 
draw  spccilic  lines  hetween  linLiuistic  and  pli\  siolo-ical 
families,  as  llu-v  may  deem  proper.  1  shall  endeavor  to 
jiictnre  tliese  nation-  in  theii'  ahoriLiinal  condition,  a-  seen 


._2i-: _iS2i 


^:      '^'      J      .4      3^       1..4      M       r     M 


If,,/  c'li- 


'Jr^':»i 


A  it  »■'  '-^ 


KATIVE     RiVCI 

of    t  he 
HYPERBOREAN   GROUP 

S.-.1I,.. 
I 

/AT    \titrnff  iiiilr.r    tit    nn    tnrh 


I'M  H* 


ui  IH         IM  laa  IIS  111  u«  111  <•• 


IK 


\rj 


■""WiliU h 


) 


Ni'ji'iiicKulrJ 


r  * 


'•111*  J 


>" 


-V,.-'*" 


\ 


■  ■-?■>'. 


C"*""  *.; 


A' 


1,-iiUll^  itilt<'lii<> 


ft  i''"y/      *<K,' 


/tf»v  /"'■'■^ 


I.     .   .  iL-"''* 


^*''  ^^        .^«.*\ 


v-- 


Vs 


„.""' 


/..■'" 


Sl"i  •^' 


c 


^^x\a< 


V, 


,♦       I 


or    t  he 

IC     STiLTE 

IBOREAN   GROUP 


-'%::.i  ^"^ 


'"'^^ ^:#  ^^^ — -r^     \^m 


^atutti  ntiUs  to  an    inch 


S»*V„r^^>,. 


n**- 


'iu 


^^ 


^> 


■svv 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


i 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


"     "i2    IIIM 


1.4 


1.6 


% 


/) 


^;. 


■>>,  •> 


"V 


y 


y^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  iTRfET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


,» 


l/.A 


sa 


HYPEKBOKEAXS. 


1)V  tlie  first  invaders,  as  described  bv  those  who  beheld 
them  in  their  savage  jirandeur,  and  Ijelbre  they  were 
startled  from  their  lair  by  the  treaclieroiis  voice  of  eivili/ed 
irieiuiship.  Now  they  are  ;:(H>e. — those  dusky  deiii/.eiis 
of  a  tlunisaiid  forests. — melted  like  hoar-frost  liefore  tin; 
risiiiji'  sun  of  a  superior  intelliiience;  and  it  is  oidy  from 
the  eailiest  records,  from  the  narratives  of  eye  witnesses, 
mjujy  of  them  rude  unlettered  men,  trapjx'is,  sailors, 
ami  soldiers,  that  wv  are  able  to  know  them  as  they 
were.  Some  division  of  the  work  into  parts,  how- 
ever arbitrary'  it  may  lie,  is  indis[)ensable.  In  deal- 
in};  with  M^ihology,  and  in  tracinji  the  tortuous  course; 
of  Language,  l»onndari»'s  will  l»e  dropiK'd  and  beliefs 
and  tongues  will  Ijo  followed  wherevei  they  lead:  but  in 
describing  Maimers  and  Customs,  to  avoid  confusion, 
territorial  divisions  are  ne(;essarv. 

in  the  groupings  which  1  have  adopted,  one  clustei*  of 
nations  follows  another  in  geograi)l.ical  succession;  the 
dividing  lino  not  being  more  distinct.  |)erhai)s,  than  that 
whl*  h  distinguishes  svnne  national  divisions,  but  sulli- 
ciently  marked,  in  mental  and  physical  |K'culiarities,  to 
entitle  each  groui)  to  a  separate  ct)nsi(leration. 

The  only  distinctitui  of  rju;e  made  by  naturalists.  \\\H)n 
the  continents  of  lx)th  Xorth  and  J^outh  America,  until 
a  comparatively  recent  jn'riod,  was  by  segregating  the 
first  of  the  abovif  named  groups  from  all  olber  piH)i)le  of 
both  continents,  and  calling  one  Mongolians  ami  the 
other  Americans.  A  more  intimate  accpiaintnnce  with 
the  nations  of  the  Xorth  ])roves  conclusively  that  one 
(  f  t^>>  boldest  tyi^s  of  the  Amcricun  Indinn  proper,  the 
'iiuiieh.  lies  within  the  territory  of  this  first  group, 
conteiminous  with  the  Mongolian  Mskimos.  and  ciowding 
them  down  to  a  narrow  line  along  the  shore  of  the  Arctic 
Sea.  The  nations  of  the  second  group,  although  exhibit- 
ing multitudinous  variatit)ns  in  minor  traits,  aie  escen- 
tially  one  jx-ople.  lietween  the  California  Diggei's  of 
the  third  division  and  the  New  Mexican  Towns- people 
of  the  fourth,  there  is  niore  diversity;  and  a  still  greater 


GROri'INdS  AND  Sl'ISDIVISIONS. 


37 


(liilVrcnw  bi'twcoii  tlie  sivairo  ami  civili/od  nations  of 
tlio  Mexican  tahlo-land.  Any  classilication  or  division 
of  the  suhjeet  which  could  he  made  would  he  oih'H  to 
criticism.  1  therefore  adopt  the  most  simple  practical 
plan,  one  Avhich  will  present  the  suhject  most  clearly  tc 
the  jicneral  leader,  and  leave  it  in  the  Ix'st  shajH.'  foi 
puriM)ses  of  theorizin^i'  and  generalization. 

In  the  fnst  or  Ih  i-kkuokkan  jironp,  to  which  thischnp- 
t«'r  is  devoted,  are  live  suhdivisions.  as  I'ollows:  The  As/,/- 
iiiin<.  i'oiumonly  calle<l  Western  Kskimos.  who  skirt  the 
shores ofthe  ArcticOcean  from  Mackeir/ie  Kiverto  Kot/.e- 
hue  Sound  ;  the  Koniaf/oxov  Southern  Kskimos,  who.  com- 
mencinufat  Kotzehue  Sound,  cross  the  Kaviak  Peninsula, 
h(M"der  on  lierinji  Sea  IVom  Norton  Sound  southwai'd. 
and  stretcli  over  the  Alaskan'   IVninsula  and  Koniauan 


i'ii.'iiiiiL;  luiiiiy  (•■iiitiirtiniis.  soiih'  aiilliurs  wiit- 

i'l  ,'  it   ilitVc  lilllly  nil  ilirt''  ■lilt    |i:l','>  S  c.f    tile  SMlllr    llcHlk.    )lMs  ,lt    l<llL;tll   1h  liPllll' 

Alisht,  as  ajiiilit'd  to  the  iiiiuu  laiul;   AUtsLt  for  thu  pouiusul.i,  ainl  L'}fi- 


88 


HYPERBOREANS. 


Lslands  to  the  mouth  of  the  Atna  or  Copi^er  River, 
extending  Iwick  into  the  interior  alxnit  one  hundred  und 
lil'ty  miles;  the  Aleuts,  or  peo[)le  of  the  Aleutian  Archi- 
l)ela}io;  the  lldinki'dn,  who  inhabit  the  coasst  and  islands 
between  the  rivers  Atna  and  Na»ss;  and  the  Tliinc/i, 
or  Atlijvbascas,  occupying  the  territory  between  the 
alx>\t,  descrijjed  boundaries  and  Hudson  liay.  Ivich  of 
these  hunilies  is  divided  into  nations  or  tribes,  distiii- 
fiuislied  one  from  another  by  slight  dialectic  or  other 
differences,  which  tribal  divisions  will  ))e  given  in  treat- 
ing of  the  several  nations  respectively. 

Let  us  first  cast  a  glance  over  this  brojul  domain,  and 
mark  those  as[)ects  of  nature  which  exercise  so  [)owerfi!l 
an  inlluence  u}X)n  the  destinies  of  mankind,  ^lidway  be- 
tween Mount  St  Eliasantl  the  Arctic  sealxjard  rise  three 
mountain  chains.  One.  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  cross- 
ing from  the  Yukon  to  the  .Macken/le  River,  dellects  south- 
ward, and  taking  up  its  mighty  line  of  march,  throws  a 
barrier  between  the  east  and  the  west,  which  extends 
throughout  the  entire  length  of  the  continent.  Between 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific.  interiM)ses  another 
called  in  Oregon  the  Cascade  Range,  and  in  (^difornia 
the  Sierra  Nevada;  wliile  from  the  same  starting-iM)iut, 
the  Alaskan  range  stretches  out  to  the  southwest  along 
the  Alaskan  IVninsula,  and  breaks  into  fragments  in  the 
Aleutian  Archipelago.  Three  noble  streams,  the  Macken- 
zie, the  Yukon,  and  the  Kuskofpiim.  float  the  lK)ats  of  the 
inland  lIy[)erboreans  and  supply  them  with  food;  while 
from  the  heated  waters  of  Japan  comes  a  current  of  the 
sea.  bathing  the  icy  coasts  with  genial  waniith,  temper- 
ing the  air.  and  imparting  gladness  to  the  oily  watermen 
of  the  coast,  to  the  northenuuost  limit  of  their  lauds. 
The  northern  border  of  this  territory  is  treeless;  the 
southern  shore.  al)sor))ing  more  warmth  and  moisture 
from  the  Ja})an  current,  is  fringed  with  dense  forests; 

htshhi  us  the  niinu'  of  tlio  island.  As  thcst;  niimos  arc  all  coiTuptions  frnm 
8<mn'  OIK!  ori^'inul  word,  whatever  that  may  he,  I  si'o  no  reason  for  j^'iviii;^' 
tlu'  error  three  ditien-nt  forms.  I  therefore  write  Alaska  for  the  mainland 
uud  peuiuauhi,  and  Uualaska  for  th'-'  island. 


MAX  AND  NATUKE. 


CO 


\vliilc  the  interior,  inters^x^rsed  with  hills,  and  lakes, 
and  w(M)ds,  and  grassy  jHains,  dnring  the  short  siunnier 
is  clothed  in  hixnriant  vegetation. 

Notwithstanding  the  frowning  asjK-et  of  natnre,  ani- 
mal lil'e  in  the  Arctic  regions  is  most  ahundant.  The 
ocean  swarms  with  every  si)ecies  of  fish  und  sea-mam- 
mal; the  land  ahonnds  in  reindeer,  m(K)se,  nuisk-oxen;  in 
hlack.  gri//ly,an(l  Ar(;tic  hears;  in  wolves,  foxes,  heavers, 
mink,  ermine,  martin,  otters,  I'acctMins,  and  water- fowl. 
Innnense  henls  of  hnlfalo  roam  over  the  hleak  gi'assy 
plains  of  the  eastern  Tiinieh,  hut  seldom  Aenture  I'ar  to 
the  west  of  the  Kcwkv  Mountains.  Myriads  of  hirds 
migrate  to  and  fro  hetween  their  hreeding-[)la('es  in  the 
interior  of  Alaska,  the  open  Arctic  Sea,  and  tJie  warmer 
latitudes  of  the  south.  From  the  (iulf  of  Mexico,  from 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  IVom  the  lakes  of  Calilbrnia, 
of  Oregon,  and  of  AVashington  they  come,  Ihittering  and 
feasting,  to  rear  their  young  during  the  sparkling  Arctic 
summer-day. 

'riic  whole  occupation  of  man  throughout  this  region, 
is  a  struggle  for  life.  So  long  as  the  c»rganism  is  plenti- 
fully sup[ilied  with  heat- producing  I'ood.  all  is  well. 
Once  let  the  internal  fire  go  down,  and  all  is  ill.  I'n- 
liki'  the  inhabitants  of  e(piatorial  latitudes,  where,  Kden- 
like.  tlu'  sheltering  tree  dro[)s  Ibod.  and  the  little 
nourishment  essential  to  life  may  he  obtained  by  only 
stretching  forth  the  hand  and  plucking  it,  the  ilyper- 
boreau  in;ui  nuist  maintain  a  constant  warfai-e  with 
nature,  or  die.  His  daily  Ibod  depends  u[)on  t!ie  suc- 
cess of  his  daily  battle  with  beasts,  bird.s,  and  lishes. 
which  dispute  with  him  possession  of  .sea  and  land. 
l/nl(>rtunate  in  his  search  for  game,  or  foiled  in  his 
attempt  at  cajtture.  he  nuist  liist.  The  associate  of 
beasts,  go\erni'd  l»v  the  same  eujeriicncit.'s,  nrcNinu" 
upon  annuals  as  annuals  ])rey  upon  I'ach  other,  the 
victim  supplying  all  the  necessities  of  the  victor,  oc- 
cu[)ying  territory  in  counnon.  lM>th  alike  drawing  sup- 
plies directly  from  the  storehouse  of  nature, — primitive 


40 


HYPERHOllE.VXS. 


mail  (Iriivos  liis  vorv  ciualitv  from  tlie  lirute  Avitli  Avliicli 
ho  strii<zuk'H.  The  idiosyncriisics  of  the  iiniinal  iastoii 
upon  liim,  and  that  uikjii  wliich  he  feed.s  Ik-coiul's  a  part 
of  him. 

Tliu.s,  ill  a  nation  of  hunters  inhabitinji'  a  ri<:(»rous 
chmate,  wo  may  look  for  wirv,  koon-scentcd  uu  n.  ulio 
in  tlu'ir  Avar  ujumi  wild  boasts  put  I'orth  str('U<:th  and 
onduraiieo  in  order  to  overtake  and  capture  the  slroni:; 
cuiminu;  is  opjjosed  bv  superior  cunuinii:  a  stciiltliy 
watcbfiilness  governs  e\'ery  movement,  uliile  the  iiitiUi- 
gence  of  the  man  contends  with  the  instincts  of  the  biiite. 
Fishermen,  on  the  other  hand,  who  obtain  their  food 
with  comparatively  little  eiVort,  are  more  slu<:j:ish  in 
their  natures  and  less  iU)blo  in  their  development.  In 
the  icy  regions  of  the  north,  the  animal  ci-eation  supplies 
man  with  food,  clothing,  and  caloric;  with  all  the  reipii- 
sites  of  an  existence  under  circumstances  ap])arently  the 
most  adverse  to  comfort;  and  when  he  digs  liis  (hvelling 
beneath  the  ground,  or  walls  out  the  piercing  winds  with 
8110W,  his  ultimate  i.<  attained. 

The  chief  diiVereiices  in  tribes  occupying  the  interior 
and  the  seaboard, — the  elevated,  treeless,  gi-assy  plains 
ea't  of  the  liocky  Mountains,  and  the  humid  islands 
and  shores  of  the  great  Xorthwest. — grow  out  of  neces- 
sities arising  from  their  methods  of  ])rocuring  food. 
l"]ven  causes  so  slight  as  the  sheltering  bend  of  a  coast- 
line; the  guarding  of  a  shore  by  islands:  the  breaking 
of  a  seaboard  by  inlets  and  covering  of  the  sti'aud  with 
s 'a-weed  tuid  polyps,  re(|uiring  only  the  labor  of  gather- 
ing; or  the  presence  of  a  bluff  coast  or  windy  prom- 
ontory, whose  occupants  are  obliged  to  put  forth  more 
vigorous  action  for  sustenance — all  govern  man  in  his 
devel()[)ment.  ^furn  now  to  the  most  northern  division 
of  our  most  northern  group. 

TiiK  EsKnro.s,  Ksfpiimaux.  or  as  they  call  themselves. 
IiDiHit,    'the    peo[)le,'    from    \nid-j    'man.'    occupy    the 

*  'riit>  naiuo  is  said.  l>y  Chiirlcvnix  'to  lu'  (Icvivi'd  fnim  tlic  l:iiimiii^,'f  of  tlii' 
Abenii([ui,  a  tribe  of  .Vlyoiiquius  iu  L'uutulu,  wlio  buuU'i-  iiiiou  tliiiii  iiiul  cull 


THE  ESKIMOS. 


41 


Arctic  sfMl)oar(l  from  eastern  (ireenlaiid  alonpr  tlie  cn- 
tiiv  contiiicnt  of  Ainerica,  aiul  across  Uerinji''  Strait  to 
tlie  Asiatic  shore.  Formerly  the  inliahitants  of  our 
\vhole  nyi)erhorean  sea-coast,  from  the  ^hleken•/,ie  Uiver 
to  Queen  Charlotte  Island  —  tlu'  intei-ior  heinjr  en- 
tirely unknown  —  were  denominated  Eskimos,  and  Avere 
of    supposed    Asiatic   origin.*     The    tril)es  of  southern 


tlicm  "EHqinmnntsir. 


'  L'ori^iue  ilv  loiinioiu  ii't'st  jhik  certain.    Tcnitcfois 


il  y  11  Mill  lit'  riij)ii!iv('iii'('  (pi'il  vitiit  dn  mot  Aliiiiii<|iii,  isiiKiimiiit.sif  ijni  vi  iit 


(lire  "iiiiii!^i'iii' (Ic  vialiclc  t'Vili'.  >)M'  I'rir/innl  s  llnjsiiiil   ili-<i- ri/ "i    Mm,- 

Liiiil.  vol.  v.,  pii.  ;i(17.  .'(";{.  '  French  writers  call  them  Kskimaiix.'  'Kii^'lish 
iiiilliois,  in  adopting;  this  term,  hav»-  most  ^^enerally  written  it  "  I^s(|uinian\," 
Imt  |)r.  r.ath.iiii,  and  other  recent  ethuoloi^ists,  write  it  "Esldiiios."  after 
till'  n.inish  ortlionraphv.'  ll'irlionlsnii's  I'niiir  Hi'i'nii.s.  \t.  'iHH.  'I'rohalil.v  of 
Caiiadian  origin,  and  the  wonl.  which  in  French  ortln  ^rajihy  is  written  F.s- 
(jiiinianx,  was  prohahly  ori^;inally  '  Vim'  i/h'i  iiiioitx  ( in'iiinii  i.t  \ .'  Iiifl^itrils'ni's 
jiixfi'dl,  vol.  i.,  J).  :i4(t.  'Said  to  he  a  corriiiition  of  /■^sLhinirlil,.  i.  i'.  raw- 
tish-iati  rs,  a  nickname  t,'iven  them  liy  their  former  nei^hhors,  the  Mohicans.' 
,sr  iiii/,//i'.y  \'(ii/iiiii'  of  tlic  lliriihJ,  \i.A.  n.,  ]).  Jl*.  Eskimo  is  dirived  from  ii 
Word  indicatini,'  sorcerer  or  Shaman.  'The  northern  Tiiineh  nse  the  word 
I'shi  III}.'  I  lull's  Aliishii,  i)]i.  114,  5:11.  '  Their  own  national  desi,,  'ion  is 
'•  Kiralil."  '  M'^rt'iii's  I'rnnUi  Aiiitncfinii,  \).  r>'l.  'J'hey  '  call  themselves  "In- 
liuit,"  which  si^'iiities  "man."  '     Ariiislrn,i<i'n  Xiirrnliri',  p.  I'.il. 

'  It  is  not  withonL  rehietaiice  that  1  clianj^(>  a  word  from  the  commonly 
necejited  orthoLtraphy.  Names  of  jilaces,  thon^^h  iirii^inalin;,'  in  error,  whin 
once  istalilislii  d.  it  is  better  to  leave  nnchanj,'ed.  Indian  niimes,  coniinu  to 
lis  fliroii._;h  Itussiaii.  (ternian,  French,  or  Spanish  writers,  should  l)e  jircst  nti  d 
in  lai'^'lish  hy  such  letters  as  will  best  produce  the  orii.'inal  Indian  jiioiiun- 
ciation.  Iviropcan  ))crsonal  names,  however,  no  matter  how  loiij,',  m  r 
how  commonly  they  may  have  been  erroneously  used  should  be  immedi- 
ately correctcil.  Every  n.an  who  can  spell  is  sii])[iosed  to  be  able  to  j^ive  the 
cornet  orthoi^'ra]ihy  of  his  own  name,  and  liis  spel'iiti),'  should  in  every 
instance  be  followed,  when  it  can  be  ascertained.  Veit  lierint,',  ant;licc  Vitus 
1'"  laiiiL,',  wasof  a  Danish  family,  si'veral  nieinbei'sof  which  were  well  known  in 
liteiaturcbi  fore  his  own  time.  In  Danish  writings,  aswdl  asanioii^'thebio^'ra- 
]iliiisof  liiissiaii  admirals,  where  may  be  found  a  fac-siiiiile  of  his  aiito^'raph, 
the  name  iss])i  Hid  ISir'nKj.    It  is  soj^ivcn  by  Humboldt ,  and  by  the  hii-tUinKuhir 

<l<  '■'  '' irsiil'inii.     The  aiithorof  the  .\i'ii)..\<irlirirlil('ii  run  ilineii.  pihi  lAili  lA  a 

'Jitsnlii,  one  of  the  oldest  ]iiinted  works  on  Itussiaii  discoveries  in  .\iiierica ; 
.ns  Well  as  Midler,  who  was  tin;  comjiaiiion  of  IteriiiL;  for  many  years;  iu,d 
Husehiiiann.— all  write  /.rrii-./,     IJaer  remarks:  '  li  h  sciin  ibe  fi  riii  r  I'.i  rinij. 

nb;,'leicli  es  jit/t  fast  allu'elaeill  f,'eWorden  ist,  liehrilll,'  Zll  sclireiben.  Ulld  alleli 
die  Kiieliinder  iiiiil  Fran/oseu  sich  der  let/tern  Schnibait  benuemt  habeii. 
lieriii;,'  war  ein  l),iue  mill  seine  Familie  war  laiiLre  vor  ihiii  in  der  Literatiu- 
(tcschielite  bikaiiiit.  Sic  hat  ibreii  N'anieii  auf  die  \mii  mir  aimeiiomiiiene 
Wiise  diiukeii  Lassen.  Dersi  Up.  n  Schreibait  ludi'  nte  sidi  imi  ii  der  Misfoiio- 
praph  Mailer,  i\vr  liiiiLjere  Zeit  unter  sein.n  D;  felileii  (,'e.|ieiit  hatte.  und 
Pallas.'  Sf-itinliiihe  uml  iH,iiifir'ipli'is"lii>  Xin-lirirMfn,  p.  ;{JM.  Tlieif  is  no 
doubt  that  the  famous  navii,'ator  wrote  his  nniiie  Hirnm.  and  that  the  letter 
'h'  was  subse.piently  inserted  to  ^-ive  the  Daiiidi  sound  to  the  letter  'e,' 
To  accomplish  the  same  i)urpose,  perhajis,  I'oxe,  I.aiii^sdorll',  Deeehi  y,  and 
others  write  llitnui). 

*  '  Die  Kailjacker  im  (le-jentheil  niihern  sich  niehr  deu  .Xmcrik.anischeii 
Staiiiiiii  II  luiil  eh.ii.i,,,],  in  ihrum  .Veiissern  i/ar  niclit  deii  i!skimos  oder  deu 


V 


a 


HYPERBOREANS. 


Alaska  wvw  then  found  to  difli'i"  ossentially  from  tliose 
of  the  nortlu'rn  coast,  Inder  tlio  nanio  Kskinios,  tliiTc- 
foro,  1  include  oidy  the  AVestern  Kskinios  of  certain 
wnters.  wiiose  st)iithern  Ijonndary  terminates  at  Kot/.ehiie 
Sound.' 

Eskimo- land  is  thinly  jxH)pled,  and  hut  little  is 
known  of  tribal  divisions.  At  the  Copix-rmine  liiver, 
the  KsUimos  ai'e  called  X(i<j(/<'ukt»n)ifiti's,  or  deer-horns; 
at  tlu^  eastern  outlet  of  the  Mackenzie,  their  trii»al 
mnno  IS  Kifh.yartifc ;  l)etween  the  Alackeii/ie  Kivcr  and 
Jiarter  Keef,  they  jio  hy  the  name  of  JuiiH/nniH  Jniuiit; 
at  Point  IJari'ow  they  call  themselves  ]\'iiiriin(/}nvfiK: 
uhile  on  the  Nunatok  River,  in  the  vicinity  of  Kotzehue 
Sound,  they  are  known  as  Xiiinit<tn(pniiU><.  Their  vil- 
lajics,  cousisting  of  five  or  six  families  each.''  are  scattered 
alonj;  tlie  coast.  A  village  site  is  usually  selected  u[)on 
souie  |i(MHl  landin,u-|)lace,  where  there  is  suilicient  depth 
of  water  to  lloat  a  whale,  lietween  tribes  is  lel't  a  sj)ot 
of  unoccupied  or  neutral  ground,  \\\Km  Avhich  small  parties 
meet  duriuj;'  the  suunner  for  pur[M)ses  of  trade.^ 

^riie  Kskimos  are  essentially  a  jK'culiar  peoi)le.  Their 
character  and  their  condition,  the  one  of  necessity  grow- 
ing out  of  the  other,  are  peculiar.  First,  it  is  claimed 
for  tlu'ui  that  they  ari^  the  anouialous  race  of  Ameiica — 
the  oidy  j)eo[)le  of  the  new  world  clearly  identical  with 
any  race  of  the  old.  Then  they  are  the  most  littt)ral  peo- 
ple in  the  world.  The  linear  extent  of  their  cx;cu})ancy, 
all  of  it  a  narrow  se  Iward  averaging  scarcely  one  hundred 

Asiatisclicu  Viilkorii,  wnlirsclicinlich  lialirn  sio  <1ur('h  f1if>  yeriuischniit,'  iiiit 
(Icn  Stiiiiimcii  Aiiicrikii's  iliic  urspriin^'liclu'  Asiiitisclic  .insseri'  (icstalt  iiiul 
(icsichtsliil(liiii;4  vtiloii'ii  1111(1  imr  dit'  Sinaclu'  bciliclmltt'n.'  linvr,  Slnl.  u. 
fdiii.  .V<(rlii\,  ]).  121.  'lis  icssciiiMi'iit  lpcaiic<m|i  atix  iiulij^t'ucs  dis  ilcs 
Cnrilfs,  (l.'pciidaiitcs  dii  Jajnin.'  J.diilair,  t  ircitiiimiciijtttion  dc  rArd'nnse, 
vol.  vi.,  i>.  l'). 

5  ''I'lic  tiilics  rrowdcd  lopftlior  on  tlio  sliovs  of  R('oriri^''s  Sea  witliin  n 
roinparafivi  ly  small  I'Xttiit  of  •  i  usf-liiic,  exhibit  ti  f^'irater  variety,  ludli  in 
liersoiial  aiii)eMralie((  and  diale- ■,  l^an  that  which  exists  lietweeii  the  W(  stein 
Eskimos  and  their  distant  crj'nitryiiien  in  Labrador;  and  ethnolo^'isfs  have 
found  Home  dillieulty  in  cl-.ssifying  them  properly.'  Jiichunlsnn's  Jvor., 
vol   i.,  i>.  It(i;t. 

*  For  authorities,  see  Tkiijai,  RofMMRiEs,  nt  the  end  of  thii*  eliiipter, 
'  CoUiiiaoii,  'u\  Luiiilva  'ii<"^r(ii)iiu:itt  .Society  Joitnud,  vol.  \xv.    p.  '_(J1. 


rSKIMO  TiAND. 


i.\ 


miles  in  witltli.  is  estimated  at  not  loss  than  five  thou- 
sand mill's.  Hi'loro  thorn  is  a  vast,  nnknown,  iov  (H'osm, 
u)M)n  which  thoy  searcoly  daro  vonturo  l>oyond  si<iht  of 
hmd :  hohind  tlioui.  hostile  mountaineers  over  ready  to 
dispute  onoroaehment.  Their  very  mother-earth,  ni)on 
whose  cold  lM)som  they  have  heen  home,  aue  alter  a}^e 
throiijih  countless  "fenerations,"  is  almost  imiKMietrahle. 
thawless  ice.  Their  days  and  nijihts,  and  seasons  and 
years,  are  not  like  those  ol'  other  men.  yix  months  ol' 
dav  succeed  six  months  of*  niuht.  Three  months  of 
sunless  winter;  three  months  of  niditless  sunnner:  six 
months  of  ^rnnmerinj^  twiliirht. 

Altout  the  middle  of  Octoher'^  connnences  the  lonji 
niiiht  of  winter.  The  earth  and  sia  jjut  on  an  icy 
coverin^i";  heasts  and  hirds  depart  for  re{:ions  sheltere<l 
or  more  conjicnial;  humanity  huddles  in  suhterraneous 
dens;  all  nature  sinks  into  repose.  The  little  heat  lel't 
by  the  retreatinjr  sun  s(H)n  radiates  out  into  the  deei) 
blue  realms  of  space ;  the  temperature  sinks  mj)idly  to 
forty  or  fifty  dejirees  helow  freezin^i';  the  air  is  hushed, 
the  ocean  calm,  the  sky  cloudless.  An  awful,  ])ainful 
stillness  pervades  the  dreary  solitude.  Not  a  sound  is 
heard;  the  distant  din  of  husy  man,  and  the  noiseless 
hum  of  the  wilderness  alike  are  wanting'.  AN'hispers 
hecome  audihle  at  a  considerable  distance,  and  an  insup- 
portiihle  sense  of  loneliness  op[)res;-:es  the  inexperienced 
visitor.'"  Occasionally  the  aurora  l)orealis  flashes  out  in 
prismatic  coruscations,  throwing-  a  l)rilliant  arch  fV(>m 
east  to  west  —  now  in  variegated  oscillations.  <>raduating 
through  all  tlie  various  tints  of  blue,  and  grien.  and  vio- 
let, and  ci-imson ;  darting,  flashing,  or  streaming  in  yellow 
colunms,  upwards,  downwards;  now  blazing  steadily,  now 

><  'Im  iiordwpstlifliston  Tlicilc  von  AiiiciiViii  fniul  Franklin  <1<)i  Dudin. 
Mittc  August,  Khon  in  tin.r  Tiifc  von  l(i  /oil  (^(  froicn.  Kiclmnlson  siih  nn 
rincni  iistlidHTcn  I'nnUtc  (Kr  Kiistc,  in  71'  12'  Unite,  die  Kissdiiilit  im 
Jnlins  inifm-tlmnt  bis  A  Fuss  untcr  lUr  kvantbwkL'ktt n  Olieiriiichi'.  Jlnu,- 
bolitt,  A'oswo.s,  toni.  iv.  p.  47. 

■J  SilUman's  Jonnnl.  vol.  \vi.,  p.  130.  Stewann's  Voy.  Ihnikl,  vol.  ii., 
p.  13.     Annslriiini's  .\iir.,  j).  28!). 

■lO  '  Chiiractfiistic  of  tbu  Arctic  rogions.'     SilVmaii's  Jour.,  vol.  xvi.,  p.  113. 


d4 


ITYPERHOREANS. 


in  wavy  iindiilatioiiH,  soiKctiinos  up  to  tlio  vitv  zt'uith; 
inoiiK'ntarily  lijihtiii}^  up  in  maijostic  jrrancU'iir  tlio 
I'lurrk'ss  iVo/i'u  Kcrnory,  l)iit  only  to  fall  bat'k  Avitli 
I'xhaiistt'd  I'ort'o,  k-avinj;'  a  denwr  ohscurity.  Natmi's 
I'U'ctric  lantt'in,  .siis[K>n(k'(l  lor  a  tiiiio  in  the  IVosty 
vault  of  heaven;  —  nuuiifioent  nature's  fire-works; 
with  the  polar  owl,  the  ^Kjlar  hear,  and  the  polar 
man,   siH.'ctators. 

In  .laiujarv,  the  hrilliancy  cf  the  stars  is  dimiued 
pei'ceptihly  at  ntK)n;  in  February,  a  jiolden  tint  i-ests 
upon  the  hori/on  at  the  same  hour;  in  March,  the 
incipient  dawn  liroadens;  in  April,  the  (hr/.iuji'  Kski- 
mt)  rubs  his  eyes  and  crawls  forth;  in  May,  the  suow^ 
bejiins  to  melt,  the  impatient  <irass  and  llowers  ariive 


t  (U 


l)art!- 


In  June,  the  sumuier  has  fairh'  couie, 


as  1 

I'nder  the  incessant  rays  of  the  never  settiuji  sun,  the 
snow  speedily  disappears,  the  ice  breaks  up.  the  <:liicial 
earth  softens  for  a  depth  of  one,  two,  or  three  feet;  cir- 
culation is  restored  to  vejietation,'"  which,  duj'inti  winter, 
had  been  stoi)i)ed,-— if  we  may  believe  Sir  John  Hicli- 
ardson,  even  the  larjii'st  trees  freezinji  to  the  heart.  Sea, 
and  i)lain,  and  roUinji'  steppe  lay  aside  their  seaudess 
shroud  of  white,  and  a  brilliant  tint  of  emerald  over- 
spreads the  landscai)e.''  All  Nature,  with  one  I'e- 
soiuidin<»;  cry,  leaps  up  and  claps  her  hands  for  joy. 
Flocks  of  birds,  lured  froui  their  wintei'  homes,  fill 
the  Jiir  with  their  melody;  myriads  of  wild  fowls  send 
forth  their  shrill  cries;  the  moose  and  the  reindeer  Hock 
down  from  the  forests;"  from  the  resonant  sea  coiues  the 

"  At  Kotzi'lmo  Sound,  in  July,  Chovis  writis:  '  Lo  sol  I'tait  <'nmilli' do 
flcnvs  dc  ('(Hilcnrs  varii-cs,  dans  tt)ns  Ics  fndri)itst)ii  In  ncij^'c  vciiait  dc  lundrr.' 
I'd//'/;/''  I'illnns'/iif.  \>t.  ii..  \>.  ^i. 

'-'  '  In  dir  ILini  (Ic  <li  r  Insiln  vnn  \t'n-Sil)iricn  tindin  ^rossc  Hccrdcn  vnu 
licnnthii'icn  und  /alillcsc  Lininiingc  nocli  liiul.'innlicln'  Nalinmj,'.'  lliini- 
hi)l(ll,  l\'i>stiios,\o].  iv..  ]).  42. 

iJ  '  TliciinnnictiT  rises  as  liii^li  as  fil''  Fahr.  With  «  sun  shilling,'  (livi>njj;li- 
ont  tho  twrnty-fonr  honis  tin-  ^Vdwlh  of  plants  is  rapid  in  the  cxtrcnie.' 
Sieiiiiiiiii's  Vnij.  Jlmtltl,  vol.  ii..  p.  1">. 

"  '  Diu'inj^  the  period  of  ineuhation  of  the  ftquatic  birds,  every  hole  ami 
proji'ctinj,'  cia;^  on  the  sides  of  this  rook  is  oeeupieil  by  them.  Its  shores 
resonndwith  the  chorus  of  thousands  of  the  featherj-  tribe.'  IkiTlny's  To//., 
vol.  i.,  p,  3-19. 


Ill 


rilYSKAL  CIIARAC TEUISTirS. 


45 


noiw  of  spoutiii':;  wliiilt's  ami  Iwirkiii^  wals;  niid  lliis  w> 
liitt'lv  dismal,  clurrloss  iv}:;i()ii,  I»)(H)1um  whh  an  i'xIiiiIk'I'- 
ancc  of  lifi'  <'(|iial('(l  only  by  tlio  hlaa-tiu'ss  of  its  dura- 
tion. And  in  token  of  a  jnst  apprt'ciation  of  tiit' 
Creators  ;:«M)dni'.ss,  this  animated  mi'dlcv  —  man.  and 
bi'iists,  and  birds,  and  ilslics — rises  np,  divide.s,  falls  t(», 
and  ends  in  eatinji  or  in  heinji  ente'.i. 

'I'lu'  j)liysi('al  characteristics  of  the  Kskimos  are:  a 
fair  complexion,  the  skin,  uhen  Wvv  from  dirt  and  paint, 
beinj;'  almost  Avhite;'*  'i  medium  stature,  well  pr(»iM)r- 
tioned,  thick-set,  nmscidar,  robust,  active,'"  with  sujall 
and  beautifully  sha^K-d  hands  and  feet;"   a  p\ramidal 


'■'  '  Tlnir  coiiijiltxiini,  if  divcstrd  of  its  iisniil  covi linj,'  of  dirt,  can  Imnlly 
Ik>  ciiUrd  (lurk.'  SiriiKiiin's  I'd//.  Ihrahl,  v.il.  ii.,  p.  r>l.  'In  coiiiiMrisdii 
•with  iitlitr  Aincrii'iiiis,  of  ii  wliitc  comiilcxioii.'  Mr<'idli,li'.v  Alioriiiimil  II  s- 
1 'ijl  "f  Aiiiiririi,  ]).  'i(t.  '  Whiti!  Coinphxidii,  not  Coiipir  mlourrd.'  I>i:lilis' 
IIkiIsiiii's  liiijl,  \i.  i">0.  'Almost  UK  white  as  Eiiroinaiis.'  Kubii's  Tnirrh, 
Vol.  ii.,  J).  2<1."<.  'Not  darker  tluiu  that  of  u  I'ortUj^uese.'  Ljim's  JituriKil, 
J).  221.  '  Scarcely  a  sliu<le  darker  than  a  di'cp  brmutte."  Puirifs  Wrd  I'l'//- 
((/c,  p. 'liCJ.  'Their  conijjlexion  is  lif^ht.'  IhilVx  Ahmhu,  y.WXX.  '  Kye-wit- 
iicsses  »|.,'ree  in  their  superior  lit_'htness  ol  complexion  over  the  ("hinoipks.' 
7'(i7, '/•i"(/'.s'  7i'(((T.s'  of  Mini,  r,  S.  A';f.  Ex.,  vol.  ix.,  jt.  2H.  At  ('o]iperniine 
I'liver  they  are  'of  a  dirty  copper  color;  some  of  the  women,  however,  arenioro 
fail'  and  niddy.'  llcdna's  'I'rdrels,  \).  KUi.  '  Considerahly  fairer  than  the  In- 
dian tiilicK.'  Simi>si>ii'n  Xiir.,  ]).  110.  At  Cajie  Hatlnirst  'The  complexion  is 
swarthy,  ehietly,  I  think,  from  exi)osuro  and  the  accumulation  of  dirt.' 
Anii.-'tn.iiii's  .\<i)\,  p.  1112.  'Shew  little  of  the  copjjer-i-olonr  of  the  Ued 
Indians.'  liirhiinlsini'n  I'ol.  Vic;/.,  p.  IM'-'l.  '  From  exjiosure  to  weather  they 
heconii'  dark  after  manhood.'     Itichiinlsiin's  \ar..  vol.  i.,  ji.  .'Mil. 

'u  '  Itoth  sexes  are  well  proportioned,  stout,  muscular,  and  a<'tive.'  ,SVr- 
litfliiii's  \'<)i/.  Jlinihl,  vol,  ii.,  p.  .lO.  'A  stout,  well-looking,'  peoj)le.'  Siiii))- 
soil's  X(ir.,  pi>.  110,  114.  '  IJelow  tho  nu-an  of  the  Caucasian  race.'  l>r. 
Jhii/ix  i,i  llislnrii-.  M(ht<nhii\  vol.  i.,  p.  fi.  'They  are  thick  set,  have  a  de- 
<-idi(l  tendency  to  ohisity,  and  are  seldom  more  than  five  feet  in  heij^ht.' 
Fiiiiiii'i's  lliiiiiiiii  /i'<(i'i .  J).  211.  At  Kotzeline  Sound,  '  tallest  man  was  five  feet 
nine  imhes;  tallest  woman,  tive  feet  four  inches.'  Uirrliii/'n  I'd//.,  vol.  i.,  ji. 
Hi'iO.  "Avera^jte  heij^'ht  was  tive  feet  four  and  a  half  inches.'  At  the  mouth 
of  the  Maekenzu'  they  ari' of  '  middle  stature,  strnnj,' and  inusculur.'  Arm- 
i-frui, t/'.i  \tn\,  pp.  11!*,  I'.i2.  liow,  hroad-set.  not  well  made,  nor  stroii;,'. 
Jliiiriii's  Trnr.,  p.  ICid.  '  Tlie  men  were  in  (general  stout.'  h'ntnl.liii's  .\(ii.. 
Vol.  i.,  ]).  211.  't>f  a  niiddh'  si/e,  robust  make,  and  healthy  appearance.' 
J\'i,t:'l»ir'K  I'd//.,  vol.  i.,  )).  2(i!».  '  .Men  vary  in  lui^'ht  from  alJout  Hve  fe(  t  to 
live  feet  ten  inches.'  Jtirlidnlsdii's  J'al.  Iii-<l.,  J).  ;t04.  'Women  were  t,'en- 
erally  short.'     'Their  fl^,'un'  inclines  to  s(|uat.'     Ilnniipi's  '/'k.s/.  i.  )>.  221. 

"  'Tons  lea  individus  <pii  wppartienuent  a  la  faniille  dcs  Kskimaux,  se 
ihstiniiuent  par  la  i)etitesse  de  leurs  ]>ieds  et  ile  leurs  mains,  et  la  ;^'i(>sseur 
euonnc  de  leur.s  tet'S.'  Jti'  I'miir.  Hirlnrrlns  J'lii'.,  tom.  i.,  p.  2ti2.  'The 
hands  and  feet  are  delicately  small  and  well  formed.'  /;;(•/,(//•(/><. ,i's  J'ul. 
U'V.,  ]).  .'JOI.  'Small  and  heautifully  made.'  Siviiiinin's  I'd//,  llinild,  vol. 
ii  ,  p.  •"ill.  .\t  Point  Harrow,  "their  hands,  notwithstanding,'  the  j^'reat  amount 
of  manual  labour  to  which  they  are  subject,  were  beuutifully  snudl  and  well- 


40 


IIYPEIIBOREAXS. 


licjul;'"  a  Ijroad  c<rg-.slmiKMl  fjwo;  liifili  nmndrd  choi'k- 
Im)ik's;  lliit  iioso;  huu\\\  ()))li<jUo  v\vs\  liir<:i'  iiiniitli; 
ti'ctli  rcjiwliir.  hut  well  worn;''  coarse  Mack  liair,  closely 
cut  uiM)n  the  crown,  leaviuji  a  uionk-like  riii;;"  aiouiul 
the  edge,'*'   and  a  paucity  of  heard."'     The    men   iVe- 

foniu'd,  ft  (IcHcriiition  ('<iimlly  iiitplicublo  to  thtir  fiit.'  Arwstrouif'a  Sar.,  11. 
101. 

''*  'Tlif  lu'iid  in  of  fjood  Hizc,  rather  tint  Htipcriorly,  'mt  very  fully  ilcviU 
opod  jxistcriorly,  t>vi(l<'iu'iiij,'  11  prciiondcriiuci'  of  tlic  uiiiiiml  iHissioiis:  tint 
foi'riK'iid  WHS,  for  till'  ii'ost  jmrt,  low  and  needing;  in  a  ftw  it  was  soim  wliat 
vertical,  hut  narrow.  Aniisli-DiKi's  .\ar.,  ji.  Il);t.  Th(  if  cniiiial  clmnnli  r- 
istics  'arc  llii-  htroii^Iy  di'vcloiicd  coronary  rid^c,  the  olili(|uity  n*'  tlic 
/.y^;onia,  and  its  (,'reatcr  cajiacity  coni])ared  witli  tlic  Indiaii  craniiim.  'I'lic 
former  is  essentially  ])yraniidal,  wiiile  the  latter  mure  iii  nlv  aiipruachcs  ti 
ciiltic  shi'l)'.'  Jtiill'H  AUishii,  \i.  ;t7(i.  "(Jrcatest  briadtli  d  tlie  face  is  just 
lielow  the  eyes,  tlio  forehead  liipers  upwards,  ciidiiiu'  uarruwly,  liiit  \\"\ 
acutely,  and  in  liko  manner  the  chin  is  a  Munt  com  .'  It'i(hiinlsi,ii\  l\:l. 
Iliy.,  p.  U(t2.  l)r  (tall,  whose  «(l)servatioiiK  i>n  tiie  same  skulls  prest uted 
him  for  plirenolotjical  ciliservatiou  are  pMlilir.he<l  by  'SI.  I.oiiis  rlioris.  thus 
coiunicnts  upon  the  head  of  it  fcnade  Kskiiiio  from  K<>t/i'1iiie  SmiiMi :  '  L'or- 
({ane  dc  I'iustinct  dc  la  propagation  He  troiive  extrcniemciit  di'Velii|ipi'  ixnir 

nne  tet*!  dc  femmc'     He  lin(ls  the  luusicul  and  intellectual  or^'ans  \ riy 

developed;  while  vanity  and  love  of  children  are  well  displayed.  '  Kn  ij'ni- 
ral,'  saf^cly  <'oncluded  the  dtx-tor,  'cette  tdi'  femme  pn'seiitait  unc  or>;Miii/a- 
tion  aussi  henreiist!  (juu  cello  do  la  )>lu]iurt  des  fcnimes  d'Eurojie.'  i'mj, 
J'ilt.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  Ki. 

''■*' Large  fat  nnnid  faces,  liigh  cheek  hones,  small  hazel  eyes,  eye- 
lirows  slantinj^  like  the  Chinese,  and  wiile  mouths.'  lim  Ini/'s  !'((//,,  vol.  i., 
p.  .'14.').  'llroad,  Hat  faces,  IukIi  cheek  hones.'  Or  Ilni/isiii  Hist.  Mnii..  \o\. 
1.,  p.  fi.  Their  'teeth  are  regular,  hut,  from  the  nature  of  their  fuod,  and 
from  their  )>racticc  of  preparing  hides  by  chewint,',  are  worn  down  almost  to 
the  gums  at  an  early  age.'  SceiiKinii's  I'ni/.  Ikrulil,  vol.  ii.,  \t.  '>l.  At 
Hudson  Strait,  broad,  liat,  pleasing  f  'c;  small  and  generally  ^ore  eyes; 
giveu  to  bleeding  at  the  nose.  Frunl.'  's  .Vkc,  vol.  i.,  ji. 'i'.t.  '  Small  eyes 
iiiul  very  high  cheek  bones.'  Kntivbuc'n  Vny.,  vol.  i.,  p.  209.  'La  face 
platte,  la  bouche  ronde,  le  nez  petit  sans  etre  ecrasi',  le  blanc  dc  Tueil 
jaunatre,  I'irisnoiret  jieii  brillant.'  J)c  ]'((itir,  lleclnrchts  I'liil.,  tom.i.,  \t.'2l)'l. 
They  have  'small,  wild-looking  eyes,  large  and  verv  foul  teeth,  tlie  hair 
generally  black,  but  Hometinies  fair,  and  always  111  extreme  disorder.' 
lirincntU's  Iml.  liticfs,  p.  4(17.  'As  contrasted  with  the  other  nativt*  .\mer- 
icau  races,  their  eyes  are  remarkable,  being  narrow  and  more  or  less  <>li- 
li(pie.'  h'irlKtnlsoii'.i  .\(tr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  ',W.i.  Expression  of  face  intelligent 
and  good-natured.  l$oth  sexes  have  mostly  round,  flat  faces,  with  Mongo- 
lian cast.     JI'iii/ier'K  'I'liaL  1,  p.  '2'2I{. 

20  '  Allowed  to  hang  down  in  a  club  to  the  shoulder.'  Tlirhar(hiiii's  I'ul. 
h't-ij.,  p.  H0.">.  Hair  cut  'dose  round  the  crown  of  the  head,  and  thereby, 
having  a  bushy  ring  round  the  lower  jiart  of  it.'  Ilnrlni/'.-,  \'iii/.,  vol.  i., 
p.  IMi").  'Their  hair  is  straight,  black,  and  coarse.'  Siiiinitin'.'^  (''»//.  Jln-- 
!(///,  vol.  ii.,  p.  r>l.  A  tierce  exj)ression  characterized  them  on  the  ^lackenzie 
lliver,  which  'was  increased  by  the  h)ng  disheveled  hair  flowing  aboiit  their 
shoulders.'  Aniinlr'nnfn  Aar.  p.  141t.  At  Kotzebue  Sound  '  their  hair  was 
done  up  in  large  plaits  on  each  side  of  the  head.'  lUtrUi  i/x  Voij..  vol.  i..  p. 
HiiO.  At  Camden  Hay,  h)fty  top-knots;  at  Point  Harrow,  none.  .'Vt  (  o])])er- 
niine  Kiver  the  hair  is  worn  short,  unshaven  on  the  crown,  and  bound  with 
titrii)s  of  deer-skiu.     IShiqjsun's  A'lO'.,  pp.  121,  loi.     Some  of  the  nieu  luivu 


nirUOVEMEXTH  UPON  NATLKE. 


47 


(|iuiitly  U'iiw  the  liuir  in  a  iiiitiirtil  state.  The  women 
<»f  lev  Keel"  intnKlnce  false  liair  amonj;  their  own.  wear- 
in;.i'  the  wliole  in  two  ininienst'  |m)ws  at  the  hack  of  tiii' 
head.  At  '.  oint  IJarrow,  they  separate  the  hair  into  two 
party  o  •  '  .iihis,  .Maturatin«r  it  witii  train-oil,  and  hindinj^ 
it  int«)  .still'  hnnehes  with  stri[».s  of  skin.  Their  lower 
fxtreinities  are  short,  so  that  in  a  sitting'  jKistnre  they 
l(M)k  taller  than  when  standin;:. 

Were  these  jH'ople  satisfied  with  what  natin'e  has 
done  for  them,  thev  wonM  ho  pa-  ;d>ly  <r«H)d-l(K>kinji. 
]>iit  with  them  as  with  all  mankind.  n«(  matter  how  hijih 
the  decree  of  intelli^iMice  and  refii.ement  attiur.cd.  art 
must  1h'  aiH)lied  to  improve  njx*  •  nature.  T'le  lew  fin- 
ishinii  touches  neglected  hy  the  Creator,  man  is  ever 
ready  to  supi)ly. 

Arrived  at  the  age  of  pulterty,  the  great  work  of  im- 
proMMuent  l)egins.  I'p  to  this  time  tlie  .skin  has  hcen 
ke}it  siituiated  in  grease  and  fdth.  imtil  the  natuial  color 
is  lost,  and  until  the  complexion  is  hrought  down  to  the 
Eskimo  standard.  Xow  pigments  of  various  dye  are  aj)- 
])ru'd.  hoth  i)ainted  outwardly  and  |»ricked  into  the  skin; 
lioli's  lire  cut  in  the  face,  and  plugs  or  lahrets  inserted. 
These  uiH'rations,  however,  attended  Avith  no  little  .'^olem- 
nity,  iU'e  suit[>osed  to  possess  some  significance  other  than 
that  ol'  niei'e  ornament,  V[nm  the  tKcasion  of  piercing 
the  li[).  for  instance,  a  religious  fea.st  is  given. 

bnre  crowns,  but  the  nuijority  wear  the  liuir  liowing  iifttiiriilly.  The  women 
out  till'  hail-  sill  lit  ill  front,  k'vcl  with  the  eyelirows.  At  Hiiniiihn  y  Point  it 
is  twistt  il  witii  sciiuc  fiilsc  hair  into  t'.vo  iniiiiense  hc)ws  on  tlie  li.ick  of  the 
head,  //"h/k-c's  I'asLi,  p.  •22-'k  '  Their  liair  lmnj,'s  cUiwii  hm^;,  hnt  is  cut 
(|uitu  short  on  the  erowii  of  the  heail.'  Kulnlnu's  \'<iij.,  vol.  i.,  ji.  'IW. 
Haircut  like  'that  of  a  Capneliiu  friar.'  SceiiKtiiii'ii  Vny.  llvr(dil,\iA.  ii.,  i>.  "il. 
-I  ('rant/,  says  tlic  (ireeiilauch-rs  root  it  out.  'Tlie  old  men  had  a  few 
pray  liaiis  on  tlieir  chins.  Init  the  yoinij^'  ones,  thou!,'li  ^'rown  \\\\  were  heard- 
less.'  lifu-liiii'K  Villi.,  vol.  i..  p. '.'{:li.  ''J'hf  j)ossession  of  it  l)''iird  is  vi  ry 
rare,  hut  a_  sli;^'ht  moustache  is  not  iiifrcipK  nt.'  SniiKiint's  Tn//.  lliinhl, 
vol  ii.,  |).  ■")!.  'As  the  men  pow  old,  they  liave  more  hair  on  the  face  than 
Ked  Indians.'  Uhlinnlsoii's  .\iir.,  vol.  i.,  "p.  HKt.  '  (lelierally  an  ahseiieeof 
heard  and  whiskers.'  Ani<stri,„if!.  V((/'.,p.  I'.I3.  '  Ihard  is  uiiiv(  rsally  want- 
int,'.'  hnt:ihiii\  I'o//.,  vol.  i.,  p  •,i,:,2.  'The  youn^  men  have  little"  lieard, 
hut  some  of  the  old  <ines  have  a  tolerahle  shew  of  lonj^  ^rav  hairs  on  tho 
upi.er  lip  and  chin.'  I,!rl,<iri'.sin,'s  ]'<,!.  /,'««;.,  .•  :i();).  'All  "have  l.eards.' 
7V(//'.s  (,n„ir<ii,l,!/,  vol.  v.,  p.  •.;',)1.  Kirliv  aftirnis  that  in  Ahiska  'many  of  them 
Liive  II  profusion  of  whiskers  nnd  heiird.'    Utiiitlmouian  liiport,  1>^!U,  p.  410. 


48 


HYPERBOREANS. 


Oil  the  northern  coast  the  women  jiaint  tlie  eyel)r<nvsS 
and  tattoo  the  eliin;  >vhile  tlie  men  only  ])ierce  the  lower 
lip  under  one  or  l)oth  corners  of  the  mouth,  and  insert 
in  each  api'i'ture  a  dou)>le-headed  sleeve-huttoii  or  dumh- 
l)ell-sha[)ed  lahri't.  of  l)one,  ivory,  f^hell,  .stone,  j:lass,  or 
wood.  The  incision  Avhen  lirst  made  i.s  ahout  the  si/o 
ol'a  <iuill,  but  as  the  as[)irant  for  improved  beauty  jirows 
t)l(h'r.  tiie  si/e  of  the  orifice  is  enlarged  until  it  reaches 
a  width  of  half  or  three  <piarters  of  an  inch."  In  tat- 
tooing, the  color  is  applied  by  drawing  a  thread  under 
the  skin,  or  ])ricking  it  in  with  a  needle.  Dillerent 
tribes,  and  dillerent  ranks  of  the  same  tribe,  have  each 
their  peculiar  ibrm  of  tattooing.  Tlie plebei.an  female  of 
certain  bands  is  permitted  to  adorn  her  chin  with  but 
one  vertical  line  in  the  centre,  and  one  ])arallel  to  it  on 
either  side,  while  the  more  fortunate  noblesse  mark  two 
vertical  lines  IVom  each  corner  of  the  mouth.'-''  A  fem- 
inine cast  of  features,  as  is  common  with  other  branches  of 
the  Mongolian  race,  prevails  in  both  sexes.  J^ome  trav- 
elers discover  iu  the  faces  of  the  men  a  characteristic 
exi)ressioii  of  ferociousness,  and  in  those  of  tlie  women, 
an  extraordinary  display  of  wantonness.  A  thick  coat- 
ing of  filth  and  a  strong  odor  of  train-oil  are  iiisej)arablo 
from  an  Eskimo,  and  the  fashion  of  labrets  adds  in  no 
wise  to  his  comeliness.'-* 


"2  '  Tilt'  lip  is  povfdratod  for  tho  liihrot  as  (ho  l)ny  npprnaclios  iiianhood, 
and  is  I'uusiilcn  (1  an  iinjiortant  era  in  Ins  lifi'.'  Annstroini's  \iir..  \t.  I'.H. 
'Sonic  woic  lint  niic,  (itlaTS  one  on  cai'li  sido  of  the  nnnitli.'  1 1"  if  it' h 
'I'li^l.i,  \).  '1\1\.  'Li])  oi'nanit'nts,  with  the  uialis,  aiiiiciir  to  coiTcsjiond  with 
the  tattooing'  of  tlif  cllilis  of  thv  females.'      Ilnrhi  i/'n   I'c//.,  vol.  i.,  )).  USl. 

21  'Tlie  woirieli  tattoo  tlieil'  faees  in  lilue  lilies  Jil'odnced  liy  niakinf^ 
stitcliiswitli  a  tine  needle  and  tlm^ad.  smeared  with  lamiililaek.'  lUrlninlnnii'a 
I'lil.  I!i-i.,  \\.  I{(l.j.  J'xtweeii  Kot/eliiie  Sound  and  ley  Ciijie,  'all  the  women 
Were  tattooed  n])on  the  eliin  wi!h  three  small  lines.'  I'hey  hlaelun  '  tho 
ed,L;es  of  the  eyelids  with  iilnmliago,  rnhhed  n})  with  d  little  saliva  upon  a 
jiieee  of  slate.'  Il(ifl,ii/'s  \'<'!/..  vol.  i.,  ]).  ;!(i(l.  At  I'oint  Jtarrow,  tho 
Women  have  on  the  ehiii  'a  vertical  line  ahont  half  an  inch  hroad  in  tlio 
I'cntre.  cNteiidiiii,'  from  the  lip,  with  a  iiaiallel  hut  narrower  one  nii  eitlna' 
side  of  it,  a  little  apart.  Some  had  two  Mrtieal  lines  lUdtrudiiij,'  from 
either  ine^le  of  the  mouth;  which  is  a  mark  of  their  hij^h  jiosition  in  tho 
trilie.  Aniislnni'i'^  Xnr.,  ji]).  101,  Hit.  On  ]>eriii>,'  Isle,  nun  as  well  us 
women  tattoo,  '  riusieurs  honimes  avaieiit  h' visayi'  tatoue.'  ('Imiin.  \'(ii/, 
i'itl.,  pt.  ii.,  ji.  T). 

'^*  '  Oive  a  particularly  disgustini,'  look  when  tho  boues  are  taken  out,  us 


ESKIMO  DRESS. 


•19 


For  covering  to  the  body,  the  Eskimos  cini)loy  the 
skin  ol'  ill!  the  beasts  jukI  birds  tliat  come  Avithiu  their 
reach.  Skins  tire  pre})ared  in  the  I'ur.''  and  cut  and 
.sewed  witii  neatness  and  skiU.  Even  tlic  intestines  of 
seals  and  wliales  are  used  in  tlie  mannfactnre  ol'  water- 

The  costnme  for  both  sexes  consists 


P' 


■oot'overdresse." 


ot*  lonu;  stockings  or  drawers,  over  which  are  l)ri'eches 
extendinjj;  I'roni  the  shoidders  to  below  the  knei's;  and 
a  frock  or  jacket,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  breeches 
with  sU'cves  and  IuhxI.  This  pu'ment  is  made  wlude, 
there  bcini;'  no  openinjis  except  for  the  head  and  arms. 
The  frock  of  the  mal((  is  cut  at  the  bottom  nearly 
s(|uare,  while  that  of  the  female  reaches  a  little  lower, 
and  terminates  b(>fore  and  behind  in  a  point  or  scol- 
lop. The  tail  of  some  animal  jii'aces  the  hinder  part  of 
the  male  frock;  the  woman  s  has  a  large  hood,  in  which 
she  carries  her  infant.  Otherwise  both  sexes  dress 
alike;  and  as,  when  strip[X'd  of  their  facial  decorations, 
their  physiognomies  are  alike,  the}'  are  not  nnfre- 
(piently  mistaken  one  for  the  other.'-'     They  have  boots 


kt,  as 


the  saliviV  oontinnally  runs  over  the  rhin.'  Ziohi/^Kc's  I'/;/.,  vol.  i.,  p.  227. 
At  Caiiuli'ii,  lahi'fts  were  made  of  lar;,'L'  bhu;  heads,  ^^'liicd  ti>  )pic('ts  nf  ivnrv. 
None  worn  at  Coiipcvminc  lUvcr.  Sliiiii.iini's  .\<ir.,  \>\>.  II'.I.  .'{17.  'Many  of 
thi'iu  also  tianstix  the  scjitiiiii  of  tht?  ii()st>  with  a  dintalimii  slii.ll  or  ivovy 
Ui'cdlc'.'      liirjKirilsiin'fi  \<ti\,  \  il.  i.,  p.  ^I."). 

*i  '  Tluso  natives  almost  uuivirsally  nse  a  vnry  unplrasant  licpiiil  for 
floausiuj,'  i)m-pos('s.  Tlicy  tan  and  softiii  tlii'  seal-skin  nst  d  for  lioot-soles 
vith  it.'  Wlii/iniii'i's  Aliislyii,  p.  Kil.  '  Females  oeeasionally  wash  their  hair 
and  faces  with  their  own  urine,  the  odourof  which  is  aLtici  ;d)le  tolmth  sexes, 
and  till  y  are  well  accustomed  to  it,  as  this  liquor  is  kt  pt  in  tulis  in  tho 
ji.irclies  of  their  huts  for  use  in  drissiuL,'  the  (hir  and  si'.il  skins.'  IHclidnl- 
H'lii's  I'nl.  III/.,  p.  3)1.  'Show  much  skill  in  the  preparation  of  whale,  sen), 
and  deer-skins.'  l!ichitnlsi>ii'!<  .\<ir.,  vol.  i.,  p.  li.-)7.  They  have  it  Ki'*>'t 
antipathy  to  water.  '  Occasionally  they  wash  their  lioilies  with  a  certain 
animal  iluid,  hut  even  this  process  is  seldom  gone  through.'  >('('i/(((/i/r.s 
Ic//.  Iliriihl,  Vol.  ii.,  p.  ('}•!. 

■^''  '  Durin;.;  the  summer,  when  on  whalini,'  or  sealiutr  excursioTis.  a  coat  of 
the  f,Mtt  of  till!  whale,  and  linots  of  seal  or  Wiilrr.s  hide,  are  used  as  water- 
juoof  cov.rinj^s.'  iSniiiimn'ri  V'xj.  Ii  ntl'l,  \o\,  \\,  yi.  't'.\.  At  Toiiit  liarrow 
they  Wear  '  Kamleikas  or  wattr-jiroof  sliirts,  made  of  the  entrails  of  sials.' 
i^'iiiiiifiim's  A'"'.,  p.  15!).  Women  wear  close-titling  hieechi  s  of  seal-skin. 
y/"'/"('s  Ti(si,i,  p. '224.  'They  are  on  the  whoh'  as  good  as  tli.'  best  oil- 
skins in  England.'     Ikichii/'A  I'"//-'  ^'"l'  '■•  !'•  •""■ 

'^'  Till'  dress  of  the  two  sexes  is  much  alike,  the  outer  shirt  or  jacket 
haviuL!  a  pointed  skirt  before  and  behind,  those  of  the  female  beiim  merely 
a  little  lou'^^'er.  '  Pretty  much  the  samo  for  both  sexes.'  i'ijKLr's  Ilutnaii 
Jii-tr,  p.  2U. 

Vol,  I.    i 


50 


HYPElinOllEANS. 


of  ^viilnis  or  soal  skin,  mittens  or  {ilovos  of  door-skin, 
and  intostino  w{itor-})roofs  covering"  llio  entire  body. 
Sevei.J  kinds  of  i'ur  frecjuently  enter  into  the  composi- 
tion of  one  garment.  Tiius  tiie  body  of  the  frock, 
generally  of  reindeer-skin,  may  bo  of  bird,  bear,  seal, 
mink,  or  stpiirrel  skin;  while  the  h(K)d  may  ))e  of  ibx- 
skin,  the  lining  of  hare-skin,  the  fringe  of  wolverine- 
skin,  and  the  gloves  of  liiwn-skin.-'^  Two  suits  are 
worn  during  the  coldest  weather;  the  imier  one  with 
the  fur  next  the  skin,  the  outer  suit  with  the  I'ur  out- 
ward."' Thus,  with  their  stomachs  well  filled  with  fat, 
and  their  backs  cx)vered  with  furs,  the\'  bid  delianco  to 
the  severest  Arctic  winter.*" 

in  architecture,  the  Eskimo  is  fully  e(|ual  to  the 
emergency;  building,  upon  a  soil  which  yields  him  little 
or  no  material,  three  classes  of  dwellings.  IVnetrating 
the  I'rozen  earth,  or  casting  around  him  a  frozeri  wall, 
he  c()m[)els  the  very  elements  from  which  he  seeks 
protection   to   protect   lihn.     For   his    i/u/'ii   or   winter 


5'*  'Tlipyhove  Wsitles  this  a  jiickot  mndp  of  oidti-  drakes'  skins  rowchI 
to^i'thfi',  wliich,  put  oil  nndtnu'iitli  their  other  dress,  is  a  tolrrahle  protec- 
tion aj^'iiinst  11  distant  arrow,  and  is  worn  in  times  of  hostility.'  Ilivrli- 
ei/'x  \'iii/.  vol.  i.,  p.  ;W<).  Messrs  Dease  and  Siniiison  found  those  o£ 
Point  IJarrow  'well  clothed  ill  seal  and  reindeer  skins.'  I.nnd.  Gimi.  Snr.. 
tliiiu'.,  vol.  viii.,  p.  '221.  '  The  finest  (h'osses  are  niaileof  the  sliiiis  of  nnboru 
deer.'  liii'li'tnlsiin's  fill  /iV(/..  p.  ;!()(!.  '  The  h'^lf-develo|iiMl  skin  of  a  fawn 
that  has  iievi-r  lived,  ohtaiiieil  l)y  driving  the  doe  till  her  otl^piiii!,'  is  jire- 
liiatnrily  born.'  ^ni/iiiiti r's  Aldsha,  p.  1(10.  Eskimo  woaun  pay  nuich 
rci,'ard  to  their  toilet.     Hii-hnrdsDii's  Xitr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  'i'>'>. 

-"■*  Tlieir  dress  consists  of  two  suits.  Seiinuim's  I'of/.  Ikriihl,  vol.  ii., 
l>.  "rJ.  'Reindeer  skin— the  fur  next  the  body.'  Annslnmii's  Xor.,  p.  ll'.». 
'  Two  women,  dressed  like  men,  looked  frightfully  with  tluir  tattooed  faces.' 
Jinlsiliiii'n  I'd//.,  vol.  i.,  p.  I'.ll.  Heal-skiu  jackets,  luar-skin  trowsers,  and 
white-fox  skin  caps,  is  the  male  costume  at  Hudson  Slriiit.  The  female 
dress  is  the  same,  with  the  addition  of  a  hood  for  carryiiii,'  children.  Fnink- 
liii's  .\<ir.,  vol.  i.,  p  2',>.  At  ("amdeii  Hay,  reindeer-skin  jackets  and  water- 
proof boots.  Shll|>.^^n,l'!i  \<ir.,  p.  11!)  At  C!opi)ermine  Itiver,  'Wdiiien's 
lioots  which  lire  not  stitVeiied  out  with  whalebone,  and  tli''  tails  of  their 
jackets  are  not  over  one  foot  long.'  Hvariii''s  'Innrh,  p  l(l(i.  Di  >  i-skin,  hair 
outside,  ornamented  with  white  fur.  Kirhi/  ii  Siii'iUif<iii,i<iii  /I'l/''.,  IMIJ,  p. 
4HI.  'I'he  indoor  (b'ess  of  the  eastern  P^skimo  is  of  reiiidrer-skin,  with  the 
fur  inside.  '  When  they  go  out,  another  entire  suit  with  the  fur  outside  is 
put  overall,  and  a  pair  of  watertight  sealskin  .noc<asins,  with  siniiliar  mit- 
tens for  their  hamls.'  SiHhiniii's  .loKrudl,  vol.  xvi.,  p.  IHi.  The  frock  at  Cop- 
permine IJiver  hiis  a  tail  S(un(.'thing  like  11  dress-coat,     .'^iniiisfui'a  Kar.,  p.:l')0. 

■J"  •  Some  of  them  are  even  half-naked,  as  a  summer  heat,  even  of  10'  in 
iusupportuble  to  thtni.'     Kut^tbae's  \'oy.,  vol.  i.,  p.  20."i, 


DWELLINGS  OF  THE  ESKIMOS. 


JlllltfC- 
llUih- 

losu   (if 

'(«/.  Sdi:, 

miboru 

;i  fiiwu 

is  jii't'- 

imieh 

111.  ii., 
p.  ll'.». 


il: 


fiiccs.' 
rs,  iinil 

ffiuale 

I'riiiik- 
\  wiitcv- 

(imcii's 
(if  their 
iiii,  Imir 
ls(U.  p. 
villi  the 
itsiilf  irt 
liiiv  iiiit- 

iit  Ctil)- 

,l).:iril». 

f  10    in 


residence  he  dijrs  a  hole  of  the  required  dimensions, 
to  a  depth  of  alx)ut  nix  feet."'^  AVithin  this  excava- 
tion he  erects  a  frame,  either  of  wood  or  v/halelMHie, 
hishinji;  his  timbers  with  thonjis  instead  of  nailiii!.  them. 
This  frame  is  carried  upward  to  a  distance  of  two  or  three 
feet  alxnc  the  ground,'^  when  it  is  covered  by  a  dome- 
shaped  rtxjf  of  poles  or  whale-rilts  turfed  and  earthed 
over.'"     In  the  centre  of  the  roof  is  lel't  a  hole  for  the 

■mission  of  smoke.     In  ah- 


admi 


of  lidit  and  th 


nssion 
sence  of  fire,  a  transmcent  covermn'  ot  wliaie- intestine 
confines  the  warmth  of  ])utrifying  filth,  and  completes  the 
Eskimo's  sense  of  comfort.  Togain  admittance  to  this 
snug  retreat,  without  exposing  the  inmates  to  the  storms 
without,  another  and  a  smaller  hole  is  dug  to  the  same 
depth,  a  short  distance  from  the  first.  Fiom  one  to 
tlie  other,  an  underground  passage -way  is  then  oi)eiied, 
tiirough  which  entrance  is  made  on  hands  and  knees. 
The  occupants  descend  hy  means  of  a  ladder,  and  over  the 
entrance  a  shed  is  erected,  to  protect  it  fVoni  the  snow.'^ 
AVithin  the  entrance  is  hung  a  deer-skin  door,  and  ante- 
rooms are  arranged  in  which  to  deposit  fiozen  outer  gar- 
ments Ijefbre  entering  the  Iieated  room.  Around  ti»e 
sides  of  the  dwelling,  sleeping-places  are  marked  out;  lor 
Ijedsteads,  boards  are  placed  upon  logs  one  or  two  feet  in 
diameter,  and  covered  with  willow  branches  and  skins. 
A  little  heap  ot  stones  in  the  centre  of  the  nnmi,  under 
the  smoke- hole,  forms  the  fireplace.  In  the  corners  of 
the  room  are  stone  lamps,  which  answer  all  domestic 

3'  '  Do\m  to  tlip  fvn/pu  subsoil.'  IlifliiinlsDii's  Pol.  I!)'<i.,  p.  310.  'Snino 
arc  will  illy  above  j^'roiiuil,  utiitis  liiivf  tluir  rout'  scarcily  ruiscil  above  it.' 
Ikifliiji's  I'')//.,   vol.  ii..  |i.  ;101. 

1^  '  Formed  of  stakes  plaeed  iipriirht  in  the  tjromiil  about  six  fort  liiKh, 
either  circtilar  or  oval  in  (oiiii.  from  wliiiU  otli'is  iiielined  so  as  t<i  f<irm  :i 
Klopiiiii  roof.'  Afuistntmi's  Mtn.,  p.  1 1'.t.  'Half  iiiiileii;ioniid,  with  the 
elitvaiiee  moro  or  less  su.'  Iliill'n  Jhis'.ii.  ]>.  l.t.  • 'I'hev  are  more  than 
half  nnder;4r(Hiiid.'  and  are  'about  twtiity  I'eet  square  ami  ti,s,'ht  feetdiip.' 
SteiiiL.i'  -i  I'll./,  ll'i-iilil.  Vol.  ii.,  p.  57. 

•'•'  •  Tlie  whole  bnildinn  is  eovered  with  earth  to  the  thickness  of  a  foot  or 
jnorc.  a:id  in  a  few  years  it  becomes  over  'own  witii  ifrass,  looking  from  a 
shott  di-taiici-  like  a  small  tuuiulus.'     Jorlririh'iii's  I'lil.  /,'fi/.,  ]i.  ItKI. 

"  .V  sm.iJIiT  drift-wood  house  is  sonietitiies  built  with  aside-door.  '  Li:,'ht 
ntid  air  are  admitted  by  ii  lyw  dyyr  ut  yuu  end.'  likli'inlson's  At/r.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  lil.j. 


i 


52  HYPERliOEEANS. 

purposes  in  tlio  ii])soiico  of  firo-wood.'''  In  the  Letter  class 
of  buiklings,  the  sides  and  lloor  arc  Ijoarded.  Supplies 
are  kept  in  a  store  house  at  a  little  distance  from  the 
dwi'lling,  perched  upon  four  i)osts,  away  fi'oni  the  reach 
of  the  do-i's,  and  a  frame  is  alwa\s  erected  on  Avhich 
to  hanu;  furs  and  fish.  Several  year^  are  sometimes 
«)ocupied  in  ])uildin<r  a  hut.*' 

.Mark  how  nature  supi)lies  this  treeless  coast  with 
wood.  The  hreakin<i-up  ol'  winter  in  the  mountains  of 
Alaska  is  indeed  a  ])reaking-up.  Tiie  accumulated 
masses  of  ice  and  snow,  when  suddenly  loosened  by  the 
incessant  rays  of  the  never-setting'  sun,  hear  away  all 
bi'fore  them.  Down  from  the  mountain -sides  comes 
the  avalanche,  uprooting  trees,  swelling  rivers,  hurry- 
ing with  its  burden  to  the  sea.  There,  casting  itself 
into  the  warm  ocean  current,  the  ice  soon  disappears, 
and  the  driftwood  which  accouipanied  it  is  carried  north- 
ward and  thrown  back  ui)on  the  bea(;h  by  the  Octolter 
winds.  Thus  huge  forest-trees,  taken  up  liodily,  as  it 
were,  in  the  middle  of  a  continent,  and  carried  by  the 
currents  to  the  incredible  distance,  sometimes,  of  three 
lliousand  miles,  are  dej)ositeil  all  along  the  Arctic  sea- 
board, laid  at  the  very  door  of  these  people,  a  people 
whose  store  of  this  world's  benefits  is  none  of  the  most 
abundant.''"  True,  wood  is  not  an  absolute  necessity  with 
them,  as  many  of  their  houses  in  the  coldest  weather 

3'  '  Tho  firn  in  tho  oontro  is  never  lit  merely  for  the  sake  of  warmth,  ns 
(he  liiiii|is  are  sulVuient  for  that  jturpose.'  SitiiHtnn'n  Vnij.  Jlinilil,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  aS.  'Tliey  have  no  fire- iilaers;  bnt  a  stone  ])luee(l  in  the  centre 
Mrves  for  n  snpiiort  to  the  lamp,  hy  whieh  the  little  cookiny  that  iis  reipiireil 
is  performed.'     JiivltiinlHou's  .\(tr.,  vol.  i.,  \).  348. 

sii  '  On  trouvii  plusii'urs  Imttes  eonstruites  en  bois,  nioitir  dans  la  terre, 
moitii'  «n  dehors.'  (7i")-is'  1'"//.  I'ltt.,  jit.  ii.,  j).  (I.  At  Heanfort  Hay  are 
Vdoiliii  huts.  Ni'oi/i.S'oi'.s  Xiir.,  p.  177.  At  Toker  I'oint,  'linilt  of  drift-wood 
and  sods  of  turf  or  mud  '  Ilniijier's  'I'ltshi,  ji.  'M\i.  At  Cape  Krnsenstern  the 
houses  '  appeared  like  little  round  hills,  with  feiiees  of  wliale-hone.'  Jviizr- 
liiif's  I  'ill/.,  vol.  i.,  J).  '2M.  '  They  eonstruet  yourts  or  winter  residenees  ujion 
those  parts  of  the  shore  which  are  adapted  to  their  convenience,  such  as  tho 
montlisof  rivers,  the  entrances  of  iidets,  or  juttinjj;  points  of  hind,  but  always 
upon  low  {ground. '     Jiicclni/'s  I 'o//,,  vol.  ii..  p,  :HW. 

■''  'I  was  surjirised  at  the  vast  iptantity  of  driftwood  aocnmnlated  on  its 
shore,  several  acres  beinj,'  thickly  covered  with  it,  aud  many  pieces  ut  least 
sixty  feet  in  leugtU.'     AninslwHij'n  JV«r.,  p.  104. 


i 


SNOW  HOUSES. 


63 


have  no  fire;  only  oil -lamps  lieing  used  for  cooking 
and  heatinir.  AVhale-ribs  supply  the  place  of  trees  for 
house  and  boat  tiuihers,  and  hides  are  eonnnonly  Jiscd 
lor  hoards.  Yet  a  bountiful  supply  of  avcmmI  duriu|i  their 
louii',  cold,  dark  "winter  conies  in  no  wise  auiiss.***  Tbeir 
suiuuier  tents  are  made  of  se;il  or  untanned  deer  skins 
with  the  hair  outward,  conical  or  bell-sha[)ed.  and  witiiout 
a  smoke-hole  as  no  lires  are  ever  kindled  within  tbeui. 
Tbe  wet  oi"  frozen  earth  is  co\ered  with  a  few  coar.^e 
skins  for  a  lU)or.'''' 

But  the  most  uni([ue  system  of  architecture  in  America 
is  iu»])rovised  b}'  tbe  Kskimos  during  their  seal-hunting 
expeditions  upon  the  ice,  wlien  they  occupy  a  veritable 
crystal  palace  fit  for  an  Arctic  I'airy.  On  the  fi-o/en 
river  or  sea.  a  si)ot  is  cliosen  I'ree  fr(-)m  irregu- 
larities, and  a  circle  of  ten  or  fifteen  feet  in  diam- 
eter drawn  on  the  snow.  The  snow  within  the 
circle  is  then  cut  into  sla])s  from  three  to  lour 
inches  in  thickness,  their  length  being  the  depth 
of  the  snow,  and  these  slabs  are  formed  into  a 
wall  enclosing  the  circle  and  carried  u})  in  coui-ses 
similar  to  those  of  brick  or  stone,  terminating  in  a 
dome -shaped  roof  A  wedge -like  slab  keys  the  arch; 
and  this  [)riiici[ile  in  arcbitectui'e  may  have  iirst  been 
known  to  the  Assyrians,  i'lgyptians.  Chinese  or  i']s- 
kimos.'"  L()o.>^e  snow  is  then  thrown  into  the  crevices, 
which  (piickly  congeals;  an  aperture  is  cut  in  the 
side  for  a  door;  and  if  the  thin  wall  is  not  sullicieutly 

'«  'Eastern  Esqiiiniiiux  invcisicm  toUiiukof  tiiv  us  a  nicansdf  im;>iirliiii,' 
Wfiriiitli.'    SiiiijiS'iii's  Xnr..  \\.  :u<;. 

■'■' Their  liouscs  iirc  '  univcalili'  t<>nts,  cdiistnU'ttMl  uf  jiolcs  luul  sivins." 
JlroicneU's  lull.  Uncia,  j).  |r,ii.  •  Xiiilur  wiiiil  nor  wuterti^^ht.'  l'>'i<-hi-i/.-i 
\'"i/..  vol.  i.,  J).  :((;i.  At  ('a|)i>  Sniyllu',  lli>(ii)('r  saw  sivcn  Eskinnt  tciitH 
of  sciil  skin.  7'".n7,/,  p.  21i;.  '  We' cnttivd  u  siimll  tent  (if  niursc -skins, 
niiiili'  in  th"  form  of  a  cnnoc.'  A'.  /;.///ii"s  \'ni/.,  vol.  i.,  y.  'J.i(i.  At  ('(ij)- 
liiniiinc  Kivcr  their  tents  in  sniuiiier  are  of  <lrer-skin  with  the  hair  on, 
and  cireuiar.  Ihirm'^-  '/'(vo-c/s,  p.  li;7.  At  St  Lawrence  Island,  Kni/d.iie 
•saw  no  s(  tlh'd  d\velhni,'s,  'only  several  small  tents  l.nilt  of  tlie  ribs  of  whales, 
and  covered  with  the  skin  of  the  iiiorse.'      \'('i/U(IP,  vol.  i.,  [i[t.  r.t()-r.)l. 

*"  'In  iiarallelo^ranis,  and  so  adjnsted  ns  to  form  a  rotumki,  with  an 
arched  roof.'  >;/;,/co,s  .fn,ir.,  v<d.  xvi.,  ii.  Ill),  r'trn/'s  I'm/.,  vol.  v.,  ii. 
20(1.     FninUtn's  .\ur.,  xul.  u.,  IK  il.  J  J' 


I 


6i 


HITERBOREANS. 


I 


triin.sluccnt,  a  piece  of  ice  is  fitted  into  the  side 
for  a  window.  Seats,  taljles,  couches,  and.  even  Hre- 
places  are  made  with  frozen  snow,  and  covered  with 
reindeer  or  seal  skin.  Out-houses  connect  with  the 
main  room,  and  frequently  a  numlx'r  of  dwellings  are 
huilt  contiguously,  Avith  a  passage  from  one  to  another. 
These  houses  are  comfortahle  and  duraljle,  resisting 
.alike  the  wind  and  the  thaw  until  late  in  the  season. 
Ciu-e  must  be  taken  that  the  walls  Jire  not  so  thick  as  to 
make  them  too  Avarm,  and  so  cause  a  dripping  from  the 
interior.  A  s(piare  block  of  snow  serves  as  a  stand  for 
the  stone  lamp  which  is  their  only  Hre.*^ 

'■  The  purity  of  the  material,"  says  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin, who  saw  them  l^uikl  an  ediiice  of  this  kind  at 
Copiiermine  River,  "  of  which  the  house  was  framed, 
the  elegance  of  its  ccmstruction,  and  the  translucency  of 
its  walls,  which  transmitted  a  very  pleasant  light,  gave 
it  an  appearance  far  superior  to  a  marble  building,  and 
one  might  survey  it  with  feelings  somewhat  akin  to 
those  produced  by  the  contemplation  of  a  (Grecian  tem- 
})le,  reared  by  Phidias;  both  are  triumphs  of  art,  inimi- 
tal)le  in  their  kind."" 

Eskimos,  fortunately,  have  not  a  dainty  palate.  Ev- 
erything which  sustains  life  is  food  for  them.  Their 
Hubstantials  comprise  the  tiesh  of  land  and  marine  ani- 
mals,  fish  and  birds;  venison,  and  whale  and  seal 
l)luhber  l)eing  chief.  Choice  dishes,  tempting  to  the 
appetite,  Arctic  epicurean  dishes,  Eskimo  nectar  and 
ambrosia,  are  daintily  i)repared,  hospitably  placed  ])ef()re 
strangers,  and  eaten  and  drunk  with  avidity.     Among 

4'  '  Those  housos  nw  dumblo,  tlio  ■wind  has  littlo  effect  on  them,  and  they 
resist  the  tluiw  until  the  sun  iicciuires  very  eousideriible  power.'  Jlichun}- 
soit's  Xnr.,  vol.  i.,  ]).  3i")(>. 

*'  The  snuw  houses  are  called  by  the  natives  viloo,  and  the  underp;ronnd 
huts  j/oiirts,  or  y arts,  nm\  thvir  U'litu  hiii'l.s.  Winter  residence,  'i^lut.'  /i((;/(- 
<ir(ls'iii's  Vol.  /iV'/.,  p.  ;tl(>.  Beeehey,  descrihinj^  the  same  kind  of  huildiiiLjs, 
calls  them  'yourts.'  1'')//.,  vol.  i.,  p'.  .'(Oti.  Tent  of  skins,  tie-poo-eet;  tojiak; 
toopi'k.  Tent,  too- pote.  //>/(?.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  UHl.  'Yourts.'  ^Sffiiituiii'a  rn//. 
.ll'i.(l(J,  vol.  ii.,  p.  5'J.  Tent,  topek.  Dull  says  Riehaidson  is  wron^',  and 
that  i|,'loo  <n*  iglu  is  the  name  of  ice  houses.  Alusht,  \).  it'.i'l.  House,  ij^lo. 
Tent,  tuppek.  Jlifhiirdsiiu's  Jonf.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  378.  iSuow  Louse,  teyloo. 
FninhiUi's  j.V((r.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  I". 


.......  !L!JlH^^B«rr?-r- 


MIGRATIONS  FOR  FOOD. 


65 


thorn  aw:  a  Inml  of  coagulated  1)1()0(1,  mashed  craiilKTries 
vitli  rancid  tiain-oil,  whortle1)eiTie.s  and  Avah'us-hhihher, 
alternate  streaks  of  putrid  l)lack  and  white  uhale-fat; 
venison  stee[)ed  in  seal -oil,  raw  deer's  liver  cut  in  small 
pieces  and  mixed  with  the  warm  half-digested  contents  of 
the  animals  stomach ;  l)Owls  of  live  maggots,  a  draught  of 
Avarm  hlood  from  a  newly  killed  animal/'  Fish  are  some- 
times eaten  alive.  Meats  are  kept  in  seal-skin  l);igs  for 
over  a  year,  decomposing  meanwhile,  hut  never  hecoming 
too  rancid  for  our  Eskimos.  Their  winter  .store  of  oil 
they  secure  in  seal-skin  hags,  which  are  ])uried  in  the 
frozen  ground,  (/harlevoi.v  remarks  that  they  are  the 
only  race  known  who  prefer  food  raw.  This,  howexer.  is 
not  the  case.  They  prefer  their  fcwjd  co<jked,  hut  do  not 
ohji'ct  to  it  raw  or  rotten.  They  are  no  lovers  of  salt." 
In  mid -winter,  while  tlie  land  is  enveloped  in  dark- 
ness, the  l']skimo  dozes  torpidly  in  hi.s  den.  J']ai'ly  in 
!Se[itoml)er  the  musk-oxen  and  reindeer  retreat  south- 
ward, and  the  iish  are  confined  heneath  the  frozen  cov- 
ering of  the  rivers.  It  is  during  the  short  sunnner, 
when  food  is  abundant,  that  they  who  would  not  perish 
nuist  lay  u[)  a  supply  for  the  winter.  AMien  s[)ring 
opens,  and  the  rivers  are  cleared  of  ice,  the  natives  Hallow 
the  Iish.  which  at  that  time  ascend  the  streams  to  s})awn, 
and  spear  them  at  the  falls  and  rapids  that  impede  their 
progress.  Small  wooden  fish  are  sometimes  made  and 
thrown  into  holes  in  the  ice  for  a  decoy;  salmon  are 
taken  in  a  whalebone  seine.  At  this  season  also  rein- 
deer are  captured  on  their  way  to  the  coast,  whither 
they  resort  in  the  spring  to  drop  their  young.     .Multi- 


*^  Tlioy  av(>  so  fondof  the  warm  blnotl  of  ilyint,'  niiimals  that  they  iiivonted 
nn  iustiuiiuiit  to  sfi-m'o  it.  See  lii-iflififs  V"/A-  ^'"1-  i--  !'•  !M'-  '  Whalt- 
1)lul>l)(r,  thiii'  ffi-cut  (li'liciicy,  is  sii-kfiiiii^'  iiiul  daugi'roub  to  ii  Kuroi)Lau 
Ktouiacli.'     K''t:il, Ill's  I'nij.,  vol.  i.,  p.  11(2. 

■•1  Hcarnc  says  that  tho  uativos  on  the.  Arctic  coast  of  British  Ann  ilea  aro 
80  (lis;4nstiiinly  tilthy  that  vhcn  they  have  MecdiiiK  "t  the  iiosr  th.y  lick 
up  tliiir  own  liloixt.  'rntnls,  p.  l('il.  'Salt  always  nppcand  an  alioin- 
iiiatioii.'  '  Tli.y  sciilom  codk  their  food,  tho  frost  apparently  actini,'  as  ti 
bulistitiitc  for  tire.'  I'ulliiisoii,  in.  Loml.  (/eiiij.  Snr.  ,li,iir.,  vol/xxv..  p.  2(11. 
At  KotZ'))nr  Sdtmd  they  'seoni  to  subsist  entirely  on  the  tleshof  ni,u-ine  ani- 
mals, which  they,  fortLe  most  i)art,  cut  raw.'     KUztbuv's  Voy.,  vol.  i.,  p.  231). 


«6 


HYPERBOREANS, 


1'' 


tiult's  f)f  o'ooso.  (lucks,  and  .swuiis  visit  the  ocean  during 
the  suiie  }M.'ri(jd  to  breed/'' 

August  and  September  are  tbe  months  for  ubales. 
AVbcn  a  wliale  is  discovered  rollinii;  on  the  water,  a 
boat  starts  out.  and  from  the  distance  of  a  few  I'eet  a 
wea[K)n  is  phniji'ed  into  its  bhibbery  carcass.  Tiie  iiar- 
])oons  are  so  constructed  that  when  tliis  blow  is  given, 
the  shaft  becomes  disengaged  from  the  barbed  ivor\'  iK)int. 
To  this  }«)int  a  seal-skin  buoy  or  bladder  is  attached  by- 
means  of  a  cord.  The  bk)ws  are  re[)eated;  the  buo\ sen- 
cumber  the  monster  in  diving  or  swinnning,  and  tiie  inge- 
nious Ivskimo  is  soon  able  to  tow  the  carcass  to  the  shore. 
A  succes,sful  chase  secures  an  abundance  of  food  foi-  the 
winter.**^  Se.ds  are  caught  during  the  winter,  and  con- 
siderable skill  is  rcMjuired  in  taking  them.  IJeing  a  warm- 
Ijlooded  res[)iratory  animal,  they  are  obliged  to  ha\o 
air,  and  in  order  to  obtain  it,  while  the  surface  of  the 
water  is  undergoing  the  freezing  [)rt)cess.  they  keep  open 
a  breathing- hole  by  constantly  gnawing  away  the  ice. 
They  produce  their  young  in  March,  and  soon  aiterward 
the  natives  a])andon  their  villages  and  set  out  on  the 
ice  in  i)ursuit  of  them.  Seals,  like  whales,  are  also 
killed  with  a  liar})oon  to  which  is  attached  a  bladder. 
The  seal,  when  struck,  may  draw  the  iloat  under  water 
for  a  time,  Ijut  is  soon  obliged  to  rise  to  the  sin-faco 
from  exhaustion  and  ibr  air,  when  he  is  again  attacked 
an^l  soon  obliged  to  yield. 

The  Eskimos  are  no  less  ingenious  in  catching  wild- 
fowl, which  they  accomplish  hy  means  of  a  sling  or  net 
made  of  woven  sinews,  with  ivory  balls  attjiched.  They 
also  snare  birds  by  means  of  whalebone  noosi's.  roiuid 
which  fine   gravel  is  scattered    as   a   bait.     The_)'  ma- 


*•>  '  During  tho  two  snmmor  months  they  hnnt  and  Uvo  on  swims,  j^ceso, 
and  ducks.'     Ilic!i(iriln(>ii's  Xar.,  vol.  i.,  \i.  itlii, 

*''  '  Sit'Ui-ps  wintor  ft'usts  imd  ubuudiinco  of  oil  for  the  lumps  of  a  wholo 
villat,'!',  and  there  is  grt'itt  vcjuicinf^.'  JtirlKtrilsim's  I'oL  /iV;/.,  p.  Jil;!.  'Tho 
captnro  of  tho  seal  and  walrus  is  ftt'cott'd  ill  tho  samt;  manner.  Salmon  and 
other  fish  aro  oauj^'ht  in  nets.'  Sevmmin's  Vinj.  lla-uld,  \ul.  ii.,  p.  (il.  "Six 
small  perforated  ivory  halls  attached  soiiarately  to  cords  of  smu  \v  three  feet 
long.'    iJaise  lU  Hiiniisun,  in  Lund.  Ovij.  .Sue.  Jour.,  vol,  viii.,  "222. 


BEAR -HUNTING. 


67 


iiaMivre  reindeer  to  near  tlie  edge  of  a  clift'  and.  driving 
tlieni  into  the  sea,  kill  tlieni  from  oanoes.  They  also 
uaylay  them  at  the  narrow  passes,  and  ea^jturi'  thc-m  in 
great  lunnbers.  They  eonstriict  large  reindeer  ixtunds, 
and  set  u\)  two  diverging  rows  of  turf  so  as  to  rejiresent 
men;  the  outer  extremities  of  the  line  heing  sometimes 
two  miles  ajjart,  and  narrowing  to  a  small  i-nclosure. 
Into  this  trap  the  unsuspecting  animals  are  driven,  when 
they  are  easily  speaivd/" 

To  overcome  the  formidalile  polar  hear  the  natives 
have  two  strategems.  One  is  l)y  imitating  the  seal,  u[)on 
which  the  ])ear  principally  feeds,  and  therehy  enticing  it 
within  gunshot.  Another  is  hy  hendijig  a  })iece  ol'  stift' 
whalehone,  encasing  it  in  a  hall  of  hluhher,  and  freezing 
the  J)all,  which  then  holds  firm  the  bent  whalehone. 
Armed  with  these  frozen  hluhher  halls,  the  natives  ap- 
l)r()ach  their  victim,  and,  with  a  discharge  of  arrows,  o})en 
the  engagement.  The  bear,  smarting  with  pain,  turns 
u|M)n  his  tormentors,  who,  taking  to  their  heels,  drop 
now  and  then  a  blub1)er  ball.  Jiruin,  as  fond  of  food 
as  of  revenge,  pauses  for  a  moment,  hastily  swallows 
one,  then  another,  and  {mother.  Soon  a  strange  sensa- 
tion is  felt  within.  The  thawing  blubber,  melted  by  the 
heat  of  the  animal's  stomach,  releases  the  pent-up  whale- 
bone, which.  s[)ringing  into  place,  pla}'s  havoc  with  the 
intestines,  and  brings  the  bear  to  a  painful  Jind  ignomin- 
ious end.  To  vegetables,  the  natives  are  rather  indiiler- 
ent:  berries,  acid  sorrel  leaves,  and  certain  roots,  ai'e 
n.sed  as  a  relish.  There  is  no  native  intoxicating  li(|uor, 
but  in  eating  they  get  gluttonously  stupid. 

Xotwithstanding  his  long,  frigid,  ))iting  winter,  the 
Eskimo  never  suffers  from  the  cold  so  long  as  he  has  an 
abuiuLmce  of  food.  As  we  have  seen,  a  whale  or  a,  moose 
su[)plies  him  with  food,  shelter,  and  raiment.  ^Vith  an 
internal   lire,  fed   by  his  oily  and  animal  food,  glow- 


<'  Nfiir  Smith  Rivor,  a  low  jnooo  of  Ki'onnd,  two  iiiilcH  In-  tad  iit  tli(>  hoach, 
was  fduiul  inclosed  liy  tloiililc  vows  of  tmf  set  u))  to  rfi)V(>  'tit  nun.  iiairow- 
iu^'  towards  a  lake,  into  which  miulocr  were  (Mveu  and  '.  ilh  d,  .Vu/iy'son's 
Aw.,  p.  135. 


i  !l!| 


nYPERBOREANS 


in;jC  in  his  stomacli.  liis  IHood  at  fovor  lioiit,  lio  Inir- 
row.s  comlortiihly  in  ico  and  miow  and  iVo/cn  <>roMnd, 
without  ni'wssity  for  wood  or  coal."  Xor  aro  tiiose  i)as- 
sioiis  which  arc  siii)poscd  to  develop  most  fully  under  a 
milder  teuq^'raturc.  wanting;  in  the  half-fro/en  ]l\|)ei*- 
hoiean.^''  One  of  the  chief  dilfundties  of  the  I'iskimo 
during  the  winter  is  to  ohtain  water,  and  the  women 
sjtend  a  large  portion  of  their  time  in  meltinji  snow  over 
oil-lamps.  In  the  Arctic  regions,  eating  snow  is  at- 
tended with  serious  conseipiences.  Ice  or  snow,  touched 
to  the  lips  or  tongue,  hlisters  like  caustic.  Fire  is  oh- 
tained  hy  striking  sparks  from  iron  pyrites  with  ([uartz. 
It  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  the  coldest  climate  inhahited 
hy  man.  lire  is  less  used  than  anywhere  else  in  the  world, 
eipiatorial  regions  perhaps  excepted.  Caloric  for  the 
hodj-  is  supplied  ])y  food  and  supplemented  hy  furs. 
Snow  houses,  from  their  nature,  prohibit  the  use  of 
tire;  hut  cooking  with  the  Eskimo  is  a  luxury,  not  a 
necessity,  lie  well  understands  how  to  utilize  every 
l)art  of  the  animals  so  essential  to  his  existence.  AVith 
their  skins  he  clothes  himself,  makes  houses,  hoats,  and 
oil-hags;  their  ilesli  and  fat  he  eats.  He  even  devours 
the  contents  of  the  intestines,  and  with  the  skin  makes 
water-proof  clothing.  Knives,  arrow-points,  house,  hoat, 
and  sledge  frames,  lish-hooks,  domestic  utensils,  ice-chisels, 
and  in  fact  almost  all  their  implements,  are  made  from  the 
horns  and  hones  of  the  deer,  whale,  and  seal.  Bow- 
sti'ings  are  made  of  the  sinews  of  musk-oxen,  and  ropes 
of  seal-skin.''"   The  Eskimo's  arms  are  not  very  formidtdjle. 

4''  'Ce  qn'il  y  a  encore  de  frappant  clans  la  comi)lexion  de  cos  harhares," 
c't'st  rcxtrciuc  chiilcur  de  Icur  ostomae  et  de  lour  sanj^;  ils  echanffcut  tello- 
iiitiit,  par  It'ur  halcini'  ardtiitc,  Ics  hnttes  (in  ils  assemlilent  on  bivor,  (jno  les 
Europi'aiis,  s'y  st'Uti'Ut  ('tuiirti's,  conmie  dans  une  <'tuve  dout  la  chalcur  tst 
tnip  j,'radai'(':  aussi  nc  fi)nt-ils  jamais  do  feu  dans  leur  lialiitation  en  aucnno 
Haison,  ft  ils  i^'uorent  I'nsai^i'  dcs  fheniini'cs,  sons  lu  elimat  lo  plus  froid  du 
globe.'     De  I'aiiw.  llecln'rcla.-i  I'liil.,  toin.  i.,  ]).  ^(Sl. 

49  'Tlu>  voluptuousness  and  l'oly<,'aniy  of  tbo  North  Amei-icau  Indians, 
nnder  a  temperature  of  almost  perpetual  winter,  is  far  greater  than  that  of 
the  most  sensual  tropieal  nations.'     Murtiii's  llrilish  i'olonk's,  vol.iii.,  j).  r)21:. 

^"  '  The  seal  is  perhaps  their  most  useful  animal,  not  merely  furuishinj{ 
oil  and  l)lul)l)er.  but  the  skin  used  for  their  canoes,  thongs,  nets,  lassoes,  and 
boot  soles.'     \ilt!/inpcr'ii  AlutiLa,  p.  IGl. 


SLEDGES,  SNOW -SHOES,  ANT)  BOATS. 


5'J 


Biu-kc'd  l»y  his  ingenuity,  tlicy  nrvcrtlu^loss  provo  sufTi- 
cioiit  for  practical  iniri)<)sc's;  and  Avliilc  his  ncijililjor 
|)<)ss».»HS0H  none  bettor,  all  are  on  an  e([iial  footing'  in 
Avar.  Their  most  iK)werful  as  well  as  most  artistic 
Aveai)on  is  the  how.  it  is  made  oi'  l)eech  or  si)ru('e, 
in  three  pieces  curving  in  o[)[K)site  directions  and  in- 
geniously hound  by  twisted  sinews,  so  as  to  give  the 
greatest  possible  strength.  Ilichardson  allinns  that 
"  in  the  hands  of  a  native  hunter  it  will  pro[)el  an 
arrow  with  sufficient  force  to  pii'ree  the  heart  of  a 
mur>k-ox.  or  break  the  leg  of  a  reindeer.'  Arrows,  as 
well  as  spears,  lances,  and  darts,  are  of  white  spruce, 
and  pointed  with  bone,  ivory.  Hint,  and  slate."'*  Kast 
of  the  Mackenzie,  copper  enters  largely  into  the  com- 
lM)sition  of  Eskimo  utensils.'"'"  Ik'fore  the  introduction 
of  iron  In'  lluropeans,  stone  hatchets  were  connnon.''' 

The  llyper))oreans  surpass  all  American  nations  in  their 
facilities  for  locomotion,  both  upon  land  and  water.  Jn 
their  skin  ])oats,  the  natives  of  the  Alaskan  seaboard  from 
I'oint  j/arrow  to  ^Mount  St  Elias,  made  long  voyages, 
crossing  the  strait  and  sea  of  Bering,  and  held  commercial 
intercourse  with  the  people  of  Asia.  Sixty  miles  is  an 
ordinary  day's  journey  for  sledges,  while  Indians  on 
snow-shoes  have  Ijeen  known  to  run  down  and  ca[)- 
turr  deer.  Throughout  this  entire  border,  including 
the  Aleutian  Islands,  boats  are  made  wholly  of  the 
skins  of  seals  or  sea-lions,  excepting  the  fnime  of  wood 

''I  They  h;\\o  'two  sorts  of  hows:  nrrows  ])ointe(l  with  ivmi.  flint,  aiul 
bmic.  or  lihiut  for  liinls;  ii  durt  with  tlirowin.L^-hoiird  for  sciils;  it  s))iiir 
hciulnl  with  iron  or  cojiiitr,  the  huuiUf  about  six  fcft  Ion;,';  iind  fonuiilahlo 
iron  knives.  Kiually  ailaptcd  for  throwing,  cutting;,  or  stuhhin^.'  Shnjisnn':^ 
y'(r..  p.  121$.  They  asccnchil  the  llackonzif  in  former  times  as  fur  as 
the  Itamparts,  to  obtain  tiinty  slate  for  hmee  and  arrow  points.  Ilirlmiil- 
.soil's  ./(iiir.,  vol.  i.,  J).  -IV.i.  At  St.  Lawrence  Island,  they  are  armed  with  a 
knife  two  feet  loni<  h'.t-.i^hne's  I'.-//.,  vol.  i.,  iq).  VXi,  -ill.'  One  weapon  was 
'a  walrus  tooth  tixed  to  the  end  of  u  wooden  stall'.'  Jin<:hii/'s  \''>i/.,  vol.  i., 
p.  .ili. 

'•-  At  the  Copperniino  Eivev,  arrows  arc  pointed  with  slato  or  copp(  r;  hatch- 
ets also  are  made  of  a  thick  lump  of  copper.     JTarne's  'I'runlf:,  pp.  IC' -D. 

i^t  '  The  old  ivory  knives  and  itiut  axes  are  now  sui)ei-seded,  the  I'lussians 
liavint,'  iiitroduc((l  the  connuon  Eiiropi'au  sheath-knife  and  hatrh,  t.  T'le 
board  f..r  throwim,'  darts  is  in  use,  and  is  similar  to  that  of  the  i'olyue'  s.' 
i^tciiiniin's  Vuij.  Iknttd,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '\i. 


CO 


inTERnOllEAXS. 


or  \vliiili'-ril)s.  In  tlic  interior,  iis  well  as  on  tin'  coast 
iniini'diati'lv  lu'low  Mount  St  Iliias.  skin  Moat.s  disai)- 
jR'ar.  and  canoi's  or  woodi-n  boats  arc  used. 

Two  kinds  of  skin  hoats  arc  cinidovcd  liy  tlu'  natives 
of  the  iMaskan  coast,  a  lar^-c  and  ji  small   ( 


)nc 


'11 


K! 


former  is  called  hv  the  nati\«'s  (inmnih-,  and  In'  the  Rus- 
sians /iiiii/iir.  This  is  ji  lar^i'.  Ilat-hottomed.  open  hoat; 
the  skeleton  of  wood  or  whale-rihs.  fastened  uith  scal- 
tskin  thonji's  or  whale's  sinews,  and  coveivd  with  oiled 
seal  or   sea-lion  skins,   which   are  lirst  sewed    toj:tther 


an( 


I    then    stretched    over   the    frame 


Tl 


le 


haidai'    is 


nsnallv  uhont  thirty  I'eet  in  length,  six  feet  in  extreme 
l)readtli,  and  three  feet  in  depth.  It  is  propelled  hy 
oars,  and  will  carry  fifteen  or  twentv  persons.  ])nt  its 
cai)aeity  is  <i;reatly  increased   hy  lashini-'  inllated  seal- 


skins to  the  ontsidc.      In   storms  at  sea.  two 


or 


tl 


iree 


haidars  are  sometimes  tied  to'a'ther 


The  small  hoat 


is  called  hy  the  iiiitives  Z'^'//',  and  hy  the  Jlnssians  hi/i- 


ildt'la.     Jt  if 
tl 


cons 
le  same  mannc 


trncted  of  the  same  material  and   in 
IS  the  haidar,  exce[it  that  it  isentinly 


covered  with  skins,  top  as  well  as  hottom,  .sive  (me  hole 
left  in  the  deck,  which  is  lilled  ))y  the  navigator.     After 

'>^  Tho  'l>ftV(liivo  is  (I  liirgo  open  lioat,  quite  flnt,  nimlo  of  sfii-llnns'  sldnw,' 
nncl  is  us(!(l  also  for  ii  tent.  At  Lunfsclirrt'  Island  it  was  '  ii  liiivc  and  jirol)- 
iibly  Icatlu'i'ii  bout,  with  Mack  sails.'  J\'ut:iliiit's  \'iii/.,  vol.  i.,  jip.  2()2.  •JH!. 
'  Tho  kaiyaks  arc  iniiidlcd  by  a  donblc-bladid  jiaddli',  nscd  wilh  or  witliont 
n  central  rest,  and  the  umiaks  with  oavs.'  Can  'jiroixl  ♦heir  kaiyaks  at  the 
rate  of  seven  miles  ail  hour.'  j;icli(irilsnn's  Jmir.,  vol.  i.,  ^ip.  'iltH,  ;)").S.  At  *lud- 
Bon  Strait  they  have  canoes  of  seal-skin,  like  those  of  (incnlimd.  I-'riiiiUi,,'s 
iA((/'.,  vol.  i.,  n.  2!).  Not  a  drop  of  w  ter  can  penetrate  the  opening,'  into  tho 
canoe.  Milli  "'s  I'".'/.,  p.  40.  The  kyak  is  like  an  English  waf.'er-boat. 
They  are  'n  I'h  stroii<,'er  than  their  lif,'htness  would  lead  one  to  sni>]iose.' 
Jliinijer's  Tl' •  ',  pp.  '22li,  '2'2<S,  Oiniiinhn  or  family  canoes  of  skin;  Hoat  in  six 
inchc'Sof  wa.  Siniiisun's  Xnr.,  p.  UN.  '  With  these  boats  they  make  loiij,'voy- 
a;^'es,  fre(inoi  •  visitinf»  St.  Lawrence  Island. '  />«'/'<  Al'ishK,  p.  I})S(».  '  Eramo 
vorkof  wood  vheu  this  cannot  be  procured  whalebone  is  substituted.'  .\nii- 
ulroiii/'s  yur.,  ,  ')H.  Mackenzie  saw  boats  put  toj^'ether  with  whalebone;  'sewed 
in  some  parts,  id  tied  in  others.'  I'd//'/;/' x,  p.  (17.  They  also  use  a  sail.  '  Ou 
di'couvrit  an  '  in,  dans  la  baie,  un  bateau  ipii  allait  a  hi  voile;  ello  etait  eu 
cuir.'  I'lioris,  '(<//.  7'i//.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  fi.  They  'are  the  best  means  yet  discnv- 
ei'f'd  by  mankind  to  go  from  place  to  i)lace.'  Luniiaildrlf's  I'lii/.,  pt.  ii.,  ]).  43. 
'  It  is  wonderful  what  long  voyages  they  make  in  these  slight  boats.'  (  Kiiip- 
hill's  Ec//.,  p.  114.  '  The  skin,  wlu'U  soaked  with  water,  is  tran.slut'ent;  aiul 
a  stranger  placing  his  foot  upon  the  llat  yielliug  surface  at  the  bottom  of 
tho  boat  fancies  it  ii  frail  security.'    Ikidnj's  \'"!/.,  v(j1.  i.,  p.  34G. 


DOGS  AND  SLKDS. 


61 


s'  skins,' 

nd  ))rn1i- 

•20-J.  ■>[(>. 

witlmnt 

It  thii 

MMnd- 

■diil.tih'K 

iitd  tho 

I'-lioat. 


•  i'liiino 
Adii- 
;  'sewed 
•On 
I'tuit  I'U 
dist'ov- 
.,1).  43. 
(  <niip- 
■nt;  luul 
attorn  of 


taklii!:,'  liis  sojit.  and  tlicivby  nUlnir  this  hole',  the  (xvii- 
liiiiif  i»iit.s  on  ii  wiitcr-prctl'  oNcr-drcss,  tlu'  bottom  of 
which  i.s  so  si'omvtl  i-omul  tlio  rim  of  the  liole  thiit  not 
u  (h'o|>  of  wiitor  Ciin  iK'iK'tnito  it.  This  divss  is  pio- 
vi(li'(l  witii  sk'ovos  and  ii  hood.  It  is  s'curcly  fastciicil 
at  thcAvrists  and  neck,  and  \\\\vn  tht»  IkmmI  is  drawn  cArr 
the  head,  tho  hoatman  may  hid  (k'lianci'  to  the  watiT. 
^rht'  hai(hn'ka  is  ahoiit  sixteen  firt  in  l('n,iitii.  and  two 
I'c'ct  in  uidth  at  the-  inichlk".  tain-rin^'  to  a  })oint  at  I'ithcr 


end.''     It  is  liiiiit  and  stron 


ri 


an( 


Uvl 


icn  ski 


lifidlv  han- 


dUd  is  consitK'ivd  vci'v  safe.  Tho  iiatixo  of  Noi'ton 
Sound  will  twirl  his  kyak  coniplotoly  ovor,  turn  an 
a(|ii;itio  soniorsanlt.  and  hy  tiio  aid  of  his  <lonhk'-l»lat!i'd 
paddii'  oomo  n[)  safoly  on  tho  othor  sick",  without  vvvn 
k)sin,ii'  his  soat.  So  hijihly  wi'i'o  thoso  l»oats  ostooniod 
h\'  tho    Russians,   tluit  thoy  wore   at  onoo  nnivorsallv 

•  •■  ft 

ad(>|itod  l)y  thom  in  iiavigatin<i'  thoso  wators.  Thoy 
woro  unahk'  to  invont  any  im[)rovomont  in  either  of 
thoui.  althoudi  they  made  a  ))aidai'ka  with  two  and 
tluco  seats,  which  tlioy  employed  in  addition  to  tho 
oiu'-seatod  kyak.  Tiio  Kadiak  haidarka  is  a  little 
shorter  and  wider  than  tho  Aleutian.'" 

Sleds,  sleilLios.  dons,  and  Arctic  land-boats  ])lay  an 
imp  ortant  jiart  in  Kskimo  economy.  The  Eskimo  sk'd 
is  friuued  of  spruce,  birch,  or  whalebone,  strongly  bound 
with  thongs,  and  the  rniniers  shod  with  smootli  strips  oi 

_•«  Tlio  '  kiijiik  is  slia]ied  like  n  wea\er's  shuttle.'  llMiardstnu'ti  r<d.  Hn/., 
p.  ;!(is.  'The  imdiUe  is  iu  the  liands  of  an  Kskiiiio,  whiit  the  lud.iuciug  ixiki 
IS  to  ii  tii,'ht-ri)iie  d:iiieer.'     .'^■ninnu's  I'n//-  Jh-nild.  vol.  ii.,  y.  Tit;. 

^t-  'Tho  Kohshimeii  eonstnut  liiich-liuvk  t-anoes;  Init  on  tho  coast  skin 
bouts  oi'  haidais,  like  the  ]^kiiiio  kaivaks  and  umiaks,  ...>,  eiiii)loyed.'  7/;-  '.- 
i(/'./s../.\'  ./.„(/•.,  vol.  i.,  p.  4i(."),  If  h'v  aeeident  a  liole  should  bo  made,  it  is 
stopiied  'vith  a  piece  of  the  Hesh  of' the  sea-doL?,  or  fat  of  tho  whale,  whieh 
they  always  c-arry  with  them.  /,./„. ;.v,?.,c/r.s  I'-w/.',  ])t,  ii.,  p.  1:1.  They  striko 
'  the  water  with  iKjiiiek.  rej^ular  motion',  lirst  in  ono  side,  and  then  on  tins 
cith-r.'  Ci>,,L's  Thinl  l'„y/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  TiK;.  '  WieLjen  u'w  iiber  ;J(I  I'fund, 
undhabeii  cin  diinnes  mit  Leder  iilier/o^nes  Geripiie.'  Xmr  Xavhrirhl':,!, 
\).  l.)2.  'The  Aleutians  put  to  sea  with  them  inall  weathers.'  /vit-ilnit'.i  Ar/'i 
1  "//  ,  vol.  ii.,  p.  .JO.  At  tlie  Shuma^,'in  Islands  they  'are  penerally  about 
twelve  feet  in  length,  sharp  at  each  end,  and  about  twenty  inehes'broad.' 
J/"(/r,s'  I  „,/..  J,.  X.  'J'hey  are  as  transjiarent  as  oihnl  paper.  At  Unalaska 
they  are  so  light  that  they  cuu  be  carried  iu  one  Laud.  ,S((i(ec,  BHliwfs  \'vu., 
p.  loi,  loD. 


ill 


02 


HYPERBOREANS. 


il 


\vlialc's  jaw-bone.  This  sled  is  heavy,  and  fit  only  for 
traveling  over  ice  or  frozen  snow.  Indian  sleds  of  the 
interior  are  lighter,  the  rnnners  being  of  thin  llexible 
l)oards  better  adapted  to  the  ine(iiialities  of  the  ground, 
h^ledges,  such  as  are  used  by  the  voyagers  of  Hudson 
r>iiy,  are  of  totally  difterent  construction.  Three  lioards, 
each  about  one  foot  in  width  and  twelve  feet  in  length, 
thinned,  and  curved  into  a  semicircle  at  one  vm\,  are 
]tlaced  side  ])y  side  and  firndy  lashed  together  with 
thonus.  A  leathern  bag  or  blanket  of  the  full  si/e  of 
the  sled  is  provided,  in  which  the  load  is  i)laced  and 
lashed  down  with  strings."^  Sleds  and  sledges  are 
drawn  by  dogs,  and  they  will  carry  a  load  of  from  a 
quarter  to  half  a  ton,  or  about  one  hundred  pounds 
to  each  dog.  The  dogs  of  Alaska  are  s^carculy  up  to 
the  average  of  Arctic  canine  nobilit>-.''^  They  are  of 
various  colors,  hairy,  :liort-legged,  with  large  l)ushy 
tails  curved  over  the  back;  they  are  wold sh,  sus])icit)us, 
yet  powerfid,  sagacious,  and  docile,  patiently  jK'rl'onning 
an  incredU)le  amount  of  ill-re(iuited  labor.  Dogs  are 
harnessed  to  the  sledge,  sometimes  by  separate  thongs  at 
TURMpial  distances,  sometimes  in  pairs  to  a  single  line. 
They  are  guided  by  the  voice  accompanied  by  a  whip, 
and  to  the  best  trained  and  most  sagacious  is  "iven  the 
longest  tether,  that  he  may  act  as  leader.  ^Vn  eastei'n 
dog  will  carry  on  his  l)ack  a  weight  of  thirty  pounds. 
The  dogs  of  the  nortljern  coast  are  larger  and  stronger 


"  '  Thoy  I'lvcviicto  twolvo  foot  in  loii'^th,  two  foot  six  iuohos  in  hoi^lit,  two 
foot  biiiail,  and  liiivo  tho  fovo  pnvt  turned  up  in  ii  p'ntlo  ourvi'.'  '  Tlu;  tlnor 
rosouililos  11  gi'iitins,'  withunt  oioss-liars,  und  is  almost  ii  fnot  fioni  tho  Icvi  1  of 
tlio  snow.'  ,'<i'iiiiiiiiii's  Viiij.  Ilti'ihl,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  Tid.  At  SavitsoliotI'  Islaiiu  'I 
]>artioulaily  voniarkod  two  vory  noat  slodi,'(  s  niado  of  nioiso  and  whalolionos.' 
.A'./.-<7(/(c'.s  \'iii/..  Vol.  i.,  yt.  "ilO.  '  To  niako  tho  luniuis  j^liilo  hniootlily.  n 
coatinvtof  ioo  is  j,'ivon  to  tlioni.'  llirliKrilnmi's  I'ul.  //i- ;..)).  :i(i't.  At  N'oiton 
Sound  ('ai)tain  Cook  found  slodLios  ton  foot  loni;  and  twenty  inolios  in  width. 
A  rail-work  on  caoh  side,  and  shod  with  liono;  "neatly  ])ut  toL;i  ther;  simui 
with  Wooden  pins,  hut  mostly  with  thongs  or  lashin'-;sof  wliiiie-lioii,>.'  Tliird 
\'"!/.,  vol.  ii.,  j>,  41:i,  4t:!.  Maokouzie  doscrihos  tlie  sledges  of  IJritish  Alner- 
ioil,    re//'/(/(.S,  ]ip.  ()7,  (!M. 

^•^  '  Aliout  tho  si/e  of  tlioso  of  Newfoundland,  with    diorter  lerrs.'     DnU's 
vl/'(.s.',a,  p.  20.     'Neither  plentiful  nor  of  a  good  class.'      Wliijxqu.f's  AIuhkh, 
.  171. 


AL- 


PROrERTY. 


C3 


ihon  tliosc  of  the  interior.  Eskimo  dogs  are  used  in 
Imnting  reindeer  and  musk-oxen,  as  Avell  as  in  drawing 
sledges;^'-'  Those  at  Cai)e  Prinee  of  AN'alcs  a[)pear  to  Ije 
of  the  same  s[)ecies  as  those  used  upon  the  Asiatic  coast 
for  drawing  sledges. 

Snow-shoes,  or  foot-sledges,  are  differently  made  ac- 
cording to  the  locality.  \n  traveling  over  soft  snow 
they  are  indispensable.  Thcv  consist  of  an  open  light 
wooden  frame,  made  of  two  smooth  pieces  of  wood  each 
ahoii^  two  inches  wide  and  an  inch  thick;  the  inner 
])art  sometimes  straight,  and  the  outer  curved  out  to 
about  one  foot  in  the  widest  part.  Thev  are  from  two 
to  six  feet  in  length,  some  oval  and  turned  up  in  front, 
running  to  a  point  behind;  others  Hat.  and  ])oiuted  at 
both  ends,  the  space  within  the  frame  l>cing  filled  with  a 
network  of  twisted  deer-sinews  or  line  seal-skin.™  'J'ho 
Hudson  r)ay  snow-shoe  is  oidy  two  and  a  half  feet  in 
length.  The  Kutchin  shoe  is  smaller  than  that  of  the 
]>kiuio. 

The  merchanta1)lo  wealth  of  the  Eskimos  consists  of 
peltries,  such  as  wolf,  deer,  badger,  ^xjlar-bcar,  otter,  hiue, 
nmsk-rat,  Arctic-fox,  and  seal  skins;  red  ochre,  plumI)imo, 
and  iron  ])yrites;  oil,  ivory,  whalebone;  in  short,  all  }iarts 
of  all  species  of  beasts,  birds,  and  lishesthat  they  Ciiii  se- 
cure and  convert  into  an  exchangeable  shape.'''  The  arti- 
cles they  most  covet  are  tobacco,  iron,  and  beads.  'J'hey 
are  not  particularly  given  to  strong  drink.  On  the  shore 
of  IJering  Strait  the  natives  have  constant  conmicrcial 


'■>^  The  ill);;;  will  hunt  bear  and  rc^indtir,  hut  is  lu'iaid  of  its  uvav  illative, 

thi'  wolf.      llrtiinwH'fi  Iml.  U'trrs,  J).  ITt. 

''"  An  aveviif,'!'  hn,tj;th  is  fnur  and  a  half  fi'it.'  U7////(i/i(c',s'  .l/(/.s7,rt,  ji.  is:}. 
'  The  lunuit  snowsliDe  is  small  and  nearly  llat,'  'sildoui  over  thiity  inches 
liii^'.'  'Thiy  art!  always  ri;^iits  and  lefts.'  ln),'alik  larmr:  Kiitehin  saiiui 
style;  Hudson  Hay,  thirty  inches  in  hiiLjth.  Iinll's  Jln-iLn.  ]i|i.  I'.ii),  ]'./i, 
'  They  iU'c  fniiu  two  to  threii  feet  hm^Mi  inot  hroad,  and  sliyhlly  tiirm  d  up  in 
front.'    i^ii iiKiini's  In//.  //»/•((,'(/,  vol   ii.,  ji.  (it). 

■  '■'  '  Blue  beads,  cutlery,  toliacco,  and  buttons,  were  the  artii-les  in  re(|Uest.' 
./.'(((•//, //'s  I'll//.,  Vol.  i.,  p.  ;i")".i.  At  lliulson  Strait  they  have  a  ctisloiii  (if 
licking,' with  Iho  tonf,'U(i  eacdi  article  iiurch.astd,  as  a  finish  to  the  baii^'ain. 
Fri(i(l.iiii's  y<tr.,  vol.  i.,  27.  'Articles  of  Itussian  nianufactun^  liiid  flu  ir 
way  from  tribi'  to  tribe  idoii;^'  the  Auifricaa  const,  i.a.st\vaid  to  lUpulsc  iJuy.' 
J!icli<irds</ii's  I'vL  Iteij.,  p.  317. 


tv  ■'  ! 


64 


HYPERBOREANS. 


iiitorcourso  with  Asia.  They  cross  casilv  in  tlieir 
boats,  ciiivfuUy  ohidiiig  the  vigilance  of  the  fur  com- 
pany. I'hey  frequently  meet  rt  the  Gwosdeft'  Islands, 
where  the  Tschuktschi  l)ring  tobacco,  iron,  tame-rein- 
deer skins,  and  walrus-ivory;  the  Kskimos  giving  in 
exchange  wolf  and  wolverine  skins,  wooden  dishes,  seal- 
skins and  other  peltries.  The  P.skimos  of  the  American 
coast  carry  on  ([uite  an  extensive  trade  with  the  Indians 
of  the  interior.''' exchanii'inii;  with  them  Asiatic  mei'chan- 
disc  for  peltries.  They  are  sharp  at  bargains,  avaricious, 
totally  devoid  of  conscience  in  their  dealings;  Mill  sell 
their  property  thrice  if  possi])le,  and,  if  caught,  laugh  it 
off  as  a  joke.  The  rights  of  property  are  scrupulously 
res[)ecte(l  among  themselves,  but  to  steal  from  strangers, 
which  they  practice  on  every  occasion  with  consideral)le 
dexterity,  is  considered  rather  a  mark  of  merit  than 
otherwise.  A  successful  thief,  when  a  stranger  is  the 
victim,  receives  the  api)lause  of  the  entire  tril)e.'''  (^ny,- 
tain  Kot/ebue  thus  describes  the  manner  of  trading 
with  the  llusso- Indians  of  the  south  and  of  Asia. 

"  The  stranger  iirst  comes,  and  lays  some  goods  on 
the  shore  and  then  retires;  the  American  then  comes, 
looks  at  the  things,  puts  as  uiany  things  near  tliejn  as 
he  thinks  pro[)er  to  give,  and  then  also  goes  away. 
Upon  this  the  stranger  ap[)roaches,  and  examines  what 
is  oilered  him;  if  he  is  satisiied  with  it,  he  takes  the 
skins  and  leaves  the  goods  instead ;  but  if  not,  then  he 
lets  all  the  things  lie,  reti"es  a  second  thne,  and  expects 

'■'-Ave  vi'vv  nnxioTis  to  bp.rtor  nvvnws,  sonl-skin  Iwots,  mid  ivory  oriin- 
monts  for  toliucco,  licails,  luid  iiarticuliuly  for  iron.  Jloojirr's  7'".s7,  i,  p.  217. 
Somo  of  their  iiiiiilciiuiits  at  t'oppcriiiiiie  Kivcr  arc:  stomi  kettles,  wood- 
on  dishes,  scoops  and  spoons  made  of  bulTalo  or  musk-ox  liorns.  JlcnrHc's 
Trarils,  p.  Ills.  At  Point  IJarrow  wcro  ivory  iniplonunts  witli  carved  liLtures 
of  sca-aninials,  ivory  dishes,  and  a  '  iiiie  whalcbon"  net.'  Also  'knivc  s  and 
titlier  impli  luents,  formed  of  native  cmiper '  at  (\>pperuiinc  River.  >((/i/i.v./,',s 
y<ir.,  j)j).  117,  l.")(l,  2(U.  At  I'oint  Harrow  they  '  have  unipiestionaMy  an  in- 
direct trade  with  the  Rnssians.'  Siiniis'in'fi  AVn'.,  liJl. 

(<■'  'They  art>  very  expert  traders,  haf,'L;le  obstinately,  always  consult  to- 
pothcr,  ancl  an'  infinitely  happy  when  they  fancy  tin  y  h.ave  cheated  aiiylio'ly.' 
Kiil:ihHi''s  I'l//.,  V(d.  i.,]!.  'l.\.  '  A  thieving,  cunniii;^' race.'  ADu^lmn'i's  Xnr., 
p.  110.  'L'liey  resp(>ct  tach  oiU 'r's  projierty,  'Imt  Ihcy  steal  without  scr.plo 
from  btranL-'ers. 


■sp(>ct  t'acli  oih'r  s  property,  'Inn  the 
Lkinirdson':!  Jiur.,  vul.  i.,  p.  3'j2. 


SOCIAL  ECOXOJir. 


05 


an  a<l.liti(m   from  tin.  huviT.'     ]f  tlifv  cinnnt   ., 

ciii'li  ivliivs  will,  |,i„  ,,,„„i;  "•>  '^""""'  ".-"•''. 

£';;;.  ^::„;;::-';:r  z';.;;:-;:;;,,- * 

TlK.  '"..no  „!•  tl...  iy<i,„„  i..  a  mM  „f  ,i|,|,  „,„,  ,.,,,,. 


'h"'''!!;;:'';a7' ;:'';■''"•;'': -"I'' i" ""''''.  i«.t.i..  .».t„ 

'     '*'-(.  ^f/'.'il,,  Vnl    1      1 1    (t        r  '     .  •  "^^     ■  -,-.'■".1    iii?^  ;nn  niil'H  V    ' 

'•'••I'-''-      :"r>;>'"'">'t-'"<-n,l,i,K..i„n„f,I,.n;!^:. 


"'•'•lii<':il  ;iii(l  rc])ul);i,.,.i,i; 


roposjiiizcliisiuitlKintv.' 


;;'-l'-     1-.  At  Kot/,.h„„s„„n,l,  arok.'t 


v-niiu'  mail  uas  taken  t..'  1„ 


"■  partus  sitting  down  „,„1  M-ilm^'i  ,,„'";' j'''^  /V"  "'""'^  ''V  1.0x1,,,;. 

^'>^'-„i/ 7.';,.w,/i„v.A:;,,.. .  'i ' ;"n;'""v' "'?" --  i-'ow..,!  i,v ;::... 

Vol.  I,    5  '"''"'.'b--'  cvrcnouy  La.  L.eu  pu'fun,„,l  i^i;: 


CG 


IIYrERBOEEANS. 


Avoiiuii  is  ])iit  littlo  iK'ttcr  tliini  sl.iAcrv.  All  the  woik. 
except  the  nobler  ocoiipjitioiis  ui'  hiiiitinj:',  (ishiiiu'.  iiiul 
tiizhliiii:',  lulls  to  them.  ^J'he  lesson  of  lenuile  inleri- 
ority  is  at  iiu  eai'ly  ajie  instilled  into  the  mind  of 
youth.  Nevertheless,  the  l-lskimo  mother  is  remark- 
alily  alVeetionate.  and  I'ullills  her  low  (Ustiny  A\ith  j)a- 


tient  kindne; 


rohi!i 


imv  IS  eonnne-n:  ever\-  man  hemy; 


entitled  to  as  many  Avi\es  as  he  ean  iixt  and  main- 
tain. On  the  other  hand,  if  '»vomen  are  scaice,  the  nun 
as  easily  ada[)t  themsehes  to  circumstances,  and  two 
of  them  marry  one  Avoman.  ^larriaijix's  are  celihiated 
as  i'olhnvs:  alter  iiaininii'  the  consent  of  the  mother,  the 
lovei'  presents  a  snit  of  clothes  to  the  lady,  who  aiiays 
herself  therein  and  thencel'orth  is  his  ^vil'e.'''  Dancini;', 
accompanied  hy  siiiLiinji'  and  violent  gesticulation,  is  their 
chief  annisement.  In  all  the  nations  ol"  the  north,  eveiy 
uell-rcLiulated  village  aspiring  to  any  di'gi'iv  of  respect- 
ahility  has  its  pnhlic  or  town  house,  Avhich  among  the 
]^skimos  is  called  the  Cdsiiic  or  Ju(i</iliii.  Jt  consists  of 
one  large  snl)terranean  I'ooni,  better  huilt  than  the  com- 
mon dwellings,  and  occupying  a  central  jiosition,  Avhere 


tl 


le 


eoiile   coniireuate  on   feast-da\! 


jieoi 


This   hou 


se    is 


also  used  as  a  public  work-shop,  Avhere  are   numufact- 
nred   boats,  sledges,   and    snow-shoes.     A   large  portion 


oi 


tl 


le  AV 


inter  is  devoted  to  dancinu^'.      Feastinu'  and  \h 


iting  commence  in   Xovem1)er.      On  festixe  occasions,  ji 
dim  liuht  and  a  strong  odor  are  tln'owii  over  the  scene 


(li'lity  is  varo.'  !''>//.  Ifirahl.  veil.  ii..  ]i.  (10.  'Thiso  jicdjilc  an'  in  tlic  li;iliit 
(if  ciilK  ctiiiu;  ciTtiiin  Hiiids  for  the  piniioscs  oi  tiiiinii!;,';  and  that,  ju(li;in,L; 
fnmi  what  took  place  in  the  tent,  in  the  most  ^iieu  manner,  in  the  ju'e^enio 
of  all  the  family.'     luirln  i/'fi  \'i'i/.,  vol.i.,  p.  -id". 

'''''Two  men  sometimes  many  the  Kiime  woinan.'  SrcniiiiDi's  I'l"/.  //</'- 
tilil,  vol.  ii.,  p.  tiO.  '  As  soon  as  a  f^'iil  is  lnmi,  the  yoiinj,'  lad  wlio  wishes  to 
liav<'  her  for  u  wife  fj;oes  to  Ik  r  father's  tent,  and  iirof.ijs  himself,  Ii  ae- 
ci  ])ted.  a  ])roniise  is  j^iveii  which  is  considered  binding,  and  the  ;^ul  is 
d  livend  to  her  lutrothed  Inishand  at  the  jirojier  aee.'  l-'r<(i,l.liu's  ^nr.. 
Vol.  ii.,  ]).  U.  Wnmi  11  'cany  their  infants  between  their  n  indec  r-skin 
jai  kets  and  their  naked  hacks.'  Siiiijison's  .\ '/)•.,  j).  121.  '  All  the  dnid;_;eiy 
falls  upon  the  women:  ev(  u  tln^  hoys  would  transfer  their  loads  to  tin  ir 
ulsters.'     ('(illiiisDii,  ill  l.oiiiL  lio'ii.  S(ir.  Jaiir.,  v<il.  XXV.,  p.  \10\. 

'•'  'J'he  •  Ivishiii)  is  1,'emrally  built  by  thu  joint  labour  of  the  connnuuity.' 
liichurdson's  J'vl.  AV'/.,  p.  311. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


07 


AVOlk. 
Ll.    iUul 

inlcri- 
ind   of 
•iiiink- 
itli  \rd- 
i  iK'injA" 
luuiii- 
lic  im  n 
ml  two 
i-liratc'il 
WW  the 
I  iirviiys 
•tnu'liip', 
,  istlicif 
li.  every 
re.-jKet- 
()ii<:  the 
nsi^^t^  ol' 
lie  coui- 
u  Avlieic 
lou.H'   is 
niuiaet- 
])()rti»)ii 
lud  vis- 
>i(>ns.  ii 
le  ^ceue 


(lie  lialiit 
U,  jilil,:;ili:4 

v„i/.  /;./•- 

I  NvislltS  to 
•If.  11  ac- 
Itlit'  ^;irl  i^ 
|;„'.s-  A.u-., 
liiil'i  r---l':ni 
.lni<l^;tiy 
lis  tu  tilt  u- 

limmmity.' 


1)V  means  of  l)lul)l)er-lamps.  Tlic  dancers,  -wlio  are 
usually  younii  inen,  strii)  themselves  to  the  uaist.  or 
even  a[)[)ear  iih  jiurk  ti'itunilihiis,  and  go  throu-ili  num- 
herless  burlestiue  imitations  of  birds  and  beasts,  their 
gestiu-es  heini;-  aceompjuiied  )iy  tand)ourine  and  sonjis, 
Sometimes  tliey  «ii'0  lantastieally  arrayed  in  seal  or 
deer  skin  pantaloons,  decked  Avitli  do<^-  or  Avolf  tails 
Ix^hind,  and  wear  feathers  or  a  colored  handkerchief  on 
the  head.  The  ancients,  seated  upon  benches  Avliich  en- 
circle the  room,  smoke,  and  smile  ap[)rol)ation.  The 
women  attend  ^vith  llsli  and  l)erries  in  larp;e  Mooden 
])o\vls;  and,  upon  the  openinj;  of  the  performance,  they 
are  at  onca  relieved  of  their  contributions  by  the  actors, 
who  elevate  the  })i'o\isii)ns  successively  to  the  four  cardi- 
nal points  and  once  to  the  skies  above,  when  all  ])artake 
{)['  the  feast.  Then  comes  another  dance.  A  monotonous 
I'efrain.  accompanied  by  the  ])eating  of  an  instrument 
made  of  si'al-iutestines  sti'etched  over  a  circular  frame, 
biiuLis  upon  the  lui'ound  one  boy  after  auother,  until 
about  twenty  foi'ui  a  circle.  A  series  of  ])antomimes  then 
commences,  jjortrayinii'  love,  jealousy,  hatred,  and  friend- 
\).      I)uriu;i.'    intervals  in   the  exercises,  ])resents    are 


si  I!  J). 

distributed  to  sti'an^uiers.  In  their  national  dance,  one 
'/\v\  al'ti-r  another  comes  in  turn  to  the  centre,  while  the 
others  join  hands  and  dance  and  siui:',  not  unuiusictdly, 
aliout  her.  The  most  extravagant  motions  win  the 
!.rn'at('st  ai)i)lause.'""^ 

Ai.ioua'  other  customs  of  the  I'skimo  may  ])e  men- 
tioiH'l  the  following.  Their  salutations  are  made  b_\' 
r:ibl-iiig  noses  together.  No  matter  how  oily  the  skin. 
Hi'  liow  rank    the    odor,   he  wlu)  would   aNoid  olfense 


•'  ' 'I'iiiMf  (l.i'K'o  is  iif  tho  rnli'st  kiinl.  ami  (vtnsists  merely  in  violent 
niiifioa '■[■  t!ie  iinus  iuiil  bus.'  .'^i' hkIhi's  I'///.  //(/•//./,  vn).  ii.,  p.  d:).  They 
)  1  'e'  't'.;"  most  coiiiieal  motions  witli  thi'  wliole  lioly,  without  slirriiii,'  finm 
1  1  'r  iilie'.'  Ivifz'h'ii's  I'o//.,  vol.  i.,  p.  \'.l>.  Their  son^'  consisted  cif  the 
\:  '.-A  ■:  '  Hi,  Yan',Mh  yanijah;  hii  ha.  yanijuh  -with  variety  only  in  the  iiillee- 
ti  lU  of  Y  lice.'  II  i:,iii'r's  I'lisl.i,  p.  'JJ.").  W'lieii  lieateil  liy  the  dance,  even 
t"i  '  \v  1',!  11  Were  stripjieil  to  their  1)reeclies.  .s///ois.i,i's  \,ir.,  p.  l.">x.  'An 
o' 1  ia;ii,  all  liiit  naked,  jumped  into  the  rin;,',  and  was  lie^'innino  soni<'  in- 
d  nt  i;  sHcnlations,  when  his  appearance  not  nifi'tiii;^  with  our  iippiobii- 
tioii  he  withdrew.'     JJieclwi/'s  I'"//.,  vol.  i.,  p.  3'JtJ. 


! 


.'si  I 


I 


) 


68 


HYPERBOREANS. 


must  sul)mit  his  iio.se  to  the  nose  of  liis  ITvpor])oivnii 
l)rotht'r,'''  ,111(1  his  faeo  to  the  caressing'  hand  of  his  ])olai' 
IViend.  To  convey  intimations  of  friendship  at  a  distance, 
they  extend  their  arms,  and  nil)  and  pat  Iheir  Ijreast. 
Upon  tlie  approach  of  visitors  they  i'orm  a  circle,  and  sit 
hke  Turks,  smokinji;  their  ])i[)es.  Men,  uomen.  and  chil- 
dren are  inordinately  fond  of  to])acco.  They  swallow 
the  smoke  and  revel  in  a  temporar>'  elysium.  They  are 
called  hrave,  simple,  kind,  intellijient.  hai)j)y,  hospita])le, 
respe(rtful  to  the  ajied.  They  are  also  called  cruel,  un- 
jirateful,  treacherous,  cunninii',  dolorously  complaining, 
mi.serahle.''^  They  are  great  mimics,  and,  in  ordi'r  to 
terrify  strangers,  they  accustom  tiiemselves  to  the  most 
extraordinary  contortions  of  ieatures  and  hody.  As  a 
measure  of  intellectual  capacity,  it  is  claimed  lor 
theui  that  they  divide  time  into  days,  lunar  moutlis, 
seasons,  and  vears;  tiiat  they  estimate  accurately  1)\'  the 
sun  or  stars  the  time  of  d.iy  or  night;  that  they  can 
count  several  hundred  and  draw  niai)s.  Tiiey  also 
make  rude  drawings  on  bone.  rei)resenting  dances,  deer- 
hunting,  animals,  and  all  the  various  pursuits  followed 
by  them  from  the  cradle  to  the  gi'i've. 

l)Ut  few  diseases  are  common  to  them,  and  a  deformed 
person  is  scarcely  e\er  seen.  Cutaneous  eru})tions.  re- 
sulting from  their  antipathy  to  water,  and  ojjhthahuia, 
arising  from  the  smoke  of  their  closed  huts  and  the  glare 
of  sun-light  upon  snow  and  water,  constitute  their  chief 
disorders.'^     For  protection  to  their  eyes  in  limiting  and 

""  '  C't'tait  lii  phis  f,'riinil(>  miirqno  (l'iuniti('  qn'ils  ponvaiont  nous  .loiiiicr.' 
Choi'ls,  Voij.  rut.,  ])t.  ii.,  p.  5.  'TIk  V  canic  up  to  nic  one  after  the  dthrv-- 
ciich  of  thciii  ciiiliract'd  iiir.  riililiiil  liis  ipisc  liar'l  aj^'aiiist  mine,  mid  iiidtil 
his  eari'sscs  hy  si)ittini,'  in  liis  iiaiids  and  wipiiij,'  them  sevenil  times  ovir  my 
faee.'      Ivitnbiif's  I'"//.,  vol.  i.,  ]ip.  ]'.•_',  ]'■>'>, 

""  •  Tlieiv  iiei'soiial  bravery  is  conspieudiis,  and  they  two  tho  only  nation 
on  till'  N'U'tli  Ainerieau  Continent  who  ojiposi;  their  enemies  face  to  fare  in 
opi-n  tiLcht.'  I!ii-/i<irihiiii's  .Iuhv.,  vol.  i.,  p.  •Jtt.  '  Sim|ile.  kind  jieople;  very 
jioor.  very  filthy,  and  to  ns  looking'  exceedingly  wretehed.'  Mi't'l'iri's  his. 
.y.  ir,  J'lissinic,  hi  I.iiuil.  (Iiiiii.  Sic.  Jiii/r.,  vol.  xxiv.,  p.  'HI.  '  JI(jre  hold  and 
crafty  than   the  Indians;  Vmt  they  use   their  women   much  better.'     Jklt's 

(ii'ii'l..  vol.  v.,    ]).  'JIU. 

"  '  Thiir  diseasi's  are  few.'  Sfinniiin's  \'i>i/.  Ikralil.  vol.  ii,,  p.  C,7.  'Dis- 
eases me  ipiite  iis  prevalent  among  them  as  among  civilized  people.'    JJuU'ti 


THE  KOXIAGAS. 


G9 


borcaii 
s  polar 
stance, 
l)reast. 
aiul  sit 
id  cliH- 
Avallow 
lioy  are 
pital»k', 
u'l.  iin- 
lainiii^', 
»r(U'i'  to 
10  most 
As  a 
lod    lor 
months, 
y  l)y  tho 
hey  call 
icy   also 
i>s.  (lecr- 
ibllowod 

oformc'd 
lions,  rc- 
Ithahnia, 
ho  ;ilave 
loir  chu'f 
ing  and 

lis  llolllK'V.' 

Itllc  (itlu'V-- 

and  riuliil 
^es  uvir  uiy 

inly  nutiou 

ti)  iiW^•  ill 

Miplc;  vi'i'X 

■O  liolll  lUlll 

LT.'      i>'/'^ 

f,7.     'Di^- 
llu.'     I'n'i's 


fisliing.  tlioy  make  j:o,i:,li1os  l>y  cnttinu:  a  slit  in  a  piece  ot" 
sol't  wood,  and  adjustiii,:;'  it  to  the  liic;'. 

The  Mskiiuos  do  not.  as  u  ride,  hui'v  their  dead;  hut 
doiihle  the  hody  u\).  and  ])lace  it  on  the  side  in  a  ])];nik 
hox.  which  is  elevated  three  (»r  lljiir  i'eet  IVom  tlio 
j:romi(h  and  supported  hy  four  ])()sts.  Tlie  grave-liox  is 
olh'U  eovei'ed  \\\\h  });uuted  fi;iui'es  of  Itirds.  iishi's.  and 
iiuimids.  Sometimes  it  iswi';ip])ed  in  skins.  ])la»H'd  upon 
nil  elexated  iViiine,  and  co\('i'i'd  w  ith  phiiiks,  ur  trunks  of 
trees,  so  as  to  protect  it  fi'oui  uild  beasts.  I'pon  the 
frame  or  in  the  _<ir;ive-l)ox.  are  dejjosited  the  ju'iiis. 
eloihing.  and  souietiines  the  domestic  utensils  ol'  the 
decea.sod.  j-'rcupient  mention  is  iiiiide  hy  travelers  of 
hiirial  piiKH's  where  the  Jiudies  lie  exposed,  with  their 
heads  placed  towards  the  nortli.'- 

TuE  KoxTAOAS  derive  tlieir  name  from  the  inhahit- 
antsot  the  island  of  Kadiak.  who,  when  lirst  discovered, 
called  themselves   Kmunjid''^       ^^'hey  were  confounded 

Aliisl.ii,  \).  ID.").  '  Ophthitlmiii  was  vovy  Kcin'i'^il  ^vitli  tlicm.'  Duchi'ifs  \'>it/., 
vol.  i.,  p.  ;nn.  ''riiirc  i.s  scldoni  any  iiiDitality  cxci  pt  (unonj,'st  the  old 
j)"ii])lf  and  vrvy  yonni,'  idiildrcn.'     .•l*'//i.s(/''./ii/'s  .\'(ii\.  )>.  Ili7. 

"'  At  I'liint  JSarrnw.  bodies  were  found  in  f^icat  nnmlMVs  scattiTcd  ovci'  the 
^'voiuitl  in  their  ordinary  seal-skin  dress;  a  fiAV  coverc  d  witli  pieces  of  wood, 
the  Iteads  all  turned  north-east  t<>\vards  the  extremity  of  the  [loint.  >///7'- 
smi's  A'//'.,  p.  l"i").  '  They  lay  their  deail  on  the  (ground,  with  their  head>  all 
tamed  to  the  north.'  '  The  bodies  lay  exposed  in  the  most  horrible  and  dis- 
^.'iistini;  manner.'  Doaso  dial  ■'^'mijiSDn,  in  Lmiil.  (iffij.  Si,t\  •Ioki'.,  vol.  viii.,  p. 
•iJl,  222.  ' 'J'heir  position  with  re^'ard  to  Ihe  jKiiiits  of  the  eompass  is  not 
taken  into  ponsideratioii.'  .'■'fniKiim's  /  e/y.  //<  )v('i/,  vol  ii.,  11.  117.  '  There  are 
many  mor(>  rjraves  than  present  inhabitants  of  the  villa^'e,  and  the  story  is 
tlra  the  whole  coast  was  once  niU(di  more  densely  populated.'  hul/'s  Alu^h'l, 
ji.  I'.i.  Hooper,  on  coniiiiL;  to  a  buri.d  place  not  far  from  I'oint  IS.irrow, 
'conjectunil  that  the  <'or]ises  had  been  buried  in  an  upri,Lrht  position,  with 
their  heads  at  or  above  the  sm'face.'     TusU,  ji.  221. 

''  Kadiak  '  is  a  derivative,  aerordiiiL;  to  some  authors,  from  the  I'ns-jan 
Iviilid.  a  lari^e  tub;  more  probably,  however,  it  is  a  coi'i  iiiition  of  Kania;^', 
th"  anci"nt  Tnauit  name.'  linWa  Al'is/.a,  p.  ."i:i2.  Hohuber;.;  tliiidis  th.it  the 
Word  Kadiak  arose  from  K'll.rlitnl,.  which  in  th"  lanu'uatje  of  the  Konia'^'.as 
means  a  lar!,'e  island.  "  Oer  N.ime  Kadjak  ist  oti'enbar  cine  Verdrehiur.;  \on 
Kikchtak,  welches  Wort  in  der  Spraehe  der  Konjaneii  '"Ltrosse  Insel  "  be- 
d'Utet  und  il.ihi  r  audi  als  IJenennunL;  der  ijri>ssten  Insel  dieser  (iniiijie 
ili  nte.'  h'Uni'i  ;riiiilii.-r)(i'  Sl,-iizi:,i.  iih' r  ili,'  \'t"i  /.i  r  ili'x  Jlnssi!«:l(fii  A)iii  ril.".  ji. 
7"i.  ■  .V  la  division  Ivnihi'i'i  appartieiit  la  parlie  la  plus  se|itintrional'  de 
r\li.-1.a.  et  rile  de  Kodiak,  ([ae  Its  Itllsses  il]ipelleut  vul_i,'airement  l\!'l,liil.  , 
ipinipi.',  dans  la  l.inx'iie  des  naturels,  le  mot  Kii,ditak  ne  d'sij,'ne  vn  Li.'iii'ral 
'inline  de.'  llmtiltn'iH.  l\ssiil  I'nI.,  torn,  i.,  ]i.  iUT.  f'oxe  alHrms  that  the 
natives  'call  th;iiiselves  Kana^'ist.'    JinsMiin  bis.,  p.  lin.     And  Saui  i'  >ays, 


liii 


I II 


IIYPEllBOREANS. 


hy  early  Russian  writers  witli  the  Aleuts.  Kuiilish 
ethnologists  sometimes  call  tlieui  Southern  I'^sUiuios. 
From  Kadiak  they  extend  along'  the  coast  in  hoth  di- 
rections; northward  across  the  Alaskan  Teninsula  to 
Kotzehuo  Souud,  and  eastwai'd  to  Prince  Williaui  Sound. 
The  Koniapni  I'auiily  is  divided  iuto  nations  as  fol- 
lows: the  KniiuKpts  proi)er,  uho  inhal>it  the  Konia- 
ji'an  Archipela.ii'o;  the  ('luKfihlicx''^  avIio  occupy  the 
islands  and  shores  of  I'rince  Williaui  Sound;  the  A(j/(y- 
i}i'it(!f<,  of  Ih'istol  liay;  the  K('f(f(n(/i)iiit('.'^,  ■who  live  upon 
the  river  Xushauak  and  the  coast  as  far  as  Cape  Xew- 
enhaui;  the  Aiinhiintes.  dwelliuj^'  n[>on  the  coast  hetween 
the  lvusko([uim  and  Kishunak  rivers;  the  KiixhtqHiii- 
viiitcs,''^  occupying  the  hanks  of  the  river  Kuskixjuiui; 
the  Jfir/viniites,  in  the  neit-'hhoi'hood  of  Cape  llouianzotf; 
the  Kini'Jipiiijniuh'A^  .Kirlc/t/HiKjiinifcx^  and  /^i.-^/ifo/i/ts,  on 
the  Kwichpak,  Kwickluak,  and  Pashtolik  I'ivers;  the 
(Viiuiqiimfas,  near  Tashtolik  I>a\-:  the  Auf'/f/iiinfrs,  of  (Jo- 


1 


igxii 


ovum 


]5i 


"onm 


70 


u 


ly,  and  the  Kin-ial^i  and  Jfi/cinnffx,  of  Xorton 
All  of  these  peo[)le.''  says  IJai'on  von  AVran- 
gell.  "speak  one  lantiuaiie  and  hi'louu;  io  one  stock." 

The  most  ])opidous  district  is  tlie  Kuslvoquiui  Valley.'^ 
The  suiall  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  Ka  liak  were  once 
Well  peopled;  ])utasthe  Russians  de[K)[)ulated  theui.  and 
hunters  hecame  scaire.  the  natives  were  not  allowed  to 
s(;atter.  hut  were  forced  to  couiireiiate  in  towns."  Sche- 
likolV.  the  lli'st  settler  on  Kadiak,  reported,  in  that  and 
continuous  isles,  thirty  thousand  natives.  Thirty  years 
later,  Saritshelf  visited  the  island  and  found  but  three 


I 


'  tlio  niitivi's  cull  thcmsplvps  Sno-nn-it.'  IT'lllnii's  Ex.,  p.  17o.  '  llaii  vpvstunil 
Vein  iluicii,  (las  sic  sich  sclhst  Iviinanist  lu-micu.'     yi'iic  A'/c/o'.,  \>.  lit. 

Ti  TscliiKintsflif-i,  'rsclinii'it4  111'  Tsrii  idtii .  Latham,  Xntire  Jin<xs,  [).  2M), 
says  tlic  name  is  Athabascan,  ami  si^'iiitics  'men  iif  the  sea.' 

7-'  l(iisl,iii/ii!  nil "^■^■,  Knsl.iili  ii'iiiii-ii,  KusLn/cicijiiiJdkn,  KitacLnckirKi/nm utm. 


KitKi'li  l'''il'  I'll  "■"  /■ '"' '' '' 


)!•  I{itsl.:tlfclirirah'. 


"'■The  terminution  umli',  iiiul,  mint,  imili'ii,  or  injnUii,  sii,'nitics  ]ic()]ili'  or 
villaLtc  It  is  adilcil  to  the  tribal  name  sometimes  as  a  substantive  as  well  as 
in  an  adjective  sense. 

77  •  Herr  Wassil  jiw  schatzt  ihre  Zahl  auf  .  lindestcns  70;)()  Scelen  beiderli  i 
Goschlechts  nnd  ji'i^liclien  Alters.'     lliur,  s'nt.  ii.  l-'I'm.,  ji.  127. 

"•*  'Es  wareu  wohl  ciust  alio  diese  lusolu  bewohnl,'  lldmb'Vj,  KUui., 
SLlz.,  i>.  70. 


m 


LAND  OF  THE  KONIAGAS. 


71 


"t 


tlioiisiind.  Tlio  Chngatshos  not  lona;  since  lived  upon 
tlic  island  of  K;idiak,  l)iit,  in  eons(M|iienee  of  dissensions 
Avith  tlii'ii"  n*'i;ilil)oi's,  they  'wei'O  ohli^i'ed  to  eiui.^rate  and 
take  ii[)  tlu'ir  residenee  oi'  the  main  land.  They  de- 
rived their  iii;innei's originally  IVoiii  the  nortiievn  nations; 
l)iit.  alter  lia\  ing  been  driven  IriMU  their  ancient  posses- 
.•^ioiis,  they  nuulo  raids  n[)on  .southern  nations,  carried 
oil*  their  \voiiien.  and,  I'rom  tho  connections  thus  i'oi-nied, 
nnderwent  a  marked  change.  They  now  ivsemlile  the 
southern  rather  than  tho  northern  tribes.  Tho  Kadiaks, 
CMuigatshes.  lvnskoi|ninis,  and  adjacent  tribes,  according 
to  thi'ir  own  traditions,  camo  I'roin  the  north,  while 
the  I  nalaskas  believe  themselves  to  have  originated  in 
the  west.  Tho  Ivaviak.s  intermingle  to  a  considei'ablo 
extent  with  tho  .N[alenuites.  and  tho  two  lu'o  often  taken 
for  one  jieople;  l)nt  their  dialects  are  ((uite  distinct. 

Tho  country  of  tho  Koniagas  is  a  rugged  wilderness, 
into  many  parts  of  which  no  white  man  has  ever  pene- 
trate(l.  Moiuitainons  forests,  glacial  canons,  down  which 
How  inmimerable  torrents,  hills  intersi)ersed  with  lakel- 
and marshy  plains;  ice-clad  in  Avinter,  covered  with 
luxuriant  vegetation  in  sunnner.  Some  sheltered  inlets 
absorb  an  undue  j)ro[)ortion  of  oceanic  warmth.  Thus 
the  name  Aglegmutes  signilies  tho  inhaljitants  of  a 
warm  climate. 

Traxelers  report  chiefs  among  tho  Koniagas  seven 
fei't  in  height,  but  in  general  they  are  of  medium 
stature.''      Their  cuni[)lexion    may   bo  a  shade  darker 


"The  ^Iiilcinntcs  avo  'a  r.ico  of  tall  and  stnnt  poojjlo.'  }]ln/mper's 
Aldshi.  ]).  l.",;i.  '  Die  Kuskiikwiiuir  siud,  luittlcnr  St;itar,  sililaiik, 
riistit,'  uiiil  (ift  luit  i^'rosstT  Sliirkc  l)i'u'al>t.'  //(('■/•,  Slut.  h.  h'llin.,  ji.  I:!."). 
Jli.fnit's  !'"//••  !'•  '^''-  '  I'i'WcilfU  fallen  smjiar  vicsii,'(!  (Jcstaltcn  ailf,  wit; 
icli  z.  1>.  fincn  llanptlini,'  in  dcr  iL;atsclitn  liui-lit  /u  scluii  (Iclii^'cn- 
lii'it  liatti',  di'sscii  L.'iii'^t'  (i  .,  Fuss  hitrn^'.'  Ilnhiili-i-'i,  Kllai.  >/,);,,  )>.  80. 
Tlic  chief  at  I'liiicc  William  Sniuid  was  a  man  uf  low  stature,  'with  a 
lon^'  beavd,  and  seemed  aliout  sixty  years  of  a;,'e.'  l'ijrllnr//s  \'i'i/..  p.  'i:!?. 
A  Strom,',  law-lioned  race,  Menrcs' '  \'ni/.,  p.  :{2.  At  Cook's  Inlet  tluy 
seemed  to  lie  of  the  same  nation  as  those'of  I'r.  Wm  Sd  ,  but  entirely  ilirtir- 
ent  from  those  at  N'ootk.i,  in  jiersons  ami  lant,'ua,i^e.  ('<»(/,  's  riiif<l  \'iii/.,  vol 
ii..  )).  100.  They  arc  of  '  middle  si/.e  and  well  propintioned.'  Ii'lv^h's  Vhi/., 
p.  IIS.  'They  eini'_;ratid  in  recent  tiuies  from  the  Island  of  Kadvak.  and 
they  claim,  as  their  hereditary  possessions,  the  coast  lying  between  IJristul 


r 


72 


IIYl'EllDOREANS. 


tliaii  tliat  of  the  Eskimos  of  the  uortliorn  coast,  hut  it  is 
Htill  vi'i-y  li^iht.*  Tile  (Miiiuiitsht's  are  ivmai'l\al)le  for 
their  hii-^ie  heads,  sliort  neeUs,  hroiid  faces,  and  small 
eves.  HohiilitTg  claims  lor  tlie  KoHia;ias  a  pi'i'idiar 
foDiiatioii  of  the  skull;  tlie  1  tack,  as  he  savs.  lieiiin  not 
arched  hut  Hat.  'I'hev  piei'ce  thi'  S('i)tum  ol' the  nose  and 
the  luidcr  lip,  and  in  the  apertures  wear  ornaments  of 
VMrious  niiiterials;  the  most  hii:hly  prized  hi'inu'  of  sliell 
or  of  aml)er.  It  is  said  that  at  times  amiier  is  thrown 
up  in  larp'  (piantities  hy  the  txrean.  on  tlu'  south  side  of 
Ivadiak,  ficnerally  after  a  lieavy  earth<|u.d<e,  and  that 
at  such  times  it  forms  an  imj)ortant  article  of  commerce 
with  the  natives.  The  moie  the  female  chin  is  rid- 
dled Avith  holes,  the  p,reater  the  respectahility.  Two 
ornaments  are  usually  worn,  l)ut  hy  very  aristocratic 
ladies  as  many  as  six.**^  Their  favorite  colors  in  iace- 
paintinji'  are  red  and  hhie,  thouiih  hlack  and  leaden 
colors  iu"e  common.'^"  Youn.u'  Kadiak  wives  secure  the 
all'ectionate  admiration  of  their  hushands  hy  tattooini;; 
the  hreast  and  adorninii'  the  I'ai'e  with  hlack  lines;  while 
the  Kuskoipiim  women  sew  into  their  chin  two  ])arallel 
hlue  lines.  The  hair  is  worn  kaiu;  hv  men  as  well  as 
women.  On  state  occasions,  it  is  elahorately  dressed; 
iirst  saturated  in  train-oil.  then  ])owdered  with  red  clay 
or  oxide  of  iron,  and  linished  oil' with  a  shower  of  white 
feathers.  Both  sexes  wear  Iteads  wherever  they  can 
iind  a  place  for  them,  round  the  neck,  wrists,  and  ankles, 

E.iy  and  l)c('vinj,''s  Stvaits.'  Hirhanl.-ion^s  Xar..  vol.  i.,  p.  niU,  'Die  'rsclin- 
LMtsrlii'ii  siiicl  Aiikiiiimilin^'o  voii  tier  Instl  KailjiK'k.  ilio  walii-ciid  iinicrd- 
Zv,isti:^ki'ittii  Vdii  (Idit  vci'trii'licii.'      Iluir,  Stul.  ti.  FAIiu..  j).  11{>. 

'^i'  Aclil;n.u;iniutcn,  '  lifwuliiicrdrr  waniiruGi'j^'ciKl.'  Ilnfinlnni,  h'llni.  SI,U., 
p.  5.     '  ('i)ii])ir  coiiiplcxiiin.'  J/isinusl.if.i  I'l//.,  ]).  l'-*4. 

^1  ' 'I'hi  V  l)i)n<  their  umlcr  lip,  where  they  haiij,'  tine  hones  of  Ixnsts  and 
liivds."  >7 /('A/)!i's  Xiiiili.  Arcli.,  p.  li:!.  '  Setzen  sich  aiieli — Z.dim'  von  \ii\ii  1 
(id;v  Thiei'kniiehen  in  Kiinstliehe  Ueti'nimgeu  der  Uuttrlippu  und  nnter  del' 
Nas(!  ein,'     \viw  Xadir.,  ]).  11:!. 

'*'i  Thi^  people  of  Kadiak,  aecordinc;  to  LiinrjsdovfF,  are  similar  to  tlioso  of 
I'nalaska,  the  men  hein.L;  a  little  taller.  They  ditler  from  the  Fox  Inlanders. 
\'i'i/.,  ])t.  ii.,  p.  ''i'2.  'Die'  Insulaner  waren  hier  von  den  Einwoluurn, 
d.  r  vorhin  entdeckten  iil)rit;en  Fuehsinsnhi,  in  KleidiinL;  nnd  SjaMehe  zieni- 
lieli  versehieden.'  Xcni;  Xavhr.,  p.  IKt.  'lis  resseniMent  lieaiieoiip  aiix 
indi,L,'enes  des  iles  Curiles,  depeuduutos  du  Japon.'  Luplaw,  Circintnnv., 
vul.  vi.,  p.  io. 


KADIAK  AND  KUSKOQIIM  DllESS. 


.'11  as 
'ss«.'(l ; 

clay 
Avliitc 

can 
inkles, 

I'sclui- 
.SAL-., 


thoso  of 
iliiiiilcrs. 
iihiK  I'll, 
he  ziflll- 
(l\l])    ilUX 

iiiiinav.. 


m 


% 


lu'sidcs  inakin.u'  a  iimltitu(l(!  of  Imlcs  loi-  them  in  tlie 
ears,  nose,  and  cliin.  Into  these  hoii's  they  will  also 
insert  hiittoiis,  nails,  or  any  European  tiinket  Nvhicli 
falls  into  their  ^lossession."'' 

Tho  alioi-i^ninal  dress  of  a  -wealthy  Kadiak  uas  a  hird- 
skiu  pavka,  or  shirt,  IVinnvd  at  the  top  and  hottoni.  with 
loll,--  wide  sleeves  out  of  AvlTu'li  the  wearer  shpixd  his 
arms  in  an  emerj-eiKy.  This  <ianuent  was  neatly  sewed 
with  hird-hono  needles,  and  a  hundred  .skins  were  some- 
times used  in  the  making'  of  a  siuLile  ])arka.  It  was 
worn  wilh  the  leathers  outsid((  durini^  tlie  day.  and  in- 
side durinu;  tho  ni,i:ht.  Uound  the  wai>t  was  fastened 
an  emhroidered  prdle,  and  over  all,  in  wet  weather,  was 
worn  an  intestine  water-[)roof  coat,  'flu;  Kadiak  hreeches 
and  stockin.iis  were  of  otter  or  other  skins,  and  the  l)(M)ts, 
when  any  were  worn,  were  of  seal-neck  leather,  with 
whale-skin  soles.  The  Kussians  in  a  nieasmv  prohih- 
ited  the  nse  of  furs  amoiiL;;  the  natives,  compellint;  them 
to  purchase  woolen  ^oods  from  the  com|)any,  and  deliver 
np  all  their  peltries.  The  ])arkas  and  sto(tkin,u,s  of  the 
Kusko(|uims  are  of  reindeer-skin,  covered  with  eni- 
hroidei'y.  and  trinuued  Avith  valuahle  l'ui-s.  Thty  also 
make  stockings  of  swamp  <:rass.  and  cloaks  of  stur^ieon- 
skin.  The  Ahdemute  and  Kaviak  dress  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  northern  Eskimo."" 

s''  '  Thry  wnro  striii^'^  <'(  I'oads  siNiioiidod  from  ni)"rtnrfs  in  tlio  Inwrr 
li)).'  /,i'v '(,/s/, //'.s  I'"//.,  p.  r.'").  '  Tluii'  (ills  live  full  of  hoks.  fnnii  wliirli 
1i;iiil;  ]iriiilaiits  of  liono  or  shell.'  Mniix-s'  \'iii;..  ]>.  xxxii.  "Ellis  |)oitt'Ut 
(Irs  prili'S  oi-,liu,iiiciii('iit  cii  vciTi.'  blcu,  sns|)tii(lius  au-ilf'ssoiis  dii  ncz 
a  iiu  til  pass' ilaiis  la  cloisou  iiasalc'  It'Orhi'iHi/,  I'l.//.,  ]>.  .17;t.  '  rpmi  tlii> 
whole,  I  have  ihuvIk  re  seen  savaU's  who  taki'  nunc  pains  than  these  pco- 
j)l((  ill)  to  oinanunt,  or  I'ather  to  disliu'iire  tlnir  ]iei'sons.'  At  Priiin'  Wil- 
liam S  lunil  they  aie  so  foml  of  oi'naninit  '  tleit  t!ii-y  stiek  any  tliini.'  in  their 
iierforateil  li|);  oil'!  man  aiipeariie.;  with  two  of  our  imn  nails  jirojii-tinL;  from 
it  like  pniU'^s:  and  anothi  r  endeavouring;  to  put  a  larL,'e  oi-ass  button  into  it.' 
rnii/.'s  Tli'inl  \'"!/.,  Vol.  ii..  ii.  .'i7it.  They  slit  the  under  li[).  and  have  orna- 
ments of  glass  heads  and  nmseh-shrlis  in  nostrils  and  ears:  tattoo  chin  and 
■iM'k.  L'lii'i-id'irirs  i'l/.,  vol.  ii..  p.  iV.i.  '  I)i,.  I'rauen  nriehi'ii  l-'.insihnitto 
in  die  Ijippeii.  Der  XaseukiiorpLd  ist  ehenfalls  durehstoehen.'  /;'"/',  .^7'//.  a. 
J-:th„.,  ]>.  l:i.".. 

-'  Tlie  Kadiaks  d'vss  likn  the  .Meuts,  hut  their  imneijial  L;arnient  they  eall 
K'hii'i'ic";  Lmrisilirf's  ro//.,  pt.  ii..  p.  (l:!.      Like  the  I'ualaskas,  the  neck 

li'ili^'   more    e.\|ioseil,    fewer  ornallielltatiollS.     Sdm',-,     I'AU'iinl's     \'ni/.,   p.    177. 

'  Consists  wholly  of  tho  skins  uf  animals  and  birds.'     I'urlhck's  I  c^.,  i\ 


71  IIVPEUnoltEAXS. 

TIk^  ('liiij:atsli('s,  iiu'!i,  M'onu'U,  and  cliildrcu,  di-oss 
iiliki!  ill  11  closo  i'lu'  iVin'Is.  or  rohc,  icjicliiiiL;  .smictiiiu's 
to  till!  knees,  hilt  ;:t'iU'riilly  to  tlie  iiiiUh's.  Their  j'eet 
iiiid  le,i:M  iiro  rniniuoiilv  hiiri'.  iiotwitlistaiidinn'  the  liii:h 
latitiidi!  in  which  the\  li\e;  hut  thev  sonietiiiies  Avear 
f^kiii  .^toekin::,^  and  mittens.  They  make  ii  triincateil 
(■oni(!  Iiat  ol'  straw  or  uood.  in  Avhimsical  representation 
of  tlie  head  ol'  >oine  iisli  or  hird,  and  jiarnished  Avith 
rolors.'''' 

The  Koniauas  hnild  two  kinds  of  lioiisi's;  one  a  hn\Lie, 
winter  \  iUa.Lie  rt'siiU'iice.  caHed  hy  the  llnssians  Imrnhdni^ 
and  the  other  ii  sninmer  hnntiii;i-hnt,  plact'd  usually  upon 
tho  hanks  of  a  stream  Avhence  tlu'V  <li"aNV  i(>od.  Their 
Avinter  houses  are  very  lar^e.  accommodatinj.';  three  or  li)iir 
liimilieseaeh.  Tliey  are  e.jnstrncted  hy  diiztiinu,' ii  stpiaro 
space  of  the  re(|iiire(l  area  to  ii depth  of  two  liet,  ]ilacin,j; 
11  post,  l»)iir  fei't  \\\<i\\  ahovo  tho  snrface  of  tlie  jironnd.  at 
every  corner,  and  roofin;;'  the  space  over  to  cinistitnte  a 
main  liall,  uhere  eatinii;  is  doiu'.  filth  (h'positel.  and 
hoats  hiiilt.  Tlie  sidi's  are  of  planks,  and  the  loof  of 
hoards,  poles,  or  whale-rihs.  thickly  covered  >vith  ^rass. 
In  tho  roof  is  a  smokediole,  and  on  tho  eastern  side  a 
door-holo  ahoiit  three  feet  stpiare.  thr(»n_iih  "which  en- 
trance is  maile  on  hands  and  knees,  and  uhii'h  i-<  pro- 
tected hy  a  seal  or  other  skin.  I  nder  the  openiiiii' in 
the  roof,  a  hole  is  dui;' tor  fire;  and  round  the  sides  of 
the  I'oum.  tonii)-like  excavations  are  made,  or  hoards  ])ut 
up.  for  sleepinji-pkices,  where  the  occupant  rejjoseson  his 
hack  with  his  ]jic  •>  drawn  np  to  the  chin.     Adjoining 


210.  A  cniit  ppr\i1i  ■;•  *)  Xdi'tou  Snuml  nii]ioaroil  'to  li  ■  in.idi'  of  vpctls 
siwrd  very  I'lost  ly  npujctliir.'  Ilixun's  I'l'//.,  ]).  I'.M.  '  Xalicii  iliii'  I'niLiii 
( Wiiitcr-Kli'iilii' 1  mis  N'i'iijrlliiiutcii  niid  ilivr  ICiiiiliii'n  (Sniuiiiri-lvlfidcr)  iius 
(li'ii  ( ;rl:iriiirii  vdii  Wallli -.I'licii  uiul  lii>l)l)rii.'  II  iir,  SUit.  k.  l-!l.liii.,\t.  117.  At 
Norton  Souiiil  •  ]>i'iuci[);iily  of  dn- -.kins.'  Cnul.'s  'riiifl  I'')//.,  vol.  ii.,  |). 
JSl  'Iliro  Kliiil.T  siuil  iLin  sc-ii\v;uv.i'ii  Hill  mill 'vii  riiclisli:i1_;i'ii,  Uiluc, 
V()L;('lli;(Utcii,  iuirJi  jiiii>!.  u  Jl'niiOii.T  iiiL.l  Jcwr.isrhknifrll.u.  allcs  mil  S.'li- 

IK'll     i^l'lllillt.'      A«'(H    A'lf ''/'.,    J).    Jl:>.        ' 'I'll.'    llri'SS    (if    llcitll     h.NCS    CdU-'ists    of 

l)iirk;is  and  caiiilcykiis,  Imtli  of  whicli  iiiaily  resemble  iu  I'onu  a  cartel's 
frock.'    {.lni<iiisl,'i/'s  \''if/.,  ]i    V){. 

**'  '  Il'iia  tunica  ciitcra  dc  jiielesqnc  les  aiiri,L;il  'liiistiinteniclite  '  limli'iiii  ij 
Qnitilrn  Sil'\,  ;MS.  )).  Cd.  •  lly  tlie  use  of  such  a  1.,'ivclie,  it  should  seeiu  that 
they  sometiiue.s  go  uaked.'  CuuL's  Third  \'<ii/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  i'-ii. 


DWELLINGS  AND  FOOD  OF  THE  KON'LVOAH. 


lO 


.    dress 

H'tillU'S 

•ir  i't'ct 
10  liiuli 

•S   Wi'-.W 

mcjitcd 
iitiitioii 
■d  with 

!i  lar;iv, 

1\    111>(HI 

'  Tlu'ir 

'or  loiii" 

L  siniarc 

])liU'in.u; 

xiiid.  at 

«titiiti'  ii 

L'd.  and 

roof  of 

1  ^I'ass. 

I  side  a 

Icli  vn- 

i-!  pro- 

niii,::'  ill 

sidt'S  of 

I'ds  ])Ut 

s  on  liis 
Ijoiuing 

(if  vopiIh 
V  l',(rl.';i 
•iilir)  iius 
.117.  At 
|il.  ii..  i>. 
I'll,   liilii'T, 

mil  S.-h- 

llllsi-its    of 

|a  cai-li'i-V; 
seuiu  that 


rooms  ar^  soinctinics  made.  Avltli  low  imd('r;j:roiind  |xi.>-sa,^('s 
K'adinn'  oil'  IVom  llic  main  liall.  'I'lu'  walls  jmc  adorned 
with  im])lements  of  tin?  chase,  and  ha;j.s  of  winter  liiod; 
tlu'  latter  of  wliieh.  I)einir  iju'vcrvsiajivof  (U-eav .  emits  uii 
odor  most  oUeiisive  to  nnlialiitnated  nostrils.  The  ,!:r(»mid 
iscarjieted  with  s^traw.  A\  lieu  tlio  smoUe-liole  is  eovein-il 
1»\'  ail  int.'stino  window,  tla^  (hvellinjis  of  the  Konia'ias 
are  e.\ee»'diii:j.ly  warm,  and  neither  (ire  nor  elothiiiLi'  is  re- 
([iiired.'*"  ^fho /v/s//////.  or  |tiii»ru5  house  of  the  Koniauas, 
is  hnilt  like  their  dwt'Uin.Lis,  and  is  capahle  of  aeeommo- 
datiii'i' three  or  t()iir  hundred  jx'ople.^^  lints  are  hnilt  hy 
earthing' o\-er  stii'ks  ])laeed  in  roof-shajii';  also  |>v  ereet- 
iiiL:'  a  iVame  of  j)()les.  and  coverinn'  it  with  hark  or  skins. 
The  Konia'.:as  will  eat  any  diu'estilde  siihstance  in 
nature  except  pork;  from  which  fact  Kin,i;sl)oron^'h  miiiht 
ha\e  j)roven  incoiitestahly  a  .lewish  origin.  1  should 
rather  j:iv(5  them  .swinish  aflinities,  and  .see  in  this  sin- 
pnlarity  a  hesitancy  to  leed  upon  the  only  animal.  e\ce[)t 
thi'iiiselves,  Avhicli  eats  Avith  ecpial  avidity  hears  I'xere- 
ments,  carrion  hirds.  inaLiiioty  iish,  and  rotten  sea-aiii- 
mals.'^"'  When  a  whale  is  taken,  it  is  liti-rally  stri[)pe(l 
of  everytliimi'  to  tlu^  ])are  hones,  and  the.se  also  are 
used  for  hiiildiug  huts  and  hoats.'''    These  people  can  dis- 


f*mi.llIL;('II.         iM'nn     .>((*■</-.,     J».     J  1  1,  _IM''_V     ^I'lM'l.llIV    tJlL     lllfll     jninl     J;l\\,     I 

s  niirtiiiiis  till  V  liiiil  it  ill  water  li'iit(>il  with  lint  stniics.  Mnir  s'  I'o//.,  p.  .\x 
Tlif  luctliiid  iif  (Mtchiiij,'  wild  i^ccsi',  is  to  cliase  ami  l<iii>i'k  tlnni  (Inwii  i 
jiinli.-iti'ly  after  tlicy  liavi'  slud  llii-ir  larj,'i'  wiuy-featlu  i.>;  at  v,  iiiili  tiuir  i\ 
luv  lint  alilc  ti)  fly.    I'i.rll"<-/.  's   I'"//.,  )).  '1<<'>. 

>^''  '  lull  liattf  aiif  del'  luscl  Afui^'uak  Golcgeuheit  dciu  ZLrschncidi'U  li 


t:i  il 

Ml 

ii 
'  I  il 


:iii 


7G 


IIYPERr.OJIEAXS. 


V 


.f 


10S0  oi    enormous 


thi'N"  can  uo  a  loir-'  time  ^vl 


(liiiintities  of  lood;  or.  if  iieeessarv 


itliout 


eat  111' 


liei'ore  the 


introduction  of  intoxieatinjr  drinks  ])y  -vvliite  men.  they 
made  a  fermented  liiiuor  irom  the  juice  ()f  raspberries 
and  hhiel)erries. 
d 


Johacco  IS  m  iicner; 


use 


hut 


el  lew 


fi 


it  til 


>k 


nin"  and  snuhnr:"  are  more  Ireciuent  tlian  smoKintr'.  ^al- 
moil  are  \'ei"y  plentiful  in  the  vicinity  of  Ivadiak.  and 
I'oi'in  one  of  the    chief  articles  of  diet.     Duriiiji'  their 


1 


terioi 


lical 


ascension  o 


f  tl 


le  rivers. 


tl 


ie\'   are 


tal 


<en    ill 


ureat  ({(lantities  l)y  means  of  a  pole  pointed  with  hone  or 
iron.  !^;dmon  are  also  taken  in  nets  made  of  whale- 
sinews.  (\)d(ish  are  cau;j.ht  "with  a  hone  liook.  Whales 
a[)proacli  the  coast  of  Ivadiak  in  .June.  Aviieii  the  inhab- 
itants pursue  them  in  l)aidarkas.  Their  whaU'-lance  is 
aljout  six  feet  in  len;ith.  and  pointed  with  a  stcjiie  upon 
Avhicli  is  enuraved  the  t)wner"s  mark.     I'his  point  sep- 


arates from  the  handle  and  is  leit  in  the  whale's  iK'sh, 
so  that  when  the  hody  is  thrown  di'ad  n\)on  the  ))eacli, 
the  whaler  proves  his  propei't\'  hy  his  lance-])oint. 
^Fany  siqierstitioiis  are  mentioned  in  connection  witli 
the  whale-hshery.  When  a  Avhaler  dies,  the  hody  is 
cut  into  small  j)ieces  and  distrihuted  amoiiii;  his  fellow- 
craftsmen,  each  of  whom,  after  ruhhinii'  the  point  of  his 
lance  ui)on  it,  dries  and  j)rt'serves  jiis  piece  as  a  sort  of 
talisman.  ( )r  the  hody  is  i)lace(l  in  a  distant  cave,  where, 
))ei'v;ie 

pvte.  tak^^  it  out.  carry  it  to  a  stream,  immerse  it  and 
t!ien  drink  of  the  Avater.  During'  the  season,  wlialers 
hear  a  charmed  existence.     Xo  one  nun'  eat  out  of  the 


[t'nx'j:  out  n[)oii  a  chasi".  the  whalers  all  coiiurc' 


same  ( 


lish 


tl 


1  Willi  tiiem.  nor  even  aiinroacii 


tl 


icni. 


Wl 


it'll 


ui 


th 


the    season    is    over,    they   hide    their  weapon.- 
niountains. 

In  May.  the  Koniagas  set  out  in  two-oared  haidarkas 

Wiilltisrlu's /.iizii'^iliin  mill  vi'i'siclicri',  d-iss  ii;uli  Vcvlanf  nm  kanin  "2  '.idindru 
mil' (lir  lilanki  u  Ivuncln'ii  iiiif  dtin  I'l'i  r  la;.,'i'ii.'  II  dnilerj.  Ktlii.  Sl.l:.,  |i.  !>]. 
'■"' 'I'ln^  Kailiiiks  'pas-,  their  tiuin  in  liuiitiui,',  festivals,  iiiul  iil)stii:i  iici'. 
Till'  first  tali,  s  ])licc  ill  tlii'  siiunwcr;  tin'  sim'hikI  l)c;;iiis  in  flic  iiuiiitli  cf  Pc- 
(•(•iiilirr,  iui;l  (Miiiiiiiics  as  li'ii'^  lis  any  jirnvisidiis  vciiiaiii:  and  thvii  f.ll'iws 
till'  IK  rioil  (if  faMiiti  •,  which  la'its  till  Ih  '  rc-a]ii>c:irani'i'  of  ti  h  in  tin'  v!\'  rs. 
Dnriii'^'  the  jicrind  I.ist  iiii'iitimicl,  iiiany  lia\  ■  iidthinr  liit 'h'.'ll-llsh  to  siili- 
sist  on,  nuiI  hiuhc  die  fur  want,'   Lisiu-is!.  /'s   I  ",'/.,  pp.  "idJ,  '2UK 


THE  Kl'SKOKWIGMUTES  AND  MALEMUTES. 


77 


for  distant  islands,  in  searoli  of  soa-ottor.  As  snccoss 
nMjiiii'c's  a  smooth  sea.  tlicv  can  limit  tliom  only  durinj^ 
the  months  of  May  and  Jnno.  takinj::  tliom  in  the  man- 
ner followiiiLi'.  Fifty  or  one  liinKh'cd  boats  ])ro('i'('(l 
slowly  throii;^h  the  Avator,  so  closely  tcectlicr  that  it  is 
impossible  for  an  otter  to  escape  between  them.     As  soon 


as 


th 


le   animal  is   (useoveret 


li 


d.  tl 


10     S! 


unal 


IS  "iveii. 


tl 


le 


urea  within  Avliich  he  must  neccs;^arily  rise  to  the  siirl'ace 
ibr  air.  is  surrounded  by  a  do/en  boats,  and  when  ho 
ai)pears  upon  the  surlace  he  is  filled  Avith  arrows.  Seals 
are  hunted  Avith  spears  tenor  twelve  feet  in  length,  upon 
till' end  of  which  is  i'astened  an  inllated  ))ladder,  in  order 
to  float  the  animal  when  (k-ad. 

The  Kiiskokwipnutes  are  less  nomadic  than  their 
neiiihbors;  bein;.r  housed  in  ])ermanent  settl<Mnents  dur- 
in,n'  the  winter,  althouiih  in  summer  they  are  ol)li!j,i'd  to 
scatter  in  various  directions  in  <[uest  of  food,  j'lvery 
morning'  before  break  of  day.  during'  the  huntinu-season, 
a  l)o\'  liiihts  the  oil-lamps  in  all  the  huts  of  the  villatze, 
when  the  women  rise  and  pre[)are  the  food.  The  men, 
excepting  old  men  and  boys,  all  sleep  in  the  kashim, 
whither  they  retire  at  sunset.  In  the  morniiiti'  they 
are  aroused  by  the  appearance  of  the  shaniiin,  arrayed 
in  his  sacerdotal  robes,  and  beating  his  sacred  drum. 
After  morning  worship,  the  women  carry  breakfast  to 
their  husbands  in  the  kashim.  At  day-))reak  the  men 
depart  for  their  hunting  or  fislnng.  and  when  they  re- 
turn. innnt>diat:>ly  repair  to  the  kashim.  leaving  the 
women  to  unload  and  take  care  of  the  products  of  t!ie 
day's  wo''k,  ]"'in'ing  the  hnnting-season  the  men  visit 
their  wives  onlv  duriiiL;  tlie  ni'jht.  returning  to  the 
kashim  before  dayliiibt. 

^fho  Malemutes  lea\'e  their  villages  npon  the  coast 
regularly  in  Fel)ruary,  ami.  Avith  their  nunilies,  resort  tj 
tlio  mountains,  where  th  y  follow  the  deer  nntil  snow 
melts,  and.  tlii'U  return  tt)  catch  watei-fiwl  and  her- 
ring, and  gather  eggs  npon  thi*  clifts  and.  pronioidories  of 
the  coast  and  islands.  \n  duly  is  their  salmon  feast. 
The  fawns  of  reindeer  iiw  ca.i'jht  cpon  the  hills  bv  tlio 


78 


HlTEllBOKEANS. 


.i^aiii 


womoii  in  August,  cither  In  chasing  thcni  tloAvn  or 
])y  snaring  thcni.  Deer  are  stalked,  noosed  in  snares, 
or  dri%'en  into  enclosures,  Avhere  they  are  easily 
killed.  At  Kadiak,  hunting  l)egins  in  February,  and  in 
April  they  visit  the  smaller  islands  for  sea-otter,  seals, 
sea-lions,  and  eggs.  Their  Avhale  and  other  fisheries 
conunence  in  June  and  c(jntiinie  till  October,  at  which 
tiuie  they  abandon  work  suid  give  tliemseUes  up  to 
festivities.  The  seal  is  highly  prized  by  them  for  its 
skin,  blubber,  and  oil.  One  method  of  catching  seals 
illustrates  their  ingenuity.  Taking  an  air-tight  seal- 
skin, they  l)low  it  up  like  a  bladder,  fasten  to  it  a  Ion?; 
line,  and,  concealing  themselves  behind  the  rocks,  thw 
throw  their  iiuitation  seal  among  the  live  ones  and  dniw 
it  slowly  to  the  shore.  The  others  follow,  and  are 
s[)eared  or  killed  with  lunv  and  arrows.  Blueberries  and 
hucklebrrries  are  gathered  in  ([uantities  and  dried  I'or 
Avinter  use;  they  are  eaten  mixed  with  seal-oil.  1'he 
Koui.igas  are  also  very  ibnd  of  raw  reindeer-fat.  They 
hunt  with  uuns.  and  snare  urouse,  uiarten,  and  hares. 
A  suiall  wiiite  fish  is  taken  in  great  ((uantities  iVom 
holes  in  the  ice.  They  are  so  abundant  and  so  easily 
caught  >hat  the  natives  break  oif  the  barl)s  froui  their 
lisb-books  in  order  to  iiicilitate  their  operations. 

Tbe  white  jiolar  l)ear  does  not  wamk-r  south  of  the 
sixty-lil'th  ]);u'alkl,  and  isouly  found  near  Bering  Strait. 
Some  were  found  on  St  Mat^bew  Island,  in  Beriug  Si-a, 
J)ut  were  supposed  to  have  been  conveyed  thither  U]>on 
tloating  ice.  The  natives  approach  the  griz/ly  bear  with 
great  cautiou.  Wbeu  a  lair  is  discovered,  tbe  opeuiug 
is  uicasured,  and  a  tiuiber  barrici!;le  constructed,  with  an 
aperture  tbrough  which  tbe  brai'  uiay  ])ut  his  head,  'i'he 
Indians  then  (juietly  a[)i)roa('h  and  secure  their  tind)ers 
agaiust  tiio  opening  of  tiie  den  with  ttones,  and  throw  a 
fire-brand  into  the  den  to  arouse  th<  "^limal,  who  there- 
upon puts  his  his  head  out  tbrough  tlie  hole  and  met'ts 
with  a  reception  Avhich  brings  him  to  an  untimely  end.''^ 


...  * 


9<  'Wild  imiiimls  which  thoy  huut,  iiiul  (.'si)ediilly  wild  shoii),  Ui''  (It  sh  of 


■WAR,  IlIPLEMENTS,  AND  GOVEKNIIEXT. 


79 


of  the 
ir^tniit. 

\v  U])()U 
V  \\\t\i 

ucuin;.;' 
itli  an 
.  The 
inibcrs 

Illl'OW  11 
lluTO- 
HK'l'tS 

vxkV 

r   UlhliOf 


% 


In  former  times,  tlio  Koniaiiiis  -went  to  war  Lcliind  a 
liiiLie  wooden  shield  a  foot  thick  and  twelve  feet  in 
width.  It  Avas  made  of  three  tliieioiesses  of  larch-wood, 
1)ound  toj:ether  with  willows,  and  with  it  they  covered 
thirty  or  forty  lancers.''^  They  jioisoned  their  arrow  and 
lance  jiointsAvith  a  preparation  of  aconite,  ))y  drying  and 
])ulvei'i/.ing  the  root,  mixing  the  powder  with  water,  and, 
when  it  I'ermented,  ajiplying  it  to  their  \vea[)ons.'''*  ^J  hey 
made  arrow-points  of  copper,  obtaining  a  .supi)ly  from 
the  Kenai  of  (V)i)})er  River  ;''^  and  the  wood  was  as  Ihiely 
finished  as  if  turned  in  a  lathe. 

The  boats  of  the  Koniagas  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
north,  except  that  the  how  and  stem  are  not  alike,  the 
jne  turning  up  to  a  ])oint  and  the  other  cut  olf  sipiare.'''' 
Xeedles  made  of  ])irds'  ))ones,  and  thicad  iVom  whale- 
sinews,  in  the  hands  of  a  Kadiak  woman,  ]irodueed 
work,  "many  specimens  of  which."'  wiys  I.isianskv, 
"  would  (h)  credit  to  our  liest  seamstresses." '"''  ^I'hey 
]»roduced  hre  ])y  revolving  with  a  how-string  a  hard  dry 
stick  upon  ii  sol't  di-y  hoard,  one  end  of  tlii'  stick  being 
held  in  a  mouth-piece  of  bone  or  i\ory.     Their  im[)le- 

wliich  is  (  xccllc'it.'  T.isU(iisJ.i/'.i  V'ljl..  Ji.  1SR.  Thoy  ('at  tho  larger  sort  of  f(>r;i. 
rent  liiiljcil,  aiul  ;i  snlistaiicc  \vliicli  sccukmI  the  inner  Imriiof  tin'jiini!.  I  nnl.'it 
'J'liird  I'"//.,  Vol.  ii.,  p.  H7L  '  Die  ]',iiiL;ili(inn  ii  fs^iii  ditse  Wur/flii  (Laj^'at) 
lull  luul  l;(  kiirht;  ims  dir  Wnr/il,  nacliilciii  sir  in  Mdil  virwaiidilt  ist,  liiickt 
man,  niit  ciiiei'  f^'criuLtcu  ]>riniisi-lnni,L;  v<iii  Wfiziiniu  hi.  siissliclic,  iliiniiu 
]uii-hen.'  Siiii'isl.iii,  'I'k  iJi'icli.  ii  Ihiil.-rhr.  il.  rn.ss.  (ii'i,(j.  '/(.s//.,  p.  IJHJ, 

'■>-  ■  Hire  liillzeruo  Sehildo  iieiineii  sic  Knj.ilii.'     iV-cc  .Xurhr..  ]).  114. 

'•'1  '  S,l(  I'liiii;  tlie  I'ciiiti  (if  HUch  ]ilaiits  us  {^'row  nlmie,  thcsu  roots  arc  dried 
,''.nd  pounded,  or  t,'rated.'  SrnT,  I'nUhi'i's  K.f..  ji.  IT'S. 

!"  '  i)'  I'feilspitzen  siiid  am  I'.iseu  oder  luijifer.  (  rsteres  crhnltoii  sio  von 
d  II  Kenayerii,  !( tzieres  von  dell 'I'aliieH.'  ./.''(•/•,  ^^(/.  n.  l-.iliu..  \i.  lis.  '  Oe 
]ii  denial  en  foniai  de  arpoli,  cortado  con  tailt.-i  delieadeza  eomo  pudieia  haeer- 
lo  el  111. IS  hiiiiii  lajiidirio.'   Iinihii<i  //  (J  lutlrn,  .\'M-.,  .MS.  p.  d  ;. 

"'At  I'riiiee  William  Sound  Cook  found  the  canoes  not  of  wood,  as  at 
Xootka.  .\t  JJristol  l!ay  they  were  of  skin,  lint  l>roa;ler.  'I'iiinl  \'"i/.,  vol.  ii., 
J)]).  .'171,  lliT.  '  Dio  kadjaicscheii  liaidarkeii  liiite'selii  iden  sieh  ill  der  Form 
(ill  \veiii'_(  von  (h'lieli  der  audein  liewohiier  (hr  aiiierikauisc  In  n  Kaste,  von 
tieiien  ill  r  Aleiiteii  aher  nanitiitlieh  daiiii,  das  sic  kiir/er  und  lir(  iter  siiid.' 
l/'Jiiilicfi,  Htliii.  SI,};.,  p.  l)l».  At  I'rinee  William  Sound.  '  forniada  la  canoa 
on  cs(pie|eto  la  forrau  jior  fiirra  con  pieles  de  aiiiinales.'  J>"(l(  i-i  .'/  'jnailiu, 
.Vin-.,  ;MS.  ]i.  (I.").  '(^Juon  se  li^,'ure  line  nacelle  de  (jnati(^  metres  d(>  loiif.; 
ct  de  soixalito  centiluetres  de  larne  tout  nil  plus.'  J.iinUtrr,  < 'iriuiniiitlr., 
\ol.  vi..  p.  IS.  '  Thesis  canoes  Were  covered  with  skills,  the  same  as  We  hail 
Hieii  last  season  ill  Cook's  Kiver.  hi.f'ni'^  1'".'/.,  p.  1 17.  'Safir  at  sea  in  had 
Weather  than  European  hoats.'    Lisi  iii>il,ij's   Toy/.,  p.  'Jjl. 

'■>'•  Their  wbale-siutw  thread  was  as  liuu  as  silk.  LinidnsLi/'s  Vnj.,  p.  '2U7. 


01 


m 


80 


H\TEllIiOREANS. 


monts  woro  few — a  stono  iulzo,  a  slicll  or  (lint  knife,  a 
polishinj^  .stono,  and  a  haiiilled  tooth.''  Yet  tliov  oxcol 
in  carvinjr,  and  in  ^vo^kinJj5  Avalrus-tcoth  and  uliak'bone, 
the  fonnur  being  p!ui)[)lied  them  mostly  by  tlie  Ajile- 
mntes  of  tho  Alaskan  Peninsula.  ^Phe  tools  used  in 
these  manulaetures  Mere  of  stone,  and  the  polishinii'  tools 
of  shell.  Traces  of  tho  f^tono  aji'e  ai'e  found  in  lamps, 
liannners  and  cnttinu;  instruments,  Avedjj.es  and  hatchets. 
Carving  is  done  by  the  men,  \vhilo  the  women  ai'e  no  less 
skill''  l  in  f^ewinii',  ])asket-makinu'.  erochetiDij:,  and  knit- 
ting.  omen  tan.  and  make  clothing  and  boat-covers 

from  wki        nd  in*"estine>.''*'     The  Auuhnutes  are  skilled 
ill  the  carving  of  wood  and    ivory;   the    Kusko([uims 
excel  in  wood  r.nd  stcjne  carving.     They  make  in  this 
manner  domestic;  utensils  and  vases,  with  grotesque  rep 
resentations  of  men,  animals,  and  bii-ds.  in  relief. 

Authority  is  exercised  only  by  heads  of  households 
lint  chiel's  may,  by  f^uperior  ability,  ac(piire  much  inthi 
ence.'"*  Before  they  became  ])roken  np  and  demoralized 
by  contact  with  civilization,  tlu're  was  a  marked  division 
of  commtniities  into  castes;  an  hereditary  nobility  and 
commonalty.  In  tho  former  was  embodied  all  author- 
ity;  but  the  rule  of  American  chieftains  is  nowhere  of  a 
very  arbiti'ai'y  character.  Slavery  existed  to  a  limited 
extent,  tho  thralls  being  mostly  women  and  children. 


Th 


leir  male   nrisonei's  ot    wai 


tl 


lev  eithei 


illed 


im- 


inediatelv  or  reserved,  to  toi'ture  for  the  edification  and 


impr 


ovemeiit  of  their  children 


liW 


r 


po 


n 


tl 


10  arriv 


al  of 


■'"  Th-^  oiilj-  tool  srrn  was  a  stono  ndy.o.  frml.-'f;  Tlih-il  V<>i/..  vol,  ii.  p.  ^13. 

!H  -'I'lirir  siwiii^',  ]il,iitiii'4  (if  sinews,  mid  siiiull  win'k  on  their  little  1iiii,'S 
may  1"'  l''it  i"  ciMiipetitioii  with  the  most  d  licite  luaiiufaetnies  fduinl  in  iiiiy 
])iirt  1  if  the  known  WDild.'  CihiI/h  'lliiril  I'n//.,  vol  ii.,  jtp.  liTil.  ;t7t.  'If  we  may 
judL,'o  liy  these  tiLjiires,  th(i  inhabitatifs  cif  Cadiaek  must  have  Inst  mueh  of 
theii-  skill  in  earviu;,',  their  old  in-odurtions  of  this  kind  h^  in',';,'i'eatly  superior.' 
I.hiniisl.i/.  J).  ITW.  The  Inijalik's  household  furnitui'e  is  "lade  'von  j^ehoi^'e- 
jieiu  ][olz  sehr  /ierlieh  ^'earlieitet  niid  mittel-;t  Krdfarhen  roth.  !,'riiu  uiid 
Idau  an^esti'iehiii.  /uni  Koelen  der  Speiseu  liiilieiiea  sic  sich  irdeiier,  iius- 
{^chranuter  (lesehirre.     /lur,  Stat.  ii.  l-.tlm.,  p.  I'Jl. 

'■'•'Tis  most  proh.dile  thi'y  are  divided  into  clans  oi-  trilies,'  T'Lvii's 
Vol/.,  i).fj7.  '  Tle'V  htiveii  Kinu'.  whose  ii.mie  was  Sh'^noway.'  M'iiv<tt'  \'i>i/., 
J),  xxvii.  'They  always  keeji  toi,'ellii  r  in  famili's,  and  are  under  the  direc- 
tion iif  tnyons  or  chlet's.'   /.isi'^/v'.  v's  I'-iy  ,  ]>.  L")!. 

i""  Feni  de  slaves  aro  sold  lium  one  triLty  to  nnotli-.r.  S'nur,  BUHh'/s 
Vol/.,  p.  Ii5. 


I  .         /I 


:iIORALirY  OF  THE  KONIAGAS.  gl 

the  Kussians.  tlio  .luvos  tlien  ]k-1,1  ],v  the  native,  tlm.l- 
u  -  '"'"'  "'^^^'1**"^  *''^'  ^'-'^'^^^  '"''^  -t  then 

;:";;:':i\l^-ll,:;^];;;;r-t;atr;:^;;.:?'^!;;:!' 

'iau'i.'"'  '""'  '"  l''-"i"rti""  '"  tlio  ck.nuu.d  for 

I  J,''!"  ""■;"'■•''''=,  '"•■'""CTS  of  Iho   Konla-ns  arc  of  tlio 

and  tiK.  ,n„m-a,o  .datio,  -.i  :;^  loo.  I     .:,'''''?,''' •:- 
"  tl-X  "f  value  only  as  „>,  a  1„    ,  ;      *     .  l;''^""^'' 

cnouslv.    )m)thers   .,,,1    .,  •  "^'^'''^'^'^    l""*'"^''^" 

Ti       ■;•    '''<*^"«-i''^  '"Id   .sisters,  piuvnts  and   diiMicn  i"' 

ihe    Malennites  are  content  with  oiio  Jl       .  t   t  .'-v 

have  no   mamauc  ceivinonv    -nxl    r...n        V  i  -^ 

at pio,.„v  Ti;^,,n.o, :^: ,;;;!;, c,,';:i,r.ih 

tlie  pris,  taking  (horn  out  into  tlio  ,vil,l,.n ,  ^    . h  fT 
K.*s  n>fo  t lu.i,.  n,outh  an,l  al.nd.m!,"      1  V^    '    f 

.l.vn  am  Inghly  est,™,,.,!.  an,l  tl,.  b/n-.         o,  .    ,  i    : 
q.roaH,  a,non,  iK...  |,o,,io.     Su.-l,  porsons    .         ,  r,,' 
!.»  ..s  to  n,al<o  a  ,Ioll  „■■  i„,a,v  of  tin,  ,„Vsi„.In,,  ,vlu"ir,lK.  ' 

in  1*71*1 


Vo;..  I.    0 


"!/•<  I't.  ii.,  2).  Gl. 


=rB 


I'P 


82 


IlYPEKBOItEAXS. 


H)  J. really  dcsiiv.  and  fondle  it  as  if  it  were  a  real 
child.""  Two  liusljiiiids  are  also  allcmed  to  one  wo.tian; 
one  tlio  chief  or  principal  husband,  and  tlie  other  a 
deputy,  who  acts  as  husband  and  master  of  the  house 
durin;i  the  absence  of  the  true  lord;  and  who.  upon  the 
latters  return,  not  only  yields  to  him  his  place,  but 
becomes  in  the  meantime  his  servant. 

r>ut  the  most  repugnant  of  all  their  practices  is  that 
of  male  concul)inaj;e.  A  Kadiak  mother  will  select  her 
handsomest  and  most  ])romising  boy,  and  di'ess  and  rear 
liim  as  a  girl,  teacliing  hiuKJidy  domestic  duties.  keej)ing 
him  at  woman's  work,  associating  him  only  with  women 
and  girls,  in  order  to  render  his  elleminacy  complete. 
Arriving  at  the  age  of  ten  or  fll'teen  years,  he  is  married 
to  some  wealthy  man,  who  regards  such  a  companion  as 
a  great  acipiisition.     These  male  wives  are  called  adtunt- 


tSC 


luh' 


or  sen 


(,pa 


IIS 


111.-. 


A  most  cruel  superstition  is  enforced  upon  maidens 
at  the  age  of  puberty;  the  victim  being  conlined  for  six 
months  in  a  hut  built  ibr  the  purpose,  apart  from  the 
others,  and  so  small  that  the  poor  inmate  camiot  straight- 
en her  back  while  upon  her  knees.  Dui'ing  the  six 
months  i()llowing.  she  is  allowed  a  room  a  little  laruei', 
but    is    still    permitted    no    intercourse    with 


anv  one 


Daughters  of  princi[)al  men  obtain  the  rigid  of  access  to 
the  kashim  by  undergoing  a  ceremonial  yielding  up  of 

""  '  IiUiiiJios  (Ircwscd  ill  (liU'orciit  fimiis.'  Lisidiiskj/'s  I'l//.,  p.  1~H.  'The 
most  fiivdurcd  of  woiinu  is  sho  who  liiis  the  j,'rciitcst  iiumhor  t)f  chihh'cu.' 
(Vdcv,  llilliii'i's   ''"//•'  !'•  l^''- 

Kii  '  I),.)'  Viitcr  oiler  die  Mnttrr  Ixstiniiiicn  den  Sohii  schoii  in  sciuci'  fnih- 
sten  Kiudhcit  ziuii  Achiuitsuhik.  wciiii  cr  ihiicn  iiNidchcnhiift  crschiint.' 
JIiiliiihii\j,  KUiii.  !^IAi.,  p.  ]'21.  'Male  concnliiiics  arc  iinich  more  fiTiiiicnt 
h(i-(^  thiin  at  Ooiialaslika.'  I.iiiiiisiliirirs  \'"i/.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  (il.  They  'archa]i]iy 
to  sec  thciii  talicn  liy  the  cliict's,  to  L;i'atify  tluir  iiiiuatural  desires.  SueJi 
youths  are  ih'essed  like  \voiiieii,  aii<l  tair^lit  all  tlie-ir  doiiiestie  duties.'  Suurr, 
JiiUiii'i's  Ki'.,  p.  17().  '  ('(>s  penples  sont  tres  lulonnes  aii\  jilaisirs  des  sens 
ft  iiieiiio  h  nil  vice  iiifaiiie.'  <  liarin,  Voij.  I'ilt.,  jit.  vii..  ji.  H.  'Of  all  tlio 
customs  of  these  islanders,  the  most  dis^^'ustin^,' is  that  of  liieii.  called  .vc/uhv- 
jiitiis.  liviiiL!  with  men,  and  siipiilyiii',,'  the  ]ilaee  of  women.'  Lisidiisl.  i)\s  J'"i/., 
p.  1'.)',).  This  shanieful  custom  a])))lies  to  the 'J'hlinkeets  as  well.  '(inel(|U(S 
jiersonnosde  rK(iui])a^'e  du  Solide  out  rap])orte  (|u'il  ne  leur  est  pas  pdssihlo 
de  douter  (pie  les  Tchinkiti'iiieeiis  ne  soieiit  Kouilli's  de  ce  vice  honteux  (iiui 
la  Th'oLjonie  ininiorale  dcs  Grecs  iivoit  divinise.'  Marchand,  Voy.  ant.  da 
Jlondc,  toiii.  ii.,  i>.  U". 


KONIAGAN  SWEAT-HOUSES 


83 


1,  ronl 
j.iuiii ; 
lior  11 
liouso 
on  the 
e,  but 

is  tbiit 

\{\  rear 
:oei)ing 
women 
luplete. 
narried 
nioii  as 
achiint- 

n  aid  ens 

ibr  six 

foin  the 

tvaitilit- 

tlie  si.M 

larger, 

IV   one. 

CCX' ss  to 

Ig  up  of 

178.     '  The 
Icliildivu.' 

I'liicv  fviib- 

>i's<'h(iiit.' 

'  frniuiiit 

live  ll:i]iliy 

■cs.     Sncll 

Is.'    Sdurr, 

(It'S  sens 

Of  till  tlic 

Jlll'll  .v('/(i)«- 
|/,  )/'.S    /'"//., 

'Qu(l(|iicn 
Is  jKPSsililo 
litc'iix  i]no 

I/,  ant.  da 


tlieir  viriiinitv  to  the  shaman.^"*''  irarriap:e  ceremonies 
are  few,  and  marriage  engagements  peculiar.  The  con- 
sent of  tiie  father  of  the  intended  bride  being  obtained, 
the  aspirant  for  nuptial  honors  bi-ings  wood  and  builds  a 
fire  in  the  bath-room;  after  which,  he  and  the  father  take 
a  hath  together.  The  relatives  meanwhile  congregate, 
a  fea.st  is  held,  presents  are  made,  the  bridegroom  takes 
the  name  of  the  bride's  father,  the  couple  are  escorted  to 
a  heated  va[)or-bath  and  there  left  together.  Although 
e.\treuiely  fdthy  in  their  persons  and  hal)its,  all  Indians 
attach  great  im[)ortance  to  their  sweat-baths.  This  })ecii- 
liar  institution  extends  tiu'ongh  most  of  the  nations  of  our 
territory,  from  Alaska  to  Mexico,  with  wonderl'ul  uni- 
Jbnnitv.  J-'requently  one  of  the  side  subterranean  ajjart- 
ments  which  open  olf  from  the  main  hall,  is  devoted  to 
the  purjHises  of  a  sweat-house.  Into  one  of  thi'se 
caverns  a  Kadiak  will  enter  sti'ijjped.  Rteam  is  gen- 
erati'd  ]»\'  throwing  water  u[)()n  heated  stones.  Alh'r 
sweltering  for  a  time  in  the  conlined  ajul  heated  atmos- 
})here,  and  while  yet  in  a  prol'iiso  perspiration,  the 
bather  rushes  out  and  plunges  into  the  nearest  stream  or 
into  the  sea,  fre(|uently  having  to  break  the  ice  before 
))eing  able  to  fniish  his  bath.  (Sometimes  all  the  occu- 
])ants  of  the  house  join  in  a  l)atli.  They  then  clear  the 
tloor  of  the  main  room  I'rom  obstructions,  and  build  a 
hot  file  under  the  smoke-hole.  AVlieii  the  fire  is  reduced 
to  coals,  a  covering  is  placed  over  the  smoke-hole,  and 
the  bathers  prweed  to  wash  themselves  in  a  certain  rK|uid, 
which  is  carefully  saved  for  this  andotlu'r  cleansing  i)ur- 
poses.  and  also  for  tanning.  'I'he  alkali  of  the  thiid 
comljines  with  the  grease  upon  tlu'ir  ])ers()ns.  and  thus  a 
lather  is  formed  which  removes  dirt  as  effectually  as  s(ia[) 
would.  They  then  wash  in  wati'r.  wraj)  themselves  in 
deiT-skins.  and  rejjose  ujion  sludves  luitil  the  lassitude 
occasioned  by  pers})iration  pas.^^es  away. 

UK  '  p,,,.  Schamiiiic  hat  srincr  Ohlioitonhoit  f,'oni;iss  ndcr  fins  lipsoiidorpm 
Wcihlwiilliii  sif  del'  •IniiL.'fci'sch.ift  lii'iiiiiht  Ulid  sii'  wiiir  niiwiirdi;,'  V(ir  dcr 
^'  vsannulnii',' /n  I  vsiIk  iiirii,  wnin  sii-  ilirc  iTstc  Lirhc  ir.Lrciid  ciiiciii  .Viukrin 
uiid  uiilit  dim  SuhiiiuiiiK'U  gc/.ijUt  hiitti.'.'  JJatr,  ^(((<.  ii.  Etltn,,  p.  VS,i. 


"^  ,  !l 


84 


HYPEKBOKEANS. 


Festivals  of  various  kinds  (ire  held ;  as,  when  one  vil- 
lage is  desirous  of  extending  hospitality  to  another  village, 
or  ^vhen  an  individual  becomes  ambitious  of  jjopularity, 
a  feast  is  given.  A  ceremonial  banquet  takes  place  a  year 
after  the  death  of  a  relative;  or  an  entertaiinnent  may 
be  announced  as  a  reparation  for  an  injury  done  to  one's 
neighbor.  At  some  of  these  feasts  only  men  dance,  and 
at  others  the  women  join.  Upon  these  occasions,  presents 
are  exclianged,  and  the  festivities  sometimes  continue 
for  several  days.  The  men  ajjpear  upon  the  scene  nearly 
or  (juite  naked,  with  painted  faces,  and  the  hair  fan- 
tii.stic;ally  decorated  with  feathers,  dancing  to  the  nnisic  of 
the  tamI)ourine,  sometimes  accompanied  by  sham  lights 
and  warlike  songs.  Their  faces  are  marked  or  fantasti- 
cally painted,  and  they  hold  a  knife  or  lance  in  one 
hand  and  a  rattle  in  the  other.  The  women  dance  by 
sim[)ly  hopping  forwiird  and  l)ackward  upon  their  toes."*^ 
A  visitor,  upon  entering  a  dwelling,  is  presented  with  a 
cup  of  cold  water;  afterward,  fish  or  llesh  is  set  belbro 
liim.  and  it  is  expected  that  he  will  leave  nothing  un- 
eaten. The  more  he  eats,  the  greater  the  honor  to  the 
host;  and,  if  it  be  impossible  to  eat  all  that  is  given  him, 
he  nuist  take  away  with  him  whatever  remains.  ^Vfter 
eating,  he  is  conducted  to  a  hot  bath  and  regaled  with  a 
drink  of  melted  i'at. 

k^agoskin  assisted  at  a  ceremony  which  is  celel)rated 
annually  about  the  first  of  January  at  all  the  villages 
on  the  coast.  It  is  called  the  festival  of  the  innnersion 
of  the  bladders  in  the  sea.  More  than  a  hundred  l)lad- 
ders,  taken  only  from  animals  which  have  been  killed 
with  arrows,  and  decorated  with  fantastic  paintings,  are 
hung  u[)on  a  cord  stretched  horizontally  along  the  wall 
of  the  kasliim.  Four  birds  carved  from  wood,  a  screech- 
in?  'Thoir  (liiiipps  aro  proper  tonrnaments.'  Snnvr,  JiiUiii'i's  Ex.,  ]>.  17(1. 
They  iir(!  iimcli  luldictt'd  to  public  (liiuees,  (^sp(><'ially  (luriuj,'  winter.  Wlii/in- 
j)''/''.s  Al'isliU,  p.  1(1").  '  Miisks  t)f  tlu^  uiost  hiilcons  tiu'iri's  iiro  worn.'  /./m'- 
(iii!:l,!/'s  V'li/.,  p.  "iJO.  '  Usi;  a  sort  of  rattlo  c'oiu])osi'(l  of  ii  number  of  tlio 
beaks  of  the  sea-parrot,  struiij,'  upon  a  wooden  ero.-is, ' — sounds  like  eastanets. 
J.iiiiiiailnrff'rt  \'iii/.,  pt.  ii.,  ]).  (ii.  '  l)ieT;'in/.er  ersclieinen,  ebon  so,  niit  Wiirf- 
f*piessen  oder  ^lessern  in  den  Ilandeu,  welche  sie  iiber  deiu  Kopfe  scliwing- 
t'u.'   JJuvr,  Stat.  a.  Ellin.,  p.  US. 


SUrEESTITIONS  OF  THE  KONIAGAS. 


85 


no  vil- 

iliirity, 
!  a  year 
lit  may 
to  one's 
CO.  anil 
)rownts 
ontinno 
'  nearly 
lir  ian- 
nusio  of 
n  fidits 
antasti- 
in  one 
anco  l»v 

V  tCK'S.'"^ 

\  ^vith  a 
»t  Ijolbro 
liintr  nn- 
to  the 
en  liini, 
After 
with  a 

ehrated 
illajios 
mersion 
1  l)lad- 
killed 
n;ji;s.  aro 
ho  wall 
icreocU- 


^.c,  y.  17G. 
II  lij/iii- 
|ni.'  /.'■>■'- 
Iluv  (if  llio 
Ic'iistiint'ts. 
Imit  y^'mf- 
:  sclnviiig- 


H 


owl  with  the  head  of  a  man.  a  sea-gull,  and  two 
})artrid,ues,  aro  so  dis[)ost'd  that  they  can  ho  moved  hy 
striniis  urtl'uUy  arran;:ed :  the  owl  Ihitters  his  win<:s  and 
mo\es  his  head;  the  tinil  stril^es  the  lioards  with  his 
l)eak  as  if  he  werooatehiug  lisli.  and  the  partridges  eoni- 
uience  to  peck  each  other.  Lastly,  a  stake  envelo[)ed  in 
straw  is  placed  in  the  centre  of  the  lire-place.  Men 
and  women  dance  hefore  these  elligies  in  honor  of  'f"(/- 
jtik,  the  sjjirit  of  the  sea.  livery  time  the  dancing 
ceases,  one  ol'  the  assistants  lights  some  straw,  horning 
it  like  incense  hefore  the  hirds  and  the  hladders.  The 
jirincipal  ceremony  of  the  feast  consists,  as  its  name 
indicates,  in  tiie  innnersion  of  the  ))la(lders  in  the  sea. 
It  was  iin[)ossihie  to  iliscovcr  the  origin  of  this  custom; 
tiie  only  answer  given  to  (piestions  was,  that  their  an- 
cestors hail  done  so  hefoi'c  them. 

Tlic  sham.iu.  or  medicine-man  of  the  Koniagas.  is  the 
spiritual  and  tem[)oral  doctor  of  the  trihe;  wizard,  sor- 
cerer, priest,  or  physician,  as  necessity  demands.  In  the 
execution  of  hi?  jllices.  the  shauiiin  has  several  assistants, 
mal  and  female,  sages  and  disciples;  the  first  in  rank 
heiug  called  In isc /,■><.  whose  duty  it  is  to  superintend 
I'estivals  and  teach  the  children  to  dance.  AVhen  a  jK'i'son 
falls  sick,  some  evil  s[)irit  is  supposed  to  have  taken  pos- 
session of  him,  and  it  is  the  husiness  of  the  shaiiijin  to 
I'Norcise  that  s[)irit,  to  coml)at  and  drive  it  out  of  tho 
man.  To  this  end,  armed  with  a  magic  tamhourine.  ho 
places  himself  near  tiie  patient  and  nmtters  his  incan- 
tations. A  female  assistant  accompanies  him  with  groans 
and  gnnvls.  Should  this  ])ro\e  inelVectual.  the  shanuin 
ap[)roaches  tho  hod  and  throws  himself  upon  the  person 
of  the  suiVei'or;  then,  seizing  the  demon,  ho  struggles 
with  it.  over[>owers  and  casts  it  out.  while  tl  ■  assistants 
rvy.  '•  lie  is  gonel  he  is  gonel  '  If  the  jjatient  recoxtTs. 
tli(.>  physician  is  paid,  otherwise  lie  receives  nothing.'""* 

'"''  '  Lcs  sorcirvs  ct  chanums  jonissciit  (Vnno  f^'Viiiulc  fivcnr  diuis  ci  ttc  n'- 
!?ii>!i  u'liKv'c  (Ic  rAiii.'ricir.c.'  Il'tirh'i  luji.  I'd//.,  |).  .")?  1.  '  SfhiUiirini'  iiiul  iiltt^ 
\Vr  i'lii-  kciiiicii  vi'i'scliifdctii'  Hriliuittil.'  liftrr.  Slit.  it.  Ktlm.,  \\.  I'i'i.  "  Xi  xt 
iii  rank  tn  thu  shauiiiiis  arc  thu  kascks,  ur  sages,  whose  (jllice  is  to  teacli  cliil- 


86 


HYPERBOREANS. 


Colds,  consumption,  rlionmatism,  itcli,  lioils,  ulcci's.  sy}>r»- 
ilis,  Jiro  iimong  tlicir  most  common  diseases.  IMood-let- 
ting  is  commonly  resorted  to  as  a  curative,  and  exce})t  in 
extreme  cases  the  shaman  is  not  called.  The  Koniagas 
l)lee(l  one  another  l)y  jiiercing  the  arm  with  a  needle, 
and  then  cutting  away  the  liesh  aliove  the  needle  with  a 
Hint  or  cop})er  instrument.  Beaver's  oil  is  said  to  I'e- 
lieve  their  rheumatii^m. 

'•The  Kadiak  people,"  says  liisiansky,  "seem  more 
attached  to  their  dead  than  to  their  living."  In  token 
of  their  grief,  surviving  friends  cut  the  hair,  hlacken  the 
face  with  soot,  and  the  ancient  cut^tom  Avas  to  remain  in 
mourning  for  a  year.  No  work  may  ])e  done  for  twenty 
days,  hut  after  the  lifth  day  the  mourner  may  l)atlie.  . 
Lnmediately  after  deatii,  the  body  is  arrayed  in  its  best 
apparel,  or  wrapped  with  moss  in  seal  or  sea-lion  skins, 
and  placed  in  the  kashim,  or  left  in  the  house  in  which 
the  person  died,  where  it  remains  for  a  time  in  state. 
The  body,  with  the  arms  and  implements  of  the  de- 
ceased, is  then  buried.  It  was  not  uiilre([uent  in  former 
times  to  sacrifice  a  slave  upon  such  an  occasion,  ^fhe 
grave  is  covered  over  with  blocks  of  wood  and  largo 
stones.^*^  A  mother,  upon  the  death  of  a  child,  retires 
for  a  time  from  the  camp;  a  husband  or  wife  withdraws 
and  joins  another  tribe."" 

Tiie  character  of  the  Koniagas  may  be  drawn  as  peaco 
able,  industrious,  serviceable  to  luiropeans,  adapted  to 
labor  and  commerce  rather  than  to  war  and  huntinu'. 
They  are  not  more  superstitious  than  civilized  nations; 
and  their  inmiorality,  though  to  a  stranger  most  rank, 
is  not  to  them  of  that  socially  criminal  sort  which  loves 
darkness  and  brings  down  the  aAcnger.  In  their  own 
eycii,  their  abhorrent  practices  are  as  sinless  as  the  ordi- 


dren  tho  different  diinces,  and  supi'rintt>nd  tlio  pnhlio  aninsements  and  shows, 
of  which  they  have  tho  siiprriiic  control.'  Xiscois/.'v'.s  /"//..  p.  "it's. 

iii!>  '  Th(>  (lead  l>o(ly  of  a  cliiff  is  cmhahncd  with  moss,  and  huricd.'  Sinur, 
JlWiiK/'s  /-.'.r.,  p.  177. 

1'"  '  In  one  of  tlif  small  huildin'^s,  or  k(>nn('ls,  as  they  may  very  pro])('rly 
he  cnll'd,  was  a  woman  who  had  retired  into  it  iu  conseipleuce  of  thu  death 
of  her  sou,'     Li-iiitiisi.ij's  \'<>ij.,  [>.  iSi. 


THE  ALEUTS. 


87 


iiiiry.  oju'iily  o(miluft«'(l  iivocations  of  tiny  foniimmity  are 
to  the  nic'iiiljcrs  theivol'. 

Tii[-;  Ai.Ki'T.s  jire  the  iiiliiihitiints  of  tlio  Alcullan 
Arcliiiu'liiiio.  Tlio  ori.iiin  of  the  word  is  uiikiiowii;"' 
tho  orijiiiial  name  ))c'iiij;'  KiKjiitiiijtt  A'o'Iimj  hx,  or  "  lucii 
of  the  cast,"  indicating  an  American  origin."-  'I'hi'  na- 
tion consists  of  two  tribes  s[)eaking  different  dialects; 
tiie  ['iKiiiis/itiiin^  occnpyinji'  the  soiith-westei'n  jxntion  of 
the  Ahiskan  I'eninsnhi,  the  Shumngin  Ishuuls.  iind  tlie 
l'\).v  Islands:  and  the  At/i/ids,  inhabiting  the  Andrean- 
ovski.  Kat.  and  Xear  hslands.  Migrations  and  intermix- 
tures with  the  Russians  liave,  however,  nearly  obliterated 
original  distinctions. 

The  earliest  iidbrmation  concerning  the  Aleutian  Is- 
landers was  ol)tained  by  Michael  XevodtsikoiV,  Avho 
sailed  from  Kamchatka  in  1745.  Other  l^ussian  voy- 
iigers  innncdiately  followed,  attracted  thither  in  search 
of  sea-animal  skins,  which  at  that  time  were  very  plen- 
til'ul."''  Tribute  was  levied  npon  the  islanders  by  the 
Kussians.  and  a  system  of  cruelty  connnenced  which 
soon  reduced  the  natives  from  ten  thousand  to  but  little 
more  than  one  thousand. 

The  Aleuts,  to  Ijangsdorff,  ''  ajj'pear  to  l)e  a  sort  of 
middle  race  between  the  mongrel  Tartars  and  the  North 


"'  '  Tlio  word  Alentinn  sopins  to  ho  dorivcd  from  tho  intriTorfutivc  juivti- 
cl(>  (tHi.i\  wliic-h  struck  strun^'ors  in  tlit;  lani^'Uit^'c  of  that  pfDijlc'  K'^li'lnn'^ 
Viiy.,  V(j1.  iii.,  \^.  ;tl2.  The  llimlnskiis  and  '  the  people  of  Ooniiiak,  call  tlieni- 
avhcs  I'liiriilniliiiiii'ii.'  'The  natives  of  Alaksa  and  all  the  adjacent  islands 
tliey  call  Ivt'idtiihihiiiiii'n.'  Smu-r,  HUIhni'ry  Kf .,  ]>.  lot.  'The  iidialiitants  of 
I'nalashka  ans  called  KiK/hiilitiilii;  those  of  Akntan,  and  further  cast  to  I'ni- 
niak,  Ki'jIiifiKsi;  and  those  of  I'niniak  and  Alaxa,  K"''i'ili<i!/i'/,il.'i.  'i'he\ can- 
not tell  \vhei\ce  these  uiipellations  arc  derived;  aii'l  nv  v  liej^'ln  to  call  fliein- 
selvcs  liy  tilt.'  ^'cneral  name  of  Alri/id,  ^dven  to  thfe.  'ly  the  liussiaiis,  and 
borrowed  from  some  of  the  Kurile  Islands.'  Toav's  li'nss.  !)!•<.,  ]k  21'.(. 

1'-  Vet,  says  D'Orbii^'iiy,  \'<>i/ft'i(',  j).  'ul :  'Si  on  interroi^'e  Its  Ali'iuitiens 
sur  leur  t)vi.L;iiie,  iln  disent  tjue  Icurs  anci"'tres  out  hahiti'  un  {,'rantl  ]iays  vtrs 
I'oucst,  ft  tjue  tie  la  ils  stint  avuuct's  dc  proclie  en  proclie  sur  Ics  ilcs  th  sertes 
giistj'au  ctiutinent  anii'ricain.' 

"■'  Trapesiiiktitt'  tot)k  from  nn  unknown  islantl  in  ITIH,  1020  sta-titter 
skins.  JiiH'net!' returned  to  Kamchatka  in  ITTit,  wiUi  li.OOd  skins.  Jn  \1')'2 
one  crew  tuuclietl  at  IJerinj.;  Islantl  autl  ttiok  1,'S2'2  .Vretic  foxes,  ami  '2, ■")()() 
sea-liears.  Chtilotliltitt',  in  17.">;!,  took  from  tme  islantl  I.CjOI)  otter-skins. 
Tiilstyeh  in  oiu'  voyaijo  tt>t)k  1.7SI)  sea-otter.  720  blue  foxes,  antl  biU  scu- 
bears.  Cuxe's  Ititus.  D'n.,  pp.  43,  44,  4U,  51,  53. 


!  m  ! 


!l:  I 


':li 

'!       i 


88 


IIYrERnOREANH. 


John  TA'dviinl.  wlio  visited  riiiiliiska  with 


AnuM'icnns. 

('aptiiin  ('')()!<,  saw  "two  dilVcrciit  kinds  ol'  pcoplr:  tli'.i 
oni!  wr  kni'W  to  he  the  j-Jiorii^ini's  ol'  Aiiici'ica.  whilo 
wc  supposed   th<'  otliei's   to  iiiwe  eome  IVoni  the  opposite 


roasts  of  Asia. 


'Ill 


Their  I'eatures  are  stroiiiU  narked, 


and  tliose  Avho  saw  them  as  thev  ()ri;iinali^v  i'.\isti'(K  were 
impressed  with  the  intellijient  and  henevolent  expression 
of  tlieir  laces.^'"'  They  have  an  ahundance  ol"  knik  liair, 
which   thev  ('ut  with   Hints  —  the  men  i'rom  the  ci'own. 


a  I 


id   tlie  women   in   front 


m; 


)tl 


)oui    sexes   11 


ikU'I'l^o   the 


usual  faee-paintinji'  and  ornamentations.  They  extend 
tlieir  nostrils  hy  means  (jf  a  how-cvlindei'.  The  men 
weai- a  hone  ahout  the  si/e  of  a  ((uill  in  the  nose,  and  the 


women  111 


sert  p 


iieces  ot   hone  m  the  iiiK 


th 


der  1 


ii». 


V 


lieu' 


leus  are  howed,  iVom  siieiidini:'  .so  much  of  tlii-ir  time  in 
hoats;  they  lVe([iientlv  sitting  in  them  til'teeii  or  twenty 
hours  at  a  time.  Their  figure  is  awkward  and  uncouth, 
Aot  rohiist,  active,  caijahle  of  carr\  inu'  heav\  1  I'deiis  and 
nnderiioinii'  ureat  t'atiuue 


IIH 

The  hat  of  the  Aleut  is  the  most  peeidi...  ^  ..it  of  liis 
dress.  It  consists  of  a  helmet-shaped  crown  of  wood 
or  leather,  with  an  exceedingly  long  hrim  in  front,  so  as 

1"  Siifirl.s,  I.i/f  of  h-ili/iinl,  11.  70. 

"'  A  ^;i-riit  d'  ill  of  cliiiviictcr.    f.iiii(if<i](»]tj".i  I')//.,  ]it.  ii.,  \t.  ri2. 

'"'  '  U;ithrr  low  of  Ht.iturc,  but  iiliimi)  and  Will  shuiiid:  with  rather  short 
iiccks;  swarthy  chnliliy  faces;  lilack  ey<s;  siiiali  heanls,  and  Ioiil;,  strai|,'lit, 
lilaek  hair;  which  the  men  wear  loose  liehiiul,  and  cut  htfore,  bat  the  women 
tie  up  in  II  buiiih.'  Ckiz/.'s  'J'liinl  \'<ii/.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  alO.  'Von  (iesiclit  sind 
Hie  iil.ilt  und  Weiss,  von  !.;nter  Statur,  durcii^'aui^i;,'  niit  schwarzen  llaareu.' 
J\<iic  ,V«('/./'.,  p.  li")ll.  'Low  in  statiu'c.  broad  in  the  visaL,'!.'  ('(tiiiphvH's  !'('//•> 
p.  11"2.  Hair  'stroni;  and  wiry:'  scanty  beard,  but  thick  on  the  n[)per  lip. 
iS(tufi\  IliHiiiiis'  K.f.,  p.  l.')l. 

""  '  Li  s  feninies  ah'outcs  portaieiit  anx  mains  et  aux  ])ieds  dc'S  chaiMl<>tn 
(!(>  pierres  d(^  conleur  et  pn'fi'rablenient  d'ambn'.'  It'Orliiiiini.  \'iii/..  \>.  571t. 
'  None  are  so  hiijhly  esteemed  as  a  sort  of  lont;  muscle,  commonly  called  sea- 
teeth,  the  ikiiUUiHiii  riildlin  of  Liinians.'  /.(iiiiisdn-fr''  ■  Vi'ij.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  JO. 
'  Wiimi  n  have  the  chin  punctured  in  tine  lines  ray<'d  from  tlie  centre  of  tlio 
lip  and  coverinL;  tlie  whole  chin.'  I'liey  wear  brai'eh'ts  of  black  seal-skin 
iiround  the  wrists  and  ankles,  and  i/o  barefoot.  Smicr,  IH'Innis'  A'.r.,  p.  15,"). 
'Im  Xasiii-knorpel  und  der  rntei'Hppe  maciien  bi'ide  (leseldechter  Locliev 
nnd  set/(  n  Knoclien  ein.  welches  ihr  liebster  S<diniuck  ist.  Sie  stechen  sich 
audi  bunte  Fi'-;uren  im  (resicht  ans.'  Xcne  Xarlir..  ji.  111'.'.  • 'I'hey  bore  tho 
Tipper  lip  of  the  youiiL;  ejiil  hen  of  both  sexes,  under  the  nostiils,  wlnre  they 
Iiuiil;  si'Veral  sorts  of  stones,  and  wliiteued  tish-boues,  or  the  bones  of  other 
anini.'ils.'  .^t'lvliliii's  .\"rth  Arcli.,  p.  'M. 

"'*  '  Leur  conformation  est  robuste  ot  leur  permet  de  snjiporter  des  trii- 
vnux  et  des  fatigues  de  tout.'  sorte.'  J/OrlibjiiJ,    V(iy.,  p.  .")77. 


ALEUTIAN  HAT  AND  IIADITATION. 


80 


to  jirotcct  tlic  I'U's  iVom  the  sun's  ivllrtiinn  ujm  ii  tlio 
Wiiti'i-  iiiiil  snow.  I'linii  tlic  ;i|K'\  is  a  sniull  (■iirvin:^', 
(Idwn  the  l»:ick  jnit  lian;^  tl.r  hcanls  of  sca-lioiis.  while 
ciiiAi'd  s{ri|)s  of  1)1)111'  and  jjaiiit  ornanicnt  tlic  wliolc. 
Tliis  hat  also  scrws  as  a  sITu'ld  against  arrows.  The 
l'o\  Islanders  ha\t'  cajts  ol'  l)ird-skiii.  on  which  aiv  left 
the  hriiiht-colort'd  leathers,  winus.  and  tail.'"  As  a  rule, 
the  men  adopt  hird-skin  clothiuL--.  and  the  women  i'lirs, 
the  latter  hi;:lil_v  ornamented  with  ))eads  and  tVin-es.'-" 
The  haltitatioiis  of  the  I'ox  islanders  are  cidU'd  I'lldn, 
and  consist  of  immense  holes  IVom  one  to  three  hnndivd 
I'eet  in  length,  and  IVom  twenty  to  thirty  leet  wide. 
They  are  covered  with  poles  and  i-arthed  oNcr.  leaving 
.several  openings  at  the  toj)  through  which  di'sctut  i.s 
mack'  l)y  laddi'rs.  TIk'  interior  is  partitioned  \)\  stakes, 
and  three  hundred  jjcople  sometimes  occupy  one  ol"  these 
])laces  in  common.  They  have  no  lire-place,  since  lamj)S 
hollowed  from  Hat  stones  answer  every  pur[>oso  for  cook- 
ing and  light. '-^  A  hoat  turned  hottom  upward  is  the 
summer  house  of  the  Aleut.'" 


"!' At  Shiuna;-;iii  I/,liin(l.  their  cips  wovo  of  sea-lion  skins.  . !/«//' c's  I'w/., 
]>.  K),     On  tile  fi'out  areone  or  two  siiiiill  iniau;es  of  bone.  I '■'iil.'s  Tliiril  \'"i/., 

vol.  ii.,  p.  •")1<I.      A  Wooden  hat,   'whii'll   in   front   conies   out    ln^fore    the    even 

like  11  sort  of  nnihi'ella,  and  is  romideil  otl"  liehind.'  I.ittii;s<lii-irs  \'"!/..  pt.  ii., 
p.  ;iH.  '  J-^ini:;e  halxil  J^eun  i  le  .Miit/ell  voll  eilii  ill  lillllten  Vo;,'ilf  11.  wolall 
sie  I'twas  von  den  Fliiu'ln  nial  den  Sejiwan/.  silzeii  la-seii;— siiid  \(irii  iiiit 
linelll  r>l'el(liell,  \vi<!  eill  Sehinu  V<iselili  uud  luit  iJartell  VoU  Seeharell— {,''•- 
sehiiiiieket."   .\iiif  Xai'lir.,  pj).  l.")l,  ]'i2. 

I-'"  On  a  feather  t,'ariueiit.  'a  |ievsnn  is  sometimes  employed  a  wholi'  year.' 
'The  Women  for  the  most  ]iart  j^d  1iare-too*ed.'  J.itinisilniirs  V"!/..  \A.  ii.,  p]). 
!l(l,  :ili.  "Siaius  covered  with  thin  slips  of  skin,  very  elcLjantly  emliroidi  red 
with  white  deer"s  hair,  },'oat's  hair,  and  the  siiiews  of  sea  animals,  dyed  of 
ditl'ereiit  <'olonrs.'  S'lixr,  ll'.Hiinis'  /'.'.r.,  ji.  \'t>.  '  Ihr  I'el/.kleid  wild  iiherdeii 
Kopf  aiiLte/oLieii,  nnd  ist  liiiit(  u  nnd  vonp;aiiz  zn.  .1  >ie  Manner  traeeii  es  aiis 
Vo;,'elh;iuten;  die  Weilier  hiiiL;i"4en  Voll  IJiliern  nnd  juii^en  Seeh.ir.  n.'  .\,io; 
^'(flii\,  ]t.  I'il.     '  Jloots  and  breiches  in  one  piece.'  <',iiii/'hiir.i   I'liy.,  ]).  ]]'.i. 

'*'  '  lioiind  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  lints,  tho  families  (for  several  aro 
lod'4<'d  to)j;etlier)  have  their  separate  u])artments,  when'  they  sleeji.  and  sit  at; 
wiuk;  not  upon  h  iielies,  hat  in  ii  kind  of  <'oneavc  tri  iieli,  which  is  iIiil;  all 
around  tlu'  inside  of  the  house,  and  cover.d  with  nials.'  I'-n/.'s  'I'liirl  I  ..//., 
vol.  ii.,  p.  oj-j.  'Winn  they  have  stood  for  soiiielime,  tiny  liecome  over- 
},'rown  wiih  .u'vass.  so  thatii  villa'^e  has  the  appearaiie"  of  an  .l'".uropean  ehiireh- 
yanl  full  of  j,'raves.'  ./,(.'.,■  ,.■,./.  ;7/',s  To;/.,  p.  M'J.  'In  den  .Miiteii  wird  iiieinals 
Fi  uer  an.L;ele|^t  ninl  doch  ist  es  fieiiieinii^lich  sehr  warm  dariuneii,  so  dass 
beide  treschleehter  ean/ nakkeiid  sit/en.'    Xi'm'  .\<ir/ii\,  p.  I'll). 

1'''  'A  bidarku  or  boat  is  turned  up  sideways,  ainl  at  the  distance  of  four 
or  five  feet,  two  sticks,  one  <ij)p(isite  to  the  head  and  tiie  otli.  r  to  t'li'  stern, 
arc  driven  into  the  yroaud,  on  tho  tops  of  which  a  cross  stick  is  i'asiciied. 


I  11 


iin  i 


90 


HYPEEBOREANC. 


'  'Mi 


Raw  seal  and  sea-otter,  A\liale  and  sea-lion  l)ln])])er, 
fish,  roots,  and  berries  are  staple  articles  of  food  amoii^' 
the  Aleuts.  To  ])'^)Ciirc  vegetable  food  is  too  niueh 
trouble.  A  dead,  half-[)utrefied  whale  Avasbed  ashore  is 
always  the  occasion  of  jiivfit  rejoicini!'.  From  all  parts 
the  p»eople  oonjii-epite  u[)on  the  shoiv.  lay  in  thi'ir  win- 
ter supplies,  and  stuiV  themselves  until  not  a  morsel  I'e- 
mains.  Xoveuil)er  is  their  best  huntinjA'- season.  ^Vilale- 
fishinji'  is  confined  to  certain  famiUes.  and  the  spirit  of 
the  craft  desi'ends  from  father  to  son.  IJirds  ai-e  cau;ibt 
in  a  net  attached  to  the  end  of  a  pole;  sea-otter  are  shot 
witl;  arrows;  spears,  bone  hooks,  and  nets  are  used  in 
fisbinti'.'-''  Alter  the  advent  of  the  Russians,  tiie  n;iti\es 
were  not  ailov\\n]  to  kill  fur-animals  without  accounting 
to  theui  therefoi'.^'"^ 

Their  weapons  are  darts  with  sinu'le  and  double  l);u"bs, 
which  they  tbi'ow  from  Ijoards;  l)arbed,  l)()ue-]»ointed 
lances;  s})ears.  harpoons,  and  arrows,  with  ))one  or  stone 
points.  At  their  side  is  carried  a  sbar[>  stoue  knife  ten 
or  twelve  inches  lon;^.  and  lor  armor  they  wear  a  coat 
of  plaited  rushes,  which  covers  the  whole  Ijody.'"'     An 

Till'  oiirs  are  then  laid  ahnvi  from  tlic  l)'>,it  to  tlio  cross  stick,  and  covered 
with  Seal  skins,  wiiicli  arc  always  at  hand  for  the  purpost'.'  JAshinti/.  i/'s  \'i>i/., 
1>.  ]'>2. 

'■■^1  '  An^.nt;  the  i^rcatcst  delicacies  of  Oonalashka  arc  the  \vel)1ie(l  feet  of  iv 
hcal,  wlii'.h  arc^  tieil  in  a  bladder,  buried  iu  the  ^ffo.'ud,  and  remain  there  till 
they  .ii'i!  chanj^'ed  into  II  stinkiiiL;  ji'Uy.'  Jvitn-lmc's  I  ■//,,  vol.  ii..  p.  Ki.').  Al- 
most cverythinL;  is  eaten  raw.  Too/.'s  Tliir(l  \'oj/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  52(1.  The  sca- 
:To!4  is  caii.i^ht  with  nets,  killed  when  asleep,  or  enticed  on  shure  by  a  falso 
cap  made  to  resc  iid)le  a  seal's  head.  J.i-^inn.-^l.i/'fi   \''ii/..  p.  20."). 

'-'  '  L'Ah'onte  pent  tner  les  jiluxpU'S  et  les  oiseaux,  sans  ctro  obli^'.'  d'eii 
rcndrt!  comjite  h  la  eon  ;)aL,'nie.'  <'!i'iris,   Votj.  I'ltt  ,  ]it.  vii.,  p.  \. 

1-'  'J)ic  Si>it;'.e  selbst  wird  iheils  ans  Obsidian  od-r  Ijavaurlas,  theils  aneh 
auH  Traili;i  t  verfertiutt.'  hitHil:,  Hcisr,  vol.  i.,  p.  2ii!S.  Spear-handles  are  fi'ath- 
creil.  (lie  points  of  shariiened  llint.  .\i  ne  Xnnir.,  p.  I'i2.  '  .Vrrows  are  thrown 
from  a  narrow  and  ])oiiited  1  lard,  twenty  inches  1  mi,',  which  is  held  by  tho 
tlrnnl)  and  three  tin  ,'ers.  'ihey  an^  thrown  strai^dit  from  the  shoulder  with 
nstonisliin.Lj  velocity.'  J.isia^isl.i/'.i  \'iii/.,  p.  2il5.  'Les  amies  d'fensives  con- 
fiistaieat  eii  uno  cotte  du  joucs  tress^'s  (pii  lenr  convrait  tout  Ic  coi'ps.' 
jyOflihiiii/,  I'll/-,  y  oT'.l.  'No  such  tiiiii},'  as  an  otlensive,  or  even  defens- 
ive weapon  was  s  ■en  umo)i,L,'-;t  the  natives  v(  Oonalashka.'  I'robably  they 
had  been  disarmed  by  tin;  Jlnssians.  CmiL's  'I'liinl  \'iii/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  51"). 
'  Wheri'ver  any  onti  has  li\ed  his  habitation,  nobody  else  dares  to  hunt  or 
lish.'  Sl'iflilln's  Xnr.  Arc'i.,  ]>.  :I7.  Tor  birds  tli(yi>oint  their  darts  with  thn- 1 
lii^lit  bones,  s])read  ar.d  barbed,  i^nniv,  HiUiiiiis'  K.r..,  p.  I."i7.  '  Indeid, 
there  is  a  neatiies,  and  jierfection  in  most  of  their  w.'rlc.  'hat  shews  they 
touither  want  ingenuity  nor  perseverance'  L'ook's  Tidrd  Vni;.,  ^ol.  ii.,  p.  5ii. 


I  III 


CUSTOMS  OF  THE  ALEUTS.  qj 

Aloiit  boar-trap  consists  of  a  board  two  foot  sqnaro  and 
two  mcbos  thick,  planted  with  ])arlK'd  spikes,  plar<  .1  in 
brum  s  patli  and  covered  with  dust.  The  nnsuspirrin-' 
victun  steps  firndj  npo..  the  smooth  surface  oireiv(f 
when  his  foot  sinks  into  tlie  dust.  .Afaddened  with 
paiii.  he  i)uts  forward  anotlier  foot  to  assist  in  piillin- 
the  first  away,  wlien  tliat  too  is  caught.  Soon  all  four 
ot  the  ieet  are  hmih- spiked  to  the  board;  the  beast  rolls 
over  on  his  back,  and  his  career  is  soon  brouuht  to  an 
end. 

Xotwithstanding  their  peaceful  character  the  occu- 
pants of  the  several  islands  were  almost  constaiitlv  at 
wai-  hlood,  the  only-  atonement  Ibr  oflense,  must  ))e 
waslied  out  by  blood,  and  the  line  of  ven-cance  he- 
comes  endless  At  the  time  of  discovery,  the  Unimak 
J slanders  held  the  supremac\-. 

The  fabrications  of  the    Aieuts   comprise   household 
ntensils  of  stone,  bone,  and  wood;  missiles  of  war  an.l 
the  ch-'ise;  i.iats  and  baskets  of  grass  and  the  roots  of 
trees,  neat  and  strong:    ))ird-beak  rattles,  tamb.airines 
or   (li-uu.s.    wooden    hats   and    carved    fi-ures.       F,,)m 
the  wing-b,me  of  the  sea-gull,  the  women  make  their 
needk's;  from  sinews,  they  make  thread  and  ccnd  '■'"    ^I\) 
o^.tam  i-lue  for  mending  or  manufacturing  i)iuM.oses.  thev 
.strike  the  nose  until  it  bleeds.'^^     To  kin.Ue  a  fiiv   theV 
niake  use  of  sulphm'.   in  which   their  volcanh'   islands 
nbouu.l.   aiKl    the    process   is   vei'v  curious.      First  thev 
prepare  some  dry  grass  to  c;it<-h  the  (ire;  then  thev  take 
two  pieces  of  (juartz.  and.  hoMiug  theui  ov<-r  the'-ras. 
v-.b  them  well  with  unlive  sulphur.     A  few  fVathei;  a.v 
sea  tere.l  over  the  grass  to  <,,teh  the  particles  of  sidphur 
and.  when  all  is  ready,  hukliug  the  stones  over  ine  grass, 


92 


HYPEKBOREAXS. 


tlioy  strike  tlitMii  togctlior;  a  Hash  is  produced  hy  tlie  con- 
cussion, the  snl[)hur  ijiiiites,  and  the  straw  bla/es  uj).'-^ 

The  Aleuts  liave  no  niarriaiie  cereuiony.  Jlvery  uiun 
takes  as  many  women  to  Avife  as  he  can  sup[H)rt.  or 
rather  as  lie  can  Lret  to  supi)ort  hiui.  Presents  are  made 
to  the  relatives  of  the  hride.  and  Avhen  she  ceases  to 
possess  attractions  or  value  in  the  eyes  of  her  pro})rietor, 
.she  is  sent  back  to  her  friends.  Wives  are  exchanticd 
l)y  the  men.  and  rich  women  are  permitted  to  induliio 
in  two  hu'oands.  ^Tale  concuhintiiie  obtains  throu.ihout 
the  Aleutian  Islands.  1)ut  not  to  the  sauie  extent  as 
auionti"  the  Koniauas.'-''  .\h)thers  i»hnm'e  their  crxinij;'  ba- 
bies  under  water  in  order  to  (|uiet  them.  This  reuiedy 
})erfoi-med  in  winter  amid  brjken  ice.  is  very  eiU'ctual.'"' 

Kvery  island,  and.  in  the  lariier  islands,  every  viilajie, 
has  its  ffii/oii,  or  chiel".  who  decides  dilVerences.  is  ex- 
em[)t  Irom  work,  is  ;dlowed  a  servant  to  row  his  boat, 
but  in  other  respects  possesses  no  power.  The  ollict'  is 
elective.^'^ 

The  Aleuts  are  fond  of  dancint:'  and  iiiven  to  hospitality. 
Tbe  stranpM"  guest,  as  he  a[)[iroacIu's  tlie  village,  is  met  ly 
dancing  men  and  dancing  wouien.  who  conduct  him  to 
the  house  of  the  host,  where  food  is  iii\en  hiui.  .Vfter 
sup[)er.  the  dancing,  now  perlbnued  ])y  naked  uieu.  con- 
tinues until  aU  are  exhausted,  when  the  hospitahtii's  of 

I-"*  Sintir,  Uilliiifis'  Kf.,  p.  I't.i;  I'ltuijihfTii  ''".'/•)  P'  '~*'^- 

li!''  '  ('oiiimc  li's  fiMir.iii's  (Miiitairut  clirr  rii  pri'scuts  dc  fian(^',iillrs.  l,t  ]ilu- 
piirt  dcsAli'outfs  ii'tii  iiviiinit  iiii'iuic  (HI  dciix.'  li'i  irhiini/,  \''>i/.,  ]>.  ")7'.l.  i'm- 
rliiisii  iis  iiiiuiy  ^irls  fur  wives  us  tliry  (.'iiii  sniipdi't.  >'<  or/',  liiHiinis'  /■.",(•.,  p. 
l(ii).  'Olijccts  of  niniiitniiil  iirtVctinii.'  /'/.,  ji.  Jtit).  'Tluir  lizards  me  <m1"- 
fuUy  )ilurkc>(l  (lilt  assd.iiias  tin  y  ItiLjiu  to  aiiiicar,  and  their  cliins  tattmMd 
li!c'>  thiiHc  tif  tlic  wdiiieii.'  l.Kii  isilnriFn  I'"//-.  I't-  ii-.  !>•  •l''^.  'Tin)  llussiaiw 
t:ilil  lis,  that  they  never  had  any  iMiineetidiis  with  their  Wduieu,  lieeaiisd 
tliey  were  Udt  Christians.  Our  pedple  were  not  so  s('rn]iuldns;  and  some  nf 
tlieni  liad  reason  to  repent  tiiat  tlie  fi  Utah  s  of  Oonalashka  eiicduraijed  lie  ir 
adilvesses  wilhoiit  any  I'eserve;  for  their  liealth  snil'ered  liy  a  distemper  that 
is  not  nnknown  here.'  ('nnl.'s  'IliirtI  I'e//.,  vol.  ii.,  p   i"i21. 

'■'"  '  It  often  hapjieiis  that  a  mother  iihinues  Ik  riioi'-.'  'hild  into  wati  r,  even 
in  winter,  and  keeps  it  there  till  it  leaves otl'  cryiiiL;.'  .Lisiinal.  i/'s  !'■ //..  ]>.  lHJ, 
'  Sehreyt  das  Kind,  so  tviiitt  es  die  Afiitter,  es  sey  tVinter  dder  Sonnui  i'  nak- 
kend  naeh  der  See,  nnd  halt  es  so  i,inL;e  iiu  Wasser  his  es  still  wiiil.'  A'/cH 
y:ichi:,  p.  IDS. 

'"  'Have  their  own  chiefs  in  each  island.'  t'mil.'n  Thu'iJ  \'oii..  vol.  ii., 
p.  i'lO.  '(rener.illy  is  conferred  (in  him  who  is  tliu  most  rem.irkahle  for  hi^ 
persDual  (pialitics.'  Coxn's  Itatis.  lils..  p.  "iTJ. 


CIIAEACTErt  OF  THE  ALEUTS. 


93 


im  to 
A  Wvv 

.  cou- 
t'u's  of 


111  iiln- 


•  ittniMll 


U'^MillH 


( mil'  iif 
il  thi  ir 
ii-  Ihiit 


r,  (Vi'u 


I' 


_ii 


t-   1l:ll' 


tor  his 


tliG  dwellinp;  are  pltvood  iit  the  disposal  of  tho  gnost,  and 
all  ri'tiiv.^''  A  ivli.uious  i'cstival  used  to  ho  held  in  Dc- 
cenihrr,  at  Avhich  all  the  woiut'ii  of  the  villat;e  asseinhled 
by  nioouliji'ht.  and  danced  naked  with  masked  faces,  tlio 
men  heing  excluded  under  i)enalt_v  of  death.  The  men 
and  women  of  a  vilkiiie  bathe  toiiether,  in  aboiiiiinal 
innoceucA'.  unconscious  of  im[)r()})riety.  They  are  Ibnd 
of  pantomimic  performanivs :  of  representing  in  dances 
their  myths  and  their  le,2.en(ls;  of  acting"  out  a  chase,  one 
assuming  the  part  of  hunter,  another  of  a  bird  or  beast 
tr\  ing  to  escape  the  snare,  now  succeeding,  now  failing — 
the  piece  ending  in  the  ti-ansformation  of  a  captive  bird 
into  a  lovely  woman,  who  falls  exhau.sted  into  the  arms 
of  the  hunter. 

The  dead  are  clothed  and  masked,  and  either  placed 
in  the  cleft  of  a  rock,  or  swung  in  a  boat  or  cradle  from 
a  pole  in  the  open  air,  Thvy  seem  to  guard  the  body 
as  nuich  as  possilde  from  contact  with  the  ground.'''^ 

\n  their  nature  and  disposition,  these  islanders  are 
sluggish  but  strong.  Their  sluggishness  gives  to  their 
character  a  gentleness  and  obse(|uiousness  often  remarked 
1)y  travelers;  while  their  inherent  strength,  when  roused 
])y  brutal  passions,  di'ives  them  on  to  the  gi'eatest  enor- 
mities. They  are  capable  of  enduring  great  i'atigue,  and, 
Avhen  roused  to  action  by  necessity,  they  will  pei'form 
an  incredible  amount  of  woi'k.  sullei'ing  the  severes', 
I'old  or  heat  or  hunger  with  the  most  stoical  cahnness. 
Thev  are  verv  (luiet  in  their  demeanor:  sometimes  sit- 
tmg  in  companies  within  their  dens,  or  on  their  liouse- 

1 '-  TliDsi'  of  the  inhiibitauts  wlui  Imvo  two  wivis  Ljive  tluir  Rnosts  ouo,  or 
u  sliivi.'.  XvHC  Xni'lir.,  j).  171.  'In  the  sprint,'  Lilidays,  tlicy  wiar  musks, 
lU'iitly  carvt'cl  ami  fiuicifiilly  orniniifntid.'  Suai-r,  JiiHiKjs'  A'.i'..  p.  1(10. 

'i'  '  (_)u  avail  soin  dc  IcilisiiMstiilc  iiianii"'rc  iicc  (|u'il  iw  toiU'liat  pas  la  tcnv.' 
])'()rlii  iiii/,  I'"//.,  p.  ">71*.  '  I'hulialiii  the  Iiodiisof  llif  mill  witli  (liiiil  mossaml 
grass.'  Siimr,  IIUHikjs'  l:',f..]>.  IHI.  Slavi'S  s(iiurtimcsslaiiL;lit(rtMl.  I,it,i(isili'rfj"s 
/-il//..  ])t.  ii.,  p.  48.  'Jiiiry  tliciv  ilrail  uii  tlir  summits  of  liills.'  Cnnl.'s  'I'Inrd 
I'd//.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  fj'il.  '  Wlii'ii  a  man  dits  in  tin-  hut  hLlou'^iiit;  to  his  wife,  sho 
rctiics  into  a  (lark  hole,  whinshr  rrmains  forty  days.  Tin'  husliaiid  jiavs  tlio 
same  comiilinu'iit  to  liis  favorite  wife  npnu  her  death.'  ('■mi'.s  Huns,  jiis.,  p. 
218.  '  Die  Todten  werdeu  heu'ralien,  mid  man  ^iebt  dem  Mann  seineii  I'iahn, 
I'feilo  mid  Kleider  mit  ins  Grah.'  '  Die  Todtiu  umwinden  sie  mit  Itiemen 
und  li,iiiL,'en  sie  in  eiiier  Art  li'il/enur  Wiei;e  an  ciiien  anf  /wey  Galxhii 
vuheudeu  t^uurstuck  ill  dcr  Luft  uuf.'  ^Vme  Sachr.,  pp.  iUl,  IJl. 


nrr 


*W 


u;    ■■   \        H 


94 


HYrERBOREANS. 


tops  gazing  at  tlie  sea  for  hours,  Avitliout  .^peaking  a  word. 
It  is  said  that  formerly  thej  -were  much  more  gii\-  and 
cheerful,  but  that  an  accpiaintance  Avith  civilization  has 
been  productive  of  the  usual  misfortune  and  misery.' '* 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  Russians  Avere  behind  the 
Spaniards  in  their  l)arbarous  treatment  of  the  nati\es.'^' 
Notwithstanding  their  interest  lay  in  preserving  lil'e,  and 
holding  the  natives  in  a  state  of  serfdom  as  fishers  and 
hunters,  the  poor  people  were  soon  swept  away.  I'iither 
Innocentius  A'eiiiaminolf,  a  Russian  missionary  who  la- 
bored among  the  islanders  long  and  faitlifuUy.  gives  them 
the  highest  character  for  ])robity  and  propriety.  Among 
other  thintis,  he  aflirms  that  during  a  residence  of  ten 
vears  in  L  nalaska,  there  did  not  occur  a  >i;mle  fiuht 
among  tlie  natives.  Proselytes  were  made  by  tlie  Rus- 
sians with  the  same  facility  as  l)y  the  j^paniards.  ^frib- 
ute  was  levied  l)y  the  Russians  upon  all  the  islanders, 
l)ut.  for  three  years  after  their  conversion,  neopliytes  were 
exempt;  a  cheap  release  I'rom  hatel'ul  serA'itude,  thought 
tlie  jHior  Aleut;  and  a  polit^•  which  brought  into  the  lolds 


of  the  church 


1  iiauan  iiiu 


Ititud 


es. 


The  Thuxkeet?,  as  they  call  themselves,  or  KoInscJicSj 
as  they  are  designated  by  the  Russians,  iiihnliit  the  coast 
and  islands  from  Alount  St  l"'ilius  to  the  river  Xass. 
The  name  Thlinkeet  signilies  "man,'  or  'human  l^eing.' 

'■'•  '  Natni'tllcniont  silciicionx.'  T)'f>rhhiiii/,  Vo)/.,  p.  ~\~H.  '  Sii' voiTichteu 
aucli  tlie  Xcithilnrft  niid  das  Ehc.ycschat't  (iliiic  iillc  Schcu.'  .\(iii'  AVcA;'.,  j). 
]  "ill.  '  A  stiijiiil  sik'iu'f  rciLjiis  iim<>ii;_;  tln'm.'  '  I  niii  jxisiiiidi  d  that  tlic  siiii- 
plicifv  (if  tliiir  iliaiactii'  cxccids  that  of  any  (ithcr  ]Kii]'ii\'  J.isimiyhy's  I  (■//., 
PI).  1S2,  I'S:!.  '  Kiiiil-hcavti  d  and  oliliLtinLj,  siihniissivc  ami  curcfid;  Imt  if 
roused  to  ani^'cr,  they  l)('<Miiiir  rash  and  nnthinliint;,  even  niah'volrnt,  ami  in- 
dilVirtiit  to  all  danj^'cr.'  7/ni;;w/(./7/",s  \'iii/.,  ]it.  ii.,  ]i.  'i'2.  '  To  all  aiiiicaranci', 
tli(  y  arc  the  most  pc  lU'calih',  imifl'msivc  juoplc,  1  ever  nut  with.  And,  as  to 
lioncstv.  tliiy  might  strvf  as  a  pattern  to  the  nmst  civilized  nation  ii]ion  earth.' 
(■no/,,  Vol.  ii.,  p.  WW. 

"'  '  'I'd  hunt  was  their  task:  to  he  drowned,  or  starv(  d,  or  exliansted.  wan 
their  reward.'  Siivpudn's  •Imir..  vol.  ii..  ]i.  'I'lU.  '  They  are  harndess,  wretcdied 
slaves. '  whose  race  will  soon  l)e  extinct,  h'liliihiie'n  \'iii/.  v?;!.  ill.,  p.  ;tl.">.  The 
liussian  hunters  "used  not  unfrccjuently  to  ]ilace  tl.e  nun  close  to;,'ether,  and 
try  throuudi  how  iuany  the  hall  of  thi  ir  rilli'-harrelled  musket  would  ]>ass.' 
,Si((((C,  lliiliiiii's  P'.y.  Ajiji..  ]).  "iCi.  '(>i  a  thousand  men,  who  formerly  li\cd  in 
this  spot,  scarcely  more  than  forty  remained.'  .I,'(iiiis(liiijJ''x  1'"//.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  "iit.j. 
'  La  variole,  la  syjiliilis,  voire  meme  le  cholc'ra  depuis  (pnli|ues  anm'es,  en  em- 
jiorteut  lUiL'  eftrayante  <piaiitite,'  Lh^./.k:-,  i  IrcdiiiHar.,  vol    I  J.,  {).  ol. 


THE  THLINKEETS. 


95 


Koloscli,"*"'  or  more  properly  KdhKjd,  is  tlio  Aleutian 
Mord  i'or  'dish,'  uiid  was  uivon  to  this  people  In"  Aleut- 
ian seal-hunters  Avhoni  the  llussians  employed  during 
their  first  occupation  of  tiie  Island  of  the  Sitkas.  Per- 
ceiving a  resenihlance  in  the  shape  of  the  Thlinkeet  lip- 
ornanient,  to  the  wooden  vessels  of  their  own  country, 
they  applied  to  this  nation  the  name  Kaluga,  whence 
the  Kolosches  of  the  liussians. 

Ilolmherg  cari'ies  their  houndaries  down  to  the  (V)- 
lumhia  Ivi\er;  and  Wrangell  pei'ceives  a  likeness,  real 
or  imaginary,  to  the  A/.tecs.^'"  Indeed  the  dilferenees 
hetween  the  Thlinkeets  and  the  inhahitants  of  New  Cal- 
edonia, Washington,  and  Oregon,  are  so  slight  that  the 
Avhole  might  without  iuipropi'iety  he  called  one  people. 
The  Thlinkeets  have,  however,  some  ])eculiarities  not 
found  elsewhere;  they  are  a  nation  distinct  from  the 
Tinneli,  upon  their  eastern  horder,  and  1  therefore  treat 
of  tnem  separately. 

'J'he  three  fauiilies  of  nations  already  considered, 
namely,  the  l']skimos,  the  Koniagas.  and  the  Aleuts,  are 
all  designated  hy  most  writers  as  Kskimos.  Souie  even 
include  the  Thlinkeets,  notwithstanding  their  ]»hysi('al 
and  philological  diiferences,  which,  as  well  as  their  tra- 
ditions, are  as  hroadly  marked  as  those  of  nations  that 
these  same  etiniologists  se[)arate  into  distinct  i'amilies. 
XomacHc  nations,  occupying  lands  hy  a  precarious  tenure, 
with  ever-changing  houndaries.  engaged  in  perpetual  hos- 
tilities with  conteruiinous  trihes  tiiat  iri'((uently  anuihi- 
late  oralisorh  an  entire  conniuniity.  so  graduate  into  one 
another  that  the  dividing  hue  is  often  with  dilliculty  de- 
tcnniued.  Thus  the  Tldinkeets.  now  almost  universally 
helil  to  he  North  Amerit-an  Indians  ])ropi'r.  and  distinct 
from  the  Mskimos.  possess,  pi'riiaps.  as  many  allinities  to 
their  neighhors  on  the  north,  as  to  those  upon  the  soutli 
and  east.  The  conclusion  is  oh\ious.  The  nati\e  I'aces  of 
America,  l)y  their  geographie-al  position  and  the  climatic 


'■'''  Knlivin,   Kuljiisli,  Jviliimli,   Ivibtsrh,    h'llnsli,  h'nfiisch,  Jvilush,  Ki)Ii,srliis, 
Miucliiiinl  culls  tliciu  'rchiiikid'ilK'.     \'"i/i(  ;r  nut.  da  Moudv,  tola,  ii .,  ]).  U. 


II 


I  ipl 


90 


HYPErvBOllEANS. 


Ill  : 


m 


inflnenres  which  govern  thoin,  arc  of  necessity  to  a  cer- 
tain degree  similar;  Avliile  a  separation  into  isolated 
connnunities  which  are  acted  u})on  hy  local  causes,  re- 
sults in  national  or  trihal  distinctions.  Thus  the  human 
i-ace  in  America,  like  the  human  race  throughout  the 
world,  is  uniform  in  its  variety,  and  varied  in  its  unit\. 

The  Thlinkeet  family,  connnencing  at  the  north,  com- 
prises the  Ij/dkiines^^''^  on  the  shore  of  the  continent 
between  Mount  St  Julias  and  Copper  l^iver;  the  Y<i- 
]aifut>>,  of  Bering  Bay;  the  Cldlhtt)^,  at  Lynn  Canal;  the 
JlooJiiith,  at  Cross  t^ound;  the  llomhuioox,  of  Chatham 
Strait;  and.  following  down  the  coast  and  islands,  the 
Taloos.  the  .1«Z'8,  the  Kahis,  the /S';V/.W8,^'''  the  StUAms.^'" 
and  the  T/iiKja^'s  The  Sitkas  on  JJaranoff  Island'"  are 
the  dominant  tribe. 

Descending  from  the  north  into  more  genial  climes,  the 
physical  type  changes,  and  the  form  assumes  mor«  grace- 
fid  propoi'tions.  With  the  expansion  of  nature  and  r» 
freer  })lay  of  physical  powers,  the  mind  expands,  native 
character  becomes  intensihed.  instinct  keener,  savage 
nature  more  savjige,  the  noljler  (jualities  become  more 
noble:  cruelty  is  more  cruel,  torture  is  elevated  into  an 
art,  stoicism  is  cultivated,""  human  sacrifice  and  human 
slavery  begin,  and  the  oppression  and  degradation  of 
woman  is  systematized.  ''  If  an  oi-iginal  American  race 
is  acc('[)ted."'  says  llolm])erg,  "  the  Tldiid<eets  must  be 
classed  with  them.'  They  claim  to  have  migrated  from 
the  interior  of  the  continent,  opposite  (^ueen  Charlotte 
Island. 

The  Tgalenzes  spend  their  winters  at  a  small  ]jay  cast 

nf  rijiilnchunuVi,  Vij(tJj(tdimjulen,  ['(inl'/dcliinutii,  I'liuluLtinik's,  I'ljnkiizi, 
JJijdli'nioh,  I 'it'ilfims. 

I'W  They  'call  thcinsolvos  G-tinlut,  or  S-cliiiikit,  or  also  S-cliitrlia-i'hou, 
tlmt  is,  iiiliMliitunts  of  Sitki  or  Sitcliii.'   L'lii'isilnrtrs  /'"//.,  pt.  ii.,  12!S. 

1'"  'riic  ortho^'ruiiliic  varieties  of  this  wonl  are  endless.  Sticl,i'i:ii,  Slc'.li), 
St'ihliiii,  St'irliiii,  Sli/.iii,  .^7((f/(i/i",  >7(7. ('I'll,  .^tihhw,  Stijchine,  are  aiuony  thosu 
before  me  at  tlie  iiK)nient. 

1"  At  the  eiul  of  this  chapter,  under  Trihal  Boundaries,  the  location  of 
these  tvihes  is  ^'iveli  detinitely. 

"•■!  A  'l'hlinl;e(  t  hoy,  '  win  n  under  the  whip,  continued  his  derision,  with- 
out once  uxhihitiiig  the  slightest  appearuucu  of  sutl'eriny.'  Li^l'um.'.ij'ii  \'(>ij., 
p.  212. 


are 


the 


'ijdkiizi, 
ia-ch(iii, 

Iiy    tllllSl! 

•iitidii  of 


THLIXKEET   I'ECULIAIUTIES. 


97 


from  Kiuliiik,  niid  tlu'ir  f^uninu'i's  near  tlio  inoiitli  of 
('o})l)t'r  Kivcr,  uliero  they  take  lish  in  jireat  (|iiiintities. 
Their  eoiiiitrv  also  ahoiiiid.s  in  heaver.  The  Chilkats 
make  t^vo  anmial  trading  excnrsions  into  the  interior. 
The  Taeully  trihes.  the  Sicannis  and  XehMinies,  with 
uhom  the  Thilkats  exehange  J'iUrojH'aii  goods  foi-  I'urs, 
Mill  allow  no  wliite  man  to  ascend  their  streams. 

Xatnrally.  the  'i'hlinkeets  are  a  fine  raee;  the  men  het- 
ter  formed  than  the  lioatmen  ol' the  north;"'  the  women 
modest,  fair,  and  handsome;'"  hut  the  latter  have  gone 
I'ar  out  of  their  way  to  sj)oil  the  liandiwork  of  nature. 
Xot  content  with  daul)ing  the  hi'ad  and  l)od\  with  (ilthv 
coloring  mixtiu'es;  with  adorning  the  neck  with  co])|)er- 
wire  collars,  and  the  i'ace  with  grotes([ue  wooden  mtisks; 
with  scarring  their  lind)s  and  hreast  Avith  keen-edged 
instrinnents;  with  j)iercing  the  nose  and  ears,  and  filling 
the  apertures  with  hones,  shells,  sticks,  pieces  of  copper, 
nails,  or  attaching  to  them  heavy  jiendants,  which  drag 
down  the  organs  and  pull  the  features  out  of  place  ;"^ 

'"  '  Loni  ('(n']is  ost  raiimsst',  niais  asscz  Idcii  propdrtioniii'.'  Miircliiiiid, 
I'liy.,  torn.  ii..  J).  K).  '  Very  ticrco.'  I'urilni-I.'s  To//-- !'• -'■')  ■  "  Eiinlis  strai^^ht 
aiul  well  sliapcd.'  liivon's  !'<///.,  p.  171.  '  Stolzc  },'cra<lc  llaltnii!,'.'  IliliKlnni, 
J.tliii.  >/,  i'i.,  i>.  1(1.  '  Active  and  clcvi'l'  '  ],is}(tiisl,i/'s  1'"//.,  ji.  2.'i7.  '  ]!i^,'(itc  i'i 
iiiaiiera  ile  los  Chinos.'  J'inz,  AV(r.,  MS.  p.  l-l.  '  Liiulis  ill-pioiiortioncd.' 
Ki.hiliiit's  y<'iD  \'<iy.,  \o\.  ii.,  ji.  -lit.  '  Tri's  supi'rieurs  in  courage  ct  en  iutelli- 
genc(-.'  L(t  I'l.'Vdiinc,   \  III/.,  toni.  iv.,  p.  it4. 

'"  The  women  '  ave  ph'asinjj;  and  their  carnage  modest.'  I'Drtlnch's  \'iii/., 
]).  2!ll.  AVlien  washed,  wliite  and  fresli.  J)i.V'iii's  l'"i/.,  p.  171.  '  Dniddo 
Hantfai'be.'  Jlulmhi  ni.  Ellin.  Skiz.,  p.  1(1.  'Evan  de  color  lilanco  y  hahiii 
iinxlios  con  ojos  aznles.'  J'lnz,  2\<tr.,  MS.  \>.  H.  As  lair  as  many  Enro- 
jieans.  LiiiKisili.rjrs  \'<ii/.,  pt.  ii..  p.  112.  '  Mn.'lios  de  ellos  de  iiu  hlanco 
regular.'    licdi'iiii  y  (Jinnlrii,  .\itr.,  JIS.  ]).  4;i. 

"j  •  Le>ir  chevellire.  (hire,  epaisse,  nieli'e,  coiiverte  d'ocre,  de  duvet  d'oi- 
seUUX.  et  de  toutes  Ic  s  onhu'es  (|Ue  la  ni'gligence  et  le  tem]is  y  ont  aceumulees, 
contriliue  encore  a  rendre  leiir  aspect  hideux.'  Mdirlinml,  \'ni/.,  torn,  ii.,  p. 
•111.  '  .\  more  hidions  set  of  beings,  in  the  form  of  men  and  women.  1  had 
never  hefor  '  seen.'  Cb  nUiniVfi  I'e//.,  p. '.H .  The  men  painted  '  a  hlaek  circlo 
exten(Hng  from  the  forehea<l  to  the  mouth,  and  a  red  chin,  which  gave  tlie 
face  altogethtr  the  ap])earance  o'  a  mask.'  J.isiihi/.si/'s  lo//..  ji.  Mil.  '  I'our- 
raiciit  meme  ])asserponr  jolies,  sans  I'horrilile  hahituihMju'ellcs  ont  adoptee.' 
J.iijil'tri',  ('ircuiiitiin-..  tom.  vi.,  p.  b7.  'That  person  seems  to  he  reckoned  tho 
greatest  beau  amongst  them,  whose  face  is  one  entire  piece  (tf  smut  and  grease.' 
JtiX'in's  1 '<!//.,  i>.  ()H.  '  lis  se  font  des  cicatrices  sur  h's  bras  et  surla  poitrine.' 
J.ii  Pi'roHse,  I'"//.,  tom.  ii..  p.  22IJ.  'Um  ausdemCTCsichte  diese  fette  Earben- 
niasse  abznwasclieii.  gehrauchen  sie  ihren  eignen  I'rin.  und  dieser  verursacht 
bei  ihnen  den  widerliehiii  (Terueh.der  den  sich  ihm  naheudeu  I'remdliug  fast 
zuui  Erbrecheu  bringt.'  llvlmbenj,  Etiuu  tikiz.,  p.  20. 
Vol.  I.    7 


08 


HYPEllBOUEAXS. 


tliev  appear  to  liavo  taxed  tlicir  invontivo  powers  to  the 
utmost,  and  with  a  siiecess  imsuri)assed  In'  any  iiatujn 
in  the  Avorld,  to  produce  a  model  of  hideous  heauty, 

^J'his  success  is  achieved  in  their  wooden  lii)-ornament, 
the  ci'ownin,ir  ^ilory  of  the  Thhnkeet  matron.  (U'scriljed 
])y  a  multitude  of  eye-witnesses;  and  the  ceremony  of 
its  introduction  maA'  l)e  not  inaj)propriiitely  termed,  the 
ha})tism  of  the  hlock.  At  the  a,ue  of  puhert_\-. — some  say 
during  infancy  or  childhood. — in  the  under  lij)()f  ail  free- 
horn  female  Thlinkeets."''  a  slit  is  made  parallel  with  the 
mouth,  and  al)out  hall'  an  inch  l)elow  it.^'"  If  the  incision 
is  made  during  infanc\-.  it  is  only  a  small  hole,  into  which 
a  needle  of  copper,  a  hone,  or  a  stick  is  inserted,  the 
size  ))eing  increased  as  the  child  grows.  If  the  haptism 
is  deferred  until  the  period  when  the  maiden  merges 
into  womanhood,  the  operation  is  necessarily  uj)on  a 
larger  scale,  and  conseipienth'  more  i)ainful."**     Wlien 

'■1^' 'Xlenrcs,  T'(<//f^/c.s'.  p.  xxxi.,  stiitcs  that  at  Prince  William  SoiukI,  'tlic 

men  have  universally  a  slit  in  their  under  lij),  between  the  jnnjectin.L;  part  nf 

the  lip  and  the  eliiii,  which  is  cnt  jiarallel  with  their  months,  and  has  the  iip- 

pearance  of  another  month.'     Worn  only  by  women.  Jlixim's  I'"//..  i>.  172. 

11"  'About  three  tenthsof  an  inch  below  the  upper  part  of  the  under  lip.' 

Viiiiroiivi'va  Voij.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  "iSO.  'In  the  centre  of  the  nndtr-lip.'  hoiiis- 
ihirff's  To//.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  lb").  •Fendue  (in  ras  des  j,'encives.'  ]ji  I'l'i-misv,  V"i/., 
tom.  ii..  p.  '224.  'In  the  thick  part  near  the  month.'  Jltsax's  I'"//.,  p.  1^7. 
'When  the  tirst  person  havini;  (his  incision  was  se(n  by  one  of  the  seamen, 
Mho  called  out.  that  tiie  man  had  two  mouths.'  ('(idI/s  I hiril  I'",'/.,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
li'ill.  'In  Iheir  early  infancy,  a  small  incision  is  made  in  the  center  of  the 
under  lip.  and  a  jiiecc  of  brass  or  copper  wire  is  placed  in,  and  left  in  the 
wound.  This  c  )rrodes  the  lacerat<d  parts,  and  by  consumint,'  the  th  sh  j,'rad- 
nally  increases  the  oritici',  until  it  is  Hutticieiitly  hir^'e  to  admit  thcMdoihu 
appiiida;^e.'  \'((ncii>irir's  i'"i/..  vol.  ii..  p.  4(W.  'Les  femmes  de  Tchinki- 
tani' ont  <'rn  dev<iir  ajouter  ii  leur  Ixanti'  natnrelle,  par  remi)loi  d'un  oriie- 
ment  labial,  aussi  bi/arre  (princommode.'  M(tirli((iid.  I'h//.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  -iS. 
"■*  '  Simply  perforated,  and  a  piece  of  copjier  wire  introduced.'   Iii,viiii'<< 

Viijl.,  p.  1H7.  'Les  jitines  lilies  ndiit  (Hi'une  ait,'uille  dans  la  Icvre  infe- 
rienre.'  /,'/  P'^roum',  I'"//.,  tom.  ii.,  ji.  2'Jt!.  '  On  y  pn'jjare  les  ]i(tit(S  lilhs 
aussit  it  (lu'elles  sont  nt'es.'  /</.,  torn.  iv..  p.  51:.  'At  tirst  a  tliick  wire.' 
J.iiiKiailnrirs  I'll//.,  pt.ii.,  i>.  lb").     When  almost  marriat^'cable.  Iv.tiihui-'s  A'/'- 

I'"//.,  vol.  i'.,  ]).  51.  '  The  children  havi'  them  bored  at  about  (wo  years  of 
iij,'e,  when  II  iiiece  of  co))per-wire  is  jint  throu]:.'!!  (he  hole;  (his  (hey  wear  (ill 
the  a!,'e  of  about  thirteen  or  fourteen  years,  wliiai  it  is  (akeii  oii(.  and  the 
wooden  ornament  introduced.'  I'l  rtlnrl/s  Vi'l).,  ji.  '2H',I.  '  Said  (o  d(  no(e  ma- 
turity.' Wlijitiiinr's  AUisid.  ]).  ltd.  '  Se  percer  la  levre  inf('rieure  des  len- 
faiice.'  '  D'aurandir  jieu  a  pen  cet(<>  ouver(ur<!  au  point  de  pouvoir  jeunc 
Jille  y  iutroduii-e  nne  co(|uille,  ct  fennne  mari('(!  mie  enorme  tasse  de  bois.' 
I.n)ih«'.e,  Circitiiniiti'.,  tom.  vi.,  p.  H7.  'Never  takes  ])lace  dnrin;,'  tluir  in- 
fancy.' I)i.i'OH's  I'"//.,  p.  1h7.  'When  (he  event  takes  place  that  imjilies 
womanhood.'  7j'.s«(/(,s7.//'.s  I'"//.,  p.  2111.     '  Wenu  ziiui  ersteu  Mai  beim  ilad- 


TIILINKEET  LIP-OENAMENT. 


09 


the  incision  is  mailo,  a  copper  wire,  oi-  a  piece  of  shell 
or  Avood,  is  intro'liiced,  Avhich  keeps  tlie  Avound  open  and 
the  iipertmv  extended;  and  hy  cidarjiinji'  tiie  ohjcct  and 
ket'i)in,ti'  u[)  a  continuous  hut  i)ainful  strain,  an  artilicial 
oi)eninji'  in  the  i'ae<;  is  made  of  the  recpiired  dimensions. 
On  attaininii'  the  ajie  of  mutni'ity.  this  wire  or  other 
incuiuhrancc  is  removed  and  a  ))lock  of  wood  inserted, 
^rhis  hlock  is  oval  or  eHi[)tical  in  sha[)e,  concaved  or 
liollowed  dish-like  on  the  sides,  and  grooved  like  the 
wheel  of  a  j)ulley  on  the  edjie  in  order  to  keep  it  in 
place."'  1'he  dimensions  of  the  l)lock  are  from  two  to  six 
inches  in  lenuth.  from  one  to  four  inches  in  width,  and 
aliout  half  an  inch  thick  round  the  edge,  and  hij:hl\-  jiol- 
ished.'""'  Old  age  has  little  terror  in  the  eyes  of  a  Tidin- 
keet  helle,  for  larger  lip-hlocks  are  introduced  as  years 
advance,  and  each  eidai'gement  adds  to  the  lady's  social 
status,  if  not  to  her  iacial  charms.  A\'hen  the  hlock  is 
withdrawn,  the  lii)  (lr()[)s  down  n})on  the  chin  like  a  piece 
of  leather,  displaying  the  teeth,  and  presenting  altogether 


chcn  siuli  Spiu'cn  tlri-  ^raiiiiliurki  it  zcit,'!!!,  winl  ilirc  T'litcrlipix'  dnnli- 
stocl^;  II  mill  in  dicsc  Oirt'niuii;  ciiic  KiKicluiispit/c,  !,'<;4cii\v:ii'ti^,'  ilmli  li.iu- 
ti;;t'i'  <'iii  Sillirrstit't  j^tlr^t.'  lluhiiliti-ij,  Ktlm.  Sl.i:.,  p.  21.  •  I'lus  Irs  iiartfi('> 
que  r-iiilo  lo  tciiiaii  los  cas.Klns.'   I'cnz,  .\i(r.,  !MS.  ]i.  IT). 

'•''  '  Cdiicavc  (111  lidtli  sides.'  \'(ini'i>ttcir'ti  \  n;!.,  vol.  ii.,  \i.  'JnO,  '  Sn  laiij,'t) 
Bio  unvcilnilatlut  ist,  ti;iL;t  sie  diiscii;  cilialt  sic  aliir  ciiitii  Maim,  sn  |ii'tssfc 
limn  iiiiiii  i,'V(')sscnii  Sclumuk  von  Holz  cider  Kiinchcii  in  die  ( )etl'iiuiii,',  welclier 
iiaeli  iiiiuii,  d.  li.  zur  ZaLiiseite  elwas  trii>;f(iriii!f,'  aust,'elii.hlt  ist.'  Jlnliulnnj, 
Kiliii.  SI, !:..  [).  '21.  'I'lU!  I'spi'ce  tVeciulie  dc  Ixi  s  s.ilis  alises  cpii  a}))  llie  coll- 
tre  les  )^elicives,'  La  I'l'l'mist,    T'l//-'  tniu.  ii.,  p.  .V'.L      I'ieces  <if  .-.liidl   leselll- 

liliiii,' teeth.   Mums'  !'"(/.,  p.  xxxi. 

I'l'  '  As  lai'L,'!'  us  a  lai';-;e  saucer.'  I'diih ■(■/,'.•<  I'e//.,  ]).  'JS'.),  •  Froin  one  cov- 
nor  of  the  mouth  to  the  other.'  I '(//;(''/(/ ('fc's  I'"//.,  vol  ii.,  p.  280.  '  l'rcc[Uently 
iiicreasKl  to  three,  or  even  four  inches  in  lenuth.  and  nearly  as  wide.'  IiIxdd's 

\'iil/.,  p.  in".  '.V  comiimni'iaeiit  an  denii-jiouci'  depaisseur,  deux  de  dia- 
iiictrc,  it  tvois  jjoucis  de  lon^'."  /.<(  /'./i/ksi  ,  \'"!/.  toiii.  iv..  p.  HJ.  ■  ,\t 
least  seven  inches  in  circunifen  iicc'  Mnirrs'  I'l///..  p.  xxxviii.  'Jilt  deii 
.Tahrcii  wird  der  Schniuck  veri,'iiissert.  so  dass  or  liei  eiiiciii  alteii  Weilie  iilier 
2  Zoll  hnit  anj,'etrotl'en  wild.'  /A<!y/l'/^/■;/.  Ktlm.  ,SI,h.,  p.  21  From  two  to  tivo 
inches  Ioiil;,  and  from  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  Im  ad.  Ladies  of  dis- 
tinction increase  the  size.  "  I  have  even  seen  ladies  of  very  lii^h  rank  with 
this  ornament,  full  five  inches  Ioul;  and  three  broad.'  Mr  l)\volf  atlirms  that 
he  saw  'an  old  woman,  the  wife  of  a  chief,  whose  lip  ornament  was  so  lari,'e, 
that  by  a  peculiar  motion  of  lur  ui'.ier-liii  she  could  almost  conceal  her  whoh) 
fac(>  with  it.'     '  Horvihlc  in  its  appearau,  •■  to  us  Europeans.'   /.'((c/.mA. /•//".•,■ 

I'V/..  Jit.  ii.,  p.  ll.">.  '  l"s  una'alKitura  coino  de  nudia  puli,'ada  dehaxo  del 
labiu  inferior,  ipie  riineseiita  seeunda  boca.  donde  culocan  una  espccic  de 
roldana  eliptiea  de  jiiiio.  cuyo  diamctvo  mayor  es  de  dos  puluadas,  ipiatro 
lineas,  y  cl  lueiior  du  una  pulgada.'  Stdil  ij  Mixicut't,   \"i(('ji ,  p.  120. 


:i 


,  I"  i' 


100 


IIYPElinOllEAXS. 


a  ghastly  sppctaclo.'"'^  Tliis  ciistoiii  is  evidently  associated 
ill  their  minds  with  vvonuinly  modesty,  for  ulieu  Iai 
l*ert)use  asked  them  to  remove  their  hhnrk,  some  rel'iised; 
those  who  complied  manilestinj;'  tlu'  same  emharrassment 
s-howu  )ty  a  European  woman  who  uiK'overs  her  hosom. 
The  ^'akntats  alone  of  all  the  Thlinkeet  nation  have 
never  adopted  this  i'ashion. 

Their  dress,  which  is  made  from  wolf,  deer,  ])ear.  or 
other  skin,  extends  I'rom  tlie  shoidder  to  the  knee,  and 
consists  of  a  mantle,  or  cape,  with  slei'ves.  which  reaches 
down  to  the  waist,  and  to  which  the  women  attach  a 
skirt,  or  jiown,  and  the  men  a  helt  and  api'on.  A  white 
hlanket  is  made  from  the  wool  of  the  wild  shee[),  em- 
hroidered  with  fiiiiires,  and  frini-ed  with  I'nrs,  all  of  nati\e 
Avork.  This  «iiirnient  is  most  hitihly  prized  hy  the  men. 
They  wear  it  thrown  over  the  shoulder  so  as  to  cover  the 
whole  hody. 

A^ancunver  thus  describes  the  dross  of  a  chief  at  Lynn 
Canal.     His  '•external  robe  was  a  very  line  large  gar- 

'■''1  '  Uuo  enormc  tixsno  <!(■  Imis,  dcsliiu'o  h  reocvoir  l.i  salivo  qui  s'cn  ('cliiippo 
C'oiistiiiiimciit.'  Liijihirc,  (  "irrHiiindr.,  toiii.  vi..  )>.  S7.  '  Ji'cttit  (If  I'ct  oniciiicnt 
ist  (le  raliiittro,  ]iiii'  1(!  jioids  di,'  sii  ])!Uti(i  siiillantf  lu  li'vrt'  iiifi'iiciirc  sur  In 
luciiton,  (k'  cltjv<'lo])])ii'  l<s  cliiiniKS  (liiui'  ^'liiiidf  Ipimclic  bc'iiiitc,  (jni  jjiciid 
1,1  fornic  dc  ccllc!  d'tui  fnur,  <t  df  iiicttrc  u  di'cimvi'it  uiie  riiiit,'')'  dc  dciitn 
j.iiiiirs  ft  sidi's.'  Miircli(iii<l,  \'(ii/..  tiiin.  ii.,  p.  4',(.  '  Slic  is  ()l)liy;cd  to  Ik'  cnii- 
staiitly  (111  tlic  wiitch,  IcHt  it  Mlioidd  full  out,  which  would  cover  her  witli  con- 
tusion." Li!<ii(iisl,ij's  \'"!/.,  ]).  2-11.  '  Till!  wcijiht  of  this  trcuchii' or  oniaiiicnt 
Weighs  Uic  lip  down  so  us  to  cover  th(!  whole  of  the  chin,  leaviiiL;  all  tho 
lower  teeth  and  f,'niii  (jnitit  naked.'  forllin'l.'s  V<ii/.,  p.  "JSl).  'lj'nsai;('  le  plus 
r.'voltant  (pli  cxisti^  j)eiU-ctre  sur  la  terre.'  i,'/  /''•;•</»>■(■,  Vai/.,  toiii.  ii.,  p. 
'J'2(i.  'Always  in  pniportion  to  ii  person's  wealth.'  'l>istorts  every  feature 
in  th(^  lower  part  of  the  face.'  l)ixoii'fi  \'<ii/.,  p.  OS,  17'2.  'In  runnini^ 
tli(^  lip  ilaiis  nj)  and  down  so  as  to  knock  soiiietiiiu  s  iieainst  the  chin  and 
soiiietinies  a,i,'ainst  the  nos(>.  Vpon  IIk*  continent  the  kaliij^a  is  worn  still 
larijer;  and  the  female  who  can  cover  her  whole  face  with  lier  iinder-lip 
jiasses  for  the  most  perfect  beauty.'  '  The  \\[)H  of  the  women  held  out  like  ji 
t-,dU,i;li.  and  always  tilled  with  saliva  stained  with  tohacco-juiee,  of  which 
they  are  iiiinioderately  fond,  is  the  most  alioniinahly  revolting'  jiart  of  the 
H])cctacle.'  hnliibiii's  yrin  \'iii/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  f)"2.  'Dadureli  cnstelit  tine  im 
sellii^'cn  Maasso  nusgeilehnte  IJppe,  die  hiichst  widerlich  aussi'  lit,  urn  so 
iiielir,  dii  sieli  nun  inehr  der  ^Iiind  iiiclit  sclilicsseu  kann,  Hondern  unauf- 
luirlich  ciiieii  brauncn  Tahakssiieichel  von  sicli  t,'il)t,'  llolmhirii,  Kllm.  >Ais., 
]i.  21.  '  So  distorts  the  face  us  to  take  from  it  uliiiost  the  reseiuhlance  to  this 
human;  yet  the  privilcffc  of  wearini^  this  ornament  is  not  extended  to  tlit! 
female  sluves,  who  are  jnisoncrs  taken  in  war.'  ('Ivnlitinl's  I'o//.,  p.  I'l.  'Look 
lis  if  they  had  lurf,'e  Hat  wooden  spoons  growing,'  in  the  flesh.'  LiOKisilnrfl'/i 
I'd//.,  pt.  ii.  p.  115.  'The  sif,'ht  is  hideous.  Our  men  used  jocosely  to  say, 
this  lower  lip  would  make  a  good  slab  to  lay  their  trousers  on  to  be  scrubbeit.' 


DRESrt  OF  THE  TIILIXKEETS. 


101 


('(■Imiipo 
rnciiu'iit 

•I!   SUV    1" 

i  piciul 

I'    (IclltS 

ln'  (•(  n- 
itli  coii- 

lliUIK'Ut 

all  tho 
•  Ic  pluH 

.  ii.,  ]'. 
fiatmo 

liin  iiiul 
)in  still 
luli'V-lip 
it  lik"  ii 
f  wliirli 
,t  of  Ww. 
cine  iiii 
,  uiu  so 
uiiiinf- 

I'  to  tilt) 

|l  to  tho 

'Look 

;si/ii/'//'.s 

•  to  SUV, 

•ubbed.' 


mciit.  tlmt  roaoluMl  from  liis  nock  dimii  to  liis  lioels, 
iiiadc  of  ^v()<)l  from  the  moimtiiin  sljc('|).  iicatlv  vjirit'- 
ji'iitt'il  with  .scvc'i'iil  colors,  and  cdocfl  and  othorwiso  dt'c- 
oratt'd  Avith  littlo  tufts  oi'  frojis  of  woolen  varn.  dved  of 
various  colors.  His  head-dress  was  made  of  wood,  much 
resemhliii;:'  in  its  shaju'  a  crown,  ailorned  Avith  hrioht 
coi)lter  and  brass  ])lates,  from  whence  him^'  a  nuud)er  of 
tails  or  streamers,  composed  of  wool  and  I'ur,  wrought 
tojiether,  dved  of  Aarious  colors,  and  I'ach  ti'rininatin;;' 
in  a  whole  ermine  skin.  The  whole  exhihited  a  ina,ii- 
nificent  appearance,  and  indicated  a  taste  for  dress  and 
ornament  that  we  liad  not  supposed  the  natives  of  those 
rejiions  to  possess."' 

'I'he  men  make  a  wooden  mask,  wliich  I'l-sts  on  a  ncck- 
|)iece,  M'l'v  iniicniously  <'arved,  and  painted  in  colore,  so 
as  to  re])ri'sent  the  head  of  souje  bird  or  heast  or  mvth- 
olo^ical  i)eino'.  This  was  i'ormerly  worn  in  hattle,  j)roh- 
ahly,  as  J.,a  Peronse  snjijzests.  in  order  to  sti'ike  terror  into 
the  hearts  of  enemies,  hut  is  now  used  only  on  festive 


occasions. 


l.VJ 


A  small  hat  of  roots  and  hark,  woven  in  tho  shai)0  of 
a  truncated  cone,  ornamented  with  painted  (ijiures  and 
pictures  of  animals,  is  worn  hy  hoth  si'xes.'''  Ordinarily, 
howevt'r.  the  men  wear  nothinu:  on  the  head:  their  thick 
liair,  greased  and  covered  with  ochiv  and  hirds'  down, 
formino'  a  sulhciont  coverinji'.  The  hat  is  dcsioned  espe- 
cially for  rainy  weather,  as  a  protection  to  the  elaborately 

T)iini's  Ornjon,  p.  "277.  '  Oii  n(<  coiuiaii  point  (Tixplication  plansililc  dc  cctti' 
luntilatiou,  (pii,  ilic/.  lis  Iiiilitlis,  passe  pour  im  siL,'iR'  dv  iiolilissc'  Mofras, 
K,vi>li)i\,  toll),  ii.,  p.  ;!:i1, 

1'-  '  Die  Maiiiurtracht  iintci'sclniilit  sidi  in  Niclits  von  ilcv  dcr  Wciljir;  sio 
licstt'lit  iiaiiilich  alls  ciiu  ni  liis  v.n  diii  Kuiccu  j^iluiidcii  Ilcindc.'  H'liiilnrii, 
Kt'iiii.  SL'ii.,  p.  is.  Soiiii'  of  their  blankets  'are  so  ciiiioii^ly  wmked  on  oiio 
side  witli  tlte  furof  the  sea-otter,  that  they  ai)pear  as  if  lined  w  ith  it.'  ■  Some 
dress  themselves  in  short  jiaiitaloons.'  .Lisidnsl,  i/'n  I'j//.,  ]).  2  !S.  'Las  mu- 
f^eres  visfeii  liouestainente  una  es^ieeic^  detuiiiea  interiorde  pi<l  s<iliada.'  Sulil 
y  Mi'.i-icKiKi,  \"ui  If,  p.  exvii.  '  Se  vestian  las  niuu;eris  tunieas  de  ])ieles  ajusta- 
das  al  cuerpocon  lirazaletes  decolire  o  hierro.'  I'm'i,  Akc.,  MS.  j).  1").  '  I'sual 
elotluH!^'  consists  of  a  littlea|iroii.'  Knhchne's  .Vckj  1'"//.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1'.).  '  Tliiir 
feet  are  always  hare.'    /,'(/"/si^//7/".s'  I'ai/.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  lit. 

IJ^  '  Usau  soiuhreros  de  la  corteza  interior  del  j)ino  en  forma  de  cono  truii- 
endo.'  Siit'il  1/  Mr.dcit/ni,  r/(/;/r,  ]>.  exvii.  Their  wooileii  niaslis  '  are  so  lliiek, 
that  a  iiinski>t-!)all,  11  red  at  a  moderate  distaiieo,  can  hardly  peiutratu  theiu.' 
JAsiitiish  ij's  \'iii/.,  p.  I'O. 


Dili  \ 


I'll 


102 


II\TEUnOREAXS. 


(livf^scd  liiiir.' '*    IVsidos  tht'ir  cvcrN-diiy  divss,  tlu'\'  have 
a  I'antast'ut  co.stnnu'  I'oi"  trilial  lidlidays. 

l-'or  tlu'ir  winter  liahitatioiis,  a  littU'  l»Mck  (Voiii  tlio 
(K'oaii.  the  'ridiiikec'ts  build  Mihstaiiliid  houses  of  plauk 
or  loji's,  .vol  1  lot ii IK'S  of  f^iillioieiit  Htivii,i:tli  to  wi've  as  a 
fortress.  TIh'V  are  six  or  eight  feet  in  lieight,  the  base 
ill  the  form  of  a  s(|ii!ire  or  iJaruUelograiii,  the  roof  of 
])oles  placed  at  an  angle  of  fortv-li\e  degrees  and  cov- 
ered ^vith  bark.  'I'lii;  entrance  is  by  a  siiiall  side  door. 
The  fire,  which  is  usually  ke[)t  burning  night  and  i\,\\\ 
occupies  tlii>  centre  of  the  room;  o\er  it  is  a  smoke- 
liole  of  minsnal  size,  and  roniid  the  sides  of  tlu;  loom 
ari'  aj)artments  or  dens  which  are  used  as  store-houses, 
sweat-houses,  and  private;  family  rooms.  The  main  room 
is  very  iiiil)li(!  and  very  fihliy.''''  Summer  huts  are  li-iht 
jtortable  buildings,  thrown  up  during'  hunting  excursions 
in  the  interior,  or  on  the  sea-beach  in  the  rishing-seasen. 
A  IVame  is  made  of  stakes  dii-,.n  into  the  ground,  sup- 
]H)rting  a  roof,  and  the  whole  covered  with  bark,  or  w  ilh 
green  or  dry  l)ranche,  and  skins  or  l)ark  over  all.  i  hi 
(.•;or  is  ck)sed  l)y  bark  or  a  curtain  of  skins.     JOacii  hut 


l"iiii(ls,  wliicli  till  y  take  iiwiiy  with  tlniii  \\1 

It  is  very  siifprisiii^  to  s((^  Imw  will  tin 

hlioc-kiiii,' tiMils  they  ciniiliiy ;  sMiiuMif  tin  i 

lii'diul,  iiiiiliiiit  iiion'thau  iiii  iin-li  tliirk.'  J'o, 

aiiil  roomy,  built  of  wood,  witlitlii'  hearth  in  iii 

into  iis  many  colli] lartiiK  lit s  as  tluic  arc  familii  s  li\iii      ,uili  r  the  root'.'  Iticli- 

(irdniiK's  Jtiiir,,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  41((.      '  Lclit  in  Si'hoiipcn  .tiis   IJalkiu  Ljihaiit.  wo 

I'.n  (li'ii  Siitcii  fiiv  jcili'  Faniilic  liisonilcn-  I'lat/c   ahui  tlnilt  sind,  in  (h  r  Mitto 

iihir  Ffinr  fiir  allc  ziisamnnn  aiininiacht  wird.     So  ]ill(;.;cii  jitniciiimlicli  2 

bis  0  Fuiuiliou  eiuo  ciuzigu  Sehuiunj  Liu/iiuthnRii.'  JJiur'n  Ethn.  u.  HUd.,  \\.  IIT. 


-i  arc  mailr  of   a  few 
tluir  wiiiii  r(|iiartcrs, 

.|M'  tlnir  I villi  Iho 

-  full  10  fift   1.      ,.  -J'.,  f.'.'t 

>ro//..  -I'M.  '  lii^,'h.  lar:4c, 
''l(M'  nil  the  side  s  divided 
i\iii      .nder  the  roof.'  Itlcli- 


i 


■iiscn. 

I  stij)- 

with 

T!i.' 


•  riio 

•  sides 

">7.7, 's 
s  limy 

s  UIMIU 

isc  art! 
•'  '".'/•> 

I'llitcS, 
-    nil  11 

II  few 
iirlcrs. 
ih  tho 
',  f-'ft 

lai'u'f, 
livi.lcil 

•  //;.•//- 

lit.  wo 
1-  Mitto 
jli.-h  2 
,l'.i)7. 


FOOD  OF  THE  TIILINKF.FTS. 


103 


i-  llic  rciidi'/voiis  for  u  f<iMiill  coloiiy.  iVt'f|iU'ntlv  cowr- 
iiiLi  tut'iit\  (ir  thirtv  ihtj^ous,  nil  iiiuk'r  tlio  diivctioii  of 
one  chict".' " 

'I'JK'  looil  of  tlie  Tiiliiiktvts  is  <l('rivt'(l  priiicii)iillv  from 
tlic  oci'iin.  jMid  consists  of  lisiu  imisscls.  .vcii-wi't'ils.  iiiiil 
ill  I'iict  wliatcMT  is  left  ii[»oii  tlu!  biMiii  l»_v  the  clibiiin' 
lido — wiiit'ii  iit  Sitkii  rises  and  lulls  oiiijitoni  fict  twico 
:i  diiv  -or  can  l»o  caught  l»y  artilicial  iiicaiis.  lloiiuhcrii' 
says  that  all  hut  the  Vakutats  jiuto  Avhale  as  tlii'  .lews 
hate  [lork.  Roots,  grasses,  heri'ies,  and  snails  are  ainon^' 
their  sniiuner  luxuries.  They  ehe.v  a  ecitain  plant  as 
some  elu'W  tohaceo.  mixing'  ^villl  it  lime  to  j^ivc  it  a 
sti'oiiii'er  elVeet.'"  and  drink  "\\ hale-oil  as  a  European 
drinks  heei'.  l'i'elen'in,ii'  their  food  et)oked.  they  ])ut  it 
in  a  ti^ht  wieki'r  basket,  poiu'ing  in  water,  and  thi'ow- 
ing  in  heated  stones,   until   tho   food  is  boiled.''''     For 

''''  '  Viii:4t-(iii(i  ])it(l-;(li'liiii'4suri)niiizi' .'i  viiiLjt  piiils  (Ic  l:iiv<.'   /,'(  /'r'roKsr, 

I ''.//.,  tmii.  ii.,  }i.  220.    •  Unof  in  tlicwlinlc  with  tliiliavk  of  tiii  s.'  hiatal  no's  .\,  tn 

Villi.,  vol.  ii.,  \\  ■'•'•     'I'iis  rasas  in  i[iu'  cstos  lialiituii  tii  las  plavas  snii  dc 

jioi'ii  coiisiilrration  y  iiin;4Hiia  siilisisti  luia.'   Ilfilfiiu  i/  (jiculrn.  .Sir..  MS.  j>. 

■l'>.     '  A  fiw  iiiijrs  stuik  ill  the  l;i'ouiii1,  without  onli  r  or  ii'^iilaiity.'   Jiix"ii's 

\iii/.,  l>.  172.     '  (icliiiiulf  liistihl  ails  laii;^iii,  soit^f.-iltiu!  licliaut  iitii  Ihittriii, 

'1:i'  kartriiliaiisarti;.,'  iilur  I'iiiaiiiliT  t,'(stil!t,  an  zalilrtichrii  in  ilir  I'liilc  ni-- 

slt ckti  11  Staiiu'i'n  l)rfrstit,'t,  i-fclit  ci^'cntlicli  ciu  luil/.trncs  Zrlt  liililm.    Es 

liatdii'  Form  ciui'V  laiiglichen  Jiaruku  mil  zwti  Gieljilu.'  KittliU,  liiisi ,  vol.  i., 

lij).  22(1.  221. 

''''  -Ml  kinds  of  tisli;  '  suoh  iis  saliiinii.  nmssils,  and  vaiions  othrr  shtll-lisli, 
Kca-ctt 'I's,  srals  and  jiorjioiscs;  the  liluMit  r  of  the  iiorpoisr,  tiny  iiii'  n  niaik- 
iiMy  fond  of.  and  indicd  the  lli  sli  of  any  aiiiiiial  that  conns  in  tluiv  way.' 
J'i,rtliir/.'s  \'"i/.,  i).2li(l.  '  Voni  ^rciic,  an  dcsstii  L'fi  riisiisii-listt  ts  ansiiddn, 
fiiialtiii  sir  ilirc  liaiiiitsachliidistf  XahninLt;  cini^'c  Wiii/iln,  (Jrasir  ii.  Jicir- 
(11  yi'lii'iliii  niiv  zil  drii  liickciliisscn  dis  Siniiiiiiis.'  llnlinhi  r'l.  illliii.  Sl.iz.,  p. 
22.  Cakes  made  of  haik  of  s]iiiU'e-tir.  mixed  with  roots,  berries,  and  train- 
oil.  For  suit  they  use  sea-water.  Never  eat  whale-fat.  y/z/ii/^'/i/ //"■-<■  I'".'/., 
yt.  ii.,  p.  VM.  At  Sitka,  siiinnier  food  eoiisists  of  berries,  fresh  tish,  and 
llesh  of  aiiiphiliious  animiils.  Winter  food,  of  drii^d  salmon,  train-oil,  and 
the  s]>awii  of  tish.  esjieeially  herring's.  J/iai'itislti/'s  \'<>i/.,  p.  2:i'.>.  '  Siis  ali- 
nielitos  se  ndlleeli  a  jieseado  eorido  li  asado  ya  fresco  I'l  ya  seco,  vai'ias  hier- 
lias  y  raizes.'  /ji/i/i';/i(  (/  ijinnlrii,  A'l/c,  ^IS.  p.  ,")().  They  chew  'a  jilaiit  which 
ap])ears  to  lie  a  species  of  tobacco.'  Iiixmi's  I'"//.,  p.  17."i.  'Sunt  converts 
de  vermine;  ils  font  inie  cdiasse  assidne  a  ces  aiiimaiix  devorans.  iiiais  jimir  It  s 
d'vonr  eiix-niemes.'  Mun-lniiiil.  \'"i/.,  toni.  ii.,  )i.  '>2.  ■T.iL,'liche  NahniiiLC 
(hr  Fiinwohner — siiid  hanpsiiclitlich  Fische.  docli  hiiuliy  auch  .Mollnskeii  and 
Ecldivd'-rnien.'   hitllil:.  Iliisc,  vol.  i..  j).  222. 

liS'L,.  pills,  on  frais  on  fume,  les  oufs  seclics  de  jioisson.'  M'lrrli/oii/, 
Viijl-,  torn.  ii..  p.  (J2.  '  Is  sometimes  cooked  ujion  red-hot  stones,  but  more 
{•ominoiily  eaten  raw.'  luilnbui's  yeir  iui/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  5:1.  '  Not  so  expert 
in  liuntiii),'  as  the  .Vleutiaiis.  Their  principal  mode  is  that  of  sliiiotin;^  the 
sea  animals  as  they  lie  asleep.'  JJniunsl,  i/'n  I'ni/.,  p.  242.  'J'luy  boil  tin  ir 
victuals  in  woudcu  vessels,  by  coustiintly  putting  red-bst  stones  into  the 


101 


HYPERBOREANS. 


winter,  thoy  dry  largo  quantities  oi"  herring,  roes,  and 
the  llesh  of  aninuds. 

For  catching  lish,  diev  stake  the  rivers,  and  also  use 
.1  hook  and  line;  one  lishernian  casting  Ironi  his  canoe 
ten  or  fiiteen  lines,  with  bladders  for  iloats.  For  herring, 
they  fasten  to  the  end  of  a  ])ole  four  or  li\  e  pointed  hones, 
and  Avith  tiiis  instrument  strike  into  a  shoiil,  spearing  a 
fish  on  every  point.  They  sonietiuies  i>-..ike  the  same  in- 
strument in  !iie  shape  of  a  rake.  .'»;i.l  translix  the  fish  with 
the  teeth.  The  Sitkas  catcii  halibut  with  large,  wooden, 
bone-[)ointe(l  hooks.'''' 

The  arms  of  the  Thlinkeets  denote  a  more  warlike 
people  than  luiy  we  have  hitherto  encountered.  IJows 
and  ai'rows;  hatchets  of  flint,  and  of  a  hard  green  stone 
Avhich  cuts  wood  so  smoothly  that  no  marks  of  notches 
are  left;  great  lances,  six  or  eight  varas  in  length,  if 
l)odegay  (^)uadra  may  be  trusted,  hardened  in  the  fire  or 
pointed  with  copper,  or  later  witli  iron;  a  large.  l»i'oad, 
double-ended  dagger,  or  knil'e. — aiv  their  princi[)al  weap- 
ons. The  knil'e  is  their  cbief  imi)lement  and  constant 
companion.  The  handle  is  nearer  one  end  than  the 
other,  so  that  it  has  a  long  blade  and  a  short  blade,  the 
latter  beinu'  one  (luarter  the  len^ith  of  the  former.  The 
handle  is  covered  with  leather,  and  a  strap  fastens  it 
to  the  hand  when  fighting.  Both  bladi's  have  leathern 
sheaths,  one  of  which  is  suspended  from  the  neck  by  a 
strap.'"" 

Wiitcr.  rnyllocl.'a  ]'i)i/.,  p.  2!)1.  '  Diis  K.ochcn  i,'(S(liitht  jitzt  in  tiscnu  ii  Kcs- 
Sflii,  V(ir  tl(  r  l>ik;iiiiitsch;ift  luit  den  Riissiii  alicr  wnnlvii  div/.n  aus  NVur/clii 
gflliichtcnc  Kiirlic  anucwiti'ilt.   llni'iihrni,  FAIm.  Sl,i:,,  p.  ■J.'A. 

'''•  Tolli'  ir  lishiiiL;  lines.  Maddcrsarcfasti  ii<il,  '  ttliiili  lloat  upon  the  siii'faci' 
of  tilt' \vat<r,  sd  that  (inr  porson  can  attend  t'l  touvtetn  or  fifteen  lines.'  Lmiiis- 
(liirij\  Villi.,  pt  ii..  p.  Kit.  '  lis  iieclient,  coninio  mms,  en  lianant  les  rivieres, 
on  a  la  li^Mie.'  Ln  I'l'nmsc,  I  o//..  toni.  ii..  ]>. 'i^f'J.  '  For  taking;  the  spawn,  tliey 
use  the  liraiiehes  of  the  ])ine-trec,  to  which  it  easily  adheres,  and  on  whicli 
it  is  afterwards  dried.  It  is  then  put  into  baskt  ts,  or  holes  purposely  duL,  in 
the  f^ronnd,  til  wanted.'  J.isiiinsl.  i/'s  \'ii!/.,  p.  'I'.WK  '  Sii  coniun  aliiiieiito  es 
cl  salmon,  yes  in;_;enioso  el  nu'to(h)  t\m'  tieneii  de  jiescarle.'  SnHL/  Mi.i-irinii, 
r/i'i/c,  p.  cwii.  'Their  lines  are  very  strong',  hi  iii'^  made  of  the  sinews  ir 
iiitestinesof  animals.'  Jii.e'ni's  \'iii/..  p.  174.  '  ])ie  Itiiseiihutte,  die  in  Sitchii 
liiswcilen  ein  (lewicht  von  lit  liis  12  I'lid  errcicht.  wird  ans  ihr  'I'ii  :'e  mil  j^ros- 
seii  hiil/ernen  Anu'eln,  ilie  niit  \\  iderhaken  aus  l-'.isi  n  oder  Knoeheii  versehen 
sind.  herausLtezogcn.  Die  AuLtelsehniu'  hesteht  aus  an  einander  etkniipften 
ruciisst;inL;eln.'   Ilnliiilicr'i.  l-'.thu.  Sl.'n..  )i.  ',V1. 

iiiii  '  ]j,.".  s  and  arrows  were  fiu-uurly  their  only  weapons:  now.  besides  their 


THE  TULINKEETS  IN  "WAR, 


105 


Thcv  also  cncuso  almost  the  entire  l)0(ly  in  a  Moo'leii 
and  leathern  armor.  Their  helmets  have  euriously 
carved  vizors,  Avith  firotesijne  re})resentations  of  beinu'.s 
natural  or  supernatural,  Avliieh,  when  hrilliantly  or  dis- 
mally i)ainted.  and  presented  with  proper  >ells,  and 
hrandishinps  of  their  ever-<zlitterin^'  knives,  are  su[)[tosed 
to  strike  terro)'  into  the  heart  of  iheir  enemies.  They 
make  a  l^rep.si-plato  of  wood,  and  an  arrow-proof  coat  of 
thill  ilexihle  strips,  hound  with  strings  like  a  woman's 
stays.'"^ 

When  a  Thlinkeet  arms  for  war,  he  paints  his  face 
and  })()wders  his  hair  a  hrilHant  i"ed.  lie  tlien  orna- 
ments his  head  with  wliite  eagle-f'atliers,  a  token  of 
stern,  vindictive  determination.  During  war  tiiey  pitch 
their  camp  in  strong  positions,  and  place  the  women  on 
Liuard.  Trial  1)V  coujhat  is  Ireriuenth-  resorted  to.  not 
only  to  determine  private  disputes,  hut  to  settle  (piar- 
rels  l)etween  petty  trihes.  In  the  latter  case,  each  side 
chooses   a  chami)ion.  the  warriors  place   themselves  in 


luifacc 
I.oik;.-- 
■i("'ri'S, 
thcv 
Iwhicti 
IliiL,  ill 

llto    IS 
lie  lll'l, 

iws  ')r 
litil.ii 
<i'(if- 
•hiu 
it't.n 


itlitir 


iiniskcts,  thiy  liavo  (1iil;l;('Vs,  niul  knivos  lialf  a  yard  Innr;.'  Iv.tiohiu^  Xew 
\'iii/.,  vdl.  ii.,  ji.  'm.  Tlicir  wcMpnns  were  bows,  uri'ows,  iiiiil  s[)iars.  Iti.i.nt's 
!".'/•!  !'•  *'^-  '  Iji'iir  liiiiccs  (lipiit  ruiiciii.iiic  furiiic  u'ot  )ias  ciPi'MUr,  est  a 
Jil'.'sclit  comliKSc  r  <!('  deux  ])it''crs:  (If  la  lialll|i(',  l(iliL;Uf  ilc  i|uill/<'  nil  (lix- 
iiuit  jiiiils,  ct  (111  I'd'  (pii  lit'  Ic  ('('(Ic  ( 11  litii  ;i  ccliii  dc  la  hallcliaidc  dc  ))ai'a(lo 
d.iiit  ('((lit  aniu'  nil  Suisse  dc  iiai'oissi'.'  Miirrliiiml,  I'"//.,  tniii.  ii.,  ]>,  (IS. 
Knives,  some  two  f( ct  loiii,',  sliapi  (I  almost  like  a  da;.;;;er,  witli  a  iidi,'e  in  tli(^ 
middle.  Worn  in  skin  shcatlis  liniii,'  liy  a  thon.n  to  the  iieek  under  their 
rolic,  prolialily  used  only  as  \vea{ious.  ('<iiil,'s  Tliinl  V<ii/,,  vol,  ii..  m.  :i7:i. 
■  Las  avmas  ot'eiisivas  (jue  "general. neiite  usau  >on  las  tic clias,  lali/.as  d(  seis  y 
ocho  varas  de  lar^o  con  len'4U(  t  s  de  lierro.'  liudr'iit  y  (^himliii,  .\i(i  ..  ,A1S.  ji. 
•ill.  'The  da,L;t,'(  IS  used  in  liattle  arc  made  to  stal>  with  either  end,  haviiij,' 
three,  four  or  tive  iuclu  s  aliovc  the  li ami  taiiered  to  a  sharp  |ioint;  lait  the 
luijxr  jiart  of  those  used  in  the  Sound  and  liiver  is  cxeiirvated.'  I'url- 
I'rl's  \'in/..  JI.  -111.  '  I'lineipally  hows  and  arrows.'  l.iiiiiisilnrirs  l'"//..  jit.ii., 
]'.  IIU.  'Susannas  se  reduceii  al  arc  o,  la  tleci.a  y  el  juinal  (]iie  traeii  siem|)ro 
eonsii,'o.'  Siit'il  ji  Mi'.ririiiiii,  I'lK/c,  !>.  cxvii.  '  Coinme  nous  exaininions  ti("'s- 
altentivcment  tons  ces  ])(ii^,'nards,  ils  nous  fireiit  siL,'iic  cju'ils  n'eii  faisaieiit 

nsai;c  (JUC  coillrc   les   outs   ct   les  autres   hcttsdes   forets.'    /,(/   /'r/Mi(.s( ,    I'l.//., 

tun.  ii..  p.  172.  '  J)er  |)ol(h  ist  sehr  hicit  und  hat  zwei  ;,'(  sehiillene  ]{liitter 
auf  jcclcr  Scitc  des  (Iritt'es.  d.is  oIk  re  jedoch  iiur  eiii  Viertel  vcm  der  L;inj,'e 
des  nntc  rcii."  '  Ueich'  lilatfer  odcr  Klingeii  siiicl  mit  lederneii  Scheid;  n  vcr- 
Hchen.'   //..//,</",■,,..  I-:il,„.  >■/,;:.,  p.  2.S. 

!'■'  •  .V  kind  of  jackc  t,  or  coat  of  mail,  made  of  thin  laths,  liound  tci-^etlier 
with  sinews,  whicli  makes  it  cpiite  ticxilile,  thciu^!h  so  close  as  not  to  admit 
un  arrow  or  clart.'  ('nn/.'s  'I hini  I'm/.,  vol.  ii,,  )>.  1)72.  '  Fiir  den  Kiic  l,'  hc- 
sitzeii  die'  Kaloseheii  audi  vcui  Holz  u'earheitefe  SchutzwatVeii :  Itru^tharnischc, 


Sturmhaiilien  und  seltsam 


•linitztc  Visire,   mit   erelh  n  I'arlKii 


maltt 


Vratzciii^'csiclitcr  diirstcUcu.'  KHUIU,  lieit»',  vol.  i.,  p,  21(1 


?f  1 


■iill 


''II  i  i'i 


lOG 


HYTEKBOEEANS. 


l);ittl('  iirrav.  tlic  C()iii1)atant.s  anned  ^vitli  their  favorito 
\v('a}Min.  tlio  (lautivr.  and  "well  aniiored,  sti'[)  Ibfth  and 
enjia_i:e  in  liiilit:  while  the  |)eoi)le  on  either  side  eniiaj:e 
in  sonu'  and  dance  din'inir  the  CDnihat.  Wran^ell  and 
La[)lace  assert  that  hrave  warriors  killed  in  battle  are 
devoured  by  the  ('oii(|uerors,  in  the  belief  that  the  l}rav- 
ery  ol  the  victim  thereby  enters  into  the  nature  of  the 
l)artaker."'" 

CouiiuL;'  from  the  north,  the  Thlinkeets  are  the  first 
people  of  tile  coast  who  use  wooden  boats.  Tliey  are 
made  from  a  sinule  trunk;  the  smaller  ones  about  (il'teen 
i'eet  lonii'.  to  carry  I'rom  ten  to  twehe  persons;  and  the 
laruer  ones,  or  war  canoes,  from  fifty  to  seventy  feet 
lonu'-.  these  will  carry  forty  or  fiity  persons.  They  have 
I'rom  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  beam;  are  sharj)  fore 
and  aft,  and  have  the  bow  and  stern  raised,  the  former 
rather  more  than  the  latter.  Keinji;  very  lijiht  and  well 
modeled,  they  can  be  handled  Avitli  ease  and  celerity. 
Their  jjaddles  an*  about  lour  leet  in  leniith.  with  crutch- 
like handles  and  wide,  shovel-shaped  blades.  Boats  as 
well  as  paddles  are  ornaniente  1  with  painted  figures, 
and  thi'  I'amily  coat-of-arms.  Dodega  y  (^nadi'a.  in  con- 
tradiction to  all  other  authorities,  describes  these  canoes 
as  beiuii'  built  in  three  parts;  with  one  hollowed  })iece, 
which  forms  the  bottom  and  reaches  well  up  the  sides, 
and  with  two  side  \)lanks.  Ilavinjj;  hollowed  the  truid< 
of  a  trei'  to  the  i'e([uiri'd  depth,  the  Thlinkeet  l)uilders 
fill  it  with  water,  which  tluy  heat  with  hot  stones  to 
soften  till'  wood,  and  in  this  state  bend  it  to  the  desired 
shape.  When  they  land,  they  draw  their  boats  up  on 
the  beach,  out  ol'  reach  of  the  tide,  and  take  great  care 
in  prcH'rving  tliem.^"'' 

111-2  ' 'I'll!  y  iim-i'v  attiick  their  rnomios  npcnly.'  K'tzihiio's  Xrir  ]'•//.,  vol. 
ii.,  !>.  ").■■),  'L(s  ;;aivriris  fu's  ou  faits  jirisonnicrs  a  la  t,'iiciTi',  ))assciit  I'tjalc- 
iiK'Ut  sous  1,1  (Iriit  (Ic  Iciii's  vaiii([niiirs  (|ui.  cii  tli  vorant  iiiic  jnoic  aiwsi  ilis- 
tiii'^'Ui'i',  criiiciit  y  ])nisi'r  ili'  nouvolks  for  'I's,  nuc  ikiuvoUu  ('inrj^ic'  .LatiUu-c, 
<"ir<-iiiiii,(ir.,  umi.  vi.,  ]).  ]'>'>. 

1''^  '  l)ii  11  licilias  di'  una  jiii'za  con  sii  falc  i  sohrc  las  Ixinlas.'  /'i/vr,  \iiv., 
MS.  \i.  17,  'On  n'cst  ]>as  iiioins  I'toiim'  do  liur  stalnliti':  iiial'4ri'  la  li'L;i"'ri't,' 
I't  Ic  ]i(ii  (Ic  lariii'iir  dc  la  <'0(|iu',  (llos  iiOiit  pas  bcsoiii  d'l'Uo  sdiiti'inns  ]iar 
ilus  balaiii'ii'rs,  it  jamais  ou  uu  lus  iiccoupk'.'  MarcliHud,  Vnj.,  toui.  ii.,  \).  72. 


pU't'O, 

s'uU's. 

trunk 

uiUk'i's 

ones  to 

(U'siivil 

up  on 
lit  cure 


1'  //.,  vol. 
■lit  ('^.tali- 
au-.si  (lis- 

rr,  X,ir., 
:  l';4."'r.'t>' 
■iiui'S  ]iav 
ii.,l).7:i. 


INDUSTRIES  OF  THE  TIILINKEETS. 


107 


Tlio  Tlilinkcots  manifest  no  less  ingenuity  in  tlie  man- 
ufacture of  domestic  and  other  impk'ments  than  in  their 
arms.  llo[)e  tliey  make  from  sea-weed,  water-tight  hask- 
ets  and  mats  from  withes  and  grass;  and  pijjes,  l)o\vls, 
and  figures  from  a  dark  chiy.  They  excel  in  tlie  work- 
ing of  stone  and  copper,  making  necklaces,  l)ra(;elets.  and 
rings :  they  can  also  ibrge  iron.  They  sj)in  thread,  use  the 
neetUe,  and  make  l)lankets  from  the  white  native  wool. 
They  exhibit  considerable  skill  in  carving  and  painting, 
ornauienting  the  fronts  of  their  liouses  with  heraldic 
s\uil)ols.  and  alleu'orical  and  lu-torical  iiiiures;  while  in 
front  of  the  principal  dwelUngs,  and  on  their  canoes,  are 
carved  parts  representing  the  human  face,  the  heads  of 
crows,  eagk's.  sea-lions,  and  l)ears."''  La  Perouse  asserts 
that.  ex('ei)t  in  agriculture,  whic'h  was  not  i-utirely  un- 
known to  them,  the  Thlinkeets  were  farther  ailvanced  in 
industry  tluni  tlie  South  Sea  Islandei's. 

Trade  is  carried  on  between  Europeans  and  the  in- 
terior Indians,  in  which  no  little  skill  is  manifested. 

'  Las  rct,'nlart's  rannas  do  quo  se  sirvon  son  do  pinn,  y  no  tionon  mas  oapaoi- 
(lad  <|Uo  la  (pio  l>asta  para  contouor  una  faniilia,  sin  tiiiliainti  ([no  las  hay  sn- 
nianii-nto  i^'ramlcs.'  /i'k/i  ;'///7""''''"  A'd'.,  ]\IS.  p.  JS.  '  Uiiilly  OA<MVat((laU(l 
riMliic-iil  to  no  particular  shape,  but  each  cud  has  the  rosonililanrrof  a  liutchcr's 
tray.'  I>iriiii'n  \'"i/.,  ]».  17:t.  '  Their  canoes  are  nmeli  inl'erior  to  tliose  of  tho 
lower  coast,  while  their  skin  "  liaidarkcs  "  (kyacks)  are  not  ecpial  to  those 
(if  Norton  Snunil  and  tho  northern  coast.'  It  A//i/i/ii7''.s  Al'isl.'i,  j).  HU.  At 
Cooks  luht,  '  their  canoes  aro  sheathed  with  the  hark  of  trees.'  J.isiiinsl.  i/'s 
\'<ii/..  1>.  l^'^.  'i'hes(>  canoes  '  were  made  from  ii  snlid  tree,  and  many  of  thein 
appeared  to  Ix^  from  SO  to  70  feet  in  length,  lint  very  u.irrow,  heiui,'  no 
l.roader  than  tho  tree  itself.'  J/kz/vs'  1'))/.,  p.  xwviii.  '  Their  Imat  was  tho 
body  of  a  laii;o  pine  tree,  neatly  excavated,  and  taperoil  aw.iy  towards  tho 
I  nds,  until  they  came  to  a  ]ioint.  auil  the  fore-part  soniiwhat  higher  than  tho 
after-p.irt;  indei^d,  the  whole  was  tinishud  in  a  neat  and  very  e.\.act  luanuer.' 

"''  '  Out  fait  beanconp  pins  do  jirngrcs  d.ins  hs  arts  que  daiis  hi  ninrale.' 
Lu  r^'rintsi',  Viiij.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  2:!:{.  'I'iiliidcec  t  women  make  baskets  of  bark  of 
trei's,  ami  grass,  that  will  hold  water.  /,'/»;/>■(/  <(7/",s  I'd//  ,  p.  ii.,  p.  i:f2.  They 
has-c  toleralile  ideas  of  carving,  most  utensil^^  having  sculptures,  representing 
some  animal.  I'nftlnrl,'s  \'"i/..  \i.'2'.>l.  '  Cos  pi  intures,  ce.s  sculptures,  telles 
(pi'ellcH  sont,  on  en  voit  mir  ti>us  leurs  nieubh  s.'  Mtvli'itul,  \'(ii/..  tom.  ii., 
p.  71.  '  Do  la  vivacidad  do  sii  ginio  y  del  afecto  ill  candiiose  debe  infirir 
son  bastaiitemente  laboriosos.'  Jl^ili'ia  i/  (Jifidrn,  A'l'c.,  J[S.  p.  IS.  '  Tieueii 
lanii  blancii  CUV.)  especie  ignoraron.'  I'rn:,  \iii\,  MS.  ]»,  10.  '  Masks  very 
ingeniously  cut  in  wood,  and  jiaiuted  with  tlitt'oreut  colors.'  A  r.ittie,  'very 
Well  linished,  both  as  to  sculpture  and  |iainting.'  '  One  might  suppose  theso 
productions  the  work  of  a  jx  ciple  greatly  advanced  in  civili/ation."  I.ifii(iiisl,-i/'s 
I'",'/..  W-  1"'".  '-II-  'Found  some  square  jiatches  of  ground  in  n  state  of 
rnltivation,  prodncingii  plant  that  appearLil  tu  be  a  species  uf  tobacco.'  I  a/e» 
tijuvcr'n  I'ojj.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  '25ij. 


M 


^1  I 


i!  i 


Pi 


I 


108 


HYPERBOEEAXS. 


Every  article  which  they  purcliase  undergoes  the  closest 
scrutiny,  unci  every  slight  defect,  wliich  they  are  sure  to 
discover,  sends  down  the  price.  In  their  connnerciul 
intercourse  they  exhibit  the  utmost  decorum,  and  con- 
duct their  negotiations  with  the  most  ])econiing  dignity. 
Xevertheless,  ibr  iron  and  beads  they  willingly  })art  with 
anything  in  their  possession,  even  their  children.  In 
the  voyage  of  Bodega  y  (Quadra,  several  young  Tblin- 
keets  thus  l)ecame  the  property  of  the  Spaniards,  as  the 
author  piously  remarks,  for  purposes  of  con\ersion.  Sea- 
otter  skins  circulate  in  place  of  money.""' 

The  olHce  of  chief  is  elective,  and  the  extent  of  power 
wielded  depends  upon  the  al)ility  of  tiie  ruler.  In  some 
this  authority  is  nominal;  others  l)ec()me  great  despots.'''' 
Slavery  was  practiced  to  a  considerable  extent;  and  not 
oidy  all  prisoners  of  war  were  slaves,  l)ut  a  regular  slave- 
trade  was  carried  on  with  the  south.  When  first  known 
to  the  Russians,  according  to  llohnberg.  most  of  their 
slaves  were  Flatheads  from  Oi'egon.  Slaves  are  not 
allowed  to  hold  })roperty  or  to  marry,  and  when  old  and 
worthless  they  are  killed.  Kot/A'bue  says  that  a  rich 
man  "  purchases  male  and  female  slaves,  who  nuist 
labor  and  fish  for  hiiu,  and  strengthen  his  force  when  he 
is  engaged  in  Avarfare.  The  slaves  are  prisoners  of  Avar, 
and  their  descendants;  the  master's  power  over  them  is 
■  uiiiMiited.  and  he  even  puts  them  to  death  Avitliout 
scruple,  When  the  master  dies,  tAvo  slaves  are  nuu'- 
dered  on  his  gra\'e  that  he  may  not  Avant  attendance  in 
the  other  Avorld;  these  arc  chosen  long  before  the  event 

"'■'  'Tli(.'  slvins  of  th.!^  soa-ntttn's  fonn  tlu'ir  pviucijiiil wciilth,  ni^''  a  snl)- 
sHtutf  fdi' indiicv.'  K"l  :•  hill's  yi  k;  I'd//.,  vcjI.  ii.,  j).  54.  '  In  diic  |il;i(itluy 
iliscovi  Till  ii  cinisidiialilc  huard  of  wooli'U  olotli,  iiUil  as  iiiuch  diiiil  I'lsh  as 
woilM  have  loaili'd  ]")l)  liiilavkas.'    I.isliiiial,  i/'a   l'"'/..  p.  lUlt. 

iiiii  '  hv  (lonvciiuniriit  tli's  Tcliiukit'inc'eus  i)aiiiili'oit  done  ho  lapprochiv 
il'l  (louvcniciaciit  patiianlial.'  Miiri'lutint,  \'"// .,  tolii.  ii.,  )).  S.'i.  •  |)u  su 
f^ohicnu)  iniisaiiioa  cnaiidi)  mas,  oiriido  el  nioilo  do  soiuftiisi'  a  alu;niios  \ii  - 
jos,  scriii  olij^arlut'o.  Ilmlciid  //(Jmnlrii,  Xnr.,  ^IS.  |i.  51).  '  'l'houi;h  ih-'  lovoiis 
liave  ])o\v(  r  ovit  tluir  siibjrits.  it  is  a  \rry  limited  power,  unless  wle  ii  an 
individual  of  cxtraoi'diuai y  .diilities  starts  up,  who  is  sure  to  rule  desjiniieally.' 
J.isi'liisl.ii'K  I'",'/.,  p.'il'J.  '('liai(Ui!  fanull(>  semlih?  vivre  d  uue  nmniere  iso|(-n 
ct  avoir  un  rej^iuu' ]iarti('nlier,'  /,'(  /'.'/'oww,  I'd//.,  toui.  iv.,  p.  fU.  '  Ces  C'on- 
seilij  composes  dus  vieillarns.'  Ltipluci:,  VircuinnUi-.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  155. 


CASTE  AND  CLANSHir. 


109 


must 
K'U  he 

AViU", 

u'lii  is 
itliout 
imir- 
tvuce  in 
event 


a  snli- 
laci'  tlu  y 
il  I'lsli  as 

ipjnoclii'V 

\K-  sil 

niiiis  \i(- 

1k'  tiiyoiis 

wli'ii  all 

iitically.' 

iTf  isoll't^ 

I'lH  Cull- 


occurs.  ])nt  meet  tlie  destiny  that  awaits  them  verA'  phil- 
osopliirall  V.  ^Simpson  estimates  the  shives  to  l)e  one  thifd 
of  the  entire  popuhition.  Interior  trihes  enshive  .their 
})risonei*s  oi'  Mar,  but,  unlike  the  coasi  trihes,  they  have 
no  hi'reditary  shivery,  nor  systematic  trailic  in  shues. 

A\'ith  tlie  superior  activity  and  intellijienceot'theThlin- 
keets,  social  castes  begin  to  appear.  Besides  an  hered- 
itary nobilit\',  from  wliich  class  all  chiefs  are  chosen,  the 
whole  nation  is  separated  into  two  great  divisions  or 
clans,  one  of  which  is  called  the  Wolf,  and  the  other  the 
llayen.  U[)on  their  houses,  boats,  robes,  shit'lds,  and 
wherever  else  they  can  find  a  place  for  it,  thev  jiaint  ov 
carve  their  crest,  an  heraldic  device  of  the  beast  or  the 
bird  designating  theclan  to  which  the  owner  belongs.  The 
Haven  truid-c  is  aga"  ?  divided  into  sub-clans,  called  the 
Frog,  the  (Joose,  the  f^ea-Lion,  the  Owl,  and  the  Salmon. 
The  Wolf  lamily  com[)rises  the  IVar,  Ivigle,  Dolphin, 
Shark,  and  Alca.  In  this  clanship  some  singular  social 
ll'atures  present  themselves.  I'eo^jle  are  at  once  thi'ust 
widely  apart,  and  vet  drawn  togetiier.  '^^i'ribes  of  the  same 
clan  may  not  war  on  each  other,  but  at  the  same  time 
members  of  the  same  chin  may  not  marry  with  each  other. 
Thus  the  \()ung  AN'olf  warrior  nuist  seek  his  mate  among 
the  Havens,  and.  while  celel)rating  his  nuptials  one  day, 
he  may  be  called  upon  the  next  to  light  his  I'atber-in- 
law  over  some  hereditary  lend.  Obviously  this  singular 
social  fancy  tends  greatly  to  keep  the  various  tribes  of 
the  nation  at  ])eace."'' 

Although  the  Thlinlvcet  women  impose  upon  them- 
selves the  most  ])ainful  and  rigorous  social  laws,  there 
are  fev,'  savage  nations  in  which  the  sex  liaxc  greater 
inlluence  or  couuuand  greater  respect.  \\  hi'ther  it  be 
the  superiority  oi'  their  intellects,  their  success  in  ren- 
dering their  hideous  charms  available,  or  the  cruel  pen- 

""'"  Tribos  arc  ilistini^'uishod  l>y  the  cnloi-niid  charartiu*  of  tliciv  jiiint.  h'f- 
iihur\  yiir  I'd//.,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  "(l.  Tlicy  '  aro  divided  iiitu  tnlics;  tlic  jniiicipal  of 
viiich  assiiiiii'  fo  tliniisclvcs  titlis  (if  distilK'timi,  fioiii  the  iiaiiics  of  tlic  ani- 
mals till  y  jiii  f(  r;  as  the  tiibc  of  the  brar,  of  tho  ca^di',  etc.  Tlic  tiiliinf  tli(! 
volf  an-  calli  il  Ciujiinntiiita,  and  bavi'  many  privik'^fs  ovit  the  otb<  r  trilxs.' 
JAsiuntiki/'s  \'i<y.,  lip.  238,  212. 


110 


HiTERBOEEANS. 


i 


aiiccs  inipDsod  upon  womiinliood,  the  truth  is  that  not 
only  old  men,  l)ut  old  women,  are  respected.  In  fact,  a 
remarkably  old  and  ngly  crone  is  acconnted  almost  above 
natui'e — a  sorceress.  One  cause  of  this  is  that  they  are 
much  more  moilest  and  chaste  tiian  their  northern  sis- 
ters."'** As  a  rule,  a  man  has  ])ut  one  wife;  more,  how- 
ever, heinii'  allowable.  A  chief  of  the  Xass  tribe  is  said 
to  have  had  forty. 

A  vounu'  u'irl  arrived  at  the  aa;e  of  maturitv  is  deemeil 
unclean;  and  everythintr  she  comes  in  contact  with,  or 
looks  upon,  even  the  clear  sky  or  pure  water,  is  thereby 
rendered  unprt)i)itious  to  man.  She  is  therefore  thrust 
from  the  society  of  her  fellows,  and  confmed  in  a  dark 
den  as  a  being  unfit  for  the  sun  to  shine  upon.  There 
she  is  kept  sometimes  for  a  whole  year.  J^antisdorff 
suiigests  that  it  may  be  during  this  period  of  conlini'- 
ment  that  the  foundation  of  her  iniluence  is  laid ;  that 
in  modest  reserve,  and  meditation,  her  character  i>! 
strengthened,  and  she  comes  ibrth  cleansed  in  mind  as 
well  as  ])ody.  This  infamous  ordeal,  coming  at  a  most 
critical  period,  and  in  connection  with  the  ba[)tisiu  of  the 
l)lo('k.  cannot  fail  to  exert  a  powerful  intluenct!  upon  her 
charactei". 

It  is  a  singular  idea  that  they  have  of  uncleanness. 
During  all  this  time,  according  to  lIolm])ei-g,  oidy  the 
girls  mother  approaches  her,  and  that  oidy  to  [)la('e  ibod 
within  her  rea(;h.  There  she  lies,  wallowing  in  her 
filth,  scarcely  al)le  to  move.  It  is  almost  incredible  that 
human  bcinus  can  ]»rinu;  themselves  so  to  distort  nature. 
To  this  singular  custom,  as  well  as  to  that  of  the  block, 
female  slaves  do  not  conform.     After  the  uirl's  imnunv- 


\■''^h 


if,s  '  xiio  woiniii  possos  n.  prrdoniiniiiit  influonco,  anil  iicknowlcdu'cil  supi- 
ricirity  dvi'i'  tlic  iitlur  sex.'  Mitircs'  I'l'//.,  ]).  I!2:t.  '  ravmi  cux  Ics  fciumi  s 
jmiissciit  (111111'  ('('rtiiiuc  <'onsiil('riitiim.'  Luplncr,  ('ii-ciiiiiidir.,  tinii.  vi..  ]i.  S7. 
Tlicy  triMt  their  wives  uud  elnldnu  with  iiuieh  iitl'ectiiiii  ainl  teiuleniess,  ainl 
the  women  keep  tlie  ti'eiis'u'es.  rmil'icL's  I'n//.,  p.  21111.  The  Kahisli  '  finds 
his  tiUhy  ('(mntiywoiiien,  with  their  liii-tnm^lis,  so  ehiirniinj,',  tliat  they  often 
awaken  in  liim  the  most  velienient  passion.'  IOiIiiIiki-'h  .Wir  Vnii,.  vol.  ii., 
]i.  5(i.  '  It  is  certain  that  iiiihistry,  reserve,  modesty,  and  eoiijn;_;,d  ti(h  lity, 
are  the  general  eliaraeteristiesof  the  femah'  sex  amonjj;  these  peojMe,'  J/dkjs- 
iliirjj"s  I'"//.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  133.     '  (iuoiipi'elhs  vivent  sous  hi  domination  d'hom- 


TIILIXKEET  SOCIAL  CUSTOMS.  m 

mont  is  over,  if  lior  parents  are  wealtl. v.  her  old  clotliiivv 
IS  (lestnn  e.l.  she  is  Mashed  and  dressed'anew,  and  a  j-rand 
east  -iven  in  honor  of  the  occasion."'^'  Tlie  natural  suf- 
li'rui^s  ot  mothers  dni-in--  conlineinent  are  also  a«--ra- 
vated  hv  eiistom.  At  this  time  thev  too  are  eonsidc-red 
uncleiin.  and  nmst  withdraw  into  the  forest  or  fields  awa\- 
from  all  others,  and  tak'e  care  of  themselves  and  their  off- 
spring After  the  hirth  of  a  child,  the  mother  is  locked 
up  111  a  shed  j'or  ten  davs. 

A  marria<ic  ceremony  consists  in  the  assem])lin..-  of 
Iriends  and  distribution  of  in-esents.  A  newlv  man-ied 
pair  must  last  Ibr  two  da;vs  thereafter,  in  order  to  insure 
domestu!  felicity.  After  the  expiration  of  that  time  thev 
are  permitted  to  partake  of  a  little  fi)od.  when  a  second 
two  days  fast  is  added,  after  which  thev  are  allowed  to 
coine  together  for  the  first  time;  hut  the  mvsteries  oi" 
wedlock  are  not  fully  unfolded  to  them  until  four  weeks 
alter  marriage. 

Very  little  is  said  ])y  travelers  reuardinn-  the  bath- 
houses of  the  Thlinkeets,  hut  I  do  not   infer  that  thcN" 
used  them  less  than  their  neighbors.      In  fact   notwitli- 
standiug    their    filth,    ])urgations  and    purifications    are 
commenced  at  an  early  age.     u\s  soon  as  an  infant  is 
born,  and  before  it  has  tasted  food,  whatever  is  in  the 
stomach   must   j)e   scpieezed   out.     .Alothers   nurM-   their 
childivn  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  \ears.     AVheii  the 
child  IS  able  to  leave  its  cradle,  it  is  bathed  in  the  ocean 
every  day  without  regard  to  season,  and  this  cu<tom  is 
kept  up  by  both  sexes  through  life.     Thos,>  that  survixe 
the  hrst  year  of  filth,  and  the  succeeding  vears  of  appli.Ml 
ice  water  and  exposure,  are  very  justlv  held  to  be  well 
toughened. 

The  Thlinkeet  child  is  frequentlv  given  two  names,  one 
from  the  lather's  side  an.l  one  from  the  mother's;  ..,„d 
when  a  son  becomes  more  famous  than  his  I'ather,  the 

incs  tivs-forof-.s,  j,.  n'ai  p,is  vu  qu\'ll(.s  on  fussnit  tr.-.ikVs  ,Vxmv  nru.i,'.,-.. 

to^'h-'lriu:""  '■  I'^-^t^-'^^'t  la  piupart  d.s  v„v:„.,n.s!' }:,  i'" 'i  j"''i  • ;;: 

UlL   nuiK..      J\.i,t.cUtll:  H  jSciC    I  (;//.,  Vul.  11.,  J).  57. 


ll 


! 


I!1 


'M 


112 


lIYrERBOREANS. 


latter  drops  Lis  own  name,  and  is  known  only  as  tlio 
lather  oC  his  son.  Their  habits  of  Hf'e  are  reiiidar.  In 
Niunnier,  at  early  dawn  they  put  out  to  sea  in  their  boats, 
or  seek  lor  I'ood  upon  the  beach,  retiu-nini;:  before  noon 
l()r  their  (ii'st  meal.  A  second  one  is  taken  just  belbre 
night,  ^i'lie  work  is  not  uneciually  divided  bi'tween  the 
sexes,  and  the  division  is  based  upon  the  econouiical 
])rinciples  of  civilized  connnunities.  The  uun  rarely 
conclude  a  bargain  without  consulting  their  wi\es. 

^hu'cbaud  di'aws  a  revolting  picture  of  tbeir  treatment 
of  infants.  The  little  bodies  are  so  excoriated  by  ler- 
mented  filth,  and  so  scarred  by  their  cradle,  that  they 
carry  the  mai'ks  to  the  grave.  Xo  wonder  that  when 
they  grow  u|)  the}'  are  insensible  to  pain.  Xor  are  the 
mothei's  especially  given  to  personal  cleanliness  and  de- 
corum.''" 

^[usic.  -IS  well  as  the  arts,  is  cultivated  by  the  Thlin- 
keets,  and.  if  we  may  lielieve  ^hu'chand.  nniks  with 
them  as  a  social  institution.  "At  fixed  times,"  he  says, 
'"evening  and  morning,  they  sing  in  chorus,  every  one 
takes  part  in  the  cioncert,  and  i'rom  the  pensi\e  air  which 
they  assume  while  singing,  one  would  imagine  that  the 
song  has  some  dee[)  interest  for  them."  The  men  do  the 
dancing,  while  the  women,  who  are  rather  given  to  fat- 
ness and  llaccidity,  accompany  them  Avith  song  and  tam- 
))ourine.''' 

Their  ])rincipal  gambling  game  is  played  with  thirty 
small  sticks,  of  various  colors,  and  called  by  divers 
names,  as  the  crab,  the  whale,  and  the  duck.  The 
player  sliulHes  together  all  the  sticks,  then  counting  out 
seven,  he  hides  them  under  a  launch  of  moss,  keeping 

'"o  'lis  no  K'('('iivtf'nt  jamnis  do  deux  pns  pour  niicnn  lusoiii:  i!s  nv  chcv- 
oheut  dans  ccs  occasicnis  iii  I'oiiibro  ui  lu  niyst^rc:  ils  (•iiiitinm  lit  la  (diivd-- 
satidii  (jii'ils  out  conumiK't'o,  coiiinic  s'ils  n'avaicnt  jias  iin  instant  a  j  eid  c; 
ct  li>is(jni'  o'cst  jxiidant  le  r(|)as,  ils  rcprinncnt  li  nr  jilacc,  diut  ils  n(  ui 
jamais  ( t('  ('liiii;n  s  iVuni!  tiiise.'  J.u  J'l'musi',    1'//.,  tcmi.  ii.,  j).  2.1. 

'"'  'Ont  un  L'oJt  d('cidi'  ikiui-  le  chant.'  Marcli'iiid,  1'"//.,  loni.  ii.,  ]i.  75. 
'  The  Monun  sit  upon  the  ground  at  a  distance  of  s(inie  j  an  s  .iv  ni  .he  di  lu  eis, 
and  siii;4  a  nut  inharniunions  niehidy,  vhicli  snp]  lies  the  ]ila(e  <  f  nn;sc.' 
LdiiilsilDiirs  \'i>;/.,  \)t.  ii.,  p.  114.  'They  dance  and  sint,'  Cdnlinnally.'  //.>i- 
ininhj/'s  I'"//.,  ]).  '2-l(t.  Besides  the  tanihiiurine,  Captain  Jnlclur  haw  a  casti- 
iiet  and  '  a  new  musical  iustrumeut,  composed  of  three  hoops,  with  a  cross 


TIILIXKEET  CHAEACTEll. 


118 


the  remainder  covered  at  the  same  thiie.  Tlio  izamo  h 
to  guess  in  ^vhich  pile  is  the  Avhale,  and  the  crah,  and 
the  (hick.  J)uring  tlie  i)rogres.s  of  the  game,  they  pre- 
sent a  i)erroct  i)icture  of  melancholic  .stoicism/'-' 

The  ThlinkeetH  hurn  their  dead.  An  exception  is 
made  when  the  deceased  is  a  shaman  or  a  slave;  the 
hody  of  the  former  is  preserved,  after  having  heen 
wrapped  in  I'urs,  in  a  large  wooden  sarco[)hagiis;  and  the 
latter  is  thrown  out  into  the  ocean  or  anywhere,  like  a 
heast.  T\iv.  ashes  of  the  hnrned  Thlinkeet  are  carefnlly 
collected  in  a  hox  covered  with  hierogly[)hic  figures,  and 
placed  upon  i'our  posts.  The  head  of  a  Avarrior  killed  in 
battle  is  cut  off  before  the  body  is  burned,  and  placed 
in  a  box  supported  by  two  poles  over  the  box  that  holds 
his  ashes.^'^  Some  tribes  preserve  the  bodies  of  those 
who  die  during  the  winter,  until  forced  to  get  rid  of 
them  l)y  the  wai'mer  weather  of  spring.  Their  grandest 
feasts  are  for  the  dead.  ]?esides  the  funeral  ceremon\-, 
which  is  the  occasion  of  a  festival,  they  hold  an  annual 
'elevation  t)f  the  dead,'  at  which  times  they  erect  mon- 
uments to  the  memory  of  their  departed. 

The  shami'uis  possess  some  knowledge  of  the  medicinal 
properties  of  herbs,  but  the  healing  of  the  body  does 
not  constitute  so  im^wrtant  a  part  of  their  vocation  as 
do  their  dealings  with  supernatural  powers. 

To  sum  u[)  the  character  of  the  IMilinkeets.  they  may 
be  called  bold,  brave,  shrewd,  intelligent,  industrious,  lov- 


in  the  ceiitro,  the  circumforcuce  being  clobely  Strang  with  the  Ijiiiks  of  the 
Alea  (ircticii.'   Toy.,  vol.  i.,  p.  1013. 

•"^  Tluy  lose  at  this  guniu  nil  their  possessions,  ami  even  their  wives  ami 
eliiliii'en,  mIk)  then  become  the  property  of  the  winner.'  Kid:i  hue's  .\iic  \''>y., 
viil.  ii.,  [1.  (12.  'Co  jeu  les  rend  tristes  et  serieux.'  La  I't.'roHse,  Toy.,  torn, 
ii.,  p.  •J.'!">. 

1''  I'pon  one  tomb,  '  formabu  una  figura  grnnde  y  horrorosa  que  tenia 
entre  sus  garras  una  caxa.'  Snlil  y  Mcvwana,  Viinii'.,  p.  cxviii.  'The  box  is 
fre(pieutly  (licorated  with  two  or  three  rows  of  small  shells.'  IUxon'.i  In//., 
p.  17l).  ''Hlw  (lead  are  burned,  and  their  ashes  i)reserved  in  small  wood- 
en boxes,  in  buildings  appropriated  to  tliat  purpose.'  Kotzrhur's  .\rir  lo//., 
viil.  ii.,  p.  57.  '  Nos  voyageurs  rencoutrei'ent  aussi  un  niorai  qui  leur 
pniuva  quo  ces  Indiens  etaicnt  dans  I'usage  de  briiler  les  niorts  et  d'eu  eon- 
server  la  tete.'  I.a  I't'i-oiise,  Voy.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  2(15.  '  On  the  death  id  a  toyon, 
or  other  distinguished  person,  one  of  his  slaves  is  deprived  of  life,  and 
burned  with  him.'  Lisiunsky's  1  o(,'.,  p.  241. 
Vol.  I.    8 


^ 


il 


I  m 


lU 


IIYrERDOltEANS. 


w 


ers  of  art  and  inuslc,  n'spoctfiil  to  women  nn't  the  nut'd; 
yet  oxtivnu'ly  cruel,  Wiil[)in;;'  und  luiiiniing  tlit  ir  i)risoners 
out  of  pure  wjintonness,  thievish,  lying,  und  inveterate 
gaiuhlers.  In  shoit  they  possess  most  of  the  virtues  and 
vices  incident  to  savagism. 

Tmk  Tixxeii,  the  fifth  and  last  divisicm  of  our  Ilyper- 
l)orean  grou[),  occui)y  the  '(ireat  J^one  Land.'  hetween 
Hudson  liay  -nd  the  conterminous  nations  already  de- 
scribed; a  land  greater  than  the  whole  of  the  I'nited 
States,  and  more  'lone,'  excepting  absolute  deserts,  than 
any  part  of  Ameri(!a.  A\'hite  men  there  are  scaici'ly 
any;  wild  men  and  wild  beasts  there  are  few;  lew 
dense  forests,  and  little  vegetation,  although  the  gi-assy 
savannahs  sustain  droves  of  deer.  l)ulfalo,  and  other 
animals.  The  Tinneh  are,  next  to  the  I']skimos,  the  jnost 
northern  people  of  the  continent.  They  inhabit  the  un- 
explored regions  of  Central  Alaska,  and  thence  extenil 
eastward,  their  area  widening  towards  the  south  to  the 
shores  of  lli.dson  Jiay.  Within  their  domain,  irom  the 
north-west  to  the  south-east,  may  be  drawn  a  straight 
line  measuring  over  four  thousand  miles  in  length. 

The  Tinneh,^'*  may  l)e  divided  into  four  great  lamilies 
of  nations;  namely,  tlio  Chepewj/aiis,  or  Athabascas.  living 
between  Hudson  IJavand  the  Kocky  Mountains;  the  T>i- 
ciiU'a->>,  or  Carriers,  of  New  C^dedonia  or  Xorth-western 
Jiritish  America;  the  K'lfchiiis,  occupying  both  banks  of 
the  u[)j)er  ^'ukon  and  its  tributaries,  from  near  its  mouth 
to  the  Mackenzie  lliver;  and  the  Kt'iidi,  inhal)iting  the 
interior  from  the  lower  Yukon  to  Copper  lliver. 

'{'he  Chepewyan  family  is  composed  of  the  Xorthcrn 
Indians,  so  called  by  the  fiu'-hnnters  at  Fort  Churchill 
as  lying  along  the  shores  of  Hudson  Bay,  directly  to  their 
north;  the  Copper  Indians,  on  Coppermine  lliver;  the 
Horn  Mountain  and  Beaver  Indians,  farther  to  the  west; 
the    Strong-ljows,   Dog-ribs,   Hares,  Red-knives,  Sheei>. 

!■><  Calleil  l)y  G.illiitin,  in  Am.  Aiilh).  Soc.  Trai^ict.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  17,  At'.n- 
pii^C'i,  the  n;imo  'first  j^'ivcu  to  tlic  ("uti-iil  p:ii't  of  tli"  country  tli:y  inliiil  it.' 
Sir  Jolm  lliuhardsoii,  Jour.,  vol.  ii.,  \\.  1.  cills  th  'in  •Tiiui'"',  or  'I)tiiuu!,  At'.i- 


THE  TINNEII. 


15 


.0  T<i- 

(.■stcni 

inks  of 

lOlltll 

Iul:;  the 


.'!•;  tlic 


17,  vir.'N 

liliu,  Atk- 


f^iirsis,  r>riish-w()()(l.  XapiiliT.  niul  liockv-Mountiiiu  Tn- 
tliiUiH,  of  till'  MiicUi'ii/K'  Kivor  and   IJockv  Moiintains.'"' 

The  Tacullv  '""  nation  is  divided  into  a  nndtitii(U'  of 
petty  tribes,  to  which  dill'eient  travelers  _<:i\e  diilerent 
names  accordinj;'  to  I'ancv.  Amonu'  them  tlu'  most  ini- 
])ortant  are  the  Talkotins  and  (Miilkotins.  Xateotetains 
and  Sicannis,  of  the  njjjter  hraneliesof  I'raser  Kiverand 
vieinitv.  It  is  sullieient  I  i  our  jnwjiose,  lu)\vever,  to 
tieat  tlieni  as  one  nation. 

The  Kutchins.'"  a  larj^e  and  ]i(merfid  nation,  are  oom- 
pf)sed  of  the  folhmini:'  tribes.  ( "onmieneiu,^'  at  tlu'  ^fa-'- 
kenzie  !ii\'er,  near  its  mouth,  and  extending  wesiward 
across  the  mountains  to  and  down  the  Yukon:  the  Lou- 
cheux  or  (^uarrellers,  of  the  Mackenzie  l\i\'ei';  the  \'antii 
Kutchin.  Xatdie  Kutchin.  and  Yukuth  Kutchin.  of  \\n- 
eupine  Uh er  and  neiuldiorliotxl ;  the  Tutchone  Kutchin, 
Jlan  Kutchin.  Kutcha  Kutchin.  (Jensde  Uouleau.  (lens 
d(!  Milieu.  Tenan  Kutchin.  Xuclukavettes.  and  Xewi- 
carji'uts.  of  the  Yukon  ITivi'r.  Their  strip  of  territory  is 
from  one  hundred  to  one  huuch'ed  and  fd'tx  miles  in 
width,  hin"'  inunediatelv  south  of  the  liskimos.  and 
oxtendin,ii'  westward  IVom  the  Mackeii/ii  Kiver  about 
eiuht  hundred  miles.'''* 

iibasc'iins  ov  Cluiicwyiiiis.'  '  They  style  tlinnsilvcs  <,'(  luiuUy  J)iiiiuh  lucu,  or 
Iiuliiiiis.'  I'm II Wilt's  .^'tr.,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  211. 

1"'  liirlmril.'iiiii's  Joitr.,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  l~;i:!. 

1"''  'Lis  ludiciis  do  liv  cote  on  dc  la  Nimvcllo  Ciili'donic,  lis  Tokalis,  los 
C'hiirm'Ui's  (Carviirs)  lis  Sclionclioiiaps,  1.  s  Atiius,  aiipavtuiiiiiiit  (mis  u  la 
liafimi  (lis  ( 'liiiK'iiiia'laiis  dmit  la  lalii^'iic  est  in  iisa^r  dans  li'  nurd  dn  Cniili- 
mnt  jiisipi'a  la  liaii'  d'llndsou  it  a  la  Mir  I'olairu.'  J/o/Va.-.-,  Kspluf.,  loni.  ii., 
!>.  3;!7. 

1"  Aro  'known  under  the  names  of  Lnnvhinx,  Iii'jritlii,  and  Kid.^hin.'  ].n- 
tlnnn's  Aid.  Jt<lcis,  J1.  '2'.)"2.  ''I'lieyare  called  Drujulliee  ]»ineis.  or  the  (J7(..;- 
rillirs.'  Miirl.inizic'x  S'uii.,  \i.  '<{.  'On  I'eel's  liivir  (hey  name  themselves 
Kittcliiii,  the  final  //  IxinLj  nasal  and  faintly  pronouneed.'  Ilii'liiirilsiin's  •h-nr., 
vol.  i.,  p.  ;{7S.  They  are  also  called  'ri/l,titinr-iliiii,cli,  J.ondu  n\  or  {^(narri  lleis. 
FriiiiLllii's  Xitr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  h:!.  'The  Lomlieiix  ])roper  is  spoki  n  liy  the'  In- 
dians of  Pci  I's  IJivcr.  All  thetrilies  inhahitin^  the  valley  of  the  Yoiikon  un- 
derstand one  another.'    llui'tli^li/,  in  Sinitlisuiiiiiii  liiit.,  IMii!,  ]>.  lil  I. 

''i'*  (iallatin,  hi  Am.  Anlii/.  >nc.  Trdn^act.,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  17,  iri'oneonsly  rnli  il 
the  Loneiictix  out  of  his  Athabasca  nation.  '  liu  ;iussersteu  Nordn^itn  h  ;t 
nns  (iallalin  aufiuerksani  i,'(  iiiaeht  auf  das  Voile  der  Loucheiix.  /anker-lndia- 
ner  odi  !•  DiLjothi :  an  der  iliiudmij,' des  ^lackenzie-Flnsses,  naeh  lani^en  ;:ii 
i\  sscu  heiilen  Sciten  (westlichc  nnd  (istliehi  );  drssen  (-praehe  er  naeli  di  u 
liciscnden  fiir  fn  lud  den  athapaskischen  hielt :  woridur  siih  die  neiii  u  Xach- 
richti  u  noeh  widersprechen.'  linf-rliiiKiiiii.  Sfiirin  do-  .lit' I..  Sjiiiii'ln:,  p.  71:!. 
Franklin,  Xttr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  83,  allies  the  Louchuux  to  the  Eskimos. 


116 


HYl'ERDOnEAXa. 


Tlic  Kcii!ii''''iiiiti()n  iiicliuU'stlu'  hii^nliks.  of  tlu*  Lower 
Yukon;  t\\v  Koltcliaiu's.  of  tlie  Kusko(|iiiiii  Uivi-r;  and 
to  the  .soiith-eastwiinl.  tlie  Keiiuis.  of  the  Iventii  iViiiii- 
siilii.  iuul  tlie  Atiiiis.  of  ( 'opper  Kiver."^" 

Thus  we  see  tliiit  the  'I'luueli  are  essentially  an  inland 
])eo|)le.  barred  out  from  the  fro/.en  oeean  by  a  thin  strip 
of  Mskiuio  land,  and  barely  touehinji'  tlu>  I'acilic  at  CcmjIv 
Inlet,  riiilolo.ii'ists.  however,  lind  (liale(,'ti(!  resoniblanees, 
imaginary  or  ival.  between  them  and  the  !  inptjuas'"'  and 
Apaehes.'''- 

TIh;  name  Chepewyan  siimifies  '[)ointed  coat,'  and  de- 
rives its  oriiiin  from  the  parka,  eoat,  or  outer  ji'annent,  so 
universally  common  throu.iihout  this  rejiion.  It  is  made 
of  sevei-al  skins  diii'-rently  di'essed  and  ornamenttHl  in 
dillerent  localities,  but  always  cut  with  the  skirt  ])ointed 
])efore  and  behind.  The  Chepewyans  Relieve  that  their 
ancestors  miuirated  from  the  i-ast,  and  therefore  tho.so  of 
theui  who  are  born  nearest  their  eastei'u  boumhu'y.  are 
held  in  t!u'  "reatest  estimation.  The  Dou-ribs  alone  refer 
their  ori^iii  to  the  west. 

'i'he  Chepcwyans  are  physically  characterized  by  a  lonj^' 
full  face,''^'  tall  slim  liiiure :'""  in  complexion  they  aredarker 
than  coast  tribes,'"'  and  have  small  piercing  black  eyes,'' 


ISO 


'"' Tniii.  'man:'  Tniina  Tfyn  li.  Thnainix,  Kinai,  Kcuai,  Keniiizo. 

I'*"  Sic  notes  on  Doiuuliirifs  at  tlic  ciul  of  this  i-liiiiitir. 

'■ti  1! 'siili's  the  'Umkwa,'  bin.;  outlyin;.;  nicnilicis  of  tho  Athaliasknn 
Btodc,' thcii'  arc  tlio  'Xavalioi%  tlio  .Ttcorilla,  the  I'anahro,  alon;^'  with  tho 
Apatsh  of  Xcw  !Mi\i('o,  California,  ami  Soiiora.  To  these  a(hl  tlie  Hoopah, 
of  (-'alifovnia.  which  is  also  Atlialiaskan.'   I.'iIIkiiii'.i  Cuinji.  I'liil.,  ]>.  ',V.Ki. 

'■>^  William  W.  Turner  was  the  tirst  to  assert  ))ositivi  ly  that  the  Apaches 
Bpoko  a  lanL;ua,L;o  which  helongs  to  the  Atliabascan  family.  Jianfliiiniii,!,  ,'Sj>a- 
riiii  dvr  A:k'k.  i^iiV'tclic,  yi.  3i('i, 

IS'J  Fiicc'  'oval.'  FrauhHii'.-i  Xfii',,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ]S0.  '  Broad  fiioos,  projecting* 
chcok-hones,  audwiilo  j;  '-trils.'  liL,  vol.i.,]).  2t'2.  Foreheads  low,  chin  lon;^'. 
Jfdrtiii'if  lirit.  ('('I.,  Vol.  iii.,  p.  ~>2i.  An  exact  componnd  lietweeu  the  Us(pie- 
mows  and  Western  Indians.  .H'-'rcmr's  llrmi.  llnilxmi  Hki/,  p.  'M. 

1^'  (ienerally  more  than  medi'im  size.  Hrdrin's  Truv.,  ji.  3()">.  'Well  jn'o- 
])f)rtioncd,  and  almitt  the  niidUi  size.'  M'lrHn's  lirit.  (HI.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  Wl\, 
'  Lon.L,'-l)odied,  with   short,  stout  limbs.'    Uin^s,  in  ^inilhuuuiati  Jicpt.,   l,*-(;0, 

p.  'm. 

'■ij  'Dim,'y  copper.'  M-irti.i's  JIrt'.  Ci,l.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  .')2G.  'Swarthy.'  Muc 
Ionic's  Vi'ii..  p.  exix.  Din^ry  brown,  cop])er  cast,  llntnu:'.'^  True,  ji.  JiC.'i. 
'Very  fresh  and  red.'  FriuUiii'ti  Xar.  V(d.  ii.,  p.  180.  'Dirty  yellowish 
ochre  tinge.'  hus.-i,  in  SinitJisih.i'ra  Ucot.,  isrfi,  p.  304. 

'"6  '  Small,  line  eyes  and  teeth."  Fran/din's  Sar.,  p.  vol.  1.,  212. 


Till';  CHITEWYANS. 


IIT 


flowing'  liiiir,"*''  and  tattooed  rlu'cks  and  forolicad.'**'^  Al- 
tnn'ctlicr  they  arc  in'oiKiimcrd  nn  inferior  raee.'"'  Into 
the  coiiiiio'iitioii  of  their  nai'nients  enter  heiiver.  niooM-. 
and  (h'er-sUiii.  (hvssed  with  and  without  the  hair.  si'Wed 
"with  sinews  anil  ornamented  w  ith  claws,  hoi'ns.  teeth,  and 
featliers."^' 

The  Xorthern  Indian  man  is  nuister  of  his  household.''" 
He  iiKirries  without  eei-emony.  and  di\-orces  his  wile  at 
liis  pleasure.''-  A  man  ol"  forty  huys  or  li;^hts  for  a  s])ouse 
of  twtdve.''''  and  when  tired  of  hei"  whips  her  and  sends 
iier  awaw     (lirls  on  ari'ivinu'  at  the  a-je  of  womanhood 


i''^  'Iliiir  Innk.  1)nt  nnt  nhvnys  of  a  diiii^'y  lilnck.  Men  in  ^^'iiicritl  cxtrnct 
tluir  luMiil,  tlicu'.;!!  hi.iiic  nf  tlimi  iii'(^  sii-n  to  jircl'ir  n  lpu^lly.  Mucl;  heard,  to 
n  siiiMiih  chill.'  .l/'C'/.f/cic's  !'<'//••  ]'•  •'^i'^'  ]liiinl  in  tlic  iiijtil  '  hitwtcii  two 
mill  thrr 
'  IJliu'k,  striiit,  mill  vi 


Ills  Ioiil;,  mid  i)ivl'ictly  wliitf.'    l-'ronU'ii's  Sur.,  vol.  ii  ,  ]),  lui). 


Mdrliii'fi  llrit.  Col.,  Vol.  iii.,  |i.  i'tll.     '  N'lil 


ii'V  sex 


liiivi!  any  Imir  uiidfi"  thi  ir  iiniipitM,  mid  vi  ly  litth'  on  miy  ollur  jiait  of  tin- 
li.iily,  jiai'ticiiliuly  the  wnimii;  Imt  on  tin'  iiiaro  wlirrt'  Nahini  j)lants  thn 
Liiir.  I  M'vir  kiirw  tlii'iiuitti  iii])t  to  (ladiiati' it.'  J  ffi  in, <■'.■<  'I'rm 


'•-•<  T.itt 


iioiUL,'  ii|ipiars 


to  be  nnivri'sal  aiiioir'tlu'  Kiili'lr 


1' 


;(()(; 


Kilhl/,  ill  .Slililli- 


g'^iuitii.   //'■/''.,   I'^lit,  J).  Il'.l.     'I'lii^  ('IniiiwyaiiH  tattoord  '  hy  intiiiii'.,'  nil  awl 
or  iiii'iUi'  niidir  tlio  Kkiii,  mid,  on  drawiii'^'  it  out  ULtaiii,  iiiiiiu  diatrlv  ruliMiii,' 


di'rid 


I'oal  into  tl 


11'    Willllll 


1.'  Jh 


T, 


;iiii; 


I '.nth 


iiavr  hiiii'  or  lilark  hars,  or  from  oiii'  to  four  s(raiv;ht  Hlics  on  thiir  rlnckH  or 


foi'rlicad,  to  distinguish  thu  trihu  to  whirli  they  luloiii^'.'  Miirl.t 


1' 


C'XX. 


1^' Women  'dostitnto  of  roal  licantv.'  Ihi 


I'lor  asoec 


t.'  Uii'liiirilsi 


.In 


Trni\,  p.  SO.     'Very  infc 


\\ii/.,]i.  I'Ji'i,     '  Positively  hideous.'  /.' 


Vol,  ii..  )).  H.     Women  nasty.   MifrLviiiii-'s 


ill    ,'^lll'llllHllllllllt 


1"!  .V  Deer-n.irn  Momitai 


I  drt 


i:ijit.,  iMCi 


1' 


;mi. 


insisted  of  a  shirt,  or  iaeket  with 


,  hood,  wide  lireeehes,  Veaehini'  Olllv  to  the  kliei 


d  tiL'lit  li-iryitis  sewed  to 


the  slioi  s,  all  of  deer's  skills.'  /•>'(»'/, //n's  A'ir.,  vol.  ii.,  jv.  Isii.     The  lait  ci 
hists  of  th"  skin  of  II  deei's  h 'ad.  Mur'.en-.ii'^  I'e/.,  p.  cxxii. 


1> 

i;'i  .Vs  witness  this  Kpeeeli  of  a  iinhle  chief:  '  AN  oiiieii  were  inaile  for  lal'or; 
one  of  them  can  carry,  or  haul,  as  luneh  as  two  men  can  do.  'I'hey  also  pifeh 
our  tents,  make  and  mend  our  clothiuL!,  keen  us  warm  at  iiiutht ;  and.  in  fait, 


tl 


leri 


is  no  such  thini,'  as  traveliiii,'  any  considerahk'  distaiui ,  in  this  country 


without  their  assistance 


]/■ 


II I'll!'  S    /  ('(M 


1' 


1'-  All  Indian  desiriuu' aiinther  one's  wife.  tiLshtswith  her  hushand,  princi- 
pally hy  jmlliiiij  li:iir.  If  victorious,  ho  pays  a  number  of  skins  to  thu  hus- 
banil.   ll'iijio-'^i  TiisLi,  p.  lin:!. 

I'J'  '  Coiitiiienco  in  an  mimaiTiod  female  is  scarcely  considered  a  virtue.' 


'  Their  disi)ositii>ns  are  uotamatorv. 


I  have  heard  amimi,'  them  of  two  sons 


KeepillL,'  tlleir  111 


ither 


as  a  conn 


lion  wife,  of   another  wedded  to  his  dallelltel 


1  of  several  married  to  tleir  sistei-s.    // 


IlliillSnliiilil 


310.    ^y< 


loiii..  i,s(it;.  p 


carrv  their  children  on  the  back  next  the  skin,  and  suckl" 


Ihem  until  another  is  born.     They  do  not  suspend  their  ordinary  occupa- 


tion- 
)f  wi 


fur  cliil.l-birth.   Mnrl.i'uzic's  \'i>i/..  ]i.  cxxii.     '  .V  temporary  ii 


iterch 


vi's  IS  not  nucoiniiiiiir. 


and  tlit^  ofi'i  r  of  their 


lersons  IS  cnlisii 


lered 


Jl  necessary  ]iart  of  the  hospitality  due  to  straiieers.'    /'</.,  p.  xcvi.     Women 
are  'rather  tho  slaves  than  t/io  companions  of  the  men.'  .lidl'ti  b'tinj.,  vol. 


1'' 


m. 


118 


IIYPERIiOREANS. 


must  retire  from  the  village  and  live  for  a  time  a])art.'''' 
The  Cliepew vans  inhabit  hntsol' l)rii,>^li  and  ])()rtahle  skin 
tents.  Thev derive  their  oriiiin  iVom  ado::'.  At  one  time 
iliey  v.ere  so  stronglv  imbued  Avitli  res[)e('t  ibr  tlieir  ca- 
nine ancestry  that  thev  entirely  ceased  to  em[)loy  dojis 
in  drawing;'  their  sled.ues.  Lireatlv  to  the  hardshij)  of  the 
Avomen  u[)()n  whom  this  laboi'ious  task  IMI. 

Their  food  consists  mostly  of  iish  and  reinde(M\  the 
latter  l)einii'  easily  taken  in  snares.  Much  of  their  land 
is  barren,  but  with  sullicient  veiietation  to  support  nu- 
mci'ous  lu'rds  <jf  I'l'iu'lii'.  and  iish  aboiuid  in  their  laki'S 
and  stivams.  Their  huutinu'  ^i:rounds  ai'e  held  by  elans, 
and  descend  )»y  iidieritaucc  IVoni  one  li'eni'ration  to  a.n- 
other,  which  has  a  salutary  elVect  upon  the  i)reservation 
of  _uame.  Indian  law  rc(|uires  tiie  successful  hunter  to 
share  the  spoils  of  the  chase  with  all  present.  When 
j^auie  is  abundant,  their  tent-fu'es  never  die.  but  are  sur- 
rounded duriiiLi'  all  hours  of  the  day  and  nijilit  In'  young 
and  old  cookinn'  their  food.^'''^ 

Superabundance  of  ibod.  merchandise,  or  anything 
wliich  they  wish  to  pi'eserve  without  the  troid)le  of  car- 
lyiiig  it  al)out  with  them  Avhile  on  hunting  or  foraging 
expi'ditions.  is  ((iclicd.  as  they  tei'm  it:  IVom  the  I'^rench, 
<>ir/,rr.  to  conceal.  Canadian  fur-huntci's  often  resorted 
to  this  ai'tilice.  but  the  practice  was  couimon  among  the 
uati\es  bcfoi'i'  tiie  advent  of  I'>uroj)eans.  A  sud(U'n  ne- 
ccssit\-  ofti'U  ariM's  in   Indian  (ountj'ics  for  the  tra\eler 


'•'I  They  111-  •  liursli  towards  their  \viv<s,  cxci  pt  when  cnpciiito.  'I'lu  y  are 
iiccnsi  d  (if  !tl)iiii(liiliilii,'  the  a^,'('il  ami  su  '<,  Imt  n.ily  uiic  case  caliic  to  liis 
Iciiciwlcilgf.   Frniil.liii's  \<(v.,  vol.  i..  jip   'd  i),  -jri]. 

1'''  H('(>atf>f',  ]ii'(']>av<'d.  frmn  ilrrr  only,  is  a  kiiiil  of  Iia^Lji.s.  made  with  the 
Mood,  a  '_;o(nl  (|ii;intity  of  f:it  shi'cil  small,  souic  of  the  ti  iidcrrs'  of  the  llrsh, 
toijithrr  with  tiic  Inait  and  luiiyscut,  or  icic  coiiiliioiily  cut  into  siiiall  shiv- 
ers; all  ot  which  is  put  into  the  stoniaeh,  nd  roasted.'  //i/,i,r  '.^  'I'rur.,  ]>.  I  11. 
'  Not  reiiiarl;ali|e  for  tin  ir  activity  as  Im  'ers,  owin^'  to  the  ease  with  which 
they  snare  deer  and  s]i(  ar  tisli.'  Mdrhcniiv  s  I'"//.,  p.  cwiii.  '1  In  l>i  <  i-lloru 
SloiuitaiiU'crs  'repair  to  the  sea  in  spriinj;  and  kill  seals;  as  the  season  ad- 
\an.'"s,  they  hunt  deir  and  musk  uxen  at  some  distance  fi(.in  the  <'oast. 
'I'hey  ai>iiroach  tlu'  deer  <illi(  r  hy  crawlini;,  or  liy  h  adin;,'  these  aninials  hy 
v.in^es  of  tnrf  towards  (he  s]Mit  win  re  the  archer  can  conceal  himself.'  ])<) 
not  use  nets,  Imt  the  hook  and  line.  l-'riinlJiii's  \iii\,  vol.  ii..  ]).  IM.  'Xits 
made  of  lines  of  twisti  d  willow  liark.  or  thin  strijis  of  deer-hide,'  llUhtniJ- 
.si.j.'.s  ,/o((/'.,  vol.  li..  p.  •^:,.     Ciirdleil  Mo,  d,  a  favorite  dish,   .'^iiiips'in's  Sar., 


Tim  NOllTIIEKN  INDIANS. 


11!) 


to  relieve  liiinself  iVom  JMirdoiis.  This  is  done  Ity  di<'- 
tiiii,H'  a  liole  in  the  eartli  and  dei)ositin,i-'  the  load  therein, 
.so  artrulh-  covering  it  as  to  escape  detection  hv  the  ^vilv 


sa\'au'es, 


(iood 


s  mav   he  cac 


■hed 


ni   a  cave,  or  \n 


tl 


le 


le  canii) 


1' 


Ijranchesof  a  tree,  or  in  the  hollow  oi'  n  log.     Tl 
fire  is  lre(|iiently  huilt  over  the  spoi  whei'e  stoivs  ha\\- 
lieen  dej^osited.  in  order  that  the  distu.-hance  of  the  sur- 
iiice  niav  not  Ite  detectvu. 


T\ 


le 


u-  wea})oi:s''"'  anr'  their  ntensils^''  are  of  the  most 
]u-iiiiitive  kind — stone  and  hone  heing  used  in  plaee  of 
metal. 

Their  dances,  uhich  are  always  jjerformed  in  the 
night,  are  not  original,  hut  are  horrowed  JVom  the  South- 
ei'ii  and  l)o--rih  Indians.  The\-  consist  in  I'aising  the 
leet  alternatei;.  in  (juick  succession,  as  high  as  possihle 
without  mov.ng  the  hodv,  to  the  sound  of  a  dru:ii  or 
rattk 


I'.iS 


Thev  never   hurv   their  dead,   hut   k-ave   the   hodie; 
where  tl'"j  fall,  to  he  devoi    ed  hy  the  hirds  and  heast; 


of 


\nv\ 


Ti 


len-  religion  consists  ch 


■speeches  to  these  hirds  and  heast 


ietl 


V  ill  soiitis  ;ui(l 


s  and  to  imaiiinarv  he 


\')r,  J 


II'  Wen 


axes  ami  li 


piius  of  the  Clioiicwyans  arc  Ikiws  ami  an-ows:  stcmc  and  bom 


// 


,/.; 


lonuid  of  tliri'c  piici's  (jf  tir,  tl 


p.  is:].    'I'lif  liows  of  till-  l)c 


-II 


■nti-( 


in  th.>saii)i'strai,L;lit  line  with  tlu-l)owsfi-iiio;tl 


pure  alo 


HI'  lii'lit,  till   otlii'l-  two  ] 


ollis  •  ai 


VUll. 


with 


L'h    t 


uivw.  !■: 

<  ii|irnniiii 


iiiii 


Honic  animal  or  i 
iiiost  rclii's  np 


la 


pii'i'i's  arc  neatly  ticil  together 
vol.  ii  ,   p.  ISO,     III  pic])ariim  for  an  attack, 
n  paints  his  slii.lil  with  lif^nrcs  of   Sun,   Moon,  or 


A- 


aia'_;niarv  licint's. 


•ml  1 
.V 


Th 


>,v  mill 
p.  7.". 


ritan 


ll'lii   s 


portravini;  whatever  charaifer  Ik 


'I'r'ir.,  p.  lis.     In  some  jiavts  auntiiii,'  enmi 


U'e,  ami  the  ri;,^ht  of  property  is  ri^i-'iy  cnforceil.  >;/,(/>- 


leli'  cookiii;.,'  utensils  aio  luaile  of   pot-stone,   and  tliev  form  very 


neat  liishes  of  fir,'  Fnn, /.Hit's  A 


lU'ts  of  '^reeu  tleer-thon 


nakei 


'J'l 

1:  wi 


M'lrl., 


vol.  ii.,  J,,  l.si.     .Make  lishiiiL'-lincs  anil 


ley  are  efrcat  mimics.'  Uirhurtl 


■fl-,   ]1,    C\.\V1. 


linen  (In 
ri,'-;lif  to  1,  ft  witliont 


SItii   .S  ,1(1111' 


,  V'll.  ii 


:mi 


sseil.     A  crowil  stand  in  .'i  slraiijbl  line  ainl  sjnilile  f 


Tl 


ivitm  the  felt  from  the  Lrnmnii.  /It 


n  (l;inc(! 


I'll  111 


1' 


le  mill  occasionally  howl  in  imitation  of 


■/) 


some  aliiiual 


.1/. 


.i.T). 


Tl 


ifest 


icy  manifest  no  common  rcs]iert  to  the  mi  niory  of  tlieir  deimrted 


friends,  hy  a  ion;'  jieriod  of   nioiirnii 


mall 


kill;,'  nsc  of  till'  ]iro]icrty  of  ll 


ciittiiiL'  oil'  their   hair,  and   m 


le   ilecea.sci 


,1.'    .)/<irl,. 


-  '■  I'       ll'  ■.!•■>        «i'«>(-..-nii,  .'i'''/if/(;( 

Ihc  death  of  leailiiiL;  men  is  attrihnted  to  conjuiiii".     Tl 


d.  ud,  but  1 


cave  them,  win 


th 


die.    f. 


ir  wild  beasts  to  di 


>!/■.  p.  cwviii. 
hev  never   blirv  the 


'"(•.,  ]).  'Ml.     The  ('hepewyans'burv  their  dead.     W 


//'■ 


ntivcs  they  L'ash  their  bodies  with  kiiiv 


21.  ->-2. 


jr,vl,.(rl. 


lien  nioui'iiim,'  for  rd- 


S'JU  S  •JtJitI 


pp, 


H 


Hi 


120 


HYPERBOEEVNS. 


inirs,  for  assistance  in  iieriomiing  cures  of  the  siok.-"" 
01(1  aji'e  is  treated  with  disrespect  and  neglect,  one  halt' 
of  l)()th  sexes  dying  Iwlbre  their  time  for  want  of  care. 
The  Northern  Indians  are  freciuently  at  war  with  the 
Eskimos  and  Southern  Indians,  for  whom  they  at  all 
times  entertain  tiic  most  inveterate  hatred.  The  Cop})er 
Indians,  bordering  on  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Jvs- 
kiuios  at  the  (\)[)[)ermine  l\iver.  were  otiginally  the 
occupants  of  the  ti'rritorv  south  of  (jreat  Sla\e  Lake. 

The  I)oi;-ribs.  or  Slav('s  as  they  are  called  ))V  nei-ilibor- 
ing  nations,  are  indolent,  fond  t)f  annisement.  but  mild 
aud  lios[)itable.  They  are  so  debased,  as  savages,  that 
the  men  do  the  lal)()rious  work,  while  the  women  emi)l<)y 
themselves  in  household  aiVairs  and  ornauK'ulal  uctMlle- 
work.  Young  married  men  have  been  known  to  exhibit 
s[)ecimens  of  their  wives"  needle-work  with  pride.  I'rom 
tlieir  i'urther  advancement  in  civilization,  and  the  ti'a- 
dition  which  they  hold  of  having  mitiiated  from  tlie 
westward,  were  it  not  that  their  lauguage  diiVcrs  from 
tbat  of  contiguous  tribes  only  in  accent,  they  miulit  uat- 
nralh  be' considered  of  diil'erent  ori;:in.  Biuids  of  Don- 
ribs  meeting  after  a  long  absence  greet  each  otli'  rwith  a 
dance,  wliich  freciuentU  continues  for  two  or  tluee  da\s. 
first  (•]«■  ■!  iu'j:  a  sixit  of  around,  they  take  an  arrow  ii; 
tlie  r'!;:lit  hand  aud  a  how  in  the  left,  and  turning  their 
hacks  each  baud  to  the  other,  they  api)roach  darning,  and 
when  '•lo.M'  together  they  feign  to  perceive  each  others 
preseu»-»'  for  th*-  tirst  time;  the  l)ow  and  arrow  are  iu- 
stautl\  Tnnisfei  It  il  iVom  one  hand  to  the  other,  in  token 
of  their  non-ijiteritioii  to  use  them  against  IVieuds.  Th(\v 
are  vei'y  improvident,  and  frecjuently  are  driven  to  can- 
nibalism and  suicide.-""' 

2I1II  'The  Niirthcrn  Indians  seldom  attniii  ?» tfrent  ngf,  thoiigli  thcyliavo  f(  w 
disciiscs."  M'lrHii's  llrit.  ''/'..  veil,  iii,,  ji.  i't'i'i  For  inward  coinplaints,  tlin 
ddcldis  lilciw /.lalously  into  the  rectum,  or  itdj»i<  nt  i>ar(s.  Ihiimv's  'J'yar., 
]).  l.'S'.*.  The  <'(in.)unr  shuts  liiniseH  nji  (<*  «l.as  with  Ihi  patient,  wiihdi.t 
food,  and  sings  over  him.  Fniii/Jiii's  Sur.  »'•!  it.,  ]>  H.  AIedieine-iii(  n  or 
(•onjnrers  are  at  the  same  time  doeKiTH.  ll--'i>i  i  .<  T'  .]))).  IilV  tin,  'Tlio 
Knteliiii-'  praetice  blood-littin;.,' "</ /i  ('ni/i.'  ifniiis,  .Smillisiini'ii  i  /it.,  ].S()(i.  )>. 
.'(li.'j.  '  Till  ir  iirin('i])al  maladies  are  rheumatie  paiuH,  the  rtux,  iind  consniu^)- 
tion.'  Miirl,-ni:ii's  JVi//.,  j).  cxxiv. 

•■i''!  Aeeordin.u'  to  tlH    rejiurt  of   tli"   ]>og-rih.-.  (he  Mountain   !■  haus  ;.'•* 


I 


1  il 

I  vs. 

)W  il. 

icir 

luid 

i'l- 

Ury 
•ai'- 


s.   the 

fV'IC.. 

II II  <ir 
'TIjo 

hr,(!.  ],. 

■^uiap- 


IIARES,  DOG-EIBS,  AND  TACULLIES. 


121 


Tlie  ILire  riidians.  avIio  si)c:ik  a  dialect  of  tlie  Tlimeh 
scarcely  to  be  distiuuuished  IVoin  that  of  the  I)o<i-i'il)s, 
are  look('(l  upon  by  their  iieiuhbors  as  ureat  conjurers. 
The  Uiuw  and  ISheep  Indians  look  u[)on  their  women 
as  inferior  beiuus.  From  childhood  they  are  iinu'ed  to 
every  desci-ij^jtion  of  drudiiei-y.  and  thou^uh  not  treated 
Avith  si)ecial  cruelty,  they  are  placed  at  the  lowest  point 
in  the  scale  of  humanity.  The  characteristic  stoicism 
of  the  I'ed  race  is  not  manifested  ))y  these  tril)es.  SiM-ial- 
ism  is  practiced  to  a  considei'able  extent.  Thi'  huntei'  is 
allowed  only  the  tonii'ue  and  ribs  of  the  animal  he  kills. 
the  remainder  beinii'  dixided  amonii  the  members  of  the 
tribe. 

The  Hares  and  Dou-ribs  do  not  cut  the  fini'tr-nails  of 
iemale- children  until  ibur  yciU's  of  iiue.  in  order  that 
they  ma\  iiot  })rove  la/y;  the  infant  is  not  allowed  food 
until  ibur  days  after  birth,  in  order  to  accustom  it  to 
fastim;'  in  the  next  world. 

The  Sheep  Indians  are  reported  as  beini:  cannibals. 
The  l\ed-knives  ibrmerly  hunted  reindeer  and  musk- 
oxen  at  the  northei'u  end  of  (iR-at  Ik'ar  Lake,  but  they 
were  dually  driven  eastward  by  the  Hoii-ribs.  l^aws 
and  i!'o\ernment  are  unknown  to  the  (Miepewyans.-"- 

Tlie  Tacullies.  or.  as  they  were  denominated  by  the 
fur-traders.  'Carriers.'  are  the  chief  tribe  of  \ew  Cale- 
donia, or  North-western  Ih'itish  America.  They  call 
themsel\('s  Tacullies.  or  "men  Avho  ,a'o  u\)on  water."  as 
their  travels  from  one  villaue  to  another  are  mostly  ac- 
complished   in   cauoes.       This,   with    their   sobriipiet   of 

ciinuili.ils,  ciiHtini^  lots  for  victiiiis  in  tiuu'  of  scarcity.  Sni'/isni/s  Var..  \t. 
1H8.  '  liistaiici's  of  si(»/'i(l(',  hy  li.iiii,''!!^,',  frciiuciitly  occur  iininii^'  tln'  women.' 
]litriii('ii'.'i,f"iii'.,i'i.  I'.th.  l)uriii;4tiiii(S(if starviition.  \vliiclio<i  uri|nitcfri  i|uciit, 
the  Sliivi'  Iiuliims  cat  tlnir  fiiiuilics.  Jlin./,,  r's  7'".s/,  i,  p.  'My.i.  '  Tlicsi'  indj  Ic 
take  tin  ir  names,  in  tic  first  instance,  from  tlieir  (lo!;s.  A  yonii;.^'  man  is  tiio 
fatlurof  aiti'tain  iIol'.  I'nt  win  n  lie  is  married,  anil  lias  a  son,  lit  styles  liim- 
siif  the  fatlurof  the  luiy.  The  woiiien  have  a  lialiit  of  rein'ovin'^' the  (loi;s 
very  teiukrly  when  tlu-y  oliscrve  tluni  tij.'iitin^,'.  "  .\re  yon  not  ashanicil," 
s,iy  they,  "to  '|uarri )  with  your  little  lirother  V"  '  l-'r'i,ilJi,i'.s  .Vi/'..  vol.  ii.. 
]ip.H5.  M(i.  '  V.  'i(  thir  circumcision  be  jiracticeil  nniont;  them,  T  cannot  |iri  teml 
to  say,  lint  the  a|'|ieaiance  of  it  was  j,'eneial  anioii.L,'  those  wlioni  I  saw.'  lA'c. 
I,in:ii''n  I'"//..  |i.  It(!.  I)oi.;-ril)  Jnilians,  somctiiiK  s  also  rallcil  Slavi's,  "a  naiiio 
lirojierly  meanini,'  'strant^ers.'  linlliilin.  i,i  Ain.  Arrh.  Sue.  VVircs..  vol.  ii..  p.  l',(. 
■  -AH  •  Onlci'  is  maintaiiKil  in  the  trihr  soli  ly  hy  ]iulilic  opinion.'  liiclninl- 
eon's  Jour.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2').     The  chiefs  are  now  totally  without  power.  FranL- 


■i  ll 


1 
^iDI  II 


122 


H\TE11B0EEANS. 


'Ciiri'iers.'  clciirly  indicates  thoir  riiliii-r  liit])ltu(les.  Tlio 
/rion  ai'o  more  finely  ibrnied  than  the  women,  the  latter 
])ein<i:  short,  thick,  and  disproiiortionately  hirue  in  their 
lower  Hmhs.  In  their  persons  they  are  sl()\-eniy;  in 
their  dispositions,  lively  and  contented.  As  the\'  are 
uhle  to  jirocure  ibod""'^  with  ))iit  little  labor,  they  are 
natnrally  indolent.  l)nt  apjjcar  to  he  a)iie  and  wiHin^'  to 
work  wlien  occasion  reipiires  it.  Their  relations  with 
white  j)eop]e  have  been  l()r  the  most  ])art  amicable;  they 
are  seitlom  (juarrelsome.  thou^uh  not  lackinj;'  brnAery. 
The  people  are  called  after  the  name  of  the  villaiie  in 
Avhich  they  dwell.  Their  })rimitive  costume  consists  of 
hare,  nmsk-rat,  badirer.  and  beaver  skins,  sometimes  cut 
into  strips  an  inch  ))road.  a!\d  woven  or  interlaced.  The 
nose  is  peribrated  ))y  both  sexes,  the  men  suspendinj^ 
therelVom  a  brass.  C()i)])er,  or  shell  oi'iiament.  the  women 
a  wooden  one.  tipi)ed  witii  a  Ijead  at  either  end.-'"  Their 
avarice  lies  in  tlie  direction  of  hia(iua  shells,  which  find 
their  way  up  i'rom  the  sea-coast  thi'ouuh  other  tribes. 
Jn  ISH).  these  beads  wei'e  the  circuliitimi  medium  of  the 
country,  and  twenty  of  them  would  buy  a  <i'ood  beaver- 
skin,  'i'heir  paint  is  made  of  vermilion  obtained  from 
the  ti'aders.  or  of  a  pulverized  red  stone  mixed  with 
grease,  ^fhey  are  iireatly  addicted  to  uamblinu'.  and  do 
not  appear  at  all  dejected  by  ill  ibrtune.  spendiuii'  days 
and  niLihts  in  the  winter  season  at  their  ,aames.  freiiuently 
irambliiiii'  awa\"  everv  rau'  of  clothi)ii>;  and  everv  trinket 
in  their  })ossession.  They  also  stake  parts  of  a  ,uarment 
or  other  article,  and  if  losers,  cut  olf  a  piece  oi"  coat- 
sleeve  or  a  ibot  of  gun-barrel.     Native  cooking  vesselss 

Vii's  Xdi-.,  vol,  i.,  ]i.  I'lT.  'TIk'v  arc  inflnonccil,  movo  or  less,  liy  ecvtaiii 
j)riiit'i]i^  s  wlii.-li  i-diiilure  t(i  their  Ltriu'val  lioiilit.'  Mdrl.iuji's  \'iti/..  ]i.  cxxv. 
'"I  •  Miiiiy  I'Diisidcr  a  Imilh.  iiiailc  liy  iiiraus  of  the  diniL,'  of  tlic  carilmo 
iiud  the  iiarc,  to  lu"  a  dainty  dish.'  lldiiiinii's  .litur.,  ]i.  II'JI.  'I  licy  "  arc  lazy, 
dirty,  and  sciisnal.'  and  cxtrinicly  lUU'ivili/cd.  'Tlnir  hahits  and  persons 
are  eciually  disLjustint,'.'  Jhniii mrh's  Jtimrtx,  vol.  ii.,  p.  id.  'They  uve  a  tall, 
well  fornuMl.  i^iMid-liKildn;,' race.'  \!r<i!ai/'s  O'ln.  Vi*'..  ]).  1")1.  '  An  ntter  eon- 
teni]>t  of  cleanliness  jii'(  vailed  on  all  hands,  anil  it  was  iivnllin^  to  witness 
their  viiracioiis  <'ndeavurs  to  snr[)ass  I'ach  other  in  the  gluttonous  contest.' 

JkiI.    l.ij'r.  ]>.    ).■)('>. 

'■""  'i  he  women  '  rnn  a  wooden  jiin  throULdi  their  noses.'  Jl'iruicn's  Jimr., 
p.  287.     At  their  Imiial  ceremonies  they  smear  tlie  face  'with  a  conipositiuii 


,0111011 

Tlioir 
h  iiiul 
tribos. 
of  the 
L'iiver- 
IVoiii 
Avith 
(1  do 
days 
leiitly 
inkt't 
lueiit 

OOilt- 

osselis 


civtaiu 
\t.  cwv. 

ciiribiio 
ivc  lii/y, 

IKl'SOllS 

utall, 

Itl'l-   Cdll- 

witiK  SS 

■DUtLSt.' 

's  .Itiiir., 
jKisitiuii 


THE  TACULLIES,  OR  CAURIEIIS. 


123 


are  innde  of  bark,  or  of  the  roots  or  fibres  of  trees,  woven 
so  as  to  bold  Avater.  in  wliich  are  [)laced  heated  stones 
I'or  the  pur[H)se  of  eooking  food."'"  Polyj.''aiiiy  is  \)viw- 
ticed.  but  not  generally.  'Fhe  TaouUies  are  ibnd  of  their 
ui\es.  pcrforminji'  the  most  of  the  household  dnulL'X'ry 
in  order  to  relieve  them,  and  eoiisL'([iR'ntly  they  are  very 
jealous  of  them.  But  to  their  unmarrii'd  d;uiditers. 
("itraniie  as  it  may  seem,  they  allow  every  libertv  without 
censure  or  shame.  The  reason  which  they  give  lor  this 
strange  custom  is.  that  the  purity  of  their  w'ves  is  there- 
by lu'tter  preserved.""" 

Diiiing  a  }torti<jn  of  oxi'vy  year  the  Tacullies  (hvell  in 
villages,  conveniently  situated  for  catching  and  drying 
salmon.  In  April  they  visit  tb.e  kikes  and  take  sinail 
iish:  and  after  these  fail,  they  return  to  their  villages 
and  subsist  upon  the  fish  they  have  dried,  and  upon 
herbs  and  berries.  From  August  to  October,  salmon  are 
])lentiful  again.  Beaver  are  oauglit  in  nets  made  from 
strips  i)f  cariltoo-skins.  and  also  in  cypress  and  steel 
traps.  They  are  also  sometimes  shot  with  'j:im^  or  with 
bows  and  arrows.  Smaller  gaiiK'  they  take  in  various 
kinds  of  trups. 

Till'  civil  polity  of  the  Tacullies  is  of  a  very  priiuitive 
character.  Any  person  may  become  a  inhitij  or  chief 
who  will  occasionally  pro\  ide  a  villag  '  least.  A  malefac- 
tor may  find  protection  iVom  the  a\i'ngi'r  in  tbe  dwell- 
ing of  a  chief,  so  long  as  he  is  i)erinitted  to  remain  there, 
or  even  afterwards  if  he  has  upon  his  back  any  i^ne  of  the 
chiefs  garments.  Disjnites  are  usually  adjusted  by  some 
old  man  of  tbe  tribe.  The  boundaries  of  the  territories 
belonuin^'  to  the    different   vilhiL:es   are   desiunated    1)V 


of  tish-di!  aiicl  ihavcial.'  When  rdiiinriii'.r,  the  cliitf  and  his  cfiiniiaiiinns 
'wove  a  kiiiil  of  (MUc)iU't  fnrniiii  of  the  inviitid  <la\vs  nf  the  j.'ii//lv  liiar.' 
hid.  !.i/',  i>l'-  1-T.  LIS. 

2"' The  i"aiulli(s  have  '  wdoihii  disliis,  and  dtliiv  vcssils  of  tlic  rind  of 
thi>  liinh  and  (line  trcis.'     •Jlavf  also  othi  r  vtssils  made  df  small  iddts  or 

filiivs  df  tin laini]iino  tree,  flosil  y  laci  d  t(i;j;i  tluf,  wliiili  siivi'  thini  as 

buckets  to  ]int  water  in.'   Iltiniirm's  Junr.,  p.  '2'.l2. 

*'■  '  In  the  suniniii'  seasdn  1)dlli  sexes  liatho  often;  and  this  is  thr  only 
time,  will  11  the  married  [ledjile  wash  t hen isi  Ives.'  'The  Tacullies  are  very  fund 
and  \i  ry  ji  ahms  of  their  wives,  'Imt  to  tluir  daughters,  they  allow  ivery  lib- 


!| 


124 


HYPERBOREANS. 


3P 


mountains,  rivers,  or  other  natural  objects,  and  tht^ 
ri gilts  of  towns,  as  well  as  of  individuals,  are  most  gen- 
erally respected ;  but  broils  are  constantly  occasioned  by 
murders,  abduction  of  women,  an<l  otlier  causes,  between 
these  separate  societies.-"' 

AVhcn  seriously  ill,  the  Carriers  deem  it  an  indis- 
pensa))le  condition  to  their  reoovorv  that  every  secret 
ci'ime  should  be  coni'essed  to  the  magician.  Murder,  of 
any  but  a  meuiber  of  the  same  \illage,  is  not  consid- 
ered a  heinous  oiVense.  Thev  at  lii'st  believed  read- 
ing  and  writing  to  be  the  exercise  ot  magic  art.  The 
Ct'rj'iers  know  little  of  medicinal  herbs.  Tiieii'  pi-icst  or 
magician  is  also  the  doctor,  but  before  commencing  his 
o[)eratio!is  in  the  sick  room,  he  nuist  receive  a  fee,  which, 
if  his  eiforts  prove  unsuccesslul.  he  is  o])liged  to  restore. 
The  ciu'ative  process  consists  in  singing  a  mehnu'holy 
strain  over  the  invalid,  in  which  all  around  join.  This 
mitigates  pain,  and  ol'ten  restoi'es  health.  Their  winter 
tenements  are  frecpiently  made  by  ojiening  a  s])ot  of 
earth  to  the  depth  of  two  i'eet.  aci'oss  which  a  ridge-pole 
is  ])laced.  supj)orted  at  either  end  by  posts;  ]M)les  are 
then  laid  iVom  the  sides  of  the  excavation  to  the  I'idge- 
i)ole  and  covered  with  hay.  A  hole  is  left  in  the  top  ibr 
])ur])oses()f  enti'ance  and  exit,  and  also  in  order  to  allow 
the  esra[)e  of  smoke."'" 

Slavery  is  conunon  with  theui:  all  who  can  afford  it 
kee[)ing  shives.    They  use  them  as  beasts  of  burden,  and 

crty,  f<ii'  the  ]ini'i)oso,  ns  they  say,  of  kfcpiiiL,'  the  yoniif,'  nion  from  intd'co'irse 
with  llic  iiianiid  wduicii.'  lldniniii'x .fiiiir.,  \>]k  2Mt,  "i'J'i,  'i'.Ci.  A  fiithci',  whose 
<l;in^'htir  hull  (Usholiiutd  liiiii.  IdUcd  htv  ami  liinisi'lf.   Jml.  l.'ij'v.  ]«!. 

207 'Xhi'  people  of  every  village  have  a  eeitain  extent  of  eonntry.  which 
tlipy  consider  their  own,  luul  in  wliieh  tluy  may  hunt  and  tish;  Imt  they  may 
not  transcend  these  lioimds,  with,  nt  pnrehasins,'  the  jirivileL'e  of  those  who 
claim  the  land.  ^Mountains  and  rivcrw  serve  them  as  boundaries.'  lldiiiiDn'H 
Join-.,  p.  iW. 

""'*  !Macken/ie,  T'l//.,  p.  '2.'!'^,  found  on  Fraser  River,  about  latituile  ">;■)  ,  a 
dcsertt  d  house,  :i()  by  'id.  with  tlivi  e  (hior^.  li  by  H',  feet;  tln-ic  tin-places, 
and  beds  on  lithir  side;  behind  the  beds  was  a  narrow  space,  like  a  nani^er, 
hoiuewhat  elevated,  for  k(  eiiim;  fish.  '  Their  houses  are  well  formed  of  lo^s 
of  small  tre<s,  buttressed  up  inti  rnally,  freipieiitly  ubo\'>  seventy  feet  loni< 
and  lll'teen  hi^h.  b\it,  unlike  those  ot  the  coast,  the  ro(  .'  is  of  bark,  their 
winter  habitations  are  smallir,  and  often  covend  over  with  ;.'rass  and  eailh; 
some  even  dw<  11  in  excavations  of  the  j^round,  which  have  only  un  apt  r- 
tnro  at  the  top,  uud  bcrveb  alike  for  duor  aud  cLinauy,'  A'ac/c^'s  Vijn,  'iir., 
p.  151. 


NEIIANNES  AND  TALKOTINS. 


125 


th( 


his 


I'or 

lk)W 

'(1  it 
ami 

vi-ii'irse 
whose 

wliich 
•V  iiiiiy 
who 

It'ift'tn  s 
■").")-,  il 

lilac'is, 

■llllUIV, 

t  l"iii4 

t!i(  il- 

•;nth: 

II  u|»  r- 

')<•/■.. 


trt'iit  them  most  iiiliumanly.  The  coiintrv  of  the  Rican- 
iiis  in  the  llocky  Mountains  is  sterile,  yielding  the  occii- 
l)ants  a  scanty  supply  of  food  .and  clothing.  They  are 
nevertheless  devotedly  attached  to  their  hleak  land,  and 
\vill  h^ht  lor  their  rude  homes  ^vith  the  most  patriotic 
ardor. 

Tile  Xehannes  usually  pass  the  summer  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  sea-coast,  and  scour  the  interior  dui-ing  the 
uinter  for  furs,  which  they  obtain  from  inland  tribes 
))y  barter  or  plunder,  and  dispose  of  to  the  iMiropean 
traders.  It  is  not  a  little  remarkable  that  this  war- 
like and  turl)ulent  horde  was  at  one  time  governed  ])y  a 
woman.  Fame  uives  iicr  a  fair  comnlexion.  with  rrmdar 
features,  and  great  intelligence.  Her  inlluence  over  her 
iiery  pcojjle,  it  is  said,  was  ])erleet ;  while  her  warriors,  the 
terror  aiul  scourge  of  the  surrounding  country,  (piailed 
before  hei"  eye.  ller  word  was  law,  and  was  obe\ed  with 
iiiar\eloiis  alacrity.  Through  her  inlluence  the  condi- 
tion of  the  women  of  her  tribe  was  greatly  raised. 

(Ircat  oeri'inonies,  cruelty,  and  superstition  attend 
lairiiiug  the  dead,  which  custom  obtains  throughout  this 
I'c'gioii,-"'  and,  as  usual  in  savagism,  woman  is  the  suf- 
i'erer.  AVheii  the  father  oi'  a  household  dies,  the  entire 
I'amily,  or,  if  a  chief,  the  tribe,  are  summoned  to  present 
themselves."^"  Time  must  bo  given  to  those  most  distant 
to  reach  the  village  before  the  ceremony  begins.-"  The 
Talkotin  wife,  when  all  is  ready,  is  compelled  to  ascend  the 
funeral  pile,  throw  herself  upon  her  husband's  body  and 
then'  remain  until  nearlx'  siilVocated.wlu'n  she  is  ])ermitted 
to  descend.  Still  she  must  keep  her  [ilace  near  the  burn- 
ing cor[)se,  keep  it  iu  a  proper  [)ositioii,  tend  the  fire,  and 

2"!'  '  (Jnclqnos  iicnpliulos  tin  nord,  tcUcs  (pU'  Ics  Sikiiiiis,  (>nt(iTiiit  Iciiis 
molts.'  .M'tfriis.  h't'iil''!'.,  toiii.  ii..  \<.  '.i'-W.  'Tln'  Sicaiiiiiis  hiiiy,  wliilc  thi' Ta- 
iillliis,  liiirii  their  dead.'  llnniK'n's  Ji'i{r.,  ]1.  IDCi,  'I'hiy  'and  tlic  (  hiiiiiiusy- 
aiis  on  the  coast,  and  otlirr  tiil'fs  s]ifakinL;  tin  ir  htiiL:nn;4c,  hnyn  the  dead.' 
L'inr.<  XiiL,  vol.  ii.,  11.  'I'M'i.  Seo  also  J)iiiiii's  iiitiI"ii,  jjii.  7',*,  Ml;  Jnd.  Life, 
l>[>.  I'iH.  |;iil;   />ii(i(()a('//'.s'  Jlisnts,  vol.  ii.,  ])]),  Htl'J,  ;t(!3. 

'■^'"  Thry  th'i'  unim  us  a  waiijiui,'  to  their  friuiulM  not  to  invade  their  sorrow. 
M<l(:hvii:h  ff   \'<ii/.,  \).   111'. 

'^"  '  In  the  winter  season,  \ht'  ('airl<  I'm  often  Ueep  tluir  dead  in  their  lints 
ilurijig  tive  or  six  mouths,  bifore  tliey  will  iilluw  them  to  he  l)iunid.'   Ihir- 


1^ 


126 


IIYPERROREANS. 


if  tiironuli  pain  or  faintncss  she  fulls  in  tlu>  porforniance 
of  her  duties,  she  is  lield  up  anu  pri'ssed  i'oi'wai'd  by 
others;  lier  ei'ies  meanwhile  are  drowned  in  wild  sonjis, 
aecoiupanied  hy  the  beating  of  drunis."^" 

A\  hen  the  funeral  pile  of  a  Taoully  is  fired,  the  wives 
of  the  deceased,  if  there  are  more  than  one,  are  plaei'd 
at  the  lu'ad  and  foot  of  the  ])ody.  Their  duty  there  is 
to  publicly  demonstrate  their  all'eotion  for  the  de])arted; 
which  they  do  by  restinj;'  their  head  upon  the  dead  bosoiu, 
by  striking  in  fren/ied  love  the  body,  nursing  and  bat- 
tlinu'  the  lire  meanwhile.  And  there  they  remaiu  until 
the  hair  is  burned  from  their  head,  until,  suffocated  and 
ahnost  senseless,  they  stagger  off  to  a  little  distance;  then 
I'ecovering,  attack  the  corpse  with  new  vigor,  striking  it 
iii'st  Avith  one  hand  and  then  with  the  other,  until  the 
foiMii  of  the  ]K'lo\e(l  is  reduced  to  aslu'S.  Finally  these 
ashes  ari'  gathered  up.  ])laced  in  sacks,  and  distributed 
one  sack  to  each  wife,  whose  duty  it  is  to  carry  nj)on  her 
jH'rson  the  remains  of  the  depaited  for  the  space  of  two 
3  ears.  During  this  jjei'iod  of  niouriung  tlu;  wouien  are 
clotlied  in  rags,  kept  iu  a  kind  of  sla\ery.  and  not  al- 
lowed to  marry.  S'ot  unlVequently  these  poor  creatures 
avoid  their  terui  of  servitude  ])y  suicide.  At  the  expir- 
ation of  the  tiuu>.  a  feast  is  giAi'U  them,  and  th<y  ai'o 
jigain  free.  Structures  are  erected  as  I'epositories  I'or  the 
ashes  of  their  dead."''  in  which  tl:e  bag  or  box  contain- 
ing tlie  I'emains  is  placed.  These  grave-houses  are  of 
split  boards  about  one  inch  in  thickness,  six  feet  high, 
and  decollated  with  ])ainted  representations  of  \ai'ious 
heaveuly  and  earthly  objects. 

The  Indians  of  the  Uocky  Mountains  burn  Avith  the 
deceased  all  his  effects,  and  even  thoM'  of  his  nearest 
relatives,  so  that  it  not  unfreipiently  hai)]iens  that  a 
family  is  reduced  to  a])solute  starvation  in  the  dend  of 

'212  '  She  ninst  frr(inoiitly  put  licv  luinds  ('ivoiil;!!  tlu'  tliUiics  luid  liiy  tliciu 
njion  liis  lidsoiu,  to  siiow  licr  iMiiitniiU'd  (livdiinii.'  ]'(iii.ii''s  h'xjilnr.  'Innr.  |>. 
2.'i'.(.  They  liavc  ii  custom  <if  inoiin.in^'  ovi  r  the  t,'Viivc  of  \hv  diiul;  tin  ir 
rxprtssiniis  (if  griuf  me  {.'eiici'iillv  txiniliuulv  vdiifirous.  Jml,  LUv,  pp. 
is.!,  isi;. 

'^''  On  the  t'lul  of  ii  pole  stuck  iu  (r(tiit  of  tlu-  lodgL'.'  Luid's  y<d  .  vol.  ii., 
p.  '2'j~. 


KUTCIIIN  CHARACTERISTICS. 


12* 


the 


tllO 

a  rest 
lilt  ;i 
1  of 


n( 


ly  tli»  111 
■  r.  |.. 
I;  tin  ir 

:/'■-  i>p- 

vol.  ii.. 


winter,  when  it  is  iinjxKsihlc  to  ])ro('iire  food.  Tlio  nio- 
tivo  iissiiiiiuMl  to  this  custom  is.  tlutt  there  may  l)e  nothing 
left  to  hrinji'  the  deud  to  rememhrance 

A  sini:ular  custom  })revails  among  tlie  Xateotetain 
women,  whicli  is  to  cut  oft'  one  joint  of  a  fnigei'  upon 
the  death  of  ii  near  relative.  In  consiMjuence  of  this 
])i'a('tice  some  old  Avomtii  may  he  sei-n  with  two  joints 
olf  every  linger  on  hoth  hands,  ^fhe  men  hear  thi'ii- 
sorrows  more  stoically,  heing  content  in  sucli  cast's  with 
shaving  the  head  and  cutting  their  llesh  with  llints.'-'^ 

'I'he  Kutchins  are  the  llower  of  the  Tinneh  family. 
They  are  wry  numei-ous,  mnnhering  al)out  t\veJity-t\\() 
trihes.  They  ace  a  more  nohlo  and  inaidy  peoj)le  than 
either  the  l']skimos  u[)on  the  north  or  the  contiguous 
Tiinieli  trih(>s  ujxin  their  own  southern  boundary.  The 
finest  sjH'cimens  (iwoll  on  the  Yukon  llivei'.  The  women 
tath)o  the  chin  with  a,  hlack  pigment,  and  the  men  draw 
ii  hlack  stripe  down  the  forehead  and  nosr,  fre((uently 
crossing  the  forehead  and  (iheeks  with  red  lines,  and 
streaking  the  chin  alternately  Avith  red  and  hlack.  Their 
features  aie  more  regular  than  those  of  their  neigld)ors, 
more  expressive  of  boldness.  fraid\iu'ss.  and  eandoi';  their 
foreheads  higlu'r.  and  their  compk'xiijus  lighter.  Tho 
Tenan  Kutchinof  the  'fananah  Kiver.  one  of  the  largest 
tribes  of  the  "i'ukon  A'alley,  are  somewhat  Avildi-r  and 
more  ferocious  in  their  appearance.  The  boys  are  pre- 
cocious, and  till'  girls  marry  at  fifteen.'-''''  The  Kutchins 
of  Teel  I\i\cr.  as  obserxed  by  Mr  Isbister.  "are  an  ath- 
letic and  (ine-looking  race;   considerable  abow  the  av- 

2"  Women  rut  dlF  ii  JDiiit  <if  ono  of  tin  ir  1111141  i'^-  Miii  niily  cut  dtV  Ui<  ir 
bivir  cldsc  to  tluiv  liciuls,  but  .-il^o  t'nc[U(iitly  cut  ami  scratch  thcii-  faces  aiul 
iiniis.  Iliiriiidii's  Jc'ir..  \i.  |S2.  X\'ilh  sonic  sliar)>  iustvuiiii  lit  tlu  y  'force  liack 
tlio  flesh  lieyoiul  the  lirst  juiiit,  which  they  iiimiediati  ly  ainimtatc. '  Mitc/.i  n- 
zh  's  Villi.,  p.  J  l^i. 

^'''  'The  iiieiiav(>  foinplctfly  destitnto  f>f  lieiinl,  mid  liolh  men  and  wonu  11, 
iiro  intensely  n.uly.'  ./(),»>■.  I'l  .'^tiiithsahhhi  l,tj,l..  Ism  \t.  ;;-_>o.  'They  re- 
niiiuled  nie  of  the  ideal  North  Auierican  Indian  I  liad  read  of  hiit  n(  vcr 
seen.'  II7(//;/'/i(/'',s  A/ns'.d,  p.  'J:!'.l.  Distini^'iiishi-d  from  all  other  trihes  fur 
the  friinkni'ss  ami  candnrof  their  demeanor,  and  lioiil  einint.  nanci  s.  Simji- 
S:ia's  yar..  p.  IDI).  '  .Males  ari'  of  the  averaife  hiudit  of  Kumpcans.  and  \vi  11- 
fornied,  vitli  re<.;iilav  features,  hi^h  foreheads,  and  liLditer  eoinple\ions  than 
those  of  the  other  red  Indians.  The  wonieuieseniblu  the  mtii.'  lyiclianl^nii'a 
Jour.,  vol.  i.,  p.  iiT'J. 


'\ 


12S 


IIYrEUr.OllEANS. 


oi'ii^^e  statiiio.  most  of  thorn  l)L'inji'  ui)wartls  of  six  foot  in 
lu'i.ulit  and  I't'iiiarkablv  avcH  pi'ojjortioiu'd."' 

'I'lic'ir  clotliinii'  is  made  from  the  skins  of  ivindoor, 
dressed  with  the  hair  on;  their  coat  cnt  after  the  fasiiion 
of  the  I'lskimos.  with  skirts  peaked  hefore  and  hehind, 
and  ehihoratelv  trinmied  witli  heads  and  dyed  porcnpine- 
<|uills.  The  Kutchins,  in  common  with  the  llskimos, 
are  distinguished  hy  ii  similarity  in  the  costume  of  the 
sexes.  Men  and  women  wear  tiie  same  (k'scription  of 
hreeches.  Some  of  the  men  have  a  loni;'  Hap  attached  to 
their  deer-skin  shirts,  shaj)e(l  hke  a  heaver's  tail,  and 
reaching  nearly  to  the  <ii'onnd.-^''  Of  the  coat,  Mr 
A\'hyniper  says:  "  II'  the  reader  will  imai^ine  a  man 
dressed  in  two  swallow-tailed  ct)ats.  one  ol'  them  woi'n 
as  usual,  the  other  covering  his  stomach  and  buttoned 
hehind.  he  w  ill  i:et  some  idea  of  this  garment."  Across 
the  shoulders  and  breast  they  wear  a  hroad  liand  of 
heads,  Avith  narrower  Ijands  round  the  forehead  iuid 
ankles,  and  along  the  seams  of  their  leizuins.  Thev  arc 
great  traders;  ])eads  are  their  wealth,  used  in  the  ])laco 
of  money,  and  the  rich  among  them  literally  load  them- 
selves with  necklaces  and  strings  of  various  patterns.-^^ 
The  nose  and  ears  are  adorned  with  shells.-^'  "^^i'lie  hair 
is  woi'ii  in  a  long  cue,  ornamented  with  feathers,  and 
hound  with  strings  ol'  Jjcads  and  shells  at  the  head,  with 
ilowing  I'uds,  and  so  saturated  with  grease  and  birds' 
down  as  to  swell  it  sometimes  to  the  thickness  of  the 
neck.    They  pay  considerable  attention  to  personal  clean- 


-"'  'Tunic  KV  shirt  r(^rtcliin!:;  to  tho  kiipos,  nnd  very  nincli  "rr.anioiiti'd  with 
Ix'iuls,  (111(1  IIya(|Uii  shells  fiMiu  tho  Coluiiiliia.'  Kivln/,  in  Siiiillisiiiihiii.  Hc/it., 
ISfil,  p.  -lis.  Thi-  T(  null  Kntchius  aru  ''^ny  with  jiaintcd  faci  s,  feathers  in 
their  lolii^'  hair,  iiatches  of  n  d  day  at  the  liaek  vi  thi  ir  head.'  W/iijnqmr's 
Al  i>il,'(.  ]>.  '2.;'.l.  .)aelv(  ts  lilvc  tlio  Eskimos.  llicJnirilxdn's  Jcitr.,  voL  i.,  j).  221. 
'  Uoth  sexes  wear  hree<dies.'  iS'uiijisoh's  y<ir.,  p.  W.i. 

^'7  'The  Kutch-a-Kutelun,  are  essi'iitially  traders.'  Kirhi/,  in  StiiHlinnhi'in 
Jicpt.,  1S()4,  J).  -IIH.  Apijcar  to  care  more  for  useful  than  ornamental  articles. 
n7///i/iy,c;-',s  Alnshit,  p.  21U.  '  Diiitalium  and  arunicohi  kIk  lis  are  transniittid 
from  the  west  coast  iu  trufHe,  nud  uro  greatly  vulut'd.'  liicliardson's  Jmir,, 
vol.  i.,  \).  3111. 

•^'■''  Some  wonr  'wampum  (a  kind  of  Ion},',  hollow  shell)  throuf,']!  the  sep- 
tum of  the  nose.'  Itd'qiir'H  Tnnhi,  ]).  '27(1.  They  pierce  thi'  nose  and  insert 
shells,  which  are  obtained  from  the  Eskimos  at  a  high  price.  FrunUbi's  Nar., 
vol,  ii.,  p.  8-L 


FOOD  OF  THE  Kl'TCIIIXS. 


120 


•lis/ 

hair 

and 

with 

)irdH' 

tho 

oan- 


■a  with 

lli'l''; 

hi  IS  iu 
'/iiijicr's 
p.  221. 

Iisoiiinn 

vticlis. 

■iiuitti  (I 

Jiivr., 

lie  sop- 
iiisoit 
Is  Nar., 


linoss.     Tlio  ICutcliins  coiistnict  liotli  iH'niiaiuMit  iinil(>r- 
^roiiiid   (hvclliiiiis    and    tlie    tom[)orar\'  Miiiunt'r-hiit   or 

U'lit;^''' 

On  the  Yukon,  tlio  greatest  ^*ca^f'ity  of  food  is  in  llu' 
spriiiii'.  The  \viiit('r's  stores  are  oxhaiistoch  and  tlic  liriulit 
ravs  of  <li('  sun  mion  tlu'  iii('ltiii,ti'  snow  almost  hliiid  the 
«'\('s  ol'  till'  dicr-liiiiitcr.  Tin;  most  ]ilt'ntirid  siipiilv  of 
i:!im('  is  ill  Aii;inst.  Scptcmlu'r.  and  Octolicr.  after  ANliich 
the  foriuini;'  of  ice  on  the  rixcrs  ])i'e\ciits  lishinj^'  until 
Deeemher.  uheii  the  Avinter  traps  aie  set.  The  reindeer 
are  in  iiiood  condition  in  .\ii,!iust,  and  *^rvsv  are  ])lentifnl. 
Salmon  ascend  the  river  in  June,  and  aii'  taken  in  ^ri'at 
([uantities  nntil  ahout  the  lirst  of  Si'jiti'mher;  lish  are 
dried  or  smoked  without  salt,  for  winter  use.  I'ur- 
luintinu'  he,iiins  in  Octoher;  and  in  Decemher.  trach; 
opens  with  the  llskinios,  with  whom  furs  are  exchanml 
for  oil  and  seal-skins. 

The  Kutchin  of  the  Yukon  are  niiac(|naiiited  with 
nets,  hut  catch  their  fish  hy  means  of  Aveirs  or  stakes 
jilanted  across  rivers  and  narrow  lakes,  havinji  openin<iS 
lor  wicker  haskets,  ])y  which  thev  intercei)t  the  tish. 
They  hunt  reiiaU'cr  in  the  mountains  iiiid  take  moose- 
deer  in  snari's.--" 

l^oth  Kutchiiis  and  Eskimos  aie  very  jealous  re-^ard- 
inu'  their  houndaries;  l)nt  tho  incessant  warfare  v.hich  is 
maintained  hetween  the  littoral  and  interior  people  of  the 

■^1''  Tho  Ldiulirnx  live  in  lints  '  fonii<  dof  prof  n  lirauchos.  Iii\viiitoi-tlic  ir 
(IwolHii'js  iiro  partly  iimlir  ^'voniul.  Tlio  sjioils  c)f  tlio  moose  and  voiiuloor 
Imnisli  thoniwitli  iiuat,  cldthiiiu;,  ami  tciits.'  ,^()/i/>,s.  n's  Xar..  pp.  Hl.l,  I'.M. 
Tho  Co-Vukciii  wiiittr  (hvollin^'suro  lumh^  Tiiuhv  (ground,  and  inofi  d  over  with 
oarth,  having,'  u  holo  for  Uie  siuoko  to  csi'apo  l)_v,  in  tho  same  niaiiiior  as  thoso 
of  tho  Mahnmtos  and  IiiL;aliks.  U'l'i/inin  r's  AldsLil.  ]ip.  17"),  2(1.").  Their  uiov- 
alilo  huts  aro  oonstniotod  of  door-skin,  'drossod  with  tho  hair  on,  and  sowod 
toLjothor,  forniinu'  two  laii^o  lolls,  whioli  aic  strotcln  d  over  ii  fraiiio  of  hciit 
jiolos,'  with  a  siilu  door  and  siuoko-holo  ut  tho  top.  Jums,  in  i'^initlis'ittidii 
Jl']>t.,   ISCC,  ;i21. 

i!^"  Tho  I,onohonx  aro  '  <,'roat  pnrinandizors,  and  will  dovonr  solid  fat,  or 
(  von  drink  ^'naso,  to  surfoitiiiL;.'  llnn^nv's  'J'usl.!,  p.  271.  "Tho  brars  arc  not 
oftoli  oatoii  in  siiiiinior.  as  tin  ir  thsh  is  not  fj;ood  at  that  tinio.'  ,/iinis,  hi  S)inth- 
>:'iiiliin  Jltjit.,  isCiC),  )).  ;i2l.  Sonu!  of  their  roindoor-pounds  aro  over  one  linn- 
drod  years  old  and  are  horoditary  in  tho  family.  JHcIi'iviIsuk'k  ,h>ur..  vol.  i.,  p. 
;i;il.  'Tho  mode  of  tishiii^'  thronj,'h  tho  ioo  j)raoiiood  by  the  lltis.siuus  is 
much  iu  vuf:;uo  with  them.'  WliijuqA-r's  Alasku,  p.  211. 
Vol.  I.    0 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


h 


A 


€  <i' 


4. 


2e 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


2.5 


2.0 


I 


1.6 


Vi 


<^ 


/a 


7: 


*.      ^  Ay'/ 


o^ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  873-4503 


A 


1 


f 

o 


^ 


^ 


130 


HYrERBOEEANS. 


nortliorn  coast  near  tlio  ^fackonzic  river,  is  not  main- 
tained l)y  the  north-western  tribes.  One  of  either  i)eo- 
ple,  however,  if  found  huntin<>;  out  of  liis  own  territory, 
is  very  liable  to  be  shot.  »S)nie  Kutchin  tribes  |)ern!it 
the  Eskimos  to  take  the  meat  of  the  jiame  which  they  kill, 
provided  they  leave  the  skin  at  the  neare;ft  village."^ 

The  Kutehins  of  the  Yukon  liiver  manufacture  cups 
and  iH)ts  from  clay,  and  ornament  them  with  crosses, 
dots,  and  lines;  moulding  them  by  hand  alter  various 
j)atterns.  fu'st  drying  them  in  the  sun  and  tiien  baking 
them.  The  Eskimo  lamp  is  also  sometimcM  made  of  clay. 
The  Tinneh  make  paint  of  pulverized  colored  stones  or  of 
earth,  mixed  with  glue.  The  glue  is  made  from  buflhlo 
feet  ami  applied  by  a  moose-hair  brush. 

In  the  manufacture  of  their  boats  the  Kutehins  of  the 
Yukon  use  bark  as  a  substitute  for  the  seal-skins  of  the 
coast.  They  lirst  make  a  light  frame  of  willow  or  birdi, 
from  eight  to  sixteen  feet  in  length.  Thei*.  with  line 
spruce-(ir  roots  they  sew  together  strips  of  birch  bark, 
cover  the  fr.'.'ue,  and  calk  the  seams  with  s[)ruce  gum. 
They  aiv  j)n)))elled  ])y  single  jjaddles  or  poles.  Those  ot 
the  Mackenzie  River  are  after  the  same  pattern.'^" 

In  ahsence  of  law.  nuu'der  and  all  other  crimes  arecom- 
l)ounded  for.'"'    A  man  to  l)e  well  married  must  be  either 

221  The  Kutehins  'Imvo  no  kn(iwle(lt,'c  of  Kcnlinnf;.'  '  Wlitii  a  man  kills 
his  cni'niy,  hi  cuts  all  his  joints.'  ,/n/,(s,  in  SiiiillisiDiidii  ll'iit.,  isriii,  ;t27.  Thf 
Louchi'iix  of  I'lH'l  IJiviT  and  tho  Eskimos  are  constantly  at  war.  JIhojk  r  s 
TusLi,  i>.  27;t, 

2'^  'At  I'tacr  River  the  Imrk  is  taken  off  the  troe  the  whole  Icni^thof  the  iii- 
tfiidedeanoc,  which  is  eoninionly  ahout  ei^'htitn  feet,  antlissewed  with  watiijie 
at  both  ends,'  Mai'Linzh's  \'iij/.,  )i,'iitJ7,  When  the  Kutehins  <liseover  a  leMk, 
'  they  pi  ashore,  lit,'ht  a  small  th'e,  warm  the  tium,  of  which  they  always 
carry  a  sui>])ly,  turn  tlie  can<ie  hottom  ujiward  and  ml)  the  heidinj,'  hidm  in 
a  senii-lluiii  state  into  the  seam  until  it  is  a^-aiu  water-ti^^iit.'  l!7i//(///)>c  ,s 
,l/((,s7.((,  \^.  '2'2i).  The  'I'aeullies  "make  canoes  which  are  elnnisily  wrou^iht.  of 
the  aspin  tree,  as  well  as  of  the  hark  of  tlii'  s])ruce  tir,'  Ihinitmi'.i  .Imir..  p. 
'-!M.  Rafts  are  employed  on  the  JIaek<nzie.  Shi'iismi'n  .\<ii\.  p,  IS.'i,  -In 
shape  the  Northern  Indian  canoe  hears  some  resemhlance  to  a  weavers 
shuttle;  covered  over  with  hircli  hark.'  Iliarix's  Jnnr.,  pp,  llT,  Its,  '  Kanots 
aU8  Birkenrinde,  auf  denen  sie  die  Fliisse  u.  Seen  hefahren,'  Hmr.  >/"/.  n. 
KVin.,  p,  112.  The  Kutchin  <'anoe  'is  tlat-hottomed,  is  about  nine  feet  lon;.^ 
and  one  hroad,  and  the  sidt's  nearly  straij,'lit  up  and  down  like  a  wall.'  ./'■  '.■••, 
in  SwHhKituinii  Unit.,  18(>l!,  p.  W'l'A. 

2«  As  for  instance  for  a  life,  the  fine  is  forty  heaver-skins,  and  may  h« 
paid  in  ^uiis  at  twenty  skins  each;  blankets,  e(jual  to  ten  skins  I'ach:  jiowder. 
Olio  ekiu  u  lueasui'e;  bullets,  eighteen  for  ii  skiu;  worsted  belts,  two  skins 


THE  TENAN  KUTCHIN. 


131 


11  a  limn  ki 


rich  or  strong.  A  good  hiintor.  wlio  can  aocumulate 
l)oa(ls.  and  a  good  wrestler,  wlio  can  \\'\\\  hrides  l>y  force, 
may  have  from  two  to  li\'e  wives.  The  women  ])erform 
all  domestic  duties,  and  eat  after  the  husband  is  satisfied, 
hut  the  men  ])addle  the  lK)ats,  and  have  even  U'cn  known 
to  carrv  their  wives  ashore  so  that  they  might  not  wet 
their  feet.  The  women  carry  their  infants  in  a  sort  of 
])ark  saddle,  fastened  to  their  hack;  they  handage  their 
feet  in  order  to  keep  them  small.'"*  Kutchin  annisements 
are  wrestlnig,  leaping,  dancing,  .and  singing.  They  are 
great  talkeis,  and  eti(|uette  forbids  any  interruption  to 
the  narrative  of  a  new  comer.'"' 

The  Tenan  Kutchin,  'i)eople  of  the  mountains.'  in- 
habiting the  country  south  of  Fort  Yukon  which  is 
drained  by  the  river  Tananah,  are  a  wild,  ungovernable 
horde,  their  territory  never  yet  having  been  invaded  by 
white  })eople.  The  river  u[H)n  which  the\  dwell  is  sup- 
l)osed  to  take  its  rise  near  the  np[)er  Yukon.  They  allow 
no  women  in  their  deer-hunting  expeditions.  They 
smear  their  leggins  and  hair  with  red  ochre  and  grease. 
The  men  part  their  hair  in  the  middle  and  separate  it 
into  locks,  which,  when  jn'oiRU'ly  dressed,  look  like  rolls 
of  red  nmd  about  the  size  of  a  linger:  one  bunch  of 
locks  is  secured  in  a  mass  which  falls  down  the  neck,  l)y 
a  band  ol"  dentalium  shells,  and  two  smalli'r  rolls  hang 
down  either  side  of  the  face.     After  being  soaked  in 


|(l\villi\vatui'<' 

;ci)vtr  II  It  :ik. 

till  y  ul\vay« 

iliiisi  1)alm  in 


liiiic  ft'i't  loll'. 


lach.  Tf'i''ji(r'.-<  Tusk'i,  p.  272.  '  Fovtlu'ft,  little  or  iiniiniiislinicnt  is  intlictcd; 
fcir  adultci'v,  the  wdiiian  imiy  is  laiiiisli.il ' — smiHtiiius  liy  laatiiij,',  scpiiatiiius 
hy  death.  ./'>i«.s,  'ni  Siii'itliS"tiiitii  llijit.,  INi'iCi,  p.  ;12.1. 

--'  Kiitcliiii  '  fi'Uiale  chastity  is  jiri/ed.  lait  is  inaily  iiiiliiinwn.'  .linxs,  I'/t 
SiiiitliSDiiidii  h'l jil.,  iNflfl,  It.  ;{"J").  Liiucheiix  iiiotheis  had  (ai^;iiially  a  ciislciiii  of 
eastiiij,'  away  their  female  children,  luit  i;ci\v  it  is  mdy  dmie  liy  the  Mmintaiii 
Indians.  Siini'snti's  \itr.,  p.  1n7,  'The  Ivntchiii  '  women  are  much  fi'Wer  in 
nniiilier  and  live  a  much  shorter  time  than  the  men.'  K'nliij,  in  Sniillisuiiiiiii, 
H'lit.,  isdj,  p.  U.S.  The  old  Jieople  'are  not  ill-used,  hut  sim]ily  neglected.' 
U'lii/iiiiicr's  Aliial.a,  j).  'i'JD.  'I'he  children  ire  cariiid  iu  small  cliaiis  iiicde  of 
hircli  hark.  Id.,  p.  2'>i'2.     'In  a  scut  of  hirch  hark.'  llliliiir<ls<iii'x  .hm,' .,  vol.  i., 

p.  ;m. 

*'■'' The  liiuiclu'ux  dniices  '  iihonnd  in  fxtruviifiant  f^estnres,  ami  demand 
violent  I'Xertion.'  Shiijisdii'.i  .V<n'.,  p.  KMI.  See  llnriHsli/.  in  Siiiillisni,ifiii  lUiit., 
IHCii),  p.  ;{i;{.  'Sin^tiiiK  is  nmch  practiced,  hut  it  is.  tiiou;,di  varii  il,  u(  a  v<vv 
hum-(lrum  naturi'.'  //Mn/zcr's  7'"s/./,  j).  :tlM.  '  .Vt  ;he  festivals  In  al  on  the 
meetiiit^  of  friendly  trihes,  hapiuy  and  vvrt'stling  are  practised.'  liirluiiilsi'ii's 
Jmir.,  Vol.  i.,  p.  3J5. 


132 


HYPERIiOilEANS. 


I 


frrocasc  and  tied,  tlio  hoiid  in  i)owdored  with  finely  cut 
.MWSin'H  down,  wliich  jidliere.s  to  tlie  greasy  hair.  Tiie 
women  wear  few  ornaments,  iM'rform  more  than  the  or- 
dinary amount  of  drudjiery,  and  are  trefited  more  fdvo 
dogs  tlian  human  l)eings.  Cliastity  is  Hcarcely  known 
among  them.  Tlie  Kuteha  Kutchin,  'iwople  of  the  low- 
land,' are  cleaner  and  better  mannered. 

The  Kutchins  have  a  singular  system  of  totems.  The 
whole  nation  is  divided  into  three  castes,  called  re- 
s[)ectively  C/iifr/icd/i.  yhiK/rdtsei/,  and  Xatsa/il,  each  wcu- 
pying  a  distinct  tei'ritorv.  Two  i)ersons  of  the  same 
caste  are  not  allowed  to  marry;  hut  a  man  of  one  castt! 
mi'st  marry  a  woman  of  another.  The  mother  gives 
caste  to  the  children,  so  that  as  the  fathers  die  oiV  the 
caste  of  the  countr\-  constantly  changes.  This  s\stcm 
ojK'rates  strongly  against  war  hctween  tribes;  as  in  war, 
it  is  caste  against  caste,  and  not  tribe  against  tribe.  As 
the  father  is  never  of  the  same  caste  as  the  son,  who  re- 
ceives caste  fi'om  his  mother,  there  can  never  be  intcr- 
tril)al  wcr  without  rangiiiL;;  fathers  and  sons  auainst  each 
other.  When  a  child  is  named,  the  father  drops  his 
former  name  and  substitutes  that  of  the  child,  so  that 
the  father  receives  his  name  fiom  the  child,  and  not  the 
child  irom  the  lather. 

They  have  scarcely  any  govermncMit;  their  chiefs  are 
elected  on  account  of  wealth  or  Jibility,  and  their  au- 
thority is  very  limited."''  Tiieir  custom  is  to  l)urn  the 
dead,  and  enclose  the  ashes  in  a  box  placed  u})on  posts; 
«)me  tribes  enclose  the  body  in  an  elevated  box  without 
burninii"."' 

The  Kenai  are  a  fine,  manly  race,  in  which  l^aer  dis- 
tinguishes characteristics  decidedly  American,  and  clearly 

tic  '  IrrosiH'ptivc  of  triho.  they  nro  diviili'd  into  tluvo  rliisscs,  Icrnit'il  ro- 
8]i('('tiv('ly,  Chit-sii,  N'iiti-sii.  iiiul  Taii}.'is-iit-sa.  faintly  rfprcsfutiii^,' llic  avis- 
toiTUfV,  the  niidtllf  classis.  and  the  jionrtT  ordcrH  iif  civilized  nations,  the 
fornu'V  l)iinn  the  must  wtaltliy  and  thf  latter  tho  i)oori'Kt.'  Jiirhi/,  in  Hiiiith- 
sitniiiii  liijd.,  IMCI,  ]).  IIH. 

«"  On  Peel  l{iv«  r  '  they  bnry  their  dead  on  sta^'es.'  On  the  Yukon  they 
bnrn  and  suspend  the  ashes  in  baj^'s  from  the  t<>i>  of  a  painted  pole,  hiihi/,  in 
iSinitliKi'iiinn  liipi.,  l.'^fU,  p.  41'.).  They  of  the  Yukon  '  do  not  inter  the  dead, 
hut  yut  them  iu  oblong  boxes,  raised  ou  posts.'  WhymiHr's  Alaska,  pp. 
207,  211. 


THE  KENAI. 


133 


distinct  from  the  Asiatic  Eskimos.  One  of  the  most  pow- 
oi'ful  Kcnai  tri^K's  is  tho  Uiiukutjinas,  Avho  (hvell  uim)ii  the 
Kovukiik  Uivor,  and  plant  thoir  villajros  alon^;  the  hanivs 
of  tho  lower  Ynkou  tor  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  miles.  Tiiey  are  l>old  and  ferocious,  dominative 
even  to  the  jiivinji  of  fashion  in  dress. 

That  p.u"t  of  the  Yukon  which  runs  throu^di  their  ter- 
ritory al)ounds  with  moose,  which  durinji'  tiie  sunnner 
fre<|iieut  the  water  in  order  to  avoid  the  moscj  litos,  and 
as  the  animals  are  clumsy  swimmers,  the  Indians  easily 
ca])ture  them.  Their  women  occupy  a  very  inferior  |m>- 
sitiou.  heinj;'  ohlij-ed  to  do  more  drudjiery  and  emlH'Uish 
theii"  dress  with  fewer  ornaments  than  those  of  the  upper 
trihes.  The  men  wear  a  heavy  fringe  of  heads  or  shells 
npon  their  dress,  ei^ual  sometimes  to  two  hundred  mar- 
ten-skins in  value. 

At  Nuklukahvet,  where  the  Tananah  liiver  ioins  the 
Yukon,  is  a  neutral  trading-ground  to  which  all  the  sur- 
rounding tril)es  resort  in  the  spring  for  trallic.  Skins 
are  their  moneyed  currency,  the  lx.'aver-skin  heing  the 
standard;  one  'made'  heaver-skin  represents  twomnrten- 
skins. 

The  Tngaliks  inhahiting  the  Yukon  near  its  mouth  cjdl 
themselves  Kari/ti/t  Kluitnim.  Their  dialect  is  totidly 
distinct  from  the  Maleumtes.  their  neighbors  on  the 
west,  hut  shows  an  ailinity  with  that  of  the  I'nakatanas 
to  their  east.  I'ohacco  they  hoth  smoke  and  snull".  The 
smoke  they  swallow;  snulf  is  drawn  into  the  nostrils 
through  a  w<K)den  tuhe.  They  maiuifacture  snuff  IVom 
leaf  tohacco  by  means  of  a  wooden  m«»rtar  and  jtestle, 
and  carry  hone  or  wooik'n  smilf-hoxes.  They  are  de- 
scribed by  travelers  as  a  timid,  sensitive  ])eopk'.  and 
remarkably  honest.  Ingalik  women  are  delivered  kneel- 
ing, aiid  without  pain,  being  seldom  detained  from  their 
household  duties  for  more  than  an  hour.  'I'he  infmit 
is  washed,  greased,  and  fed,  and  is  seldom  weaned  under 
two  or  three  years.  The  women  live  longer  than  the 
men;  sojue  of  them  reaching  sixty,  while  the  men  rarely 
attain  more  than  forty-live  years. 


134 


HYPERBOREANS. 


The  Koltscliaiios,  whose  name  in  the  dialect  of  the 
Kenai  signifies  *  guest,'  and  in  that  of  tiie  iVtnsus  of  Cop- 
])er  River,  *  stranger,'  have  heen  charged  with  great  cru- 
elty, and  even  cannibalism,  but  without  si)ecial  founda- 
tion. Wrangell  believes  the  Koltschanes,  Atnas,  and 
Kolosches  to  be  one  ix'ople. 

The  Kenai,  (jf  the  Kenaian  ix^ninsula,  u^wn  recovery 
from  dangerous  illness,  give  a  feast  to  those  who  ex- 
j)resse«l  symj)athy  during  the  aflliction.  Jf  a  bounteous 
provision  is  made  u^Kni  these  occasions,  a  chieftainship 
may  be  obtained  thereby;  and  {ilthough  the  iM)wer  thus 
ac((uired  does  not  descend  to  one's  heir,  he  may  ))e  con- 
ditionally recognized  as  chief.  Injuries  are  avenged  by 
the  nearest  rehitive,  but  if  a  murder  is  conmiitted  by  a 
member  of  another  clan,  all  the  allied  families  rise  to 
avenge  the  wrong.  AVhen  a  person  dies,  the  whole  com- 
nuuiity  assemble  and  mourn.  The  nearest  kinsman,  JU"- 
rayed  in  his  best  ai)parel,  v.ith  ))lackened  face,  his  nose 
and  head  decked  with  eagle's  feathers,  leads  the  cere- 
mony. All  sit  round  a  fii'e  and  howl,  Avhile  the  master 
of  the  lamentation  recounts  the  notable  deeds  of  the 
departed,  amidst  the  ringing  of  ))ells,  and  violent  stamp- 
ings, and  contortions  of  his  body.  The  clothing  is  then 
distributed  to  the  relatives,  the  body  is  l)urned.  the  l)ones 
collected  and  interred,  and  at  the  expiration  of  a  year  a 
i'east  is  held  to  the  memory  of  the  deceased,  after  which 
it  is  not  lawful  I'or  a  relative  to  uiention  his  name. 

The  lo\er,  if  his  suit  is  accepted,  nuist  perl'orm  a 
year's  service  for  his  bride.  The  woo'ug  is  in  this  wise: 
early  some  uiorning  he  enters  the  abode  of  the  i'air  one  s 
lather,  and  without  speaking  a  word  i)roceeds  to  bring 
water.  ])re[)are  food,  and  to  heat  the  l)ath-room.  In  re- 
ply to  the  ([uestion  why  he  ])erforms  these  services,  he 
answers  that  be  desires  the  daughter  for  a  wife.  At  the 
expiration  of  the  year,  without  I'urther  ceremony,  he 
takes  her  home,  with  a  gift;  ])ut  if  she  is  not  well  treated 
by  her  husband,  she  may  return  to  her  father,  and  take 
with  her  tlu'  dowry.  The  wealthy  may  have  several 
wives,  but  the  property  of  each  wife  is  distinct.     They 


TINNEH  CHARACTER. 


135 


arc  nomadic  in  thoir  inclinations  and  traverse  tlio  in- 
terior to  a  consideraJ)le  distance  in  pursuit  of  jianie. 

Tlie  Atnas  are  a  small  triln}  inlialnting  the  Atna  or 
'.  \)l)[)er  River.  They  understand  the  art  of  workinu; 
co[)[)er,  and  have  ctunmercial  relations  with  surrounding;" 
trihes.  in  the  s[)rin}i',  hel'ore  the  breakinji;  up  of  ice  uiK)n 
the  lakes  and  rivers,  they  hunt  reindeer,  drivinj;'  tliem 
into  angle-shaix'd  wicker-work  corrals,  where  they  are 
killed.  In  the  autunni  another  jieneral  hunt  takes  place, 
when  deer  are  driven  into  lakes,  and  pursued  and  killed 
in  boats.  Their  food  and  clothinu'  dei)end  entirely  \\[)im 
their  success  in  these  fora\s.  as  thev  are  unable  to  obtain 
ilsh  in  suiliv  lent  (juantities  for  their  sustenance;  and  when 
unsuccessl'ul  in  the  chase,  whole  families  die  of  starva- 
tion. Those  who  can  allbrd  it,  keej)  slaves,  buyinu'  them 
from  the  Koltschanes.  They  burn  their  dead,  then  care- 
fully collect  the  ashes  in  a  new  reindeer-skin,  enclose  the 
skin  in  a  Imjx,  and  pljice  the  box  on  ^xists  or  in  a  tree. 
]']ver\  Acar  thev  celebrate  a  feast  in  coriimemoration  of 
their  dead,  liaer  asserts  that  the  Atna  .  divide  the  year 
into  fifteen  months,  which  are  desijinaced  only  by  their 
numbers;  ten  of  them  l)elonj^  to  autumn  and  winter,  and 
live  to  sprinji"  and  sunnner. 

The  Tinneli  character,  if  wc  may  accept  the  assertions 
of  various  travelers,  visiting  dilVeri-nt  ])arts  under  widely 
dillerent  circumstances,  presents  a  nudtitude  of  i)hases. 
Thus  it  is  said  of  the  Chepewyans  by  Mackenzie,  that 
they  are  *'  sober,  timorous,  and  vagrant,  with  a  selfish 
disposition  which  lias  sometimes  created  suspicions  of 
their  integrity.  They  are  also  of  a  ([uarrelous  dis}M)si- 
tion.  and  are  continually  makinu'  complaints  which  thev 
express  ])y  a  constant  repetition  of  the  word  ediiij/,  *it  is 
hard.'  in  a  N^hiny  and  plaintive  tono  of  voii'c.  ^?o  indo- 
lent that  num])ers  perish  every  year  from  lamine.  ^u\- 
cide  is  not  nnconnnon  among  them."  llearne  asserts 
that  they  are  morose  and  covetous;  that  they  have  no 
gratitude;  are  great  beggars;  are  insolent,  if  any  respect 
is  shown  them;  that  they  cheat  on  all  op[K)rtunities;  yet 
they  are  mild,  rarely  get  drunk,  and  "never  proceed  to 


186 


HYPERBOREANS. 


vit)lence  l)cyon(l  bad  lanfjuage ;"  that  they  steal  on  cvorv 
opiK)rtunity  from  the  whites,  l)iit  very  rarely  from  eacli 
otlier;  and  althongh  regarding  all  property,  including 
wives,  as  belonging  to  the  strongest,  yet  they  oidy  wres- 
tle, and  rarely  nnn*der.     Of  the  same  jK'o[)le  Hir  John 
Franklin  says,  that  they  are  naturally  indolent,  selfish, 
and  great  beggars.    '*  I  never  saw  nu-n,"'  he  writes,  "who 
either  received  or  bestowed  a  gift  with  such  bad  grjice." 
The  Dog-ribs  are  "of  a  mild,  hospitable,  but  rather  in- 
dolent dis[K)sition,''  fond  of  dancing  and  singing.     Ac- 
cording to  the  sauie  traveler  the  Copper  Indians  are  su- 
l)erior,  in  jjci'sonal  character,  to  any  other  Chepewyans. 
''Their  delicate  and  humane  attentions  to  us,"  he  re- 
marks, ''in  a  period  of  great  distress,  ai'e  indelibly  on- 
graven  on  our  memories."     Simpson  says  that  it  is  a 
general  rule  among  the  traders  not  to  believe  the  first 
story  of  an  I  udian.    Although  sometimes  bearing  suffering 
with  Ibrtitude,  the  least  sickness  makes  them  say,  '"1  am 
going  to  die, '  and  the  improvidence  of  the  Indian  char- 
acter is  greatly  aggravated  by  the  custom  of  destnning 
all  the  i)r()})erty  of  deceased  relatives.     Sir  John  llich- 
ardson  accuses  the  Hare  Indians  of  timidity,  standing  in 
great  fear  of  the  ]']skimos,  and  being  always  in  want 
of  food.     They  are  practical  socialists,  'great  liars,'  but 
'strictly  honest.'     Hospitality  is  not  a  virtue  with  them. 
According  to  Richardson,  neither  the  Eskimos,  Dog-ribs, 
nor  Hare  Indians,  feel  the  least  shame  in  being  detected 
in  falsehood,  and  invariably  practice  it  if  they  think 
that  they  can  thereby  gain  any  of  their  petty  ends. 
Kven  in  their  familiar  intercourse  with  each  other,  the 
Indians  seldoui  tell  the  truth  in  the  first  instance,  and  if 
they  succeed  in  exciting  admiration  or  astonishment, 
their  invention  runs  on  without  check.     From  the  man- 
ner of  the  siK'aker,  rather  than  by  1  is  words,  is  his  truth 
or  falsehood  inferred,  and  often  a  very  iong  interrogation 
is  necessary  to  elicit  the  real  (act.     The  comfort,  and 
not  unfre([uently  even  the  lives  of  parties  of  the  timid 
Hare  Indians  are  sjicrificed   by  this  miserable  projx'n- 
sity.    The  Hare  and  Dog-rib  women  are  certainly  at  the 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES, 


187 


bottom  of  the  rcjiIo  of  humanity  in  Xorth  Anu'rioa. 
Koss  thinks  that  they  are  "tolerably  honest:  not  ))loo(l- 
thir.sty,  nor  cruel;"  "confinned  liars,  far  from  being 
chaste. " 

According;  to  Ilarmcm,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
observiu}!;  travelers  among  them,  the  Tacidlies  "are-  a 
(|uiet,  inofl'ensivc  people,"  and  •'perha})s  the  most  honest 
on  the  face  of  the  earth."  They  "are  uiuisually  talka- 
tive," and  ''take  great  delight  in  singing  or  hunnning 
or  whistling  a  dull  air. '  "Murder  is  not  considered  as 
a  crime  of  great  magnitude."  Jle  considers  the  Sican- 
nis  the  l)ravest  of  the  TacuUy  tribes, 

Ihit  the  Kutchins  bear  olf  the  palm  for  honestv.  Savs 
AVhyui[)er:  "Finding  the  loads  too  great  for  our  dogs,  ue 
raised  an  erection  of  jM)les,  and  de[M)siteil  some  bags 
thereon.  1  may  here  say,  once  for  all,  that  our  men 
often  left  goods,  consisting  of  tea,  ilou!'.  molasses,  bacon, 
and  all  kinds  of  miscellaneous  articles,  scattered  in  this 
Avay  over  the  country,  and  that  they  remained  un- 
touched by  the  Indians,  who  frequently  traveled  past 
them."  Simpson  testilies  of  the  Loucbeux  that  "a 
bloody  intent  with  them  lurks  not  under  a  smile." 
^lurray  reports  the  Kutchins  treacherous;  Richardson 
did  not  find  them  so.  .Fones  declares  that  "•they  differ 
entirely  from  the  Tinneh  tribes  of  the  Mackoir/ie,  being 
generous,  honest,  hos[)ital)le,  prouil,  high-s[)irited,  and 
(juick  to  revenge  an  injury." 


TRIBAL    norXDAUIES. 

Acmratf'ly  lo  draw  ptivtition  lines  l)('t\v<'on primitive  nations  is  impossiblo. 
Mi^ratint^  with  tho  i-easons,  constantly  at  war,  driviii;,'  ami  Ik  inj^  driven  far 
past  the  limits  of  hereditary  boundaries,  extirpatim,'  and  bein^  extirpated, 
ovei'whelmin^',  interminj^din'^;  like  a  human  sea,  swelliuL;  and  sur^in;,'  in  its* 
wild  stnigj^le  with  the  winils  of  fate,  they  eonie  and  ^'<>,  here  to-d,iy.  yoiidi  r 
to-morrow.  A  traveler  passing  over  the  ootmtry  finds  it  inhabited  by  certain 
tribes;  another  coming  after  finds  all  chanj,'ed.  One  writer  j,'ives  certain 
names  to  ceiiain  nations;  another  changes  the  name,  or  j^dves  to  the  nation 
a  totally  ditlerent  locality.  An  approximation,  however,  can  bo  made  suffi- 
ciently collect  for  practical  purposes;  and  to  arrive  at  this,  I  will  t,'ive  at 
the  end  of  each  chapter  all  the  authorities  at  my  command;  that  from  the 


138 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Ktatiniriits  of  all,  wlutlur  ponftietiiiR  or  othcrwiHO,  tho  tnith  inny  1)p  very 
iiiurly  ariivctl  iit.  All  uatioiiH,  north  of  thu  tifty-fifth  parulkl,  as  before 
iiu-ntioiu.'il,  I  call  Hyi)i  rborfaiw. 


! 


To  TiiK  Eskimos,  I  ^ive  tln>  Arctic  Hea-linurd  from  the  Copiiermino  Rivpi 
to  Ktjtzcbno  Sound.     J.ato  travi-k-rH  iiiakti  ii  distinction  between  the  Slalc- 
Hinti'H  and  Kavcaks  of  Norton  Sound  and  the  Eskimos.    'NVhymiJcr  calls  the 
I'orn'u'r  'a  ruco  of  tall  and  stout  ix'oplc,  but  in  other  respect,  much  reseni- 
blinj5  tli(!  Es(j\iiniaux.'  Alnsha,  p.  159.     Kir  John  Richardson,  in  his  Joiinidl, 
vol.  i.,  J).  ;t-U,  i)liices  them  on  the  '  western  coast,  by  Cook's  Sound  and  Tchu- 
iitxt/.  Ray,  nearly  to  Mount  St.  Elias;'  but  in  his  I'oliO-  Ikiiimis,  j).  '2!*!),  ho 
tcrniinutes  them  at  Kotzi'bue  Sound.    Early  writers  f^ivo  them  the  widest 
si'ope.     'Die  siidlichsten  siiul  in  Amerika,  auf  der  Kiiste  LaVirador,  wo  nach 
<'harlevcix  dieser  Viilkerstamm  den  Nahnien  Es(]uimaux  bey  den  in  der  Ni'iho 
wohnendeii  Abenaki  fiihrte,  und  audi  an  der  benachbarten  Ostseite  von  Neu- 
FundlK'id,  ferner  westlich  noeh  unter  der  Halbinsel  Alaska.'    Witir,  Milhri- 
)littis,  vol.  iii.,  pt.  iii.,  p.  42.").    Dr    Latham,  in  his  Wtrktics  of  Man,  treatn 
the  inhabitants  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  as  Eskimos,  and  in  Xntive  Hares 
iif  the  JiKsshiH  Kiniiirr,  p.  28!),  ho  gives  them  '  tho  whole  of  the  coast  of  tho 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  the  coast  from  Behring  Strait  to  Cook  Inlet.'    Prichnrd, 
JiH.icitirlits,  vol.  v.,  p.  ;t71,  re<iuires  more  conii)letc  evidence  before  ho  can 
conclude  that  the  Aleuts  are  not  Eskimos.      Being   entirely  nnaccpiainted 
with  the  great  liutchin  family  in  the  Yukfin  Valley,  he  makes  the  (,'arriers  of 
New  Caledonia  conterminous  with  tho  Eskimos.      Tho  boundary  lines  be- 
tween the  Eskimos  and  the  interior  Indian  tribes  'are  generally  formed  by 
the  sunnnit  of  the  watershed  between  tho  small  rivei-s  which  eui])ty  into  tho 
sea  and  those  which  full  into  tho  Yukon.'  IkiU's  Aloska,  p.  144.     Malte-Brun, 
J'rr'ris  (Ilia  Gi'oiirajihir,  vol.  v.,  p.  317,  goes  to  the  other  extreme.     '  Les  Esqui- 
maux,' he  declari'S,  '  habitent  depuis  legolfe  Welcome  juscju'au  ileuve  Macken- 
-■:ie,etprobablenunt  justpa'audetroitde Bering;  ils  s'etendentau  sudjnsqu'aii 
lae  do  I'Esclave.'    Ludewig,  Aljor'KjinalLamiuu'HS,  p.  01),  divides  them  into  '  Es- 
kimo proper,  on  the  shores  of  Labradi)r,  and  the  AVesteni  Eskimos.'    Gallatin 
sweepingly  asserts  that  '  they  are  the  sole  native  inhabitants  of  the  shores  of 
all  the  seas,  bays,  inlets,  and  islands  of  America,  north  of  the  sixtieth  de- 
gree of  north  latitude.'  ^lin.  Antlq.  Soc.  Tra)isa<t.,  vol.  ii., p.  9.     Tho  AVesteru 
Eskimos,  says  Be^'chey,  '  inhabit  tho  north-west  coast  of  America,  from  CO'-*  34' 
N.  to  71'  24'  N.'  \'i>)j.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  21)9.     'Along  tho  entire  coast  of  America.' 
Aniistriitiii's  Sar.,  p.  191. 

Tho  tribal  sululi visions  of  tho  Eskimos  arc  as  follows: — .Vt  Coppermincf 
River  they  are  known  by  the  name  of  Xaiitimld(>(mniti;n,  '  deer-horns.'  At  tho 
eastern  outlit  of  the  Mackenzie  they  are  called  Klttear.  Between  the  Mac- 
kenzie River  and  Barter  Reef  they  call  themselves  KanymuU-liDiubi.  Tho 
tribal  name  at  Toint  Barrow  is  yun-auiiiuemi.  '  Tho  \una-t<in<iini-u)i  inhabit 
the  country  traversed  by  tho  Nunatok,  a  river  which  falls  into  Kotzebue 
Sound.'  JHcharilsiiH's  Vul.  lieij.  p.  300.  From  Capo  Lisbnrn  to  Icy  Cape  the 
tribal  appellation  is  Kidyuvs.  'Deutsche  Karten  zeigeu  uus  noch  im  Nord- 
west-Endo  des  russischen  Nordumerika's,  in  dieser  so  anders  gewandten 
Kiisteulinie,  nOrdlich  vom  Kotzebue-Suud:  im  westlicheu  Theile  des  Kiisteu- 


ESKIMOS  AND  KONIAGAS. 


139 


LukIps,  iliis  Hie  Wcst-Grorfjicn  nfinirn,  voni  Cnyi  LiHlinrn  Mh  iilirr  dus  Eixpnp; 
liiiiliinf'iul  (Ills  Vi)lk  il<T  Kitt'vjUfii.'  lliisi-hiiKinn,  Spiircnttir  Aztvl..  >/</•<((■/((•, 
ji.  71.'(,  ■Till'  trilicH  iipju'iir  to  hv  Hcjmratfd  from  cnvh  othrr  by  it  lu'iitriil 
j^rduiid.  ficrosH  wliiih  hiiiuII  parties  vtiitiirc  in  the  HUininer  for  Imrter.'  Tho 
I'lml.!,  7'.sc/ii//./.s(,-/((,  or  TclmlsU,  of  tlu'  Misti'rnniost  point  of  Asiii,  Imvt-  also 
l)(«n  nftiTiil  to  the  opposite  coast  of  Anu'rica  for  their  habitation.  The 
Ts:  hnliti  hi  'occupy  the  north-western  coast  of  Russian  Asia,  and  the  oppo- 
site shuns  of  north-western  America.'  Ludtwiij,  Ah,  L'lu'j.,  p.  l'.'^-. 

TiiK  KoxiAOAN  nation  occupies  tho  shores  of  Bering;  Sea,  from  Kotzehuo 
Souiul  to  the  Island  of  Kadiak.  iiicltidinf,'  a  part  of  the  Ahiskan  Penin- 
sula, and  the  Konia^jan  and  CliUKatschen  Islands.  Tho  KnttUiiias  jiroper  in- 
liihit  Kadiak,  and  the  conti^'uous  islands,  liiisrlimdiin,  Siixroi  dir  Aili'l>-. 
.Sj,riirhi\  p.  r,7(i.  '  The  Koniet,'!  are  inhabitants  of  the  Isle  of  Kodiak.'  I'r'tch- 
(inl's  Iti-ii'iii-rliin,  vol.  v., )).  U71.  '  Die  eif,'entlichen  Konjat,'en  oder  ltew(dinev 
der  Iiisel  Kadjiik.'  Jli'linhini,  Ktlm.  Shi:.,  p.  4.  'Zu  den  htztern  rechnet 
man  <lie  .Vlenten  von  Kadjack,  deren  Sprache  von  alien  Kiistenhewohnern 
Von  del-  Tschuf,'atsehen-l'<ay,  his  an  die  l$erin^,'S-Strasse  nnd  selhst  weiter 
noch  die  lierseheiide  ist.'  /)'((()•,  Stilt,  n.  Kthu.,  p.  iiS.  'From  Iliamna  Lake 
to  thi'  l.")'.ith  deforce  of  west  lont,'itude.'  JJaU'n  Alasht,  p.  101.  'La  eote  (jui 
s'eten<l  de)iuis  le  (,'olfe  Kamischezkaja  jnsqu'au  Nouveau-Cornouaille,  est 
habitee  par  cimj  peui)lades  (pii  forment  antant  de  f^randes  divisions  teiTitori- 
ales  dans  los  cohinies  de  la  Hussie  Aniericaino.  Leurs  uoms  sont:  Konia^, 
Kenayzi,  Tschugatschi,  Uyalaehmiuti  et  Koliuyi.'  IhmibukU,  Essdi  Vol.,  torn, 
i.,  p.  .117. 

The  <7)i(;/^//.s(7(M  inhabit  the  islands  and  shores  of  Prince  William  Sound. 
'  Die  Tchu^'atscheu  bewohnen  die  {^'Wissten  Inseln  der  Hai  Tschnj^atsk,  wie 
Ziikli,  <'htaj,'iilak  u.  a.  und  ziehen  sieh  an  der  Siidkiiste  der  Halbinsel  Kenai 
nach  Westen  bis  zur  Einfahrt  in  den  Kenaischen  Meerbuseii.'  Jliilnibenj, 
Kthn.  Shh.,  p.  -1.  'Die  Tschupitschen  sind  Ankiimudingu  von  der  Insel 
Ivadjack,  die  wiihrend  innerer  /wistij,'keiten  von  dort  vertrieben,  sich  zii 
iliren  jetzi^en  Wohnsitzen  an  den  Ufern  von  Prince  'WiUiam's  Sound  uiid 
(,'e;^en  Westen  bis  zum  p]in<,'anj;e  vun  Cook"s  Iidet  hinfjowendet  habeu.'  liuer. 
Stilt.  H.  Ktliii.,  p.  IKi.  '  Les  Tschuj,'atschi  occupeut  le  pays  ipii  s'etend  depuis 
rextreiiiite  septentrionale  de  I'entn'e  de  ("ook  jus<in'a  Test  do  la  baio  ilu 
l)rince  Guillaume  (t,'olfe  Tschnj^'atskiija.)'  Jliiinlioktt,  Kssui  Pol.,  ttmi.  i.,  p. 
Ills.  According?  to  Latham,  yntivc  lini'is,  p.  290,  they  are  tho  most  south- 
ern mend)ers  of  tho  family.  The  Tschuf,'azzi  'live  between  the  l'j,'alyach- 
mutzi  and  the  Kenaizi.'  J'rirliuiil'.^  Jlvsemrliex,  vol.  v.,  p.  371.  'Occupy  tho 
shoroH  and  islands  of  Chngach  (Julf,  and  the  southwest  coasts  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Kenai.'  Ditll'.'i  AI'tsLn,  p.  101.  TschuKatschi,  '  Prince  William  Sound, 
and  Cook's  Inlet.'  lAuha-hj,  Alj.  Lnmi.,  p.  101.  Tchu^'atchih,  'claim  as  their 
heroditaiy  possessions  the  coast  lyinj,'  butweeu  Bristol  Day  and  Beeriug's 
Straits.'  Jtichiinlsini's  Jour.,  vol.  i.,  p.  3(!4. 

The  A'ikij)intti:s  occupy  the  shores  of  Bristol  Bay  from  tho  river  Nushagak 
along  tho  western  coast  of  the  Alaskan  Peninsuhi,  to  latitude  5G\  'Die  Ag- 
legmjuten,  von  der  Miindung  des  Flusses  Nuschagakh  bis  zum  57'  oder  od^ 
au  der  Westkiiste  der  Halbinsel  Aljaska;  habeu  also  die  Ufcr  dor  Bristol-Bai 


140 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


iiino.*  Itohiiltfrq,  FAhn.  Shh.,  p.  4.  Dull  onlls  them  OKlcmntoH,  nnd  says 
that  they  iiilmliit  ' tho  uoHh  cimKt  of  Aliitskii  froiii  thd  irit^th  ilt'^rcc  of  wiHt 
loii^dtndc  to  the  \wiu\  of  Bristol  Buy,  ami  nloii},'  tin'  north  slioro  of  tliut  Buy 
to  Point  Ktolin.'  Alitaka,  ]>.  405,  Die  A^'oh ^'niiittii,  an  den  AnHnliin<l^n^'('n 
<k<r  riiiHHu  NuHchugaL-k  iiiul  Nuckui'ek,  iingcfahr  oW  au  dor  Zuhl.'  JiuiV,  ,stut. 
u.  Ktlm.,  J).  121. 

The  Klhita'KjmnlfK  dwell  upon  the  banks  of  the  river  Nushu^'uk  and  nlonj{ 
the  coast  westward  to  Cape  Newenhuni.  '  Die  Kijatai^'nijiiten  wohnen  an 
den  l^fern  des  Flusses  Nusehapikh,  sowie  seines  Nehenllnsses  Iliv;iiji(kh.' 
Jlolwhcni,  Ktliii.  Sl>iz.,  p,  5.  Dull  says  that  they  call  themselves  NiislierKa^,'- 
nmt,  and  'inhabit  the  eoast  mar  the  mouth  of  the  N'usherKuk  IJivi  r,  and 
westward  to  Cape  Newenhani.'  Alonhi,  \<.  4(1").  'Die  Kijaten  ortUr  Kijalai^,'- 
miiten  an  den  Fliissen  NnMehaj,'aek  nnd  Ilj^'ujaek.'  liacr,  Stot.  n.  Klhn.,  p.  121. 
'Am  l'"l.  Nusehunuk.'  ]iiiscliuiu;oi,  !-ipttrm>ler  Aitfk-.  Sjirarlie,  j).  TUO. 

Tho  AiiidiiiuUs  inhabit  th«i  eoast  between  the  rivers  Knskotjniui  and  Kish- 
imak.  'Die  Aj,'nljmjnten  haben  sowohl  den  Kiistenstrieh  als  das  lunere 
des  Landes  zwisehen  den  MiindunKcn  des  Kuskokwim  nnd  des  Kishiinakh 
inne.'  Ilobiilnni,  Ktlni.  Sl,iz.,  p.  5.  '  This  tribe  extends  from  near  Cape  Avi- 
noft"  nearly  to  Cape  Romanzotf.'  DuU's  Atoshu,  p.  4(1(5,  'Den  AK'dmiiten, 
am  rinsse  Kwichliiwaek.'  Jkier,  Sltit.  »,  i.Y/t».,  \).  V2'2.  'An  der  Kwiekjjak- 
Miind.'  Jliischuiunii,  Simren  dfr  Aztck.  Spnichc,  p.  71!). 

The  KitsLdi/uhiiiiutes  occupy  the  banks  of  Knskoqnim  River  and  Bay. 
'  Die  Kuskokwi},'m.juten  bewohnen  die  T'fer  des  Fluxses  Kuskokwim  von 
seiner  Miindunj,'  bis  znr  Ansiedelnn^  Kwy^'ysehjjuinaijmjnt  in  der  Xahe  der 
Odinotsehku  Kulmakow.'  Jlolnihcrii,  Ktlin.  Shit.,  p.  '».  The  Kuskwo^'muts 
'inhabit  both  shores  of  Knskoquim  Buy,  and  soim^  little  dislauee  up  that 
river.'  ]><iirs  Alasha,  p.  40").  'Die  Kuskokwimer  an  dem  Flusse  Kuskokwim 
und  undern  kleinen  Zntllftsacn  desselben  nnd  an  den  Ufern  der  siidlieh  von 
diesem  Flusse  j^ele^enen  Seen.'  Jitiei;  ,'<titt.n.  Ktlm.,  p  •J'J.  'Between  thtt 
rivers  Nushujjfak,  Ilgajak,  Chulitua,  and  Kuskokwina,  on  tho  sea-shore,' 
Lmhieiclil,  Ah,  JjlliiJ.,  p.  1)8, 

The  MdiiciiiiitM  live  between  tho  rivers  Kishunak  and  Kipunaiak,  '  Die 
ila-^'nijnten  oder  Magafjmjuten,  zwisehen  den  Fliissen  Kiskunakh  und  Ki- 
punajakh.'  Ilnliiihcrij,  Kiliu.  Shiz.,  p.  5,  'These  inhabit  th(!  vicinity  of  Cupe 
Roniunzofi"  and  reach  nearly  to  the  Yukon-mouth.'  Ihdl's  AlusLo,  p.  4(t7. 
*  Maf,'imuten,  am  Flusse  Kysehunack,'  Bovr,  Skit.  u.  Ethn.,  p,  122,  '  Im  S  des 
Norton  Busens.'  Jiuschimtiui,  Sinti-en  der  Aztrk.  Sjtnwhe,  p.  7(1(5. 

The  Kiciclipdijiiiutes,  or  inhabitants  of  the  large  river,  dwell  upon  the  Kwich- 
pak  River,  from  the  coast  range  to  the  TTallik.  '  Die  Kwichi)ugiiijuten,  haben 
ihre  Ansieddungcn  am  Kwickjjakh  vom  Kiistengebirge  an  bis  zinii  Nel)en- 
llusso  Uallik.'  Ilnliiibcrii,  Ethn.  Skiz.,  p.  i).  '  Kuwichpackmiiten,  am  Fluss<< 
Kuwichpack.'  Jiitir,  Slut.  u.  Etini.,  l^.  122.  'Tlagga  Silla,  or  little  dogs, 
nearer  to  tho  mouth  of  the  Yukon,  and  proViably  conterminous  with  the  Es- 
kimo Kwichpuk-meut.'  Lutlaon's  Nat.  Itaces,  p,  2t)3,  On  AVhymper's  map 
are  tho  Pc/wiosAi,  near  the  delta  of  the  Yukt)n, 

The  KtcicliltuKpinitvs  dwell  upon  the  bunks  of  the  Kwichluak  or  Crooked 
River,  au  arm  of  the  Kwichpak.    '  Die  Kwichljuagmjuteu  au  don  Ufern  eiuea 


THE  ALEUTS. 


141 


MiliKliriffsnriiKH  dcs  Kwidipiikh,  ilcr  Kwichljuiikli.'  Ilnhnhirij,  F.thn.  Shit., 
ji.  i'l.     '  IiiluiMt  tlif  Kwiklipiik  Sll(^l^'h.•  Dnll's  Aluskn,  p.  1<>7. 

Till-  I'lislilnliLn  dwell  upon  the  river  I'lishtolik.  'Die  ruHclifoliVinjuteii, 
an  lien  I'feiii  den  I'listnlrtn—vn.'  tli>hiilnr<i,  Ktlni.  Ski:.,  p.  (i.  '  I'lischtolii^r. 
niiiti  II,  iiui  I'luHHe  I'lis'htol.'  '  ■!•.  Stat.  u.  Kthiu,  p.  I'J'i.  Wliyinper  jiliues 
them  iinniediiitily  ncnt:.   <i  the  <leiJ;!  of  the  Yukon. 

The  I'll  nil' iiiinli:i  cn'oupy  the  const  and  iHlandH  south  of  the  Unalaklik 
Itiver  to  I'lislifolik  Hny.  '  Die  Tschnannijuten,  an  den  I'fern  der  Meerhiisin 
I'astol  und  Schachtolik  zwischeu  de!i  riilHsen  Pastid  an  rnahiklik.'  lli'liii- 
ti>ri,  I'lliii.  SL'n.,  p.  (>.  'Den  Tsehna^niiiten,  (,'<%'en  Xorden  von  den  I'aseh- 
tuli^'niiiten  und  K"'K''"  ^Vesten  I'is  zuni  Kap  Uodney.'  llmr,  Stat.  ii.  h'.thu,,  p. 
IJ'2.     '  Am.  sdl.  Norton-Uusen."  Jlnsflitiioiin,  Sintim  ihr  Aiti-k.  Sju  h'l ,  p.  Hd"). 

The  AidiiinnHtiK  inhahit  the  sliores  of  (tolovnin  IJay  anil  thi  •  luthern 
roast  of  the  Kaviak  peninsula.  'Die  Anly^,'nijuten,  nn  den  I'f'  in  der  Hai 
(tiilowiiin  mJi'dlieh  vom  Nortonsunde.'  llnlniliirii,  Klhii.  S'.'  .,  j).  (!  'An- 
Ivj^mliti  11,  nn  di  r  (tolownin'schen  Dai.'  Ilan;  Stul.  n.  Ktl  ,  j>.  1'22,  'Ndl. 
vom  Norton-Send.'   IliiHrlniiaiin,  Sjiurni  ikr  Aitck.  Sjirialit-,  p.  7'2'2. 

Tile  A  inhaliit  the  western  portion  of  the  Kaviak  jieniipi^nl  i,     'Ad- 

jacent to  I'oi't  Clarence  Mid  Dehriiii,'  Strait.'  \\'lii/iii}» r's  Am^hn  p.  1(J7. 
'  J"  iween  Kotzelme  and  Norton  Sounds.'  Jiall'.-  Atn.-ika,  p.  i;!7. 

The  Muhiiiiilvs  inhahit  the  coast  at  the  mouth  of  the  rnalaklik  Jiiver, 
and  northward  iilon^,'  the  shores  of  Norton  Sound  across  the  neik  of  tlu> 
Kaviak  I'eninsula  at  Kotzebue  Sound.  'Die  JIaleignijuti'n  hewohnen  dio 
Ki'iste  des  Nortonsundes  vom  Flusse  I'nalaklik  an  und  (,'ehen  dnrcli  das  In» 
m  re  dis  Landes  hinauf  his  zum  Kotzehuesnnde.'  llnliiiln'ni,  F.tlm.  Shiz.,  p. 
(;,  'From  Norton  Sound  und  ]$ay  north  of  Shaktolik,  and  the  neck  of  tlio 
Kaviak  I'l  niiisiilu  to  St  lawik  Lake.'  DaU's  Al'ixka,  p.  K)?.  'Den  Maliniiiten, 
iiaheiin  den  I'fern  desdolfes  Schaktulack  oder  Schaktol.'  Itarr,  Stat.  n.  Htlm., 
j>.  12'2.  The  Malemutes  'extend  from  the  island  of  St.  Michael  to  (Joloviu 
Sound.'  W'iiijiiijicr's  Alatiku,  p.  KIT.  'Ndl.  am  Norton-lJuseu  bis  ziim  Kotze- 
bue  Sund.'  Jiaschinann,  Spumi  ihr  Advk.  Sjinwhe,  p.  7(5(5. 

Thk  Ai.KiTH  inhaliit  the  islands  of  the  Aleutian  ftrehipela<:;o,  and  part 
of  the  peninsula  of  Alaska  and  the  Island  of  Kadiak.  They  are  dividt'd  into 
the  .•t(A(//i.s-,  who  inhabit  the  western  islands,  and  the  I'ltalashms  or  east- 
ern division.  The  tribal  divisions  inliabitin},'  the  various  islands  are  as  fol- 
l(}ws;  namely,  on  the  Alaskan  peninsula,  three  tribes  to  which  the  Itiissians 
have  given  names — M<ii:sltiacsL<)Jf,  lijiljhuirxhijp,  and  rmrlmrshiji  \  on  the 
island  of  Unga,  the  I'ljuasiks;  on  the  island  of  Uuimak,  the  Se.saiinhs;  tho 
7'i;/r(?(i(/>on  Tiyalda  Island;  the  ,bv(((/i'//i-.son  Avatanak  Island;  on  the  Island 
of  Akun,  three  tribes,  which  the  Knssiaus  call.,'lW<//)io(C,s/L(y(',  J!Jiit.irlascliH"je, 
nnd  SiredUMk'ijp;  the  Ahuta)ts  on  the  Akutau  Island;  the  I'xaliiaa  on  the 
T'nalga  Island;  the  Sidanahs  on  Spirkin  Island;  on  the  island  of  I'nalashka, 
the  UilUdlah;  the  Xijuyiik,  and  sevin  tribes  calleti  by  the  Eussians  Sati/kin- 
ekoje,  Pvstnjakoic-swoje,  M'lsseloirskdje,  ^fukuscl^iltskoJa,  Ko.schiiiinsktije,  T>-xhn'- 
iioic-skojf,  and  Kalecliinshije;  and  on  the  island  of  Uniuak  the  Tullk.i.  La- 
tham, yat.  lt((i:iK,  p.  2'Jl,  assigns  them  to  the  Aleutian  Isles.  'Die  Una- 
laschkaer  oder  Fuchs-Akuteu  bewohneu  die  Gruppe  der  Fuehsiuseln,  deu 


I 


142 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Kii!l\vostli(!lion  Thoil  dor  Hiilbinsol  Aljiiska,  nnd  dio  Insol):n''ippc  Sc'hiiinaf,'insk. 
Di<^  Atchiicr  odcr  Andrcjiinowschen  Aleutcn  bcwolinon  die  Audrt'jiuiowsclifU, 
diu  liutti'U,  uiid  dio  Niibcn-Insfln  dfV  Alentcn-Kette.'  JLdiiibirii,  EUin.  Skiz., 
pp.  7,  8.  Inliiibit  '  the  isltiuds  between  Alyiiskii  luul  Kiuuscbutka.'  Ludewiii, 
^[b.  LiiU'j.,  p.  1. 

Thk  Thi.inkekts,  or  Kolosches,  occnpy  the  islands  and  shores  between 
Copper  River  and  tlie  river  Nass.  '  Die  eij,'entliehen  Thiinkithen  (Bewohner 
dcs  Arehipels  von  den  Pnrallelen  dos  Fhisses  Nass  bis  zuni  St.  Elias-bcrjie).' 
Jliiliiibtni,  KUin.  Ski;.,  p.  4.  '  The  Kalosh  Indians  seen  at  Sitka  inliabit  the 
eoast  between  the  Stekine  and  Chileat  Rivers,'  Wlii/wjxr's  Alushi,  p.  100. 
'  Kaloflies  et  Ki|,'anis.  Cotes  et  lies  de  rAni('ri()ne  Rnsse.'  Mufnis,  Exiihir., 
toni.  ii.,  p.  'MH.  The  'Koloshians  live  upon  the  islands  and  coast  from  the 
latitnd.  TtO^  40'  to  the  month  of  the  Atna  or  Copper  River.'  Ml.  Aff.  Ue]A., 
1S()'.(,  p.  5Ij2.  'From  aljout  CO-  to  43'  N.  Lat..  reaehinj,'  therefore  ai'ross  the 
Russian  frontier  as  far  as  the  Columbia  River.'  MMhr's  (  liiiis,  vol.  i..  p.  ;i;t4. 
'At  Sitka  Bay  and  Norfolk  Sound.'  Ludewiii,  Ab.  L<tn<j.,  p.  IW.  'Between 
Jaeot)tat  or  Behrintj's  Bay,  to  the  57th  degree  of  north  latitude'  7.isiif)ish/'.-< 
Villi.,  p.  '242.  'Die  Volker  eiuea  grossen  Theils  der  Nordwest-Kiiste  voni 
.Vmeriea.'  Vidvr,  MiUmdaten,  vol.  iii.,  pt.  iii.,  p.  '218.  '  Les  Koliugi  habitent  le 
pays  niontneux  du  Nouveau-Norfolk,  et  la  partie  septeutrionale  du  Nouvean- 
Cornouaille.'  Jfniiibuldt,  Kssai  Pol.,  torn,  i.,  p.  34'.i. 

The  ('(iidcnzes  or  Ugalukmutes,  the  northernmost  Thlinkeet  tribe,  inhabit 
the  coast  from  both  banks  of  the  mouth  of  Copper  River,  nearly  to  5Iount 
St  Elias.  'About  Mount  Elias.'  lAdlniui's  Xat.  Il<(Ci:s,  \>.  21(2.  .\djaeent  to 
Behriug  Bay.  I'rlchard'.'i  liiserm-hes,  vol.  v.,  p.  370.  'Die  Ugalenzen,  die 
ini  Winter  eine  Bueht  des  Festlandes,  der  kleinen  Insel  Kajak  gegeniiber. 
bewohnen,  zum  Sonmier  aV)er  ihre  AVohuungsplatze  an  d(>m  reehten  Ufer  dcs 
Kujiferrtiisscs  bci  dessen  Miindung  aufschlagcn.'  llnhiibrrii,  Kthii.  Sl.iz.,  \<. 
4.  'Das  Vorgcbirge  St.  Elias,  kann  als  die  (Iranzschcide  der  AVohnsitzc 
der  See-Kolosehen  gegen  Nordwest  angcsehn  werdi'U.'  Jtmr,  Stat.  u.  Ktlni., 
p. ',)().  'Les  I'galachmiuti  s'ctendcnt  dcpuis  le  golfe  du  Prince  Cruillaume, 
jusijua  la  i'aie  de.Jakutat.'  llnmboldt,  A'.s.sv(i  I'al.,  Una.  i.,  p.  348.  '  I'galenzen 
oder  Ugaljachnijuten.  An  der  russ.  Kiistendwstl.  vom  St.  Elias  Berg.'  Ihisrh- 
vinmi,  S}iuirit  dir  Azick.  Sjirache,  p.  807.  '"West  of  Cape  St.  Elias  and  near 
the  island  of  Kadjak.'  Ludeii-i<j,  Ab.  Lnmj.,  ji.  1!)4. 

The  yiihiOuls  '  occupy  the  coast  from  Mount  Fairweather  to  Blount  St. 
Elias.'  Dmrs  Abi.^hn,  p.  4'28.     At  '  Behring  Bay.'  lud.  Af.  Ikpl.,  1m;!»,  p.  .-,7.'i. 

The  ('liill.id  come  next,  and  live  on  Lynn  Canal  and  the  Chilkat  River. 
'At  Chilkaht  Inlet.'  'At  the  head  of  Chatham  Straits.'  Iial.  Af.  /A/-/., 
18(i!),  pp.  r».i,"),  r)7o.  'Am  Lynn's-Canal,  in  russ.  Nordanierika.  Ilii.-<fliimniii, 
SpHmi  dtr  A:ti  k.  Sjirwiic,  p.  73(').  '  On  Lynn's  Canal.'  SrliimbTn/rs  Ar<'l,ins. 
vol.  v.,  ]).  iW).  .V  little  to  the  northward  of  the  Stakine-Koan.  Jii'ioi's  Ore- 
ijmi,  p.  288. 

The  Jl(iii)i'idx  inhabit  the  eastern  banks  of  Cross  Sound.  '  For  a  distance 
of  sixty  miles.'  'At  Cross  S.>und  reside  the  AVhincgas.'  'The  llunnasor 
llooneaks,  who  are  scattered  along  the  main  land  from  Lynn  Canal  to  Capts 
Silencer.'  //-(/.  Aff.  lt<j>t.,  18('.1»,  jip.  r)3."i,  502,  575.  The  Huna  Cow  tribo 
is  situated  on  (^ross  Sound.  SchookvifCs  Arcliiris,  vol.  v.,  p.  48'J. 


THE  THLIXKEETS. 


143 


The  ITochinoos  '  live  near  the  head  of  Chatham  Strait.'     '  On  Aaniiraltv 
Island.'      'Kat  tribes  „n  Kyro  and  Kespriano  Islands.'  /»,/.  Atf   l!,,,l     imu 
pp.yiio  .,<iJ,  r,75.     'Ho..tsin,K,atIIood,siuooorH,.„d  liay.'  Sehoolcmtv's  Arrf'- 
ires,  vol.  v.,  p.  48!).      '  Hoodsunhoo  at  Hood  Ba.v.'  (ndlatix,  in  Am    Auth 
.Soc.   lrans<„t.,xul.ii.,iK:m.      '  Hoodsunhoo  at  Hood  Bay.'     '  Eclikimo  in 
Chatham's  Strait.'  Mnc!;,,  Ab.  Law,.,  p.  175.  A^'-Ukmio  m 

The  7W.O..S-  dw,.ll  'at  the  head  of  Tak<.o   Inlet  on  the  Takoo  Eiver 
The  Snndowns  and  Takos  who  live  on  the  nuunland  fron.  Port  lIon,-hton  t,'. 

Kner.  Sr/,u<,l,r<ijt  s  Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  481). 

T  ,  '^\"  ''"v'  t'"T  '"'"  "*  *'"■  '"""*''  "^  *^"  '^"'^"»  I^'^'^'- «'"!  on  Admiralty 
Island.     'North  of  entranee  Tako  IJiver.'  M.oolcrajTs  Arrh.,  p.  489.     '  The 

il'^rS-!'    ''  ""  ^'""'^  ■I'rederiek's  Sound.'  .Im.  Anti,.  .Soc.  TrausacL,  voL 

_     The  IMas  inhal.it  the  shores  of  Frederiek  Sound  and  Kuprianoff  Islan.l 
'Tl  e  Kukus,  or  Ivakes,  who  live  on  Ivuprinolf  Island,  having  their  prineipal 
settleni.nt  near  the  northwestern  side.'  Ind.  Af.  !{,,,(.,  Ls,;.,   „  r,,;'       .Th,, 
Ark  and  Kake  on  Prinee  Frederick's  Sound.'  .1.,.  .,.,/,.  .v„.  Transact,  vol. 

lit,    }1.    ^\J^t 

The  ,v,7/,r,,s.  oeeupy  Uaranoff  Island.  '  They  are  divided  into  tribes  or 
elans.ofwhu.honeisealledCo,,uontans.'  n.schuuuu,,  Phna  S,.r  n  d  Str 
derlMen,  p.  377.  •  The  tribe  of  the  Wolf  are  ..ailed  Co.iuontans  ''  7  .•: 
W.y.s.  l,,y.,p.242.  'TheSitka-Koan,'orthe  people  of  Sitka.  'This  in. 
elud..s  th,.  inhabitants  of  Sitka  Bay,  near  New  An^hangel,  and  the  neLdibor 
n.«  island.'  IMl'sAlas.a,  p.  412.  Simpson  calls  the  ^.-Ic  of  S  ,1  S" 
Kuouays.  Or.H.n,aj,,,,r.,  vol.  i.,  p.  oo,,  -TUe  Sitkas  or  Indiunsou  Bare  f 
Island.'  /;,(/.  Atf.  Jh'pt.,  IHCl),  pp.  53,-,,  5^0.  '"-ouorr 

The  .S7;Ac.u  Indians  inhabit  the  country  drained  by  the  Stikren  Kiver 

Do  not  penetrate  far  nito  the  interi,.r.'  Judl's  Alasha,  p   411      The  St  1.  hi 
in  e  'live  at  the  top  of  Clarence's  Straits,  which  run  ;,  .w'l  J  :,     a 
nnles  inland.'  Dnnn's  n>ryon,  p.  288.     '.'t  Stephens  l-assa.e.'     'The  S  il 
'r'  7    ]     Z,T  ^1-l^taekine  Biver  and  the  islands  n..ar  Us  numth.'  / 
Afl.   L'V.,  18  ;0,  p.  o,;2.     'Stikeen   Indians,  Stik.^en  Biver,  Sieknaahu  tv 
laeet.H.an.  I.u>skuuatee,  Kookatee,  Naaneeaaghee,  Tahp.atee,  Ki<.ksat  e' 

aadgettee.'   s,,„„,,,,_^,.,  ^,,,,,/,^  ,„,   ^.^  ^^  .^^,^_     ^^^^^  Se<.at,uomns    .Zy 
he  mam  and  about  the  mouths  of  the  Stikeen  Biver.  and  also  the  nJi^hbcS  g 
islands.  .So/7,.ym'.sOiw/.(»,;  ,/,>((,•;(.,  vol.  i.,p   210 

The  7V,,/'',s.,' live  on  Tonkas  Island,  and  on  'the  nr,rth  side  of  Portland 
Channel,    y./  ,|^.  l,,L,  18.;.,  p.  502.     Southern  entranc  Carenee  S 

M    dlt'7   '^^     r  ;••;"'•  "'  •'•  ''•'     '''''  '^"""'"'•-^  -r  Tun  (ihaase  '  J^ 
Muall  trlK,  inhabiting  the  S.E.  corner  of  Prince  of  Wales's  Aivhipelago  ' 

Ivuste.    ii,   ,./,m.n,„,  ,S;.„n.  ,/„•.,,/,/,,  ,s^,,„,;„^       ,„,      .  Xunghase  Indians 
of  the  south  eastern  part  of  Prince  of  Waless  Archipelago.  W..,/.,  if  7 

vest  from  Hudson  Bay,  approaching  the  Arctic  and  Paciti.-  Coasts  .0  within 


'44 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


from  fiftj'  to  one  hundred  nnd  fifty  miles:  (it  Prince  William  Sound,  tliey 
even  touch  tlio  sciishort'.  Mackenzie,  I'oi/.,  p.  cxvii.,  j^ivcs  houndiirics  ujion 
the  basis  of  which  (iallatin,  hn.  AnUii.  Sue.  TnDisact.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  !),  draws  n 
lino  from  the  Mississippi  to  within  one  hundred  miles  of  the  I'acitie  at  52' 
!}()',  and  allots  tin  m  the  northern  intciior  to  Eskimos  lands.  '  Extend  across 
the  continent'  JHclnirdsiiii's  Jour.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2.  'Von  der  nordlichen  Hud- 
simshai  aus  fast  die  ftimze  Breite  des  ('{Uitinents  dturhlauft— im  Norden  nnd 
Nordv.esten  den  ftotvu  Gradu.  heinahe  die  ftcstade  des  I'olai-meers  eiTeicht.' 
Jlitsrliiiiaim,  Alhiipii.^l,'.  Siinichst.,  p.  313.  -The  Atliahascan  area  touches  Hud- 
son's Bay  on  the  one  side,  the  Pacific  on  the  other.'  LhIIkoh's  Cmii)).  I'ltil., 
J).  3H!S.  '  Occupies  the  whole  of  the  northern  limits  of  North  America,  to- 
(^[ether  with  the  Eskimos.'  Lialnc'iij,  Ab.  Tmikj.,  p.  14. 

Hhoi'hi  jififj/iiiis,  or  Athahascas  proper,  ^Mackenzie,  I'm/.,  p.  cxvi.,  places lie- 
tween  N.  latitude  fiU  and  G5 ',  nnd  W.  lon^^'itudc  KM)  and  110'.  '  Between  the 
Athabasca  nnd  Great  Slave  Lakes  nnd  Churchill  River.'  FruvMin's  A'ar.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  211.  '  FrecpU'nt  the  Elk  and  Slave  Rivers,  and  the  ccnintry  westward  to 
Hay  River.'  H'lrlKirdxnii's  Jmir.,  \n\.  ii.  i>.  ,'5.  The  Northern  Indians  occupy 
the  territory  immediately  n(U'th  of  Fort  Churchill,  on  the  Western  shore  of 
Hudson  Bay.  '  From  the  fifty-ninth  to  the  sixty-eiijhth  der;ree  of  North  lat- 
itude, and  fnun  East  to  West  is  upward  of  fiv(^  hundred  miles  wide.  IJmrue's 
Jour.,  p.  32(i;  M'lrlin'a  llrU.  Ctd.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  r)21. 

The  Cupper  JuiVkius  occupy  the  temtory  on  both  sides  of  the  Coppermine 
River  south  of  the  Eskimo  lands,  which  border  on  the  ocean  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river.  They  are  called  bj'  the  Athabascas  Tdntsfurhot-Ilbvich.  Franldiii's 
yar.,  vol.  ii.,  7<i;  Hidi'din,  in  Am.  Antif/.  >'>«.  Transdrt.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  19. 

The  Hora  Moantitii)  ]ii(J'ntnn  'inhabit  the  country  bitwixt  Great  Bear  Lake 
nnd  the  west  i-nd  of  Great  Slave  Lake.'  FraiilJui's  Xnr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  82. 

The  ISe'tvcr  liiiU'nm  'inhabit  the  lower  part  of  Peace  River.'  Ihirmon's 
■four.,  p.  3U1).  On  Mackenzie's  map  they  are  situated  between  Slave  nnd 
Martin  Lakes.  '  Between  the  Peace  River  and  the  West  branch  of  the  Mac- 
kenzie.' Jlirliiird-'i'ii's  Joiir.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  G.  Edehawtawhoot-dinneh,  Strong- 
bow,  Beaver  or  Thick-wood  Indians,  who  frequent  the  Riviere  aux  Liards,  or 
south  branch  of  the  Jlackenzie  River.  FrKKhUn'.'i  X<ir.,  vol.  ii.,  p  85. 

The  'ridiiiiirlKi-dhnicli,  (U"  Dog-ribs,  'iidiabit  the  country  to  the  westward 
of  the  Copper  Indians,  as  far  as  Mackenzie's  River.'  FniuLlin's  X<ir.,  vol.  ii., 
p.  80.  ilulhdiii,  ill  Am.  Aiiti<i,  Soe.  Trdiisnd.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1!>.  'East  from  Mar- 
tin Lake  to  the  Coppermine  River.'  liichurdsini'H  Jmtr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  3.  At  Fort 
Confidence,  north  of  Great  Bear  Lake.'  tS'unp.ion's  Kur.,  p.  200.  'Between 
Martin's  Lake  and  the  Coppermine  River.'  LndiirUi,  Ab.  L<in<j.,  p.  G(i. 

The  Ivticrlin-dliiKih,  or  Hare  Indians,  are  'immediately  to  the  northward 
of  the  Dog-ribs  on  the  north  side  of  Bear  Lake  River.'  Fninldix's  \(ir.,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  83.  They  'inhabit  the  banks  of  the  Mackenzie,  from  Slave  Lake 
tlowuv.ards.'  Iticliiinlsnn's  Junr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  3.  Between  Bear  Lake  nnd 
Fort  Good  Hope.  Sitiipsim's  Xnr.,  p.  98.  On  Mackenzie  River,  b'  low  Great 
Slave  Lake,  extending  towards  the  Great  Bear  Lake.  Gallatin,  in  .Iki.  Antiij, 
Hoc.  Traiisnd.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  11). 

'  To  the  eastward  of  the  Dog-ribs  are  the  Red-knives,  named  by  their  south- 
ern neighbors,  the  Taidsaut-'diiniic  (Birch-rind  people).     They  inhabit  a 


THE  TINNEH. 


145 


stripe  of  country  running  northwards  from  Groat  Slave  Liiko,  and  in  l^readtli 
from  tlu'  (inut  Fish  Kivcr  to  the  Copporniinf.'  llii'litinlsnn's  Jmir.,  vol.ii.  j).  4. 

The  Ainhaicknrlwot  Tiiiin-h,  or  Shpf'p  Indians,  '  inhabit  the  Rocky  Jlonnt- 
nins  n«ir  tlie  sources  of  the  Dawhoot-dinneh  Kiver  which  flows  into  ^bw.. 
kenzic's.'  FranUhi'H  3V(r..  vol.  ii.,  ],.  H4.  Furth-r  dowa  the  Mackenzie, 
near  the  fi5    parallel.  lUdiftrdmni's  Join:,  vol.  ii.,  p.  7. 

Tho  Siirsis,  Cirri'cs,  Cirit's,  Sarsi,  Sorsi,  Sussee.t,  Suvspps,  or  Siavis,  'live 
near  the  IJocky  Jfountains  between  the  sources  of  the  Athabasca  and  Sas- 
katchewan Kivcrs;  are  said  to  be  likewise  of  tho  Tinne  stock.'  j{lv},<inls„u's 
Jour.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  0.  'Near  the  sources  of  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Saska- 
chawan.  d'olldtin.  ui  Avi.  Aidhj.  Soe.  Tnaisact.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1!>. 

The  nUhimlairhoot  Timeh,  or  Brush-wood   Indians,  inhabit  the  uj.per 
branches  f)f  the  Rivn're  <m\  Liards.   Fmnhlin's  X,ir.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  87.     (),,  tho 
Kiver  anx  Liards  (Poplar  Eiver).  actUatin,  in  A,n.  Anti,,.  Son.  Tmnswt    vol 
ii..  p.  I'J  ■' 

The  Xo.,(tUn;  or  Chin  Indians,  on  Mackenzie's  map,  latitude  r,2  ;t()'  h.ngi- 
tudo  122  to  l•-^.^  'inhabit  the  country  about  52  .')(»'  N.  L.  to  the  southward 
of  the  Takalli,  and  thence  extend  south  along  Eraser's  Eiver  towards  tho 
Straits  of  Fuca.'  J'rirlinnrs  liisemThes,  vol.  v..  p.  427. 

Tho  Slounom  Thinel,  on  Mackenzie's  are  next  north-west  from  the  Xa 
gailer.  Vater  places  them  at  52'  4'.  '  Noch  niiher  der  Kiisto  urn  d.'U  ry>  4' 
wohntcn  die  Slua-cu.ss-dinais  d.  i.  Bothtisch-Mann..r.'  Voter,  MnhrkhtUs,  vol 
111.,  pt.  111.,  p.  421.  On  the  upper  part  of  Frazers  Hiver  Cx'a  AJmi  p  '•{•)•{ 
The  Uonln,  Momdmn  Indhim  are  a  small  tribe  situated  to  th«.  south-west 
of  tho  Sheep  Indians.  Fr„„Uln's  .\<,r.,  vol.  ii.,  j,.  8",.  'On  the  Unjitjah  or 
J  eaco  h.ver.'  (;allatii>,  in  Am.  Anti,).  Soc.  Trnumd.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  19.  On  the 
upper  tributaries  of  Peace  River.  M<ichmzie'H  Toy.,  p,  K):}. 

The  7Wc,,//;m,  oi-  Carriers,  inhabit  Now  Cal.do'nia  from  latitude  52'  .W'  to 
latitud..  ;,i,  .     '  A  g.>n..ral  name  given  to  tho  native  tribes  of  New-Caledonia  ' 
Mor^  s    !,,,o>,  p.  ;,71.    'All  the  natives  of  tho  Upper  Eraser  are  calle.l  by 
to  Hudson  Bay  Company,  and  indeed  generally,  •'  Porteurs,"  or  Carriers  ' 
^%.e  s  /;.  , '.,  p.  208.     .  Tokalis,  Le  Nord  do  la  Nouv..lle  Caledoni...'  Mo,n,'. 
Kn^lur.,  ton..  11.,  p.  ,^35.     'Norihern  part  of  New  Caledonia.'  I'ivh.nn.r^ 
h<u-e^,  in  i    S    K.t.  Ex.,  vol.  ix.,  p.  33.     '  On  the  sources  of  Fraser's  River  ' 
hulnn;   Ah.  Ly.,  p.  178.     •  Unter  den  V.ilkcrn  ,les  Tinne  Stamm,.s.  wclcho 
das  Land  west lich  von  den  Rocky  Mountains  bewohnen.  nehmen  ,lie  Ta- 
kuh  (^\asscrvolk,  Oder  Carriers  den  grossten   Theil   von   Neu-Caledonien 
.■HI.     nn..h,nann   AthopusL  SprueL.t .,  p.  152.     ' (hvater  part  of  New  ( 'alcdo- 
mawc  ,„•,/.,.  s  J,,.,       1.   H..  p.  31.      'Latitude   of   Q.u.n   Chari„„es 
Isand,    JnrlnmU  llesPmrlns,  vol.  v., ,,.  427.     '  From  latitude  52' :t(r.  ^M.,  re 
.t  borders  on  the  country  of  the  Shoushaps,  to  latitude  5.1  ,  including  Sin.p- 
s.mshiver.    /A,/,  s  «/,.,,,,;,  r.S.  A>.  y-.r.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  202.     'Southof  ,  „■ 
Su.aun.s  and  Straits  Lake.'  n.n.nnrs  Jour.,  p.  l,..).     They  'are  divi.ld  i,,''. 
■U  Ncn  ..lans,  or  mmor  tribes,  whoso  names  are-beginning  at  the  h„„.1i     ,.s 
b   l-nvs:  the  Tautn.   orTalkotin;  the  Tsilkotin  or  Chilcotin;  the  Nasl.„ii,; 
hHh.   in:  thelsasnotin;  the  Nulaautin:  the  Ntshaautin;  the  Na.liau: 
t.n,  theNikozhautin:  the  Jat.shiautin ;  and  the  Babiue  Indians.'  JIak\,  J  th. 

Vui,.  1,     iu  . 


UQ 


TRIBAL  BOUNDAEIES. 


nog.,  in  XT.  S.  Ex.  Ex.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  202.  'The  prinoipfil  trihpH  in  tlip  country 
north  of  thf  CohiniViin  roRiona,  are  the  (Hiileotius  und  the  TiUcotins.'  tirnn- 
how's  Ilisl.  Oi/n.,  p.  30.  The  Tiileotins  '  oeeupy  the  territory  above  Fort  Alexan- 
dria on  I'razer  lUver.'  HnzHtt's  II.  ('.,  p.  7'.».  'Spend  nmcli  of  their  time  iit 
Rellhoulii.  in  the  Jientinek  Inlet.'  Mni/ui's  H.  ('..  p.  '2!»!).  The  Calkohins  'in- 
habit New  Caledonia,  west  of  the  niountainH.'  ]>i^  Svirt's  I.ethrs  niid  Slatrhf.'^. 
p.  157.  Till'  Nateotetains  inhabit  the  country  lyin^'  directly  west  from  Stuart 
Lake  on  either  bank  of  the  Nateotetain  River,  llitnnim'a  Jour.,  p.  218.  The 
Nuskootains  lie  alouf;  Fra/er  River  from  Frazer  Lake.  /(/.,  p.  21.">. 

The  Simiiiii.i  dwell  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  between  the  Reaver  Indians 
on  the  east,  and  the  Tacullies  and  Atnas  on  the  west  and  south.  1(J.,  p.  iOO. 
They  live  east  of  the  Tacullies  in  the  Rocky  Mountain,  link's  Ktliiioi).  in 
U.  S,  Ex.  Ex.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  '202.  '  On  the  Rocky  Mountains  near  the  Rapid 
Indians  and  West  of  them.'  Morse's  lieport,  p.  371. 

The  A^(^!'/u(.^•  are  a  lar},'e  nation,  extending  from  the  Mackenzie  River 
westward  along -the  Yukon  Valley  to  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  with  the 
Eskimos  on  one  side  and  the  Koltshanes  on  the  other.  RuHchiiiann,  Sjiuren 
iler  Ailfk.  Spntche,  p.  713,  places  them  on  the  sixty-iifth  par.illd  of  latitude, 
and  from  lliO  to  ISO-"  of  longitude  west  from  Greenwich.  '  Das  Volk  wohnt 
nm  Flusse  Yukon  oder  Kwiclipak  und  iiber  ihm;  es  dehnt  sicli  nach  Rich- 
ardson's Kart((  auf  dem  (J'lten  Parallelkreise  aus  vom  IDO-MO  W.  L.  v.  Gr., 
und  gehiirt  daher  zur  Halft(i  dem  britischen  und  zur  Ilalfte  dem  russischen 
Nordamerika  an.'  They  are  located  'immediately  to  the  northward  of  the 
Hare  Indians  on  both  ^>anks  of  Mackenzie's  River.'  l-'runUiu's  Skt.,  vol.  ii., 
p.  83.  Gallatin,  Am.  Aiitiij.  Sue.  'I'rtdisact.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  83,  places  their  north- 
ern boundary  in  latitude  (>7'  27'.  To  the  west  of  th(^  Mackenzie  the  Lou- 
cheux  interpose  between  the  Esipiimaux  'and  the  Tinnc,  and  spread  west- 
ward until  they  come  into  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  tribes  of  Reering's 
Sea.'  h'icliordson's  Jour.,  vol.  i.,  p.  377.  'The  Kutchiu  may  be  said  to  in- 
habit the  territory  extending  from  the  Mackenzie,  at  the  mouth  of  Peels 
River,  lat.  08'^.  long.  134"^,  to  Norton's  sound,  living  i)rincipally  upon  the 
banks  of  the  Youcon  and  Porcupine  Rivers,  though  several  of  the  tribes  are 
situated  far  inland,  many  days'  jcmrney  from  either  river.'  Jones,  in  Smitlisnu- 
iun  Ihpt.,  18t)(i,  p.  320.  '  They  commence  somewhere  about  the  (Joth  degree  of 
north  latitude,  and  stretch  westward  from  the  Mackenzie  to  Ikhriug's  straits.' 
'They  are  divided  into  many  petty  tribes,  each  lu>ving  its  own  chief, as  the  Tatlit- 
Kutchin  (Peel  River  Indians),  Ta-Kuth-Kutchin  ( Lapiene's  House  Indians), 
Kutch-a-Kutchin  (Youcan  Indians),  Touchon-ta-Kutchin  (AVoodcd-country 
Indians),  and  many  others.'  KWUy,  in  Siiiitlisouinn  liipl.,  18C4,  pp.  417,  418, 

The  Dcgothi-Kutehin,  or  Loucheux,  Quarrellers,  inhabit  the  west  bank  of 
the  Mackenzie  between  the  Hare  Indians  and  Eskimos.  The  Loucheux  are 
on  the  Mackenzie  between  the  Arctic  circle  and  the  sea.  Shnpsoii's  Nar., 
p.  103. 

The  Vanta-Kutchin  occupy  '  the  banks  of  the  Porcupine,  and  the  country 
to  the  north  of  it.'  ' Vanta-kutshi  (peojile  of  the  lakes),  I  only  tind  that 
they  belong  to  the  Porcupine  River.'  hithum's  S<tt.  Unces,  j).  2't)4.  They 
'inhabit  the  territory  north  of  the  head-waters  of  the  Porcupine,  somewhat 
below  Lapierre's  House.'  Dali's  Alaska,  p.  430. 


THE  TINNEH. 


147 


Tho  Natc'he-Kutchin,  or  Gens  de  Large,  dwell  to  the  'north  of  the  Porcn- 
piue  River. '  '  These  extend  on  the  north  bank  to  the  mouth  of  the  Porcupine  ' 
Dnll'H  Al'tska,  pp.  109,  430. 

'Neyetse-Kutshi,  (people  of  the  open  country),  I  only  find  that  they  l)e- 
lons  to  the  Porcupine  river.'  Latham's  Nat.  Races,  p.  294.  Whymper's  nmi) 
culls  them  Ent  Indians. 

'  The  Na-tsik-Kut-chin  inhabit  the  high  ridge  of  land  between  the  Yukon 
and  the  Arctic  Sea.'  Hardisty,  in  BaU's  Alask-a,  p.  197. 

The  Kukuth-Kutchin  'occupy  the  country  south  of  the  head-waters  of  the 
Porcupine.'  Dall's  Alaska,  p.  430. 

The  Tutohone  Kutchin,  Gens  de  Foux,  or  crow  people,  dwell  upon  both 
sides  of  the  Yukon  about  Fort  Selkirk,  above  the  Han  Kutchin    Jd     m, 
109,  429.  "  ' '  ■ 

'  Tathzey-Kutshi,  or  people  of  the  ramparts,  the  Gens  du  Fou  of  the  French 
Canadians,  are  spread  from  the  upper  parts  of  the  Peel  and  Porcupine  llivers 
within  the  British  territory,  to  the  river  of  the  Mountain-men,  in  the  Eussian' 
The  upper  Yukon  is  therefore  their  occupancy.  They  fall  into  four  bands- 
a,  the  Tratse-kutshi,  or  people  of  the  fork  of  the  river;  b,  the  Kutshu-kutsLi; 
c,  the  Zeka-thaka  (Ziunka-kutshi),  people  on  this  side,  (or  middle  people  ;' 
and,  (}.,  the  Tauua-kutshi,  orpeopleof  the  bluffs.'  Latham'sXat.  Races,  p.  2!»3.' 

Tho  Ilan-Kntchin,  An-Kutchin  Gens  de  Bois,  or  wood  people,  iuhabit'the 
Yukon  above  Porcupine  Kiver.  Whymptr's  Alaska,  p.  254.  They  are  found 
on  tlie  Yukon  next  below  the  Crows,  and  above  Fort  Yukon.  DnlVs  Alaska, 
p.  109.  'Han-Kutchi  residing  at  the  sources  of  the  Yukon.'  Richardson's 
Jour.,  vol.  i.,  p.  3',)6. 

'  The  Artez-Kutshi,  or  the  tough  (hard)  people.  The  sixty-second  parallel 
cuts  tlirough  th(ir  country;  so  that  they  lie  between  the  head-waters  of  the 
Yukon  and  the  Pacific.'  Latham's  Nat.  Races,  p.  293.  See  also  Richardsons 
Jour.,  vol.  i.,  p.  397. 

The  Kuteha-Kntchins,  or  Kot-ii-Kutchin,  'are  found  in  the  country  near 
the  junction  of  the  Poreuiiiue  and  the  Yukon.'  Dall's  Alaska,  p.  431. 

The  Tenan-Kutchin,  orTananahs,  Gens  de  Buttes,  or  people  of  the  mount- 
nins,  o-cupy  an  unexplored  domain  south-west  of  Fort  Yukon.  Their  couiiti  y 
is  drained  by  the  Tananah  Eiver.  Dall's  Alaska,  p.  108.  They  are  placed  ou 
Whymper's  map  about  twenty  miles  south  of  the  Yukon,  iu" longitude  l.")!' 
west  fr;  i  Gnetiwich.  On  "Whymper's  map  are  placed:  the  Bin^h  Indians, 
or  Gen:.  ..  iiouleau  on  the  sotith  bank  of  the  Yukon  at  its  junction  witli 
Porcupine  Eiver;  the  Gens  de  Milieu,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Yukon,  in 
longitude  MO  ;  tin  Nuclukayettes  on  both  banks  in  longitude  102-;  and  the 
Newicaiguts,  on  the  south  bank  between  longitude  153-  and  155 \ 

The  Kvunls  occupy  the  peninsula  of  Kenai  and  the  surrounding  country. 
h<d.  Aff.  ]!q,t.,  mv,},  p.  502.  '  An  den  Ufern  und  den  Umgebungen  von  Cook's 
Inlet  und  umdio  Seen  Iliamnaund  Kisshick.  Hair,  Stat.  u.  Etlai.,  p.  103. 

The  Unakatana  Yunakakhotanas,  live  '  on  the  Yukon  between  Koyukuk 
and  Nuklukal-yet.'  Dall's  Alaska,  p.  53. 

'Junakachotana,  ein  Stamm,  weleher  auf  dem  Flusse  Jun-a-ka  wohnt." 
Saijoskin,  in  D'nk.trhr.  der  ru.ss.  ijeo.  Uvsill.,  p.  324.  'Die  Junnakachotana, 
am  Flusso  Jukchaua  oder  Juuna  (so  wird  der  obere  Lauf  des  Kwichpakh 


1^ 


TRIBAL  BOrXDAllIF.S. 


t,'"naniit>  zwisflirn  den  Ncbfiiflii'scn  Xulato  niul  Juniiiika,  so  wio  am  iintora 
L;mf(>  (Ics  k'tzt^'i'iiiinntcn  Fhisso;-!.'  llitluihi'i-ii,  FAIm.  SUz.,  p.  6. 

'Die  Juiuiachotiuia  l)c>\v<ihnpn  don  obpi-n  Lanf  dt's  JukcLaua  odor  Jnnuu 
vo]i  del-  MiinduJig  dcs  Jniiuaka.'  llihnhirii,  Kthn.  Sl'iz.,  j).  0. 

'Die  Jiigi'liiutcn  habcn  ihri' Ansicdclungt'ii  am  Kwiclipakh,  am  Tsclia<^<l- 
juk  und  ail  dfi-  Jliindniif;  dos  Innoka,  I)i<'  Inkalicliljaateii,  am  obcvn  Laiifu 
di'S  Iiiuoka.  Die  Thljcfjoiiehotana  am  Flussc  Thljc^jun,  der  iincli  der  Vcr- 
iiii'^'un^  mit  dum  Tatsclicf^iio  dtn  Iiinoka  bildct.  llihnbrrii,  EUni.  Sl.ii.,  jip. 
(>.  7.  'Thi'y  t'Xtt'iid  virtually  from  the  c-onflnenc*'  of  tin-  ("o-Yukuk  Itivi-r  to 
Niichukayctte  at  the  junction  of  tin'  Taiiana  with  tlic  Yukon.'  'They  also 
inhabit  the  banks  of  the  Co-yuknk  and  otluT  interior  rivers.'  Whi/tiqiir's 
Alasht,  p.  204. 

The  IiKidllLs  inhabit  the  Yukon  from  Nulato  south  to  below  the  Anvic 
lliver.  See  Wlii/iiijivf'H  Mnj).  '  The  tribe  extends  from  the  edj,'eof  the  wooded 
district  n(>ar  the  sea  to  and  across  the  Yukon  below  Kulato,  on  the  Y'ukon 
and  its  ailiuents  to  the  head  of  the  delt.i,  and  across  the  portage  to  tlie  Kus- 
kocpiini  River  and  its  branches.'  Di  ill's  Ala  a  kit,  p.  28.  'Die  Inkilikeii,  am 
nntern  Laufe  des  Junna  siidlich  von  Nnlato.'  lliiliuUvni,  Kthn.  Sh'iz.,  p.  (!. 
'  An  deni  ganzi'ii  Itt(>ge  wohnt  der  Stanim  der  Inkiliken,  welcher  zu  deni 
Volk  der  Ttynai  gehiirt.'  Sagoskin,  i.i  Dmlsi'lv.  dir  niss.  (ji<>.  <ivsr:i.,  p. 
;U1.  'An  den  Fliisseii  Kwichpack,  Kuskokwim  nnd  anderi'ii  ihiu  n  zn- 
stromenden  Fliisseii.'  Hwr,  Stul.  n.  Ktliii.,  p.  I'JO.  'The  Ingaliks  living  on 
the  nin-th  side  of  the  Yukon  between  it  and  the  Kaiyuh  Mountains  vkiiown 
as  Takaitsky  to  the  Russians),  bear  the  name  of  Kaiyuhkatana  or  "lowland 
j)eople,"  and  the  other  blanches  of  Ingaliks  have  similar  names,  while  pre- 
Horving their  general  tribal  name.'  Jhill's  Alish'i,  \>.  '>'.).  On  AVhymper's map 
they  are  called  T'kitskes  and  arc  situated  east  of  the  Y'ukon  in  latitude  Ol^' 
north. 

Tlit3  KoUschtinrs  ocenpy  the  territory  inland  between  the  sources  of  the 
Kuskocjuim  and  Copjier  Rivers.  'They  extend  as  far  inland  as  the  water- 
shed between  the  Copper-river  and  the  Y'nkon.'  I.iitlniiii'a  A'lit,  /I'dce.s,  p, 
'.il)2.  'Die  Galzanen  oder  Koltschaneii  (d.  h.  Fri'iiidliiige,  in  der  Pjirache 
der  Athnaer)  bewohneii  das  Innere  des  Land<'S  zwischen  den  (iuelllliisseii 
des  Kuskokwim  bis  zu  den  iiiirdlichen  Zulliissen  des  Athna  oder  Kujifev- 
stromes. '  Jlnhiilienj,  Ltliii.  Skh.,  p.  7.  'Diejenigeli  Stiinime,  welche  dio 
iiihdlichen  nnd  (istlich<'n,  dem  Atna  zustromendeii  Fliisse  und  Fliisschen  be- 
wohnen,  eben  so  die  noch  weiter,  jeiisi'its  der  (lebirge  lebenden,  werden  vou 
den  Atnaern  Koltschaneii,  d.  h.  FreiiuUinge,  genannt.'  Jinir,  Skit.  it.  Klloi., 
1>.  101.     'North  of  the  river  Atna.'  Lmli'ii-iii,  Ah.  l.nwj.,  p.  Of!. 

The  Nehanues  ocenpy  the  tirritory  midway  between  Jlount  St.  Elias  and 
the  Mackenzie  River,  from  Fort  Selkirk  and  the  Stakine  Rivi  r.  'According 
ti)  Mr.  Isbister,  range  the  country  betwtHii  the  Russian  settlements  on  the 
Stikino  River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.'  Lotldtm's  ynl.  Hitn.i,  ]>.  ■.;95.  The 
Nolihannies  live  'upon  the  ui'jar  branches  of  the  Riviere  aux  Liards.'  Fr'mk- 
I'l'i's  \iir.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  K7.  They  'inhabit  the  angle  between  that  branch  and 
the  great  bend  of  the  trunk  of  the  river,  anil  are  neighbours  of  tlu'  Reaver 
Indians.'  irirjiiiril.inn'n  Juhv.,  vol.  ii.  j).  fi.  The  region  which  includes  the 
Lewis,  or  Tabco,  uud  Telly  Rivers,  with  the  .alley  of  the  C'hilkaht  River,  is 


THE  TINNEII. 


149 


ocrnpicd  1iy  trilirs  Imown  to  tlip  HndHon  Bay  vnyarronrs  ns  Nthnnncf-s 
Tlu)s<-  (.11  the  I'clly  1111(1  iriicniilldn  rivt^rs  call  tlu.iiis('lvcs  Affats-tcim.  Horn.' 
of  tlunii  uc-ar  Lianl's  Uiver  call  themselves  Dalio-tcna  or  Achcto-tcua,  and 
others  are  called  Sieaniiees  hy  the  voya-euis.  Those  near  Francis  Lake 
are  known  as  Mauvais  :M,,ii,|e,  or  Slav('  Indians.  About  Fort  Selkirk  tlu  v 
have  1)(  (1.  called  Gens  des  Foux. 

The  A',  ,„ii  proper,  or  Keiiai-tena.  or  Thnaina,  inhabit  th(^  r<^ninMila  of 
Keiiai,  'Iin  shores  of  Took  Inlet,  and  thence  westerly  across  the  Chi-mit 
.Aloui.i  lius,  nearly  tothe  Kiuko.iuini  Itiver.  Th.>y  'inhabit  the  country  n,  ,.r 
Cook's  Inlet,  and  Iwtli  shores  of  th-  Inlet  as  far  south  as  C'liu-'aehik'un  ' 
D'dl's  Alishi.  p.  4.W.  'Die.  eijrentiicheii  Thnaina  bewolnien  (lie  Ilalbii',;.'! 
Keiiai  und  Ziehen  sichvonda  westlich  iiber  dasTs(hi.,'niit-(}ebir-e  zuni  Jl.m- 
taschtauo  oder  Tchalchukh,  eineni  siidlichon  Neb(>iiriuss,-  des  Kuskokwiiii  ' 
Jlolmbuy,  mn.  SIA:.,  p.  7.  'Dieses-an  den  Ffern  und  den  Unij-ebun-cii 
vou  Cook's  Inlet  und  uni  die  Seen  Iliamna  und  Kisshiek  lebende  V("lk  .-elui'* 
zu  deiu  selben  Staniuie  wie  die  Galzanen  odcr  Koltschauen,  Atiiaer  uiul  Ku 
loschen.'  /;«.;•.  sua.  n.  Kthn.,  p.  ]0;i.  'Les  Kenmm  liabitent  la  cAt.'  oceid.-,,- 
tale  de  l^'iitiv^e  de  Cook  ou  du  ^olfe  Kenayskaja.'  lln,„h,Mt,  Esmi  /'„/.,  toin 
i..  p.  yj«.  '  Tlu^  Indians  of  ('..(.k's  Inlet  and  adjacent  waters  are  called'"Ka- 
nisky."  They  are  settled  along  the  .shore  of  the  inlet  and  on  the  east  slioio 
of  fhe  peninsula.'  'East  of  Cx.k's  Inlet,  in  Frince  AVilliums  Sound  there 
arc  but  few  Indians,  they  are  called  "Nuchusk."  '  lud.  Atf  ](, ,,l  '  18G'i 
11.  57").  •'         ^   ■'        ■ ' 

The  AliuiH  occupy  the  Atna  or  Copper  Eiver  from  near  its  mouth  to  near  it.^ 
source.     'At  the  month  of  the  Copper  Eiver.'  Latham's  Cow  p.  I'hU.,  vol    viii 
l).:5',)->.    'BieAtlinaer,aniAthnaoderKupferflusse.'7/(>i,„/>,.,v/,A'//„i  !s7,  r    p  7' 
'On  the  upper  part  of  the  Atna  or  Copper  Eiver  are  a  little-known  tribe' (,f 
the  above  name  [viz.,  Ah-teiia].    Th.>y  have  b.-en  call.ul  Atnaer  and  K.dshini 
by  tne  Eussians,  and  Yellow  Knife  or  Nehauiiee  by  the  English. '  DaWs   UasL,, 
p.  -i-J.     'Diese  kleine,  jetzt  uugefahr  aus  CO  Familien  bestehcnde   Vdlkn' 
Bchaft  ,voUnt  an  den  Uferu  des  Flusses  Atna  und  neuut  sich  Atmier  '  Lw  • 
StaL.  u.  Li)m.,  p.  DV.  "  ' 


CHAPTER    III. 


COLUMBIANS. 
Habitat  of  the  CoLiniBiAN  Gnoup — Physical  Gkoohaphy — Socecks  of 

fooD-i^^CITLV — iNFLUKNCK  OF  FoOL  ANU  ClIMATK  — FoUK  KXTKEME  ClashKS 
—  liAlDAHS  —  THEIU  lIoME  —  PlIYSICAI.  rECCLIAKITIKS  — C'LOTHINd  — SuEL- 
TKIl  —  SrSTENANCE  —  IMPLEMENTS  —  MaNIFAC  I  t'UKH  —  AllTS  —  ritOPKIiTV  — 

Laws — Klaveky — Women— Cl-stomh — Medicine  —  Death — The  Nootkas 
—The  Sound  Nations — The  Chinooks— The  Shushwai»s— The  Salihh — 
The  Sauaptinh — Tuiisal  Bocndauies. 

Tlie  term  Columbians,  or,  as  Scoulor^  and  others  have 
called  them,  Xootku-Colainhians,  is,  in  the  absence  of  a 
native  word,  snlficiently  characteristic  to  distin«•ui^h  the 
aboriginal  nations  of  north-western  America  between  the 
forty-third  and  fiftv-fifth  parallels,  from  those  of  the  other 
great  divisions  of  this  Avork.  The  Columbia  River,  w  hieh 
sujigests  the  name  of  this  group,  and  Nootka  Sound  on 
the  western  shore  of  A'ancouver  Island,  were  originally 
the  chief  centres  of  Kuroi)ean  settlement  on  the  Koith- 
west  (V)ast;  and  at  an  early  period  these  names  weie 
compounded  to  designate  the  natives  of  the  Anglo- Amer- 
ican possessions  on  the  Tacific,  which  lay  between  tbe 
discoveries  of  the  Russians  on  the  north  and  tho^e  of 
the  ^^})aniards  on  the  south.  As  a  simple  name  is  al- 
ways j)relerable  to  a  coun)lex  one.  and  as  no  nK)re  jierti- 
ncnt  name  suggests  itself  than  that  of  the  great  river 
which,  with  its  tributaries,  drains  a  large  portion  of  this 

1  The  XiiotLfi-ColiDiihiiiiis  comprclicnd  'tlio  tvilips  inliiihitiiii;!  Qiiiulrii  iiikI 
A'iiiicoiiv(i'"s  Isliiml,  uml  tin:  mljactnt  inlets  of  tlic  iiiiiiuliiii(l,  down  to  llio 
(  iilnniliiii  Itivcr,  aiicl  inrlmiis  us  far  S.  as  UiniKjUii  liivc  r  ami  the  iioiliuiu 
liurt  of  Ntw  C'alifiuaiu.'  .'^conkr,  in  Loud.  Otuij.  •^vcJour,,  vol.  xi.,  p.  22L 


-4 


)■   ,   'I,    -    ,p'r  ■•      A    y       ■, 


NATIVE    RACES 

PACI'^IC  3TAT3EiS 

COLU  MBIAN     CROUP 

S...li' 


7    ;{ < 


T 


COLUMUIAN  FAMILIES. 


151 


torritorv,  I  (lioj)  'X(H)tka'  and  retain  only  tlio  word 
•Coliimhiiin. "  Tlu'so  nations  have  also  been  broadly 
denominated  I'latlieads,  I'l-oni  a  enstoni  la-aeticed  more  or 
less  by  many  of  their  triln's,  of  conijnvssinjj;  tiie  eraninn^ 
durinji  inlancy;'  althon^h  the  only  Indians  in  the  whole 
urea,  tribally  known  as  Flatheads,  are  those  of  the  Salish 
i'amily.  who  do  not  llatten  the  head  at  all. 

in  describinji  the  ('olnmbiau  nations  it  is  necessary, 
as  in  tile  other  divisions,  to  snbdivide  the  jironj);  arbi- 
trarily this  may  have  been  done  in  some  instances,  but 
as  natm-iilly  as  iM)ssible  in  all.  Thus  the  iH'o[)le  of  (^)ueen 
Charlotte  Islands,  and  the  adjacent  coast  Ibr  about  a 
hundred  miles  inland,  extendinjr  I'rom  o-j"  to  •')li"  of  north 
latitude,  are  called  lldHhihs  Ironi  the  predominant  tribe 
of  the  islands.  The  <K'cupantsof  \'ancouver  Island  and 
the  o|)i)osite  main,  with  its  labyrinth  of  inkts  IVom  ''»2'* 
to  t!l",  1  term  Xoothis,  The  Sound  Indhnn^  inhabit  the 
rejiion  drained  by  streams  tlowin^  into  Pu^et  Sound,  and 
the  adjacent  shores  of  the  strait  and  (K'ean;  the  C/iinoo/iS 
occupy  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  I'rom  the  Dalles  to  the 
sea,  extei.dini;  along  the  coast  northward  to  (J ray  Har- 
bor, and  southward  nearly  to  the  (.'alifornian  line.  The 
iuterioi"  of  Ih'itish  Cohunbia,  between  the  Cascade  and 
Uocky  Mountains,  and  south  of  the  territory  occupied  by 
the  Hyperborean  Carriers,  is  peo[)led  ))y  the  S/t/ix/nnij/s, 
the  Kooteaa'ia^  and  the  OkaiuKjdnn.     JJetween  49" and  47*', 

2  Gilbirt  lliik'olni  Sprout,  a  floso  observer  niul  clciir  writer,  thinks  'this 
wuril  .\i  II  il,',  I  ill  -no  wunl  at  all— toj^cthcr  \vitli  an  iiiiaj^iiiaiy  wnnl,  ('idniiilwtn, 
lUnotinL;  a  sii|i|ios((l  orij^'inal  North  Aiiitrican  race— is  i  l)snr(l!y  nscil  to  (h- 
notc  all  the  trilits  which  inhabit  tlu'  llocky  Mountains  and  tlic  wcsti  i  n  coast 
of  Xoith  Anicrii-a,  froiv  California  inchisivdy  to  the  rc^'ions  inhalii'.i  il  hy  the 
Ks(iiiinianx.  In  this  ^,'rcat  tract  tliirc  arc  more  trilxs,  diticriiii,'  totally  i  i  lan- 
f,'iiaL;c  ami  custonis,  than  in  any  otlicr  jjortion  of  the  Anarican  ci.niiiicut; 
anil  surely  a  Ik  Iter  L;eneral  name  for  them  could  he  fcjund  than  this  nr  aniui- 
less  and  nusai)i)lied  tiriu  Simt'.iilk,  i'oliiiiihlni.'  >jirni  Cfi  >('/((.■;,  p.  It.").  Yet 
Mr  Spi-oat  su.;;4ests  no  othi  r  iiann'.  It  is  (piite  pussihlo  (hat  C'lolc,  I'  //.  I  < 
the  I'lifU'tc,  Vol.  ii.,  )).  '2^S,  niisumhrstoi>d  (he  native  lianas  of  Kootha  t-'oi,nd. 
It  is  casv  to  criticise  any  name  which  nii;4ht  he  adojiti d.  and  t  v.  n  if  it  wi  rc^ 
j  racticahh^  or  (h  siralile  to  chali;;(!  all  nualiinL,less  an<l  niisaii]'lii  d  j^cdj  vi'ih- 
ical  names,  (he  Kame  or  f^reatcr  ohje<'tions  mi.^ht  he  raist  d  aL;ainr.t  oilurs, 
which  lucessitv  would  re(iuiie  ii  writer  to  invent. 

^  /r<f„('.s  II  »,„/.,  p.  I7;i;  .lA„y;, 's  \'a„p..  hi.,  p.  411;  CIlUi's  X.  Am.  /-/, 
vol.  ii..  p.  1()S;  thn  name  beinv;  given  to  the  people  hetweeu  the  rcyion  of  tho 
Coluinbia  and  53'  30  . 


152 


COLUMBIANS. 


l!: ' 


extt'iidhi^u;  west  from  tlic  (^israde  to  tlio  Rocky  Mouiituiiis. 
cli icily  on  t\\v  Colimiltia  uiid  Clarke  l"V)rk.  is  the  N///sA  or 
FliitJK'iid  I'imiily.  Tlio  iiutious  (IwoUiiii:'  soiitli  of  1 7'  and 
eiistol"the(^is('ii(l(M'jniii'('.ontlio(\>liniil>iii.tli(d(»\vi'r  Snake, 
and  their  tribntary  streams,  may  hecalleil  S<ili<iiit<ii^,  I'rom 
the  name  of  the  Xez  IVrei'  tribes.^  TlU"  gri'at  S/ios/toiie 
i'amily.  extending  south-east  iVom  the  upper  Ava'ai'sol  the 
( 'oluiuhia,  and  spreadinji'  out  over  neai'ly  the  whole  of  the 
(ireat  Basin,  altiiouuli  partially  included  in  the  ( 'ohuu- 
l)ian  limits,  will  he  oiuitted  in  this,  and  included  in  the 
Calilornian  (iroup.  which  i'ollows.  These  divisions,  as 
before  stated,  are  <ieojiraphic  rather  than  ethnoiiraphic.^ 
Many  attempts  have  been  made  by  i)ractical  ethnol(\iiists. 
to  draw  partition  lines  between  these  peopk's  accoi'dinu 
to  race,  all  of  which  have  proved  signal  lailures,  the  l)est 
apjii-oximation  to  a  scientific  di\isior  bciuii,'  that  of  phil- 
()lo,Liists,  the  results  of  whose  reseai'ches  arc  <iiven  in  the 
third  volume  of  this  series;  ])ut  neither  the  latter  divis- 
ion, nor  that  into  coast  and  inland  trii)es — in  many  re- 
s[)ects  the  most  natural  and  clearly  dcfnied  of  all'' — is 
ada])t<'d  to  my  present  ])ur[)ose.  In  treatiu,i:'  ol'  the  Co- 
lumbians, 1  shall  lirst  take  up  the  coast  families.  L^oinj;' 
iVoui  north  to  south,  and  al'terward  follow  the  same  order 
with  those  east  of  the  uiouutains. 

No  little  [)artiality  was  displayed  by  the  (Ireat  S[)irit 
of  the  Colmul)ians  in  the  :i[)i)ortionment  oi'  their  dwt'll- 
inL:'-i)lace.  'fh(>  (^iseade  Mountains,  ruimiim  iVoui  north 
to  south  throughout  their  whole  territory,  make  of  it  two 
distinct  climatic  divisions,  both  luLbly  but  uueipially 
I'avored  by  nature.     On  the  coast  side — a  strip  N\hich 

'  'I'lic  niiiiic  \ti  /'('cci/s,  '  pici'ccil  iiDscs,'  is  usually  lu'dnuuuci  il  as  if  Eu- 
f;lisli,  .\' :  I'i'r-fis. 

■>  Fi)i-  iiaiticulars  and  arithoritics  stu!  Tuibai,  r.or.NU.uaKs  al  tuil  of  this 
(•liiii)tir. 

''  ''I'hi'  Indian  triln's  df  tlu>  Xoith-vcstcrn  C'nast  liiay  ln'  divided  into  two 
{t'.'ouus,  lUr  Jn>ulai'  and  lln'  Inland,  i>v  tliosi!  who  inlial  it  tht^  i:.lanils  iind 
i.djaciut  slion  s  (if  the  niaimand,  iind  siilisist  ahiinst  cutiii  ly  liy  tisliin;.;;  iiml 
tlidsc  who  livi'  in  tlio  iiiti  vicr  and  iuu  ])artly  hunt(  is.  1'his  <lisi  imi  is  jkv- 
It.ijis  aviiitraiy.  or  at  least  iniix  rfcct,  as  tluro  an^  ki  vcral  trilics  \\1iom'  allhii- 
tiis  wi.h  lithir  gi'nn[)  aro  oli^Ni'iiir.'  >ci/((/(c,  hi  l."iiil.  (iro  i.  ^-nr.  Jmir.,  viil. 
xi  .  ji.  217.  Sec  ><('i  'IS.  hi  P'lv.  /,'.  ];.  Lift.,  Mil.  i..  ]iii.  1I7-S.  and  Mni/in's 
.11.  '.,  ;  .LM2.  'Tho  best  ilivisiou  is  into  tuastiiud  inlaiul  tiibi's.'  Lnrd's  Sat., 
Vol.  ii.,  p.  'J^l'i. 


sioiis,  as 


IIOSIT.  OV  THE  COLUMlUAXfl.  1,-3 

m;..v  ].('  (';.1],.,1  n,io  hmKlred  and  fiftv  niili-s  >vl.1(>  juid  „„,. 
t  ion.sHKl  luilrs  lo.i-— excessive  cold  is  uiikii.mii.  and 
tlu-earlli.  uan.ic.l  l.y  Asiatic  cuiTeiits  and  Avatered  l,v 
nunienKis  inonntain  streams,  is  thickly  Avooded  :  iiohle 
ioivsts  are  well  st(.ck(ul  Avitii  pa,ne;  a  feVtile  soil  xields  a 
^iivat  vanetvot  succidcut  roots  and  edil,le  herries  Avliich 

Jattei-iiieaiisof  suhsisteiice were  li-litlvappreciatiMJhv tile 
indolent  ndial.itants,  by  reason  of  tliV  still  more  ahund- 
ant  an.  ac(vssd)le  food-supply  afforded  In-  the  fish  of 
ojvan.  cha.n.el.  ai.l  stream,  the  sources  oi"  material  for 
Hotiun-  ^unv.  also  hountiful  far  beyond  the  needs  ol'  the 
l)eoj)le. 

i'assin-  the  (\isoade  barrier,  the  climate  and  the  face 
o    the  country  chan-e.      Here  Aye  have  a  succession  of 
I'lMiHs  or  table-lan.ls.  rarely  dej-eneratiim'  into  dvsvvt. 
AVilh  a  -ood  su])ply  of  oniss  and  roots:  thou-h  -enerally 
jvithout    tunber,    except    along    the   stivan.;..   unfl    the 
lieaydy  wooded  Ayestern  spurs  of  the  Kocky  Mountains 
aije  reached.      1  he  air  having  lost  much  ol"  its  moisture 
aitords  but  a  scanty  supply  of  rain,  the  Avarmino'  and 
equali/.nig  nilluence  of  the  ocean  stream  is  n..  lon-er  felt 
and  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  un.ler.„i,e  ac<-o..l- 
liiu'  to   atitude  an<l  seas.m.      Yet  are  the  .hveilers  in  this 
i'lnd  ))less,.l  above  many  other  aboriginal  peoples,  in  that 
ixnmc  IS  plenty,  and  .-oolsand  insects  are  at  hand  in  case 
tne  seasou  s  hunt  ])ro\e  unsuccessful. 

Kthuol<,dc-ally,  no  well-defined  line  can  be  drawn  to 
<livide  the  ],eople  occupying  these  two  wid,  ly  difiTdit 
regions      Diverse  as  they  ct>rtainly  are  in  Ib.iu.  char.  •- 

ter  andcustoms,_theirenyironnient,theclimate.andllMi» 
nietho.  sot  seeknig  fbod  may  well  be  sunposed  to  have 
made  them  so  .Not  only  do  the  ].ursuit  of  .anu>  in  ll:o 
inteiior  and  the  taku.g  of  fish  on  the  coa>t,  ,h>vc1op 
Clearly  marke.1  general  peculiarities  of  character  and  lill' 
m  the  tn„  divisions,  but  the  same  causes  prod>.,v  <  rades 
move  or  h  ss  distin<-t  in  ea<-b  division.  AVe.t  of  lie  (  ■,.- 
ea(hj  range,  the  highest  posith.n  is  Ju.ld  by  the  tribes  who 
n  their  cruioes  ,,ursue  the  whale  upon  th,>  o.van.  an.l  in 
theellort  to  capture  Leviathan  become  themselves  -eat 


l.-)! 


COLUMBIANS. 


and  daring  as  compared  with  the  lowest  order  wlio  live 
\i\)on  shell-fish  and  Avhatever  nutritious  substances  may 
ho  cast  by  the  tide  n[xm  the  beach.  Jjikewise  in  the  in- 
terior, the  extremes  are  found  in  the  deer,  ))ear,  elk,  and 
huftalo  hunters,  es^iecially  when  horses  are  employed,  {ind 
in  the  root  and  insect  eaters  of  the  plains.  IJetween  these 
four  extreme  classes  may  be  traced  many  intermediate 
jirades  of  physical  and  intellectual  de\el()pment,  due  to 
necessity  and  the  abilities  exercised  in  the  i)ursuit  of  game. 

The  Columbians  hitherto  have  been  broujiht  in  much 
closer  contact  Avith  the  whites  than  the  Hyperboreans, 
and  the  results  of  the  association  are  known  to  all.  The 
cruel  tj'eacheries  and  massacres  l)y  which  nations  have 
been  thinned,  and  llickering  remnants  of  once  powerful 
tribes  gathered  on  govermnent  reservations  or  reduced 
to  a  handful  of  beggars,  dependent  for  a  li\e[iliood  on 
charity,  theft,  or  the  wages  of  prostitution,  form  an  un- 
written chapter  in  the  history  of  this  region.  That  this 
prtM'ess  of  duplicity  was  mniecessary  as  well  as  infa- 
mous, 1  shall  not  attempt  to  show,  as  the  discussion  of 
Indian  ix)licy  Ibrms  no  part  of  my  present  purpose. 
AVhatever  the  cause,  whether  from  an  inhuman  civilized 
policy,  or  the  decrees  of  fate,  it  is  evident  that  the  Co- 
lumbians, in  connnon  with  all  the  aboritiines  of  America, 
are  doomed  to  extermination.  Civilization  and  savagism 
will  not  coalesce,  any  more  than  liiiht  and  darkness;  and 
although  it  may  be  necessary  that  these  things  come,  yet 
are  those  l»y  whom  they  are  unrighteously  accouipllshed 
none  the  less  culpable. 

Once  more  let  it  l)e  understood  that  the  time  of  which 
this  volume  speaks,  was  when  the  respective  peoples  Avere 
iirst  known  to  l']uro])eans.  Jt  was  when,  tbrougliout 
tliis  region  of  the  Cohuubia,  nature's  wild  magnificence 
was  yvt  fresh;  priuieval  forests  unprolaned ;  lakes,  and 
rivers,  and  I'olliug  plains  unswept;  it  was  when  count- 
less villages  dotted  the  luxuriant  valleys;  wlien  from 
the  warrior's  cauip-hre  the  curling  suioke  never  ceased 
to  ascend,  nor  the  sounds  of  song  and  dance  to  be  heard; 
s\ lien  bands  ol  gaily  dressed  savages  roamed  o\er  e\ery 


HAIDAH  NATIONS. 


155 


]iil  -,si,l(^;  when  humanity  unrestrained  vied  with  ])ird 
aiK    l.ea,st  ni  the  exercise  of  hberty  absohite.     This  i.s 
no  history;  alas!  tliey  liave  none;  it  is  hut  a  sun-nicture 
an(l  to  i.e  taken  correctly  must  he  taken  quickly      Nor 
need  we  pause  to  look  hack  through  the  dark\"ista  of 
u.iwritten  history,  and  si^eculate,  who  and  what  thev  are 
nor  ior  how  many  thousands  of  years  they  have  been'  com^ 
ing  and  ping,  counting  the  winters,  the  nu)ons,  and  the 
sleeps;  chasing  the  wild  game,  hasking  in  the  sunshine 
IH.rsmng  and  being  pursued,  killing  and  being  killed.' 
All  knowledge  regarding  them  lies  buried  in  an  eternity 
of    he  past,  as  all  knowledge  of  their  successors  remains 
folded  m  an  eternity  of  the   future.     ^Ve  came  upon 
tlic;in    unawares,   unbidden,   and  while  we  gaze.l   vhev 
ine  ted  away.      The  infectious  air  of  civilization  pe.u^ 
trated  to  the  remotest  corner  of  their  solitudes      Their 
Ignorant  and  credulous  nature,  unable  to  cope  with  the 
intellect  of  a  superior  race,  absorbed  onlv  its  vices  yiidd 
mg  up  Its  own  simi)licity  and  noblenJss  lor  the  white 
man  s  diseases  and  death. 

In  tbe  Ilaidah  family  I  include  the  nations  occui>vin.v 

>ri,r    r  wV'^T"^'-^*"^  the  southern  extremitv  <ff 
1  i.nce  o    AU  es  Archipelago  to  the  Kentinck  Arm;  in 

7    ';  •    n    r'T  ^"■'■''•"■^' ''  ^""'"''-^  "'»  the  north  an 
oast  by  the  Thlinkeet  and  (\irrier  nations  of  the  IIm,',-- 
boreaus,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Nootka  familv  oV  the 
Columbians.     Its  chief  nations,  whose  boundaries  how- 
ever can  rarely  be  h.xed  with  precision,  are  the  J/.,s,.7.s. 

.1  iH  ^^^^^'  /'^-''^  ^''"  ^;'-^.-.s.  of  Queen  Chark.tte 
^1.11, Is;  the  Am;/<nn..,ot  Pniire  of  Wales  ArchipelM-M,- 
the  f  huns;,a>^,  about  Fort  Simpson,  and  on  ("latham' 
bound;  the  A.;s«  and  the  .S'/v...,.,  on  tbe  rivers  of  e 
sa.ne  names;  the  .SVW.s.  on  I'itt  Aivhipeh..o  and  the 
sboivsot  ,ardiier('liannel;  and  the  Millbai.kVonnd  In- 
dians, including  the  //m/(ra,  and  the  /irf/.roo/o.,  the  most 
.out  ern  of  tins  amily.  Tiiese  nations,  tbe  orthogr  v 
of  whose  names  is  far  from  uniform  among  dilVeivm  Lt 
ors.  are  st.U  farther  subdivide.!  into  numerous  indefinite 
tnluvs,  as  specified  at  the  end  of  tiiis  chapter 


15G 


COLUMBIANS. 


The  Tlii'uLih  territory,  strotcliinjj;  on  the  mainland  tliriM^ 
luindrcd  inilcs  in  lenjitli,  and  in  width  souiowhat  over 
one  linndrcd  mik's  from  the  sea  to  the  lofty  ChilUoti-n 
JMain,  is  traversed  throujihout  its  lenjith  hy  the  iiortlifrn 
extension  of  the  Cascade  Hanjie.  Jn  j)laees  its  spurs  and 
hroken  l()ot-hills  touch  the  shore,  anil  the  very  heart  of 
the  riniuc  is  jH'netrated  h\-  innumerable  inlets  and  chan- 
nels, into  Avhich  pour  short  rapid  streams  from  intei-ior 
hill  and  plain.  The  country,  thoujih  hilly,  is  lertile 
and  covei'ed  hy  an  al)undant  gi'owth  of  lar^e.  sti'aitiht 
])ines,  cechirs,  and  other  forest  trees.  The  forest  abounds 
■with  <:ani(\  the  waters  with  fish.  The  climate  is  less  se- 
vere than  in  the  middle  United  States;  and  notwith- 
.standinu"  the  hiuh  latitude  of  their  home,  the  llaidahs 
have  received  no  small  share  of  nature's  jiil'ts.  Little 
has  ])een  explored,  however,  beyond  the  actual  coast, 
and  inl'ormation  concei'ning  this  nation,  cominji'  fiom  a 
few  sources  only,  is  less  complete  tluui  in  the  case  of  the 
more  southern  Xootkas. 

Favoi'able  natural  conditituis  have  produced  in  the  llai- 
dahs a  tall,  comely,  and  well-formed  race,  not  inferior  to 
any  in  Xorth-western  America;'  the  northern  nations  of 


"!  '  Tiy  far  tlio  l)ost  loolciiit,',  uK>st  intclligiiit  .and  cnrrgetic  pooplo  on  the 
N'.  W.  (  (ia--t.'  yroiiler,  iu  l.nhil.  (ivikj.  Sic.  ,l<,iir..  vul  xi.,  i>.  "iltS.  AIm)  vaiilu  d 
liy  I'liiliaid  as  the  finest  spt'cinuns  iiliysiuully  iin  tin'  coast.  /iVs.  ((yr7.('>,  vol. 
v.,  p.  l:!:!.  'I'll!'  Nassjicoplo  '  Were  ptciiliaily  i't)ii)(  ly.  stroiii,',  anil  well  ^'idwn. ' 
Sinip^iui'a  (inrltniil  .laiirii.,  vol  i.,  p.  2(17.  '  Wonlil  he  liandsoiuc.  or  at  least 
comely,'  weic  it  not  for  the  jiaint.  'Soinct>f  the  women  have  excet diiiMly 
liamlsiime  faces,  and  very  symmetrical  tieures.'  'Impressed  by  liie  manly 
lieanty  and  liodily  ])roi)(irti()ns  of  my  islandi  rs.'  l\)iili-'s  ijne' ii  I  huilultr  Isl., 
pp.  :il(l,  .'HI.  Mackenzie  fonml  tlie  coast  penple  'more  corpulent  and  of 
lictter  ap]ieai'ance   than  (he  inhabitants  of  the   interior.'    I"//.  ]i]i.  ;!J'J-I!; 

SCO  pji.  ;w(l  1.      'The  stature  (at   Ibnkc's  Canal) was  much  more 

stout  and  rubnst  than  that  (.f  the  Incilans  furtiier  south.  The  ludmim  nee 
of  their  countenances  and  the  rettularity  of  tin  ir  features,  rcsiniblid  the 
northern  Kur<i]>eans.'  I'lOiconrc/'s  \'iii/.  vol.  ii..  p  "iH'i.  .\  chief  of  'tilLjantic 
]iers(iii,  a  stately  air,  ii  iioVile  mien,  ii  manly  poit,  and  all  the  characterisiics 
of  external  dJLjnity,  with  a  symnietri<'al  ftuure,  and  a  perfect  onh  r  of  Kuro- 
jiean  contour.'  Ihnih'n  ()riiiiiii,  pj).  -iT'.*.  '.i")!, '2s;{,  '2S.">.  Alayne  says,  their 
(lunti  nances  are  dicidedly  plainer  '  than  the  soutliern  Indians.  />. '  ..  ]i.  'i.";!!. 
'  .V  tall,  well-foimed  )ieii])h'.'  H<  ikIi I's  .l/'.r.  .bcA.,  j).  "jO.  "No  finer  men.  .  .  . 
c  in  lie  fiiund  (in  (lie  .Vuierican  Continent.'  Sju'ihiI's  So  ins,]'),'!',).  In  "i,")  ,  'Son 
bien  corpulentiis.'  ('ri's/ii,  in  /''"'.  Jlist.  .l/».i'..  s.  iv.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  (ilfi.  '  I'lie  best 
liKiKiti!,'  Indians  we  liad  <>ver  met.'  '  Much  taller,  and  in  every  way  sn|H  rier 
111  till'  I'liL'i  t  Sdund  tiibes.  Tlie  women  arc  stouter  than  the  men,  but  nut  so 
^{oiid-ldiilunj^  '   Hu'd's  A((/'. 


PHYSICAL  rECULIAKITIES  OF  THE  HAIDAllH.  V>7 

tlio   family  ])oiii<«-  geiierallv   superior  to  tlic   M)utli('ni « 
;>n<l  liavin-  pln.sicul  if  not  linmiistic  afrmitio.s  with  tlirir 
liinktvt   iRMul,l,ors,    nitlu'r   than   ^vith    th(>    Xootkas 
ihi'ir  lacos  are  JM'oad,  witli  hi-li  cliook  honos;''  iho  ('\(s 
Miiall    ov,K.i-ally  hlaok.  thon-li  Jnwn  and  gray  ^vitll  a 
icddish  tin-ic  liavo  Ik'oii  ohsurvod  anionu'  tluii'i.'"     The 
f('u;  ^^\m  have  won  their  faces  free  from  paint  i)ronom)ce 
then-  complexion  linht,"  and  instances  of  A  Ihino  charac- 
teristics are  sometimes  loinid.''     The  hair  is  not  iini- 
lormlj  coarse  and  hlack,  ])ut  often  soft  in  texture,  and  of 
Viu-ymo-  ,sl,a,les  of  hrown.  worn  hv  some  of  the  tri hes  cut 
close  to  the  head.''      The  ),eard'is  iisually  j.hicked  out 
with  nreat  care,  hut  inou.staches  are  raised  svanetimes  as 
strtmg  as  those  of  Europeans;"  indeed  there  setins  to 

!"->'  —  '-tiv.-  and  d..„ly  tEn  tile  tr  il;.    i  ^'Jr  */  '   """o    "'r 
|".1AW,,.,:;,V    I-,,,/.,   ],,,    :{<,!»-l(),  3-22^:?,  :!7()-];    L.rd-s  ynf.,   vol    i,   „ 

^';  vol  ';;;;'i:"i;!7!^'"  ^'^^ '""« '^'"^ "— ••'  ^/"''-  ^'^"-/■. ';-  r.  v  i.; 

1    li   v     t      t  il      V-    V  '"•^""■■'V    f'"'"  '"••"!  <"  f-t.  tl"',.  is  .n  ,,t  r.aso,, 
i-sn|;';'';'.'7. '''•'■  '■""-/'"'!'>■  ••^l'"«"l  <<>  <1h>  ind.,,,.  ,„  v  a„.l  a!t,.,- 

Tluirvoin'/w  ,  ,  ;,'    1  J"""''!- '"  f<'>"I'l'xi"n  <l.an  tl,..  Y;,n,uuv,  .•,,„.. ' 

/.-'v/s  .V,/!.  vol'li!!  j;,;t|;!!X"^     •  ^''"'•*-^'^l'*-l-""^"f  fair,.o,„,.K.xion.' 

.l/'/(7i  ('//;('( ',s'     I't///       III)     'to    '<     'i'^1  .     I-  .       .- 

I  ■  '  1.       \\  iMt  I.  v.,.y  unusual  un.ong  th...  ubun^iucs  uf  .Vnandt,  th.^  'havo 


158 


COLUMBIANS. 


1)0  little  autlioritv  for  the  old  belief  that  the  Xortli- 
western  American  IndianH  were  de.stitnte  of  hair  except 
on  tlie  head.'"'  J)r  t^conler,  comparing  Chimsyan  .sknlls 
■with  those  of  the  Chinooks,  Avho  .are  «ainong  the  he.st 
know  11  of  the  north-western  nations,  finds  that  in  a  nat- 
nral  state  both  have  broad,  high  cheek-bones,  with  a  re- 
ceding forehead,  bnt  the  Chimsyan  sknll,  between  the 
parietal  and  temporal  bones,  is  broader  than  that  of  the 
( 'iiinook.  its  vertex  being  remarkably  flat.'"  Swollen  and 
deformed  legs  are  connnon  from  constantly  donbling  them 
niuler  the  Ixjdy  while  sitting  in  the  canoe.  The  teeth  are 
freipiently  worn  down  to  the  gnms  by  eating  sanded 
sidmon.'" 

Tbe  Ilaidahs  have  no  methods  of  distortion  peculiar 
to  themselves,  by  which  they  seek  to  improve  their  iiae 
l>hysique;  ])nt  the  custom  of  tlattening  the  head  in  in- 
fancy obt.tins  in  some  of  the  southern  nations  of  this 
family,  as  the  Ilailt/as  and  Bellacoolas,'"  and  the  Thlin- 
kcet  lip-piece,  already  sufficiently  described,  is  in  use 
throutihout  a  laruer  part  of  the  whole  territorv.  it  was 
observed  ])y  Simpson  as  far  south  as  Millbank  Sound, 
where  it  was  highly  useful  as  well  as  ornamental,  iflbrd- 
ing  a  firm  hold  for  the  fair  fingers  of  the  sex  in  their 
drunken  fights.  These  ornaments,  made  of  either  wood, 
bone,  or  metal,  are  worn  jjarticularly  large  in  (^ueen 

thick  licnrds,  which  nppear  envlvin  life.'  Hale's  Ethnnq.,  in  U.  S.  Ex.  Ex.,  vol. 
\i.,  J).  I'.iT. 

''  'After  the  iv^o  of  puhcvty,  their  hodios.  in  their  niitTiriil  state,  are  cov- 
«'re{l  in  tlie  same  luaiiiier  us  those  of  the  Eiiroiii'iins.  The  men,  iiiileed, 
esteem  a  beard  very  unliecoiiiiuj,',  and  take  ^Teat  pains  to  f,'et  rid  of  it,  nor 
is  th<'re  any  ever  to  he  ))erceived  on  their  faces,  except  when  they  j^row  old, 
and  liccouK^  inattentive  to  their  ai)})earance.  Every  crinons  elUoresceiice  on 
the  other  i)arts  of  tlie  body  is  held  nnseendy  hy  them,  and  both  sexes  employ 
much  tiiiu^  in  their  I'xtirjiation.  The  Nawdowessies,  and  the  remote;  nations, 
pin  'c  them  out  with  bent  jiiecesof  hard  wood,  formed  intoakindof  nippers; 
whilst  llioso  who  have  communication  with  Eurojieans  prociu'e  from  them 
wire,  which  they  twist  into  a  si'rew  or  worm;  applying,'  this  to  the  ])art,  they 
])r(ss  the  ring's  toLjetlur,  and  with  a  sudden  twitch  draw  out  all  the  haira  that 
are  inclosed  iietween  them.'  (Jarvei-'s  'I'nir.,  p.  22.'i. 

•''  ScDiilt'i;  in  Loml.  (hitij.  Sue.  Jour.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  '220. 

"  M'tcLemie'.f  \'<»j.,  pp.  U70-1;  Lord's  \<tt.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  22C;  Dunn's  Oreijnn, 
p.  'JS7. 

'"  J,o7-(l's  Nat.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2112;  S^oouler,  in  Lonil.  Geoq.  Sot;.  Jour.,  vol.  xi., 
pp.  21H,  220,  223.  '  The  most  northern  <if  these  Flat-head  tribes  is  the  Haut- 
;;uk.'  Scltoolcrofl's  Arch.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  325. 


L._ 


HAIDVII  DIIESS  AND  ORXA^IEXT. 


153 


riiiirlottp  Islands,  wlioro  thoy  seeni  to  l)o  not  a  mark  of 
rank,  hut  to  he  worn  in  connnon  l)y  all  tlio  wonu-n.''^  I'c- 
ni(le.s  tlio  rcgnlar  lij)-})io('e,  ornaments,  various  in  sliaj)o 
and  niatcrial.  of  shell,  hone,  wood,  or  metal,  are  Avorn 
stuck  in  the  lips,  nose,  and  ears,  apparently  accord inii'  to 
the  caprice  or  taste  of  the  wearer,  the  skin  l)einji'  sonn'- 
times.  thoujih  more  rarely,  tattooed  to  corres[)ond.-''*  ]5olh 
for  ornament  and  as  a  protecti(m  asxainst  the  weather,  the 
nkin  is  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  paint,  a  l)lack  ])olish 
hein<i'  a  full  dress  uniform.  Figures  of  hirds  and  hcasts. 
and  a  coat  of  jirease  are  added  in  preparation  for  a  feast, 
with  line  down  of  duck  or  jioose — a  stvlish  coat  ol'  tar  and 
leathers — sprinkled  over  the  hody  asanextra  attiaction."' 
AVhen  the  severity' of  the  weather  makes  additional  })ro- 
tection  desirahle,  a  blaida't,  formerly  woven  hy  them- 
selves from  dou's  luiir.  and  stained  in  varied  colors.  l)ut 
now  mostly  j)rocured  from  Kuroi)eans.  is  thrown  loosely 
over  the  shoulders.  Chiefs.  es|wcially  in  times  of  feastin<i', 
wear  richer  ro))es  of  skins.'^''  The  styles  of  dress  and  orna- 
ment adopted  around  the  forts  from  contact  with  the  whites 
neeii  not  l)e  described.  Amonn  the  more  unusual  arti- 
cles that  have  been  noticed  by  travelers  are.  "'a  lar<ie  hat. 
lesemblinji'  the  toj)  of  a  small  parasol,  made  of  the  twisted 
iiltres  of  the  roots  of  trees,  with  an  aperture  in  the  in- 
s.de,  at  the  l)roa(ler  end"  for  the  head,  worn  by  a  Se- 
bassa  chief;  and  at  Millbank  Sound,  ''masks  set  with 


1''  yi)((;)S(,))\'  Oi-i  fhniij  Jmirn..  vol.  i..  pp.  204,  23.1.  '  This  woodon  ornampiit 
SfHiiis  t(i  ill'  wiur  1p\  iiU  tlii'scx  iiulisciiiniimtily,  whfi'ciis  iit  Nmfdllc  Sdiuid  if. 
is  cont'nii  il  to  tlidsc  of  suinvidr  raiik.'  Iti.ain'n  Vi'ii-,  ]>ii.  'l'.^>,  2ns.  with  u  cut. 
A  piece  of  lii'iisH  or  copper  is  first  put  in,  iuul  'this  corroihs  tlic  laeer.fetl 
parts,  mill  by  consiuuiiiL;  the  Uesh  f^'riidiiiilly  iucreasesthe  oritiee.'  Vanrutivi  r\ 
I  Ol/.,  vol.ii,,  pp.  27'.i-S(l,  4i).S.  ^-ciinlir,  in  Lnml.  IIukj.  >iic.  .Imir..  voh  xi.,  j).  21^; 
IluiDi'a  oriijiiK.  pp.  lTC),  271t;  Cnsjii,  in  /Ajc.  Hist.  Mix.,  s.  iv  ,  vol.  \i.,  ]>.  (l.")!; 
C'Drnimllis'  .\cti:  Khhiriulo.  p.  led;  I'lttliii'.i  X.  Am.  ImL.  vol.  ii.,  p,  113,  with 
pliito. 

•^»  .lfr///)r'.s  /i.e.,  pp.  281-2:  I'iioysQ.  Char,  hi.,  pp.  7."),  311;  liitrnll-hn- 
imviV.i  Trni,,  ])p.  1")-U;  /Vkox'.s  i)ri'if<m,  pp.  27'.),  2N."). 

21  I'x'ik's  (J.  Ch.ir.  M.,  pp.  S2,lUti,  310,  322-3;  Mnyi'fi's  B.  C,  pp.  2S2, 
263;  J>i(i()i\'<  Vn-',i"ii,  p.  251. 

«  Mdiph's  J!.  I'.,  p.  2iS2;  Dwih'k  Orcqon,  pp.  251,  27(1,  'iitl ;  J'nrhr's  K.rpliv. 
Tiinr.,  p. 'id;!;  J'd'ih'sQ.  Clinr.  l.-iL,  p.  310.  'The  men  hil)ituiilly^,'o  naked,  Imt 
when  they  ;^'o  ol!'  on  iv  journey  they  wear  a  blanket.'  Ilxd's  .\<tr.  '('u<'ro 
lie  nutrias  y  lobo  niarino  . . .  souibr»'ros  de  junco  bien  tejidos  con  hi  eiipii 
pnutiiiguda.'  Cnsjii,  in  Doc.  IJisl.  Mvx.,  s.  iv.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  OIG. 


I      ! 


i(;o 


COLUMniANS. 


t^cals  wlilskors  nnd  fciitliors.  whicli  expand  Yikv  a  fan,'' 
Avitli  secivt  sja-iiius  to  open  tlio  mouth  and  eves.-'  Mac- 
kenzie and  \  ancoiiviT,  wlio  Aveiv  anion>i;  tlii'  ciuTu'st  vis- 
itors to  this  ivi-ion,  Ibinid  fi'injivd  I'olu's  of  hai'k-fihro, 
ornamented  Avith  i'ur  and  colored  threads.  A  eireuhu' 
mat.  Avith  an  openinj;'  in  the  centre  i'or  the  head,  was 
worn  as  :i  ])rotection  from  the  i-ain;  and  uar  garments 
eonsiste(l  of  sesend  thicknesses  of  the  sti'ouLiest  liides 
l)rocnrahle.  sometimes  strengthened  In  strips  of  wood  on 
the  inside.'-* 

The  Ihiidahs  use  as  temporary  dwellinus,  in  their  fre- 
(pient  sunnnei'  excursions  for  war  and  ihe  liunt,  sim])le 
k)d,!i('s  of  poles,  covered,  among  the  poorer  (Masses  by  ce- 
<iar  mats,  and  among  the  ricli  hy  skins.  Their  perma- 
nent villages  are  usually  built  in  stronu;  natural  iiosi- 
Tions,  guarded  1)y  precij)ices.  sometimes  on  rocks  detached 
from  the  main  land,  hut  coiniected  with  it  by  a  narrow 
])latl'orm.  Their  town  houses  are  built  of  light  logs,  or 
of  thick  split  pliuiks.  usually  of  sufllcient  si/e  to  accom- 
modate a  large  nund)er  o<'  families.  l*oole  UK'ntioiis  a 
house  on  (^)ueen  Ciiarlotte  Islands,  which  formed  a  cube  of 
lil'ty  I'eet,  ten  I'eet  of  its  height  beingdug  in  the  ground,  and 
which  accommodated  seven  hundred  Indians,  The  build- 
ings are  often,  however,  raised  above  the  iiround  on  a 
])latl()rm  sup])orted  by  posts,  sometimes  carved  into  hu- 
niiui  or  otiu'r  figures.  Some  of  thci-e  raised  buildings 
seen  by  the  earlier  visitors  wei'c  twenty-five  or  thii'ty 
feet  from  the  ground,  solidly  and  neatly  constructed,  an. 
inclined  log  with  notches  serAing  as  a  ladder.  These 
houses  were  Ibund  only  in  the  southern  part  of  the  llai- 

2:1  Dmm's  nnyoii.  ])p.  2.-)3.  270-7;  C'litlin's  .V.  .l»/(.  Iml.,  vol.  ii..  p.  llli. 

-1  At  SiiliiKiii  Kivi-r,  ')>  r>S'.  'their  dress  eniisists  of  a  single  robe  tied 
liver  the  shiilll(hrs.  filllillL;  dciWU  licllilld,  to  the  lieels.  lUld  liifnre,  ;i  little  below 
Ihe  knees,  with  il  <Ue|i  frinu'e  rouilil  the  liottoni.  it  is  ^'eller.illy  liia<li'  of  tlie 
1  iuk  of  the  ('(iliir  tree,  wliicli  Ihi  y  jirepare  us  tine  as  lieiii]i;  thoULrli  some  of 
thi'se  L;arnieHts  are  interwoven  witli  strips  of  tlie  sea-olt<r  skin,  wliiili  ,L;ivo 
them  tlie  aiijieavanee  of  a  fnr  on  one  side.  Othi  rs  have  slri[ies  of  red  and  yel- 
low threads  faneifnlly  introdneed  towards  the  borders.'  Clothiier  is  laid 
aside  whenever  eoiiveiiient.  "The  Women  wear  il  close  fi'in^'e  haiiL;iiiL;  down 
before  them  about  two  feet  in  len,L;th,  iind  half  as  wide.  When  ihey  sit  down 
they  draw  this  between  their  thiifhs.'  M(tck:€n:k'ti  V'<(j.,  jip.  322-;f,  1)71;  Van- 
C'luvcf's  Voj.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  ".iisO,  oJ'J. 


IIAIDAII  HOUSES. 


101 


a  Ian, 

Mao 
.'st  vis- 
k-llbiv, 
•iicular 
1(1.  was 
Li'inents 
t  li'uk'S 
kood  on 

K'ir  fro- 
,  .simple 
s  l)y  ce- 
ponna- 
al  posi- 
let  ached 
narrow 
Ions,  or 
(  ac'coni- 
^itions  a 
cuheot' 
1.  and 
Iniild- 
1  on  a 
to  liu- 
Idinii's 
tiiirty 
toil.  an. 
These 
le  llai- 


p.  ii:!. 

l(il)('  tied 

little  bflow 

aili'  I'f  tlm 

.'ll  snliK'  of 

whicli  ^ivi! 
(liiiulyi'l- 
iiT  is  liiiil 

_v  sit  iliwu 
oil;    \'an- 


ni( 


ni 


Muh  terr'dorv.  The  fronts  Avere  fi'enorally  painted  with 
ti^ni'es  of  men  and  animals.  There  \,c're  no  window s or 
chimneN  :  the  floors  were  spread  with  cedar  ntats,  on  whicli 
the  occupants  slept  in  a  circle  round  acenti'al  lire,  whoso 
smoke  in  its  exit  took  its  choice  hetween  the  hole  wliicli 
served  as  a  dooi"  and  the  wall-cracks.  On  tlu'  south- 
eastern ])oundai'y  ol'  this  territory,  Mackenzie  found  in 
tiie  villani's  larjic  l)uildin;.is  of  similar  hut  mori'  careial 
construction,  and  with  more  elahoi'ately  carved  posts,  hut 
they  Wi're  n(jt  dwellings,  Ijeing  used  jtrobahly  for  religious 
pui'poses.-" 

Although  game  is  plentiful,  the  llaidahs  are  not  a  race 
of  hunters,  hut  lU-rive  theii'  food  chielly  iVom  the  imiu- 
merable  nndtitude  of  iish  and  sea  animals,  wiiich.  i-ach 

-'  A  honso  '  (-rccti'd  nn  ii  ]i]iitfonii I'liiscil  find  siip])ort(il  luiir  thirty  feet 

fiDiii  thf  :4liiniiil  by  iMijxiiiliciilai'  simi's  of  a  very  lav;,'!'  si/c;  the  wlmlc  dccii- 
(lyi'.iLT  !i  s))ai('  (if  alii'Ut  lliirty-livr  liy  liftciu  lyards),  was  i-ovcicd  in  iiy  u  iciuf 
(if  Ixiai'ds  lyiiiL!  lit  ally  lidli/dUtal,  mid  parallel  to  the  jilatfoiin;  it  set  iiu d  to 
lie  (lividi  ll  into  tliree  diH'(  rent  Imiises,  or  rather  »|iiirtineiits,  each  ]ia\inu  it 
separate  access  foniieil  liy  a  Idiin  tree  ill  iin  inclined  jmsitioli  from  the  jilat- 
fiirni  to  the  erouiid,  with  notches  cut  in  it  liy  way  of  steis,  alioiit  a  f(  ot  mid 
11  half  asunder.'  I'liiicnuri-j's  I  ((//.,  vol.  ii.,  1>.  liTl.  See  also  pp.  1:17,  '.ii'.T  M, 
27"2.  'iSl.  "'riieir  suiiiiiier  mid  winter  resideii.ts  nre  built  of  split  plmk, 
similar  ti  tlio-.e  (if  the  ClieiiiKiks.'  I'lirl.cr's  Kvji'ur.  Timr,  ]i.2i>',\.  "Ilshabi- 
I  lUt  dans  des  lo,!.;i  s  de  soixaiite  jiieds  de  lou^',  colistruites  avec  des  troiics  (h> 
s.i])in  it  reeouvertes  d'l Corces  darbres.'  Jli't'ni.':,  i.'yji'ur.,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  'Xil. 
■Their  houses  are  neatly  conslructid,  HtandiiiL?  in  a  row;  liavi'.i;^  laiue  ini- 
I'.ees,  cut  (lilt  of  wood,  resi  inbliiiL;  idols.  The  dwelliii'us  ha\e  all  ]iaint(d 
fronts,  showing  imitations  of  nieii  and  aiiinials.  Attaeln d  to  fie  ir  houses 
most  of  them  have  lar^e  jiot.itoe  f^ardeiis.'  h'liin's  {ir(ii"ii,  pp.  '.iH;!  t.  See 
also,  ]ip.  ".ril-'J,  "iT:)-  1,  •^'.•'•;  l.iiril'.-i  .\>ii.,  vol.  i  ,  ]i.  Hi);  vol,  ii.,  pp.  'J.'i,!, 
■,^">").  with  cuts  on  ]).  t!")")  and  fidiitispiece.  '  Near  the  house  of  the  chief  I 
observ(  (I  se\(  ral  oblll|l^'  s(piarcs,  of  about  twenty  feet  by  cielit.  'i'ln  y  wcro 
made  of  tliiek  cedar  boanls,  whidi  were  Jniiied  with  so  iiiiieh  nealiii  ss,  that 
I  at  first  ihiiiieht  tiny  were  one  piece.  They  were  painted  with  hi(  io;;l\  phics, 
and  li'^ures  of  ditl'eii  nt  animals.'  iirnbably  for  ]iurposes  of  di  volioii,  as 
was  'alai'ee  buildim,'  in  the  middle  of  the  villa;_'e  ..The  L;foiind-]iliit  was 
lifty  feet  by  fiirt\ -tii  c;  I  aeh  t  nd  is  formed  by  four  stout  ]iosts,  lixed  )M||M  lldic- 
iilarly  in  the  mniiial.  The  c'lrner  ones  are  plain,  and  sii]iport  a  Ix  .iiu  of  tho 
whole  leiiiith,  haviiii,'  thict!  interniediate  projis  on  each  side,  but  of  a  Ian,'!  r 
size,  and  ciLrht  or  nine  fe(  t  in  liei;.,'ht.  The  two  centre  ]iosts,  at  caidi  (  nd,  am 
two  and  a  half  fi  (  t  in  diaim  ter,  and  c'arv( d  info  human  fii^ures,  su]  iioitiii;.; 
two  ri(lL;e  Jioles  on  tin  ir  In  ads,  twelve  fe(  t  from  the  ^'round.  The  liuures  at 
(he  uii])(  r  part  of  this  s(|uare  represent  two  ))ersons,  with  their  hands  u|  on 
their  knees,  us  if  they  supported  the  weij^dit  with  ]iain  and  (UlVii  ully:  the 
others  op])osite  to  them  stand  at  their  ease,  with  their  hands  restinu'  on  tin  ir 
hips.  .  .  Posts,  poles,  and  li^ures,  were  jiainted  re(l  and  black,  but  tla  sculp- 
ture of  these  peojile  is  superior  to  their  jiailitiliLi.'  .lA/c/. (■/cic'.-t  I'"//.,  p.  :;;!(. 
See  also  pp.  ;!()7,  :tis,  :t2S-:i().  ;!;!;>,  :t4."i:  /V,../.  s  (j.  tl.ar.  InL,  pp.  Ill,  ll.'i-i; 
i.ci/',s  .V((;'.:   Mnri'hiiiiil,   Voi/..  torn,  ii.,  jip.  \1~  \\\. 

Vol..  I.    11 


102 


c'OT.rMniAXs. 


Vin'i(>ty  in  its  sonson.  fill  tli(>  nvist  ^v!lt('i•s.  ^Fost  (^f  tlio 
const  ti'ilu's.  Mild  all  wlio  live  inlinid.  kill  the  deer  iwA 
otlici"  iuiiiiials.  particidarly  since  the  introdnction  of  (iiv- 
anns.  hnt  it  is  <i('n('rally  tlic  skin  and  not  tlic  llcsli  that 
is  soniiht.  Solium  trihcs  ahont  the  IJcntinck  channels,  at 
the  time  of  Macken/ies  visit,  wonid  not  taste  llesh  e\- 
cejtt  IVoni  the  sea,  iVoni  sii|ierstitioiis  nioti\'es.  IJirds  that 
hinTow  in  the  sand-haid\s  are  enticed  out  hy  the  <:laro 
of  torches,  and  knocked  down  in  h\V'j:v  nnnihei's  with 
chihs.  Thev  are  roasted  wilhont  ])hickin,ii'  or  cleaning', 
theenti'ails  heinnleft  in  to  inqirove  the  llaxor.  Potatoes, 
and  small  (piantities  of  carrots  and  othei-  V(';ietal)les,  are 
now  ('idti\ated  throniihont  this  tei-ritory.  the  crop  heinji" 
ro[)eated  tmlil  the  soil  is  exlunisted,  when  a  ni'W  ])lace  is 
cleared,  \\  ild  jjarsnips  are  ahnmlant  on  tln'  hanks  of 
lakes  and  streams,  and  their  tender  to])s.  roasted,  I'nr- 
nish  a  palatahle  food;  herries  and  hnlhs  ahonnd,  and 
the  inner  teiiinnent  of  some  varieties  of  the  jiine  and 
liendock  is  dried  in  cakes  and  eaten  with  salmon-oil. 
The  varieties  ol'  tish  sent  In*  natnre  to  the  det'i)  inlets 
and  streams  for  the  llaidali's  food,  are  xcry  mnnerons: 
their  standard  I'cl  i  a  nee  foi' r(\Linlar  snpplies  hein^uthi'  sal- 
mon, lierrinu',  enlachon  or  candle-fish,  roiind-lish,  and 
lialihiit.  k^almoii  are  sjK'ared ;  dipjHMl  up  in  scoop-nots; 
entan;j,led  in  dran-nets  manaiied  hetweeii  t\vo  canoes  and 
forced  h\' poles  to  the  l)ottoni;  intercepted  in  their  pnr- 


1 


suit  of  smaller  fish  In'  uill-nets  with  coarse  meshes,  made 
of  cords  of  native  hemp,  stretched  across  the  entrance  of 
the  smaller  inU'ts;  and  in'c  caimht  in  larL;v  wic!<er  hask- 
ets,  placed  at  oi)eninus  in  weirs  and  embankments  which 


are 


1 
hnilt 


tl 


icross  tne  rivers. 


The  salmon  lishery  dilVers 
little  in  diitt.'rent  ])arts  of  the  Xorthwest.  The  candle- 
iish.  so  iat  that  in  frvinir  they  melt  almost  completely 
into  oil.  an<l  need  only  the  insertion  of  a  ])ith  or  hark 
wick  to  furnish  an  excellent  lamp,  are  ini])aled  on  the 
}<liarp  teeth  of  a  rake,  or  comb.  The  handle  of  the  rako 
is  from  six  to  eijilit  feet  lon<j.'.  and  it  is  swe[)t  through 
the   water   l)v   the  llaidahs   in   their  can< 


H's  h\-  moon- 


light.    Herring  in  innnense  lunnbers  are  taken  in  April 


i 


FOOD  OF  Tin:  ii.vinAiis. 


iiiij 


by  minlliir  rakes,  as  \v('ll  as  l)y  (li|)-n('ts.  n  larjio  part 
of  tlic  whole  take  beiii.ii  used  lor  oik  Stsils  are  s|»eiii-e(l 
in  tlie  water  or  shot  wliik'  on  the  riK'ks.  and  their  Mesh 
is  esteenie(l  a  ;j.reat  (k'lieacy.  fMains,  eockk's.  and  shell- 
fisli  are  captin-ed  hy  sijuaws,  such  a»i  eini»k>ynient  he- 
inu'  heneath  niaidy  dignity.  Fish,  when  ('aii;:lit.  are 
(k'livei'ed  to  the  women,  whose  (hity  it  is  to  prepare 
them  lor  winter  use  hy  (h'vinj:'.  Xo  salt  is  used,  hut  the 
fish  ar«'  dried  in  the  sun.  or  smoke-dried  hy  hein^'  hmi;;' 
IVoui  the  to[>  of  dwellings,  then  wrapi»ed  in  hark,  or 
j)a('Ued  in  rude  baskets  or  chests,  and  stowed  on  hi|:h 
seaiVolds  out  ol'  tiio  reach  of  doiis  and  childri'n.  Salmon 
areoiK'iied.  and  the;  entrails,  head,  and  back-hone  removed 
hi'lbre  drying',  hiuiui^'  the  pi'ocess  of  dryin,n',  sand  is 
blown  (jver  the  llsh,  and  the  teeth  of  the  eater  are  often 
worn  down  hy  it  nearly  I'ven  witii  the  <iums.  The  spawn 
of  salmon  and  hei-riuL--  is  jireatly  esteemed,  and  besides 
that  ohtaini'd  iVom  the  lish  cau.iiht,  nnich  is  collected  on 
pini'  houiihs.  which  are  stu(!k  in  the  nnid  until  loaded 
with  the  CLiiis.  This  native  caviare  is  dried  for  ))reser- 
vation,  and  is  eaten  prepared  in  various  ways;  ]M)un(le(l 
between  two  stones,  and  heaten  with  water  into  a  i'ream\ 
<'onsistency ;  or  boiled  with  sorrel  and  dilVovnt  benies. 
and  moidded  into  cakes  ahout  twelve  inches  s(iuare  and 
one  inch  thick  by  means  of  wooden  frames.  After  a 
sullicieiit  su|)ply  ol'  solid  food  lor  the  "winter  is  secured, 
oil.  the  ji'reat  heat- prod ucinu'  element  of  all  northern 
trih  's.  is  exti-acted  from  the  additional  catch.  b\-  hoilinj; 
the  lish  in  wooden  vessels,  and  skimming  the  grease  from 
the  water  or  si[uee/iug  it  iVom  the  refuse.  The  arms  ami 
breast  of  the  women  are  the  natural  press  in  which  the 
mass.  wrap|ied  in  mats,  is  bugged  ;  the  hollow  stalks  of  an 
ahund;uit  sea-w<\'d  fui'uish  natui-al  bottles  in  which  the 
oil  is  preservcil  foi-  usi'  as  a  sauci'.  and  into  which  nearly 
everything  is  dipped  hefore  eating.  A\  hen  the  stock  of 
food  is  secured,  it  is  nnvly  infringed  upon  until  the 
winter  sets  in.  but  then  such  is  the  Indian  api)etite — ten 
pounds  of  Hour  in  the  ]>ancake-form  at  a  meal  ])eing 
nothing  iijr  the  stomach  of  a  llaidah,  according  to  L'oulo 


U'yi 


COHMIMANS. 


1'     i    "  i    ! 


-   tliat  wliolf  trilK's  fiv(|iK'iitl\  siilVcr  (Voin  Imiifivr  ln'Coiv 

S|>l'lllji/-" 

Till'  Iluidali  wciipons  aic  s|)('iirs  IVoiu  four  to  sixteen 
r.ct  loiiji'.  some  with  u  iiioNiilile  head  or  harh.  whicli  comes 
otV  wlieii  tlie  seal  or  whale  is  struck;  hows  and  arrows; 
h.itchets  of  hone.  horn,  or  iroji.  with  whii'li  their  planks 
are  made;  and  dai:|;'ers.  lioth  speais  and  ai'rowsare  I're- 
<|iientlv  pointed  with  iron,  which,  whether  it  I'onnd  its 
wav  across  the  continent  iVom  thi"  Hudson -Hav  settle- 
ments, down  the  coust  from  the  Hnssians.  or  was  oh- 
tained  IVom  wrt'cked  vessels,  was  certainly  nsed  in  Bi'it- 
i^h  ('oluml)ia  for  various  jjui'poses  hel'ore  the  cominjidf 
the  whites.  IJows  are  made  of  cedar,  with  sinew  ^lued 
.'iloiin'  one  side.  I'oole  states  that  lu'Core  the  introduc- 
tion of  flre-aiMus.  the  (^ueen  Charlotte  Islanders  had  no 
weapon  hut  a  cluh.  l>rave  as  the  Ilaidah  warrior  is 
admitted  to  he.  open  fair  lljiht  is  unknown  to  him.  and 
ill  ti'iie  Indian  stvle  he  resorts  to  niuht  attacks,  supe- 
rior nmnhers.  and  .treacherv,  to  defeat  his  foe.  Cut- 
tinu'  oil*  the  head  as  a  trojihy  is  practice(l  instead  of 
s.'alpinii'.  hut  though  unmercifully  cruel  to  all  sexes  and 
a^i's  in  the  heat  of  hattle.  [a-oloniicd  torture  of  captives 
M-ems  to  he  unknown.  Treaties  of  jjcace  are  arranjied 
hy  deU'^ations  from  the  hostile  trihes,  followin^i'  set  forms, 
and  the  ceremonies  terminate  with  a  many  days'  feast.-' 
Nets  are  made  of  native  wild  hemj)  and  of  cedar-hark 
lil)re;  hooks,  of  two  [)ieces  of  woou  or  hone  fastened  to- 
p'ther  at  an  ohtu.se  anjile;  hoxe-.  tiOU_L''is.  and  hou.sehold 
dishes,  of  wood:  ladles  and  spoon-,  of  w(M)d.  horn,  and 
hone.     Candle-lish.  with  a  wick  of  !)ark  or  pith.  .ser\e  as 

-''Oil  food  of  the  Hiiiiliibs  iiiiil  tlic  iiutliods  of  procmiiiL;  it,  see  /.iml's 
\it  .  vol.  i.,  pp.  H.  152;  M(cl.i;,:k's  I'.-//.,  pp.  ;!().),  :il:J  II,  iJiD-^l,  :(27.  :i:.;i, 
;i:!'.»,  ;J(i;)-7i);  I'oalr's  (j.  cinr.  ;.s/..  pp.  lis,  2st  r,.  ;ur(  ui:  \;iiii;,iir,r's  I'..//., 
V  il .  ii.,  p.  '27i!;  Ihimi's  i)ir  inn,  pp.  25 1,  'iCiT,  271,  ilJU-l :  .l/i//'/''(.s,  h'.f/i'ur.,  torn  . 
ii  ,  p.  ;{:t7;  I'l'iiilnrtnii's  \'ni(couoir  Isliind,  p.  2:(;  I'ar/.rr's  h'd'jilnr.  '/'k///'.,  p.  2ri:!; 
Jicrd's  X'ir. 

"1  I'ltiifoiirfi's  I'')//.,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  U;tl);  I'o  ilr's  <J.  ''Ii'ir.  IsL.  J).  ;!l('i;  Mur/.f,,- 
n  '.f  I'll//..  )).  Ii72-;J.  '  Oiici'  I  siiw  II  party  of  Kai^'uii.vs  of  nhoiit  two  liiiiidiiil 
ii'.c'ii  rcturniuj^  fioiii  war.  Thu  paddles  of  the  warriors  killed  in  the  tiuht 
w.'i'.'  lashed  ii|>riL;lit  in  their  various  seats,  so  that  from  n  loiij,'  distaiiee  the 
l:  iliilier  of  the  fallen  eould  he  ascertailieil;  and  on  each  mast  of  the  eanoes  - 
iiiid  some  of  them  had  three — was  stii'  the  head  of  a  slain  foe,'  Jkiuki's 
Ak^\  Arch.,  j).  JO. 


iiAriiAii  MANTTAt  rniF.s. 


icn 


Ijmip-;;  (Irinkiim  ncsscIs  jiiid  iiiprs  ai'c  carved  with  ^ih  at 
sUill  IVoiM  Ntniic.  Tlic  llaidalis  arc  noted  loi-  their  sUiil 
ill  the  coiistnictioii  of  tlieir  various  iiiipleiiieiits.  particii- 
hirlv  I'or  sciiI|ttMres  in  stone  ami  ivorv.  in  which  tht  y 
('\<'i'l  all  the  other  trihes  ol'  N'oi'theni  Aiiierica.-'"* 

The  cedar-lihre  and  wild  hemp  were  pii-pared  lor  n>e 
hy  the  women  liy  lieatiii;^'  on  the  rocks;  they  were  then 
spun  with  a  rude  distalV  and  spindle,  and  wov«n  on  a 
t'ranie  into  the  material  I'or  hlankets.  rohes.  and  mats, 
or  twisted  h\   the  men  into  stroii;:  and  c\en  cord,  he- 


-'"  'I'lic  KiiiLjiniii'S  'arc  iiotrd  fur  tlii'  licimty  uinl  size  ( if  tlnir  ccdtir  ciiiidi  ^i. 
lui'l  till  ii-  sKill  ill  caiviiiv,'.  Must  cpf  llic  sidiic  i)i|iis.  inlaid  wilii  fia;,'iiu  iit^  if 
Il.diiitis  (ir  Ileal!  sIkIIh,  so  rniiniKiii  in  <  tlinniiiLiic  a!  cnlli  clinns.  arc  tlnji' 
liandiwiii'k,  'i'iii'  siati  'i.iarrv  finiii  wliirli  the  stmir  is  (.litaim  il  is  sitilatid  <'ii 
(/mill  Cliailntti's  Ulaiiii.'  Jhill's  Ahi^l.n.  p.  111.  'I'lir  (  liiiiisyaiis  •  uiaUi  li^r- 
iiirs  ill  stiiiic  dnssi  (1  likr  l''ii;,disliiii(  ii;  jilatisaiid  <itlii  r  iitiiisils  cif  civili/ .- 
tinii.  Ill  liaiiiriitcd  pilif  stt'iiis  and  In  ads,  iinidcls  uf  hnii-iis,  stmii'  llntr-, 
iidiiin  il  witli  \vill-(aiv(il  li'^'iins  (if  aiiiiiials.  'I'Ik  ir  imitative  sKili  is  as 
iiiiticralilf  as  liicir  dixtiritv  in  caiviii^,'.'  >i)niiir>i  .»■(•(■,.(■>■,  p,  ;n7.  'J'lic  sup- 
piiitin^'  posts  tif  tlnir  pmlialili'  tcniiili  s  wiic  caivid  into  liuinaii  fli^ims,  and 
all  )iaint.  li  ml  and  lilark,  '  Imt  tlic  sen  1]  it  arc  of  tlu>.c'  iiiMiplr  i  ."I'i  '  'lO'i  is  siijh  - 
rior  to  ilicir  paiiitiiiL,'.'  .\f  ir!,!, nil's  I'o//.,  pp.  :t:i(i  i ;  sec  pp.  Ilit.'l  I,  'Oni'inan 
(lirar  Fort  Siiiipsoii)  known  as  tin' Arrowsniitii  of  lliciiortli-cast  coast,  had 
(^olic  f.ir  111  yo  111  I  his  com  piers,  liavin;,'  jircparcd  viry  accurate  charts  of  lii>.^  (• 
jiarts  of  the  adjacent  slmris. '  >/i/i/(.si//('s  (in  rhiiKl  Jimrn .,  vol.  i.,  p.  "itlT.  '  'I'lic 
Indians  of  the  Xortlurii  Family  arc  rciiiaikalilc  for  tlnir  inui-nuity  and  iin - 
cliaiiical  dexterity  in  the  coiistnictimi  of  tlnir  canoes,  houses,  and  dill'erei.t 
warlike  or  lishiiiL;  iinplenic  nts.  They  con^truet  ilriiikinu-vtsscls,  tohacio- 
jii[ies,  \-c.,  from  a  soft  ar'^illaeeons  stone,  and  these  ariielis  are  reinarkalile 
for  th'.^  syninietry  of  their  foini,  and  the  exeeedinely  elalioiate  and  intricate 
ti;,,'iiViS  which  arc  carved  ujioii  them.  W  iih  respect  to  carviin^'  .■ind  a  faculty 
for  imitation,  the  (^ueeii  ( 'harlotte's  Islanders  are  ci|ual  to  the  most  iiii,'enio:  .4 
of  the  i'olyiicsiaii  'I' lilies.'  Snml'r,  in  Lmiil.  (!<iiii.  ,Si/c.  .Imiv..  vol,  xi  ,  p,  21s. 
'  Like  the  I'hiiiese,  tliey  imitate  literally  iiiiythinj,'  that  is  j^iveii  them  to  do; 
so  tli.it  if  you  <_;ive  them  a  cnteked  ;_;nn-stoek  to  copy,  ,ind  do  not  wain  tlnni. 
they  will  in  tht  ir  manufacture  repeat  the  lileiiiish.  Many  of  their  shtte-carv- 
in^'s  are  very  L;iiod  in  leed,  and  their  c|esi'.,'ns  most  curious,"   Mni/m's  II,  i  .. 

]i.    "JTS,      See   also,    ll'iini's   "/''  ,'•■(/,  \>.   "i'.l!;    M'lfris,    l-'.Xj:''')-  .  tiilll.  ii,,  ]i.  !,'.'i7, 

and  ]ilate  p.  :IS7.  The  SkidaL,'.ites  "showed  iiie  Iieautifnlly  wrought  articles 
(if  their  own  desiLjn  and  make,  and  amiin_'st  them  some  iliues  manufaetui'  d 
from  an  unctuous  hire  slate  . .  The  two  ends  were  inlaid  v>itU  lead,  etvin,; 
the  idea  of  a  tine  silver  nioiintiiiL;.  Two  of  the  keys  )ierfectly  npresenn  d 
fro_;s  in  a  sittini,'  postiin',  the  eyes  lieint,'  ]iickt  d  out  with  liurnished  lead. ...  It 
would  hav(>  iloiu!  credit  to  a  lairo|ieaii  modeller.'  I'nnh's  (,/.  (Intr.  Isl  .  p.  '!'<><. 
'  I'hejr  talent  for  caivini,'  li.is  m.nle  them  f.imous  far  lieyond  their  own  couiiliy .' 
Ji  luliTa  .h'c.r,  ,l/''7/,,  p,  2'.(,  A  square  womli  n  lio\,  holding  one  or  tw.i  bushels. 
is  iiiaihj  from  three  pieces,  the  sides  iMiiii;  fmni  one  jiiece  so  mitred  ua  to 
lieiid  at  the  corners  without  l)ieakinL(.  'Ouiin'.,'  their  ]ii  il'ormalice  of  this 
character  of  la' or,  (carving;,  etc,  i  tluiv  suiicr>^litions  will  not  allow  any  s)ii  i - 
t.ilor  of  the  oper.itor's  work.'  H'fl  s  .\t(r.\  Iml.  /,i/'f,  ]i. '.M'l,  '  Of  a  very  tii:e 
imd  hard  slati^  tiny  make  ciijis,  jilates,  jiiiies,  little  images,  and  various  oriia- 
nieiits,  wroiii,'lit  with  surprising' ele;,'ance  and  taste,'  llulc's  /■^I'mi'ii.,  in  I  ■  >. 
JCf.  h'.f.,  vol.  vi.,  )>,  I'.lT,  '  lis  ]i  ill  lit  aiissi  a'.ee  le  nieine  gollt.'  7i''j.s.s(,  .'•Diiri- 
»((/s,  p.  '2'J8;  Ani.kru'jK,  In  Hid.  Mn'j.,  yliI.  vii.,  pp,  7J  •">. 


I 


m 


1] 


16fi 


COLl'Ml'.IANS. 


twcni  tlic  Iiand  niid  tliii^li.  k^trips  of  oltcr-sk'ni.  liird- 
ll'iithors,  iuid  other  lUiitcriiils.  were  idso  ^v(^\('ll  into  llio 
])Iiiiik('ts.  Doiis  ol"  ii  jM'ctiliiir  l)rfc(l,  now  nearly  cxtinet, 
were  shorn  each  year.  Inrnishinga,  loni:'  white  hair,  whicli, 
mixed  uith  line  henij)  and  eeihir.  made  the  hest  (doth. 
])y  dyi'in;.:;  the  materials.  re;.iidar  colored  patterns  uere 
jiro'.hu'i'd,  ea(di  trihe  havin,ti'  liad.  it  is  said,  a  jieculiar 
pattern  hy  Avhich  its  mattinj:'  could  he  distinguished. 
Since  the  coming  oi'  I''ur(ipeans.  hlankets  ol'nati\i'  man- 
ulacture  ha\e  almost  entirely  disappeai'cd.  Tlu>  Hella- 
coolas  mad(,'  \'ery  m-at  hasket^■,  called  :.filiixijtiii.  ms  \\v\\ 
as  hats  and  watei'-tight  ^•essels.  all  ol'  line  cedar-ioots. 
I'^ach  chiel'  ahout  I'oi't  Simi)s()n  kept  an  artisan,  \vhose 
husiness  it  was  to  re[)air  canois.  make  masks,  etc."' 

The  llaidah  canoes  are  (Xwjl,  out  of  ci'dar  logs,  and 
are  sometimes  sixty  feet  long,  six  and  a  hall"  Avide, 
and  I'oui'  and  a  hall'  di-ep.  ticconnnodating  oni>  hundri'd 
men.  The  prow  and  stern  ari'  raised,  and  often  grace- 
fully cur\ed  like  a  swans  neck,  ■with  a  monsters  head 
at  the  extremity.  I'oats  of  the  lietter  class  ha\-e  (heir 
extiM'iors  car\ed  and  i)ainted.  uith  the  gunwale  inlaid 
in  some  c:ises  ■with  otter-tei'th.  Mach  canoe  is  madi'  of 
a  single  log.  except  the  raised  extri'milies  id'  the  larger 
hoats.  They  ai'c  impelled  ra])idly  and  safely  o\er  the 
often  I'ongli  wate''s  of  tht>  coast  inlets,  hy  shovel-shaped 


iiKKlk 


lU 


ant 


1  wl 


u'li  on  sliore,  are  in 


ile.l 


up  and  co\ere( 


I 


\\\[\\   mats  foi'  i)rotection  against   (he.  rays  of  the  >-\\\\. 


tl 


nice  Uie  comin 


-  of  i: 


uroiR'an.- 


;is  1 


!a\e  lieen  addi'i 


to  the  nati\e  hoats.  and  otlu-r  n)reii:ii  features  imitated. 


'•■"'  M<ii-li 


■I'A. 


J>H 


■!/■<  V 


;!:!S;  Innfs  Xal. 


:.)i:  jhhni 


il  it  1> 


'/«/',  ip, 


il.  2'.;i,  'J'.ii. 


:!. 


i..  p.  <:: 


A. 


V 


).  Li      I     II 


MCdllU  s   I)li;iMi'  to  1)C  worlvid   liV  tlir   li:lll(l 


i'lu  v  lioil  llii'  (■(  (lar  icKit 
litat.-n  with  slii  ks, 


whiii  Uii'V  jiicli  till'  t\l)i'( 


111 


art  iiitii  thrc  ails.     'I'l 


t.  vial  -siuiw  of  till'  ulial'',  nr  ilrinl  liilii-tl.rrail.'    lintl.t   .\' 


ai  |i  is  uf  'i  (lirt'i  vi  111  iiiii- 


•I'l  talllii  ilo 


\ara  in  i-uailio  Mi  ii  vistusu,  trjiiln  ilc  jialiua  tiiia  dr  ilos  colni'i  s  lilaiicn  y  ihlto 
ijiir  tl  jiilii  111  iiaulriliis.'  (nsjii,  in  l)fi\  Hist,  .l/i.r.,  s.  iv.,  vnl.  vi.,  i>\>.  (117, 
r,:,ii   I.' 


I'n.r^  0.  ,■!,',•.   I.I.. 


I/.,  ]).  li..,);  .''(iiilis  'II  .-!  '/.  !';•  illll 
.  [i,  II  ).');  Siilil  1/  M  x.rii  III,    I'll  ;«, 


-I'll,  aiiil    cr.is  Ol 
I.I' 


>    1' 


ii"/'/i..   Vol.  1. 


iJI,  •-'.11;   .i; 

Vi.ii:  in-r:,    \ 


ii'h  I II :  I'  A 


■\\,;   /.../■./-.s  .\ 


id..   \ol.   1    ,11.    I  I 


'■  l\ 


.V.  .1(11.   1,1  I. 


vvilii  j.lat  ■•     'I'll'  1 


'  proaii  ;  '1  to  const  I'll, •!  a  ^.  .■  .in-  .'li^i  hm  I'l  ■  ni.i.l   1  uf  i.ur 


til 


llr    Si 


aniiT  ap 


Tin.'  Was  ii'oai 


-0  to  ;;i)  fii  1  1. 


'//..  \  ol. 

hs 

.  S.illlr  lini''  alti  r 

oil ',  all  in  olio 


ll'l.allril,! 


Tlt.VDR  AND  GOVERXMFAT, 


1C>7 


l\:u\k  ami  \)n\\vv  (Icpciid  .urcally  iiih)ii  AvcalMi.  wliicli 
••onsists  oi"  iniplciiiciits.  wives,  an'd   slaves.      Adniissiou 
to  alliance  \\]t\\  iiie.liciiie-iiieii,  m  hose  iiiMiieiiee  is  -reatest 
ill  the  trilH-MMii  oiiK  he  ^aiiu'd   hv  sacriliee  ol"" private 
])r<>pei-t\-.      Hefciv   the  disappea ranee  ol'  sea-otters  IVoiu 
the  llai.lah  ^vatel■s.  the  skins  of  that  animal  roinied  (he 
chiel' element  of  their  tradi'  and  wealth;  now  the  po- 
tahu's  cultivah'd   in  some  pai'ts,  and  the  vai'ioiis  maini- 
laetures  of  (^)iieen  (Miarlotte  islands,  snpplv  their  sli-ht 
neeessifii-s.      There  is -reat  rivalrv  amonu'lhe  islanders 
111  snpphin-'the  trihes  on  the  ma"in  with'  poiatot  s.  Ileets 
(_)('  lortv  or  (iftv  <'iiiioes  en-a-in-' each   vear  in  tlu'  trade 
from  (,)ueen  Charlotte  Islands.     .Fort  Siiupson  is  the  -ivat 
commercial  rende/vous  (;f  the  snrronndin,!:'  natiiais."  who 
assemhle  from  all  directions  in  Septend;er".  to  hold  a  I'air 
dispose  of  their -oods.  visit  friends,  fl-ht  enemies,  I'east.' 
and  dance.      Thus  eontim:e  trade  and' nierrv-makin-  for 
severalweeks.     Lar-e  Ileets  of  canoes  from  the  north'  also 
visit  \  ictoria,  each  sprin^ii'  lor  tradin-'  purposes.'' 

^'crv  little  can  he  said  of  the  -(.v'ernmeiit  of  the  Ilai- 
didis  ni  distinction  IVoin  that  of  the  other  nations  of  the 
Xorthwest  ( 'oast.  Anion-  nearlv  all  of  them  rank  is  nom- 
inally hereditary,  for  the  most  part  hv  the  finale  line, 
hut  really  depeii.ls  to  a  nreat  extent  on  wealth  and  ahility 
m  Mar.  Teimdes  often  possess  the  ri-lit  of  ehicriain.diip 
In  early  iidercourse  with  wldtt^s  the  ciru'f  traded  for  tljo 

whole  tnhe.  siiliject.  however,  to  tlu"  approval  ofthe  several 
families,  each  of  which  seemed  to  form  a  kind  of  Mihordi- 

iiate-overnmenil.yitsell.     !ii  some  parts  the  power  of  ilu; 

I.i....(>--;t  I:,,-,;  tn  r  hnlluw,  ,1  ,,nt-^rrs,  .nMi,,^  tl,..  ,u,mI  I  .f  „,„•  St,  ;„.„,•      S!„- 
XN.is  hlark.  vv.ll,   ,,an,l,,l   i,„.i-,:  ,l,..k,  ,|  „„,■:  ,■,,„!  ha.i  ,,a,l,l]..s  ,,  :„i   ,1     , 
vn,lIn,I^msm„l..,■,•o^,,,  , ,,,,;,„, |„.„M„un,l.     Tl„.  M,v,-s.uan  v   /       ,    ,       ' 
M,.  uas  II,,,,,,  .1  tn.mr    ,;n;.K,  an,|  w,  nt  a,  t!..  ,.,-,■  ,,f  ,!„•,  ,.    :  i;,.,     ,  |         " 

'  , ';■':"' ■  ',"'""■'■■  ''^''""'  """V  ""'1  'I'i^  "''■^-  <''""::ia ,:., V ,„,.M i , : 

anil'  '/;,,/.'.;/.      f  .  ;  ...         •'"^\>-        "'.i    .,i-,  I'l  In.'  l:ii,ii-,i!-s\av  .'vo'- 

Jl  \,. 


■I-  ,_!,,.,«:  ,s,  „/,.,.„  s  i),'n-i.u,.l.l.„in,.,  v..l.  i..  ,,.  -jii,;.   /  „.,/■,   ',    / 


Ml 


1(18 


COLU.MP.IANS. 


oliief  sooms  aLsdlutc.  and  is  wantonly  oxer  'ah]  in  tlic 
(jonuuission  oi'  tlio  most  cnu'l  acts  accordini:'  to  liis  jHcas- 
xnv.  T\\e  cxtcn  ive  cnihanknionts  and  weirs  I'onnd  hy 
Mackenzie,  althon,i;li  their  construction  nuist  \\n\v  re- 
(juiivd  tlie  association  of  all  the  la1)or  ol"  tiie  trilu',  uere 
coini)letely  under  the  chief's  control,  and  no  one  could 
(ish  Avithout  his  jH'rniission.  The  jieople  sei-nied  all  eijual, 
but  strantici's  nnist  obey  the  natives  or  leave  the  village. 
Crinics  have  no  punishment  l)y  law;  nnu'der  is  settled  for 
with  relatives  of  the  victim,  hy  death  or  l)y  the  payment  of 
alar^'esuin;  and  sometimes  general  or  notorious  offenders, 
especially  medicine-men,  are  put  to  death  by  an  agree- 
ment amoni;'  leading  men."'"  Slavery  is  universal,  and  as 
the  life  of  the  slave  is  of  no  value  to  the  owner  exce[)t  as 
l)ropei'ty.  they  arc  treated  with  extreme  cruelty.  Slaves 
the  northern  tribes  })urch!>se,  kidnap,  or  capture  in  war 
from  their  southern  neiuhbors.  vb.)  obtain  them  by  like 
means  from  each  othei',  the  course  of  the  slave  trallic  ])e- 
inii'  iicnerallv  from  south  to  north,  and  from  the  coast  in- 
land.^'' 

Polygamy  is  everywhere  practiced,  and  the  ntmiborof 
wives  is  regulated  only  b\-  wealth,  girls  being  bought  of 
parents  at  any  ])rice  vhich  may  be  agreed  upon,  and 
retui'ued.  and  the  price  I'ccovered.  when  alter  a  jii-oper 
trial  tluy  are  not  satisfactory.  The  transfer  of  the 
pi'esents  or  ])rice  to  tlu;  liride's  ])arents  is  among  some 
tribes  accompanied  by  slight  cei'cmouies  n<.\\hei'e  fully 
described.  Tla>  marriage  ci'remonies  at  ^lillbaidv  Sound 
arc  ]iei'forme(l  on  a  platform  ovei'  the  water,  suj  jiorted 
b\-  canoes.  \\'hile  jealousy  is  not  entirely  unknown, 
chastit}   a[)pears  to  be  so,  as  women  who  can  earn  the 


"■-  M'ii!,-i'h:i'''fi  I'll/.,  pp.  .171-.');   Tiihn'io  n)i(l  Aitihrsnn,  VI  l/iriVti  i\'((/.,  vnl. 

ii.,  pp.  'IW   -J,   •J.\'\\    M<lfji<-'K  11,  ('.,  p.  .|-J'.I;    .Sidiyi.so//';;  (Irrr'uiiil  Ji:'!!).,  Mil.  i., 

p.  '10>;  liixi  ii's  \'<ii/.,  ]i.  '2'-7.  '  'riii'i'f  (  \ists  II -ill  111';  ih.iii  avc,:rl:iriivi:-t(icr:icv." 
'Tlic  I'liii'fs  iiri'  ahviiys  (if  iimpu  stimiiiMc  liirtli,  iiiul  (ciicrally  I'nr.iit  a:  ■•'r<i 
tlicir  aur(  sti  i-M  lui  u  who  wire  faiiiinis  in  liatlli'  aid  (•(nun  il.'  ''I'lii'  cliicf  is 
vi';_;arili  (1  wiih  all  (lie  rcvcniicc  aial  i(  s]ii(t  wlia  li  liis  im?^;.  liis  riilli,  and 
liis  Wealth  call  claiiii,'  hut  'his  iKiwcr  is  hy  11(1  nicaiis  uiihiiiili  il,'  t'.iinlv  >• 
Ak:f.  Ari'h.,  ]).  Ill  I, 

:ii  l).i„.,\i(ii:  h;i.  ji]).  'J7:!   I.  2s:i:  Parf.vr's  Kxphu-.  Tnu,-.,  ji.  •_(;:!;   I'nuhl's 
AliX.  Ardi.,  II.  oO;  Ivim  ',s   WkmL,  p.  2iiU. 


!    i 


IIAIDAII  (i.UIIiLEIiS.  ],.„ 

Kill  "'""'T';  ■"',■  '''""'"'■^  "■'"  ^■'■'■^"  -'""ration  /;„. 
-m  nud  ml.nt.n,!,.  ,„v  „„t  „„.,„„,„„„.     T     u  li 

I    ,  J,  t  ,.  ..,,,1  l,c,„-n,^  .xu.n.l.s  to  liMtvu.  i;„,,..sK 

1  •'■  on  mats  round  a  ccMiti-al  iiu-'^  •  .ui  ,  iccp 

'•"Kl  oven,  plavo.l  with  s.nall  round  stick,    iu      |i  -h    , 

|;:;;f -|3XSE;t;;i,:;:;;:;  ?  e 

M..  i|»,i  l,v  l„s  aiitii-oiiist  ill  m-usv       Ml  1,.,  ,.  I  ■* 

;:;;'' V' r''''^'>--i'-'- 'I- -;ot-\vh  J     :;;';:; 

M^  :  l.a,    ,,.,  „itoxi..„tii|.  ,lii„k  l,.i;m..     At  tlirir     ,i ' 

;:;;i':"-T''  ^■^ '■''■?'■"'■•■"-'■"- ti-v  a" 

^i:;i:..i;'':;,;?:'!f'''''''^'vv'''|-"'|''---'-'.".>«-i 


.)Hv^n.K  a  su.tal.le  .vturu  l.in,.'  .xpcvtn!  fWr 
At  these,  rcrc.i.t.on  ll,ists,  nicu  aud   wo.ucu 


.-   .  ■.     .     '  ••  !'•  '^•'•'-     ^"'  I'P.  '-Jl-...  ail, I  v,,I    i 

111  iti  .1 ,.,.,■* 1.     1  1         •  '  ' 


aiv  111  L'.ii, ml  V,.,.,.  ;....i,., /.  .;        ■•  ''!'•  •"-!•>. 


aiv  111  5,r,.,„,,.,,i  V,  ry, j,al,,iis(,f  tl 


I'liliviJiis  ill 


1 

tati, 
Iiaii]  II 


.1/.,- 
K'  II  visit  f( 


iiic  f.iiiiiil 


I'P 

Kir  w,iiii(.ii. 


ll.-,-i(;    i: 


'I'Ji,.  1 


•/,  I- 


HI,.  (.,iu,]i,.iit  ji,.]i 


11.  '22.-,-(;, 


liillalis 


'//..(.. II 


l>h>i!   liims<lf.'  .]/, 


lll,-,lst    (111    II 


II. 


y  .L;(i||ii,'  f,)  Ills  1 


-liu'.lcsiirl,.  s,.l],laii,]„  v,'.("l,.  1 
-       lial'lirlli:,,],,,,:,.,,,]'        ,,^, 


If 


"til. 
lu'idln 


.V  'I... 


'■•.,  1'.  •- 
|'<.  iiiid 

:  ill,,  r, 

Imri.ia. 


'On  tl 


■.'/.    I' 


!1. 


"■«l-cniii)iaiJi.,ii,  and  (al, 


^^111!,'. 


/) 


IV  \v..,liliii-,lay  tlu'v  1 


<'  ]ili.  ;!i.O. 


-'.    /',//■/, 


iliollnlis,  (1 


'/(/(  .s'   ()rt;it,)i,    1,1, 


IC    \vi(l( 


I;IV,.  It  ,  ,il,|;,.  f,,,„f^  ,,,  ^^,, 


i!|.4  IIIV 


IMfy  ],1;  s,Ilt  ,.f   (I  wif, 


'j>s,.,,  s  dnrhiiil  .A, 


II'  a  K'll■^^. 


xd 


|.  IS  (111,.  ( 


.fill 


if  (h..  (1, 

Vdi. 


>•!  .-t,  V8:» 


A. 


(■(.ast  (1  is  trail 


.s  .S 


(.■(/((.S,JJ. 


,'ivat(  r-t  li 


1' 


Ldl] 


'I'niiirs  (hat  can  1 


^l'<  n,  ,1  (,i  l,:s 
•'llii.t.  i;.;.,,- 
>!-'  sLdwn  il,,  10 


>i! 


170 


COLUMBIANS. 


!iro  seated  on  l);'n 'lu's  aloiiLi'  ()i)[)'.)sittMv;ills;  nt  AveiLling 
leasts  l)i)tli  si'xcs  (luice  and  siii^j,'  t(\;ietlK'r.  In  danciiig, 
the  I)(>;1\ .  Ilea  1.  and  anus  are  thrown  into  \ai';oiis  atti- 
tndes  to  keep  time  witli  the  nnisic.  very  little  use  In'ing 
made  of  the  It'^is.  On  (^neen  Charlotte  Islands  the  uoui- 
on  dance  at  leasts,  while  the  men  in  a  eii'de  heat  time 
with  stieks.  the  oidy  instruments,  exeejjt  a  kind  of  tam- 
honrine.  I'or  their  danees  they  deek  themseKi's  in  their 
])est  array,  inelndinj  i)lenty  of  hirds'  down.  Ashieh  they 
deliuht  to  cominnnic  •  ■*■'  Mieir  jKU'tners  in  Ijc^win;^',  and 
Avhich  tluy  also  hlow  the  air  at  rt'irnlar  intervals, 

thron;j.h  a  painted  tuhe.  ;"heir  ^on,li's  are  ;i  .>im[)le  and 
monotonous  ehant.  with  which  t!Ky  accom})any  most  of 
their  danees  and  ceremonies,  thouiih  Maelun/ie  lu'ard 
amoiiLi;  th  nt  some  sol't.  plaintive  tones,  not  uidike  church 
music.  The  chiels  in  winter  jiive  a  jiartly  theatrical, 
})artly  rtTiLiious  entertainment,  in  which,  after  prepara- 
tion hehind  a  curtain,  dressed  in  rich  apparel  and  wear- 
iuLi'  masks,  tluy  ap[)ear  on  a  stai^e  and  imitate  dilTerent 
spirits  for  the  instruction  of  the  hearers,  who  meanwhile 
kee[)  u])  their  soni:s.''' 

.Vftei"  the  salmon  seas(m,  feastinj;'  and  conjin'in,^  are 
in  order  The  chief,  whose  greatest  authoi'it^)'  is  in  his 
chai'acter  ol"  conjui'er.  or  hci-trnilal'  as  he  is  tei'ined  in 
the  Ilailt/.uk  ton,:^ue.  pi'etends  at  this  time  to  li\e  alone 
in  the  forest,  fasting  or  eating  grass,  and  ^\hiK>  there  is 
known  as  hKunixli.  AVhen  he  returns,  elad  in  Ijeai'-rohe, 
ehaiiU't.  and  veil-hark  eoUai'.  the  crowd  Hies  at  his  ap- 
])roach.  exiH'pt  a  few  hrave  spirits,  who  holdly  pi'i-sent 
their  naked  arms,  from  which  he  hites  and  swallows 
large  moutlifujs.  This,  skillfully  done,  adds  to  the  repu- 
tation of  holli  hiter  and  hitten.  and  is  ])ei'haps  all  the 
foundation  that  exists  for  the  re[>ort  that  these  })eople  are 


^■'  'Tlif  Qurcii  ('liinl<itt(>  Islimdci's  snv]iass  any  jH'oplo  that  I  v\v\  saw  in 
liassiiiiiatc  adilictimi  '  to  j^'aiiililiii'^.  7''"//i '>■  o.  (  hur.  /■/.,  ji.  ."ilS  'iO.  Sic  pp. 
JS(i  .^7,  '.ItJ  at.  MdcLi  n.ii's  1'",'/.,  I'p.  '2SS,  ;U1.  'J'lii'  SdiasNas  ai'c  {,'rc'iit 
j;a;nlili  rs.  and  '  n  siiiiMt'  the  ('liiiindks  in  ttuir  piims.'  Ihiiin'.'i  Lh(:i;i.ii,  pj>. 
L.")  7,  -".2  '.•,  ~y\  '■''.  -'M.  ''J'lif  Iniliau  naidi'  of  danrini,'  licavs  ii  stianf^e 
rcsfiaManci'  to  tlia!  in  ii'^c  anionL;  tlic  < 'liim  .^|..'  I'mji's  <j.  il.iir.  Is'..  |i.  SJ. 
Li/i-'I's  \'il..  \i<\.  ii..  1'.  :'>'^:  J'urhir'^  K,tj\"i\  Tour,  j).  lOII;  luil.  J.ij'f,  p.  03. 


wciLliii'T 


(hiiiciii 


;)iis  iittl- 
se  iK'iiig 
he  uoiii- 
leat  lime 

of  taiii- 
'  ill  their 
id  I  they 
iiiii',  and 
iitefvals, 
i[)le  and 

most  ot" 
ie  heard 
e  chiireh 
leatrieal, 
preijara- 
ul  Avear- 
dillerent 
janwhilo 

iring  are 
is  ill  his 
•rmed  in 
\e  alone 
there  is 
rar-rol)e, 
:  his  ap- 
■  [U'esent 
sAvallims 
he  i\'|)ii- 
^  all  the 
eople  are 


ever  saw  in 

II.      Si  c  J1[i. 

iS  arc  ^'I'ciit 
V'iC'jtJii,  j>]). 

S    11    stiilUKU 
Is'.,   p.   K>. 
iff,  \\.  03, 


MAGICIANS  AND  MEDICINE-.AIEN.  lyj 

ranni]>als;  althon-h  Mr  Duncan,  speakin- of  tlie  rimn- 
syaiis  111  a  Joenhty  not  definitely  [ix(,l,  testifies  to  the 
teann-  to  pieces  and  actual  devourin- of  the  l.odv  ol'a 
munleiyd  slave  hy  naked  hands  (,f  ,„nnihal  me.li.i.u.. 
J"cn.  ()nly  certain  parties  of  the  initiated  practice  this 
h:.rl.ansm.  others  confining  their  tearing  cerenionv  to 
the  hodu's  of  doiis."' 


Xoiie  of  these    horrihle 


orgies  are  practiced   h\-  the 


n^^yn   (  harlotte    Islanders.      The  i.erformances  o'f  the 
lla.dah  magicians,  s  «  far  as  they  mav  differ  from  those  ,4' 
tlH-  .Nootkas  haA-e  no;  ,.  -on  clearly  descrihed  hy  trawlers 
1  he  magicians  of  Chatham  Sound  keep  infenial  sj.irits 
.-Init  up  1,1  a  Ik.x  away  from  the  vulgar  ua/e,  an.l    pos- 
sess giyat  ].ower  hy  reas(m  of  the  implieit  helief    ,n  the 
part  ol   the  people,  in  their  ahility  to  charm  awaN  life' 
i lie  doctor,  however,  is  not  hevoud  the  ivacli  of  a"  kins- 
man s  revenge,  mjd  is  H)iiu-times  murdered.''"    AVith  thdr 
ceivmo.ues  and   superstitions  there  scms  to  he  mix,.! 
veiy  htt le  religion,  as  all  their  many  fears  have  refer- 
ence to  the  present  life.     (Vrhiin  owls  and  s.piinvls  are 
rcganh.l  with   reverence,  and   used  as  charms;  salmon 
must  u..t  he  cut  across  the  grain,  or  the  livin-  fi>h  will 
leave  thr  nver;  the  mysterious  opiM'atic.iis  with  astronom- 
ical anil  other   Kuroj.can  instruments  ahout  their  rivers 
canned  great  fear  that  the  fisheries  would  hernine.l-  fo-s 
•I'v  <'<.>iinred  away  without  the  slightest  suspicion  of  the 
sun  s  a;.vncy.-      Kuropean  navigah)rs  they  welcome  hy 
l'a<l.  hug  their  hoats  several  tinu's  ,,Mind  the  ship,  mak- 
ing long  speeches,  scattering  bird,"  ilown,  and  siii-iic-^^' 


tl 


''  The  liuliMiis  (,f  :\rilll.,uik  Soniiil  l),.cni!!c  cxus 


iiy  i;;i  vc  luc  1 


if  1  n! 
for,  I 


li'  Tliinir  (if  "  »'/,/fi 


I'liild  si.it,  tlirv 


1.  (■ 


XllSJXTIltcd    M'_Mil|,t    lllc 


,  '•  sill, '11/: 


111,1 


wciiilil  run  ami  try  to  take  iip'tj 


ii'cor,im,L;astli,Aaftrr\VMr.lsinfori,i',.,l 
^1'  or  iiiau'iciaM;  and  li,.  would  i-l 

.s-  Q.  I  7, 


/.'■■'/'>■   .\'(/ 


])]).  liT'.l-Sil;  I'uol,' 


"ir,  (111  yiiitiiidi'd  t 
lariii   liiy  lifr'awav.'  /;»,, 


Hid  will  11  ii(..-ir  til 
!tl 


1'  till'  splUlr  111  soiii'  l!:iii.. 


o  j^ivc  it  to  till  ir 


■M  r, 


'(!'•(;•  .S     In 


I'P 


1,  r.:t 


IJ-,  Vol,  n.,  jip.  as.vy. 


p.  ■i2n  -]. 

ii's  <Jri<!i,ii, 


III 


'■.i"i>,  )ili 


I'l' 


I'l' 


-.71 


Ill 


II 


'  ! 


172 


COLUMDIANS. 


Ordiiiiiry  prosonts.  like  tolKieoo  or  trinkets,  are  <iln(11v  rc- 
eeived.  hut  a  written  testimonial  is  most  liiiilily  })ri/e(l  hy 
the  Ilai(hi]is,  ^vllo  regard  wi'itiim'  as  a  ureat  and  valiiahlo 
mystery.  They  have  al)solutely  no  methods  of  reeordinii' 
ex'ents.  Althoiiuli  livinir  so  constantly  on  the  uati-r.  1 
find  no  mention  of  their  skill  in  swinnninji'.  'while  I'oole 
states  expressly  that  they  have  no  knowledge  of  that 


4(1 


art 

A'ery  sliuht  accounts  are  extant  of  the  peculiar  methods 
of  eui'ing  diseases  prac^ticed  hy  the  Ilaidahs.  Their  chief 
I'eliance,  as  in  the  case  of  all  Indian  trihes.  is  on  the  in- 
cantations and  conjurinjis  of  their  sorcerers,  who  claim 
supernatural  powers  of  seeing,  hearing,  and  extracting 
disease,  and  are  p;  id  liherally  when  successful.  IJark, 
herhs.  and  vai'ions  decoctions  are  nsed  in  slight  sickness. 
hut  in  serious  cases  little  reliance  is  placed  on  tlunn.  To 
the  hites  of  the  sorcerer-chiefs  on  the  main,  eagle-down 
is  ai)i)lied  to  stop  the  hleeding.  after  which  a  ])ine-gum 
])laster  or  sallal-hark  is  api)lied.  On  (^neen  ('harlotte 
Islands,  in  a  case  of  internal  uneasiness,  large  ((uantities 
of  sea-water  aiv  swallowed,  shaken  up,  and  ejected  through 
the  mouth  for  the  purpose,  as  the  natives  say,  of  "washing 
themselves  inside  out.'" 

Death  is  ascrihed  to  the  ill  will  and  maliiin  inlluence 
of  an  enem_\',  and  one  suspected  of  causing  the  death  of 
a  prominent  individual,  must  make  ready  to  die.  As 
a  rule,  the  hodies  of  the  dead  are  hurni'd.  though  e.\- 
ce|tti()ns  are  noted  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  teri'itory. 
}n  the  disjiosal  oi  the  ashes  and  larger  hones  which 
remain  unhurned,  tiiere  seems  to  he  no  fixed  usage. 
l^ncased  in  hoxes,  baskets,   or  canoes,   or  wrap[)ed   in 

4"  Pnoh's  q.  Char.  W.,  pp.  109-10,  110;  Andnsnn,  in  LonVs  Xat.,  vol.  ii., 
p.  '2\-2. 

■"  At  nliont  "I'i  UV.  Lctwccn  the  Friiscr  Rivcv  and  tlio  racific,  Ma(li(  ii/ic 
nlisi'i'Mil  tlic  ti-catmciit  (if  a  man  with  a  hm\  nicer  (in  liis  back.  Tin  v  liliw 
(in  liini  and  wliistli  d,  jii'csscd  tlicir  fm.Ljcrsdn  liisstdniacli.  jint  tin  ir  lists  into 
liis  iiiiiiith.  and  spdnted  water  intii  liis  face.  'J'lien  lie  was  (•aiii(d  intu  the 
■Wdiiils.  laid  ddwn  in  a  clear  sjtot,  and  a  tire  was  Imilt  at-'ainst  liis  back  wliilc 
tile  ddctur  Kcaiitied  tlie  nicer  witli  a  lilnnt  instnuiieiit.  \'"i/..  )i]i.  liUl-MH; 
7>i/(/-'.s  iivi'ij'.}!,  ]i]i.  'i.-iH.  -jst;  I'fih's  q.  I'liiir.  hi  .  jij..  I^IC-'iS;  Im,,,-  n.  ia 
Mijin:'ii  li.  C,  :i«'.>-'Jl;  J!<eil's  yar.,  in  Olynqda  Wosli.  btund.,  Muij  10,  18ti8. 


II.VIDAII  BUlilALS. 


173 


mats  or  l)arl\.  tliov  arc  hiiricd  in  ci-  (U'jiosiUMl  on  (lio 
}:r()iiii(l.  [>la('C'(l  in  a  tivo.  on  a  ))latr()rni.  or  linnu  IVoni  a 
])oli'.  Articles  of  })i'oiH'rty  jnv  lVt'(|ni'ntly  (U'i)ositi'(l  \\\\h 
the  aslu's.  l)ut  not  nnil'ornily.  t^lavcs'  hodics  arc  siniiily 
throun  into  tlio  river  or  the  sea.  Monrninii'  for  the  ili  ad 
consists  nsnallv  of  entting  the  hair  and  hlackcninjz'  anc  w 
the  lace  and  neck  lor  several  months.  >\monji'  tlu'  Kai- 
uanies,  uncsts  at  the  hnrninji'  of  the  l)odies  are  \vont  to 
hu'cratc  themselves  with  knives  and  stones.  A  trii;c 
visited  1)\  ^rackenzic.  kept  their  jiraves  free  IVom  shruh- 
bery.  a  woman  clcarinLT  that  of  her  hnshand  each  time 
she  passed.  The  Xass  Indians  paddle  a  dead  chief,  gaily 
dressid.  i-ound  the  coast  villages. '- 

The  llaidahs.  compared  with  other  Xorth  American 
Indians,  may  he  called  an  intelligent.  hoiH'st.  and  l)ra\e 
race,  althongh  not  slow  nnder  l"]ni'opean  tri-atnient  to  he- 
come  drnnkards,  gamhlers.  and  thieves.  Acts  of  unpro- 
voked crnelty  or  treachery  are  rare;  missionaries  have 
heen  somewhat  successful  in  the  vicinity  of  l\)it  Simp- 
.son.  finding  in  intoxicating  li(piors  their  chief  obstacle.^' 

*-  At  r.dca  (1(>  (^nadrii.  Vai)(';.(ivor  fouiiil  '  a  box  ii1)ont  throe  f('<t  s([nan',  niid 
a  foot  and  a  half  (lii](,  in  vhicli  were  th(^  ifiiiaiiisof  a  hniiiaii  sk«  Ictnii,  \vhi(  h 
aiiiiiavrtl  fidiii  tile  (•(iiil'iiM<(l  situati<ili  of  tlir  liolii  s,  lithir  to  have'  Ix  tii  4iit  to 
]iicc(  s.  or  thrust  with  ^rcat  violence  into  tliis  small  sjiace.'.  . .  '  I  was  inclim  il 
to  sn]iiiose  that  this  iiioih'  of  ilejiositin^'  their  (had  is  jjiaetiscd  only  in  res|)eet 
to  ci'rtain  iiersons  of  their  society.'  I'n//..  vol.  ii.,  j).  :>'>1.  At  Caiic  Xorth- 
ninlit  rland,  in  T.t  4")',  'was  a  kind  of  vault  formed  ])artly  hy  the  natural 
cavity  of  the  rocks,  and  ]>artlyliy  the  rude  artists  of  tho  couiitiy.  It  was 
lined  with  hoards,  and  contained  some  fraijuu  iils  of  warlike  ini|ilenients, 
lyiuL,'  mar  a  sipiare  box  covered  with  mats  ami  very  curiously  corded  down.' 
/i/.,  p.  :i7l): '■(</•, laidVi'.s'  .\<ir  El  l)iiriiih>,Y\\.  lOil-T.  Ont^ncenl'harlotti- Iskimls. 
'  ('<'s  nionuniens  sont  de  deiix  es]ic(is:  h  s  )iicnii(rs  et  les  )ilus  sinqilis  ic 
sont  coniposi's  (pio  dun  seid  |iilii  r  d'eiiviron  dix  j.ieds  d't'levation  et  d  uii 
jiied  de  dianietre,  sur  le  sonimet  dmiuel  sont  t'lM'es  (h'S  planclu  s  fnrmaut  nu 
])lateau:  et  dans  ijuehpies-uns  ce  jilateau  est  suii]U)rti'  ]iar  deux  ])ili(  rs.  J,e 
corps,  d.'posc  sur  cette  plali-folliie,  est  reconvert  (h'  nioiis^e  el  de  eros>-es 
pierres  '  .  .  . '  Les  niansolees  de  la  seconde  esiece  sont  ])lus  com]  loses:  iplalic 
]potcaux  plant-  s  en  terre,  et  eleves  de  deux  pieds  seulement  au-d'  ssus  du  sid 
jiortent  nu  sarcophaL;e  travailli'  avec  art.  et  liei-metiiiuement  clos.'  Murrliiinil, 
i''ii/..  toMi,  ii..  ]>]).  ]'■'>'>  <>.  'AccordiiiL;  to  another  account  it  apjieanil  that 
tli(  y  actually  liury  their  dead:  and  when  anotlu'r  of  the  family  dies,  the  r(  - 
mains  of  the  ]ierson  who  was  last  inteired,  are  taken  from  the  er.i\e  and 
hurned.'  Mitcl.ii':ii:'s  \'<>!/.,  ]>.  'M)H.  Sfc  also  ]ip.  ;!7I,  2'.i-")  W:  Mmiisfii'.-i  iii-.,- 
/.ow/ ./i.c)'//.,  vol.i.,  i>]>.  •iiKi- I:  Dniiii'a  'h'riinii.  pp."27"2.  u7<),  "iNO:  M'ii/,,i's  l).i  ., 
l>p.  'j7-J.  •I'Xw  Lord's  \(i(.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  23");  .l/r/c/i'i. '.s  \'aii<\  hi.,  pp.  IID- J 1 :  IhtH's 
,l/<(.s/,.'.  ].  -117. 

'■'  On  the  coast,  at  ^)'2  V2' .  Vancouvi>r  found  them  'civil,  |_'ood.hun!om-ed 
ulid  friendly,'     \t  Cascude  (.'anal,  about  ">2    l-i  ,  ■  iu  trullic  Ihey  proved  ihcni- 


174 


COLl^JIDIANS. 


TiiK  XooTrcAS,  tl>o  second  division  of  tlio  roliiml)ian 
groiii),  iirc  inr.iU'diiitclv  south  ol'  the  IltrKhdi  country; 
occulting  Vancouver  Ishnid,  and  the  coast  ol'  the  main 
land,  hetweon  the  fifty-second  .and  the  forty-ninth  paral- 
lels. The  Avoi'd  iioothi  is  not  found  in  any  native  dialect 
of  the  j)resent  day.  ( Vptain  Cook,  to  wlioui  Me  are  in- 
debted for  the  terui,  prohal^ly  luisiuiderstood  the  name 
given  hy  the  natives  to  the  region  of  Xootka  Sound. ^' 

si'lvis  t(i  1)1'  keen  triulcrs,  hut  aotcil  -witli  tlio  striftost  honesty;'  iit  ruint. 
lI()l)l;iiiH  'tlicy  !illl)('liiiv('(l  very  civilly  mid  honestly;'  while  fuith<v  north,  at 
Ohsi  rvatory  Inlet,  'in  their  eonntenances  was  exjiressed  ii  (lej,'r(>e  of  savauo 
ferocity  infinitely  snrjiassinj^  any  tliin^^' of  the  sort  I  hiul  hefore  oliserved,' 
])rcsents  lieini,'  scornfully  rejected.  Cey.,  vol.  ii.,  j)]).  "JHl,  2(''.(,  Itll.'l,  :i;i7. 
Tho  Ivitswinscolds  on  Skeena  Kiver  'are  represented  as  ii  very  superior 
race,  industrious,  sober,  cli  anly,  mid  peacealile.'  Iiul.  Aff.  Hcjit.,  INIIII,  ]). 
5  ill.  The  Chiinsyiins  are  liercer  ami  more  uncivilized  than  the  Inilians  of 
the  South.  SjiriDit's  Sri-ill's,  ]>.  'Ml.  'Finer  and  fiercer  Tuen  than  the  Indi.ms 
of  the  South.'  Mtij/iie'a  II.  ('..  p.  '250.  'They  appear  to  he  of  a  friendly  dis- 
j)osili()n,  but  they  are  subject  to  sudden  f,'ustsof  [las^ion.  which  are  as  (|ui<'kly 
composed;  and  the  transition  is  instantaneous,  from  violent  irritation  to 
the  most  trancpiil  demeanor.  (Jf  the  many  tribes. ..  .whom  I  have  seen, 
these  ajipear  to  be  the  most  susceptibl(>  of  civilization.'  Murl.fnzir's  I'e//  ,  p. 
5i7"),  'M2.  At  Stewart's  Lake  the  natives,  whenever  there  is  any  advanta^o 
to  be  1,'ained  are  just  as  readily  tempted  to  betray  <'ach  other  as  to  deceive! 
the  colonists.  Miiflk's  \'iuir.  14  ,  i)p.  ■Jfiti-CpH,  -I.IH- a!);  [.nriTu  .Vul..  vol.  i., 
]).  171.  A  Kyj^arnie  chief  beint,'  asked  to  i;o  to  '.ni^rica  or  En^dand,  rifu-^ed 
to  i^o  where  even  chiefs  were  slaves  ^tliat  is.  had  duties  to  perform — whilii 
he  at  home  was  served  by  slaves  and  wives.  The  Sebassas  '  are  more  active 
and  cnterjirisinL,'  than  the  ^lilbank  tribes,  but  the  j^'reatist  thieves  and  rob- 
b,  rs  on  the  coast.'  Dmiii's  Oriiimi,  p.  "JHT,  '27.'i.  'All  these  visitors  of  Fort 
Simiison  are  turbulent  and  tierce.  Their  broils,  which  are  inv.uiably  at- 
tended with  bloodshed,  f^'ener.illy  arise  from  the  most  trivial  causes.'  Simji- 
Siiii'n  (>!•'  rl  iiiil  .liiKrn.,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  'iOil.  The  Ky^'arnies  'are  very  cleanly,  tii  no 
and  darini,'.'  'Phe  islanders,  'when  they  visit  the  mainland,  they  are  bold 
auil  t;(  acherous,  and  always  ready  f(U'  mischief.'  Snnilir.  in  J.ninl.  'i'id;/.  >'iir. 
J  ")•..  vol.  xi.,  ]i.  'il'.l.  The  Ky^arnies  'are  a  very  fierce,  treacherous  race,  and 
Lave  not  b(ien  improved  by  the  r\im  and  tire-arms  sold  to  them.'  Hull's  .\'ii</.ii, 
p.  411.  (,»ueen  Charlotte  Islanders  look  upon  white  men  as  su]ierior  1ieinL;s, 
but  I'onceal  the  conviction.  '1  he  Skida.L;ates  are  the  most  intelli;4eiit  race 
ni.on  the  islands.  AWuiderfully  acute  in  reading'  character,  yet  clumsy  in 
thiir  o,vn  dissimulation  ...' Not  reveni^'eful  or  lilood-thirsty.  exce]it  win  u 
smarlin'_;  under  injury  or  seekini,'  to  avert  an  ima^'iiiary  wronj,'.' .  .  .  . '  1  never 
nut  with  a  really  brave  m;ni  anion;.,'  them.'  The  .\coltas  hav(>  'i,'iven  more 
trouble  to  the  Colonial  (tovernniint  than  anv  other  alom,' the  coast.'  I'lmlr'ti 
Q.  Cli'ir.  IsL,  i)j).  815,  ir,[-2.  ]sr,-i\.  2(KS,  214,  2:i:i,  2:15.  2I."),  257.  271-72,  2Mt, 
it()l>,  .■i2t)-21.  'Of  a  {'nud  and  treacherous  disiiosition.'  Ilitlc's  Kllmnj..  i,,  {'.  S. 
E.w  Kr..  vol.  vi.,  ]).  11)7.  They  will  stand  u])  and  tii,dit  Ent;lislini<n  with  their 
fists.  Sjir'Ktt'.i  Swncs,  p.  2U.  Intellectually  superior  to  the  l*u,t,'et  Sound 
tribes.  li'd'.^  Xitr.  'Mansos  y  de  Imena  indole.'  I'nsjii,  in  l)iir.  Hit.  Mix., 
s.  iv..  vol.  vi.,  p.  ()4').  On  Skeena  Itiver,  "the  worst  I  have  seen  in  all  my 
travels.'  DiiHiiii',  in  Ii.  ('.  /'i(/»rs,  vol.  iii.,  p.  7:!.  '  As  imljucs,  where  all  aro 
ro^uis,'  preeminence  is  awarded  them.  AiKkisim,  in  Jlist.  M'ti/.,  vol.  vii., 

*'  •  On  my  arrival  at  this  inlet.  T  had  honoured  it  with  the  name  of  Kini; 
George's  Sound;  but  I  afterward  fouudj  that  it  is  called  Nootka  by  the  na- 


THE  NOOTKAS. 


17r> 


nmti'V ; 
K'  main 
I  ])aviil- 
;  dialect 
are  in- 
lO  iiaiiio 

;•   iit   Point 

•V  UOltll,    !lt 

i*  of  Siiv;l!4(' 

()l)SI'l'Vt(l,' 

I,  :{(i:i,  :t;;7. 

vy  sniiividl* 
.^,   IWIi'.l,    1>- 
■  Indians  cif 
tlic  liiiliiUis 
'liciidly  dis- 
('  us  (|nicldy 
irvitiitiDU  to 
liiivc  SCIll, 
Ir'.s  I'h//  ,  1>. 
ly  (idviUitiit,'o 
,s  to  dic'ivii 
\'iil..  vol.  i-, 
jiiiid.  i-cfn^cd 
I 


nil— while 
lovc  lutivo 
ind  roll- 


tor 


s  of  Fort 

urialily  iit- 

scs.'   >i(iil'- 

luly,  tiirco 

y   arc  l)ol(\ 

't ;,<!'}.  >■"<■. 
ns  nici'.  iriiil 

vior  1h  iii'-;s, 
lli:4i  lit  rai'O 
clinn^y  ill 

X<Tl.t    wllrll 

. ,  •  1  iiivcr 
j^ivcn  iiiovc 
ast.'  /'i"'/''"s 

71-72,  •>■,», 

M,;..iH  r. >■. 

11  with  their 
n<,'ct  Soniiil 

.  //;  (.  .i/'.i-.. 

u  in  :dl  ii'.V 
.vluiT  all  iirti 
,;.,  vol.  vii., 


nine  of  Kiii;4 
a  liy  the  uii- 


Tlio  first  EiiropcMii  si'ttlciiu'iit  in  this  rcuioii  \vas  on  tlic 
h^ound,  Avliich  thus  hocaiiu'  the  centi-iil  ])()iiit  ofcai'ly  \\\\- 
ulish  and  S[)anish  intercourse  Avith  the  Northwest  Toast ; 
hilt  it  was  soon  ahandoiie(h  and  nt)  mission  or  tradi!i^' 
post  lias  since  taken  its  ])hice,  so  tiiat  no  trihes  ol'  tiii.s 
fainilv  have  heen  le.^s  known  in  later  times  than  tho.^e 
on  tiie  west  coast  of  \'anconver  Island.  The  chief  trihes 
of  the  Xootka  iinnily,  or  those  on  whose  ti'ihal  existence, 
if  not  on  the  ortho^i-aj)liy  of  their  names  antiiors  to  some 
extent  ajiree.  are  as  follows.^'  The  .\'ifiii<i(K,  Chi/aqnofx, 
and  a\'oo//v^s•.  on  the  sounds  of  the  same  names  alonu'  tiie 
Avest  coast  of  \'ancouver  Island;  the  (^xdchi'ls  and  AV- 
U'if(('i'f</'  in  th;>  north;  the  ('oir'wlihis.  Vclclax.  and  Coiiiii.r. 
on  the  east  coast  of  N'ancoiiver  and  on  the  o|)posite  main; 
the  iS,ni/,iiiifH:;ir/t)i^~.  in  the  interior  of  the  island;  the  ('/<i/- 
A'^z/s."*  ,s'o/r,s-.  iind  P(if</H('iHi,  on  the  south  end;  and  the 
Kiniiilli'nm  and  Ticfx.^''^  on  the  lower  Fra.'^er  River.  These 
trihi's  dilfer  hut  little  in  physical  peculiai'ities.  or  maimers 
and  customs,  hut  hy  their  numerous  dialects  they  have 
heen  classi^'d  in  nations.  Xo  "  )mi)rehensive  or  satisfac- 
tory names  liave.  'owever,  heen  applied  to  them  as  na- 
tional di\  Isioiis.'"' 

fives.'  roo/,  "s  Vnji.  to  /'((,■.,  vol.  ii..  p.  2SS.  'No  Aht  ludiiin  of  tho  pvpseut 
<l,iy  evi'r  hi  aid  of  siih  ii  iiaiiir  as  Nootkuli,  though  iiio-,t  of  tlulii  reeoj^'uize 
fheothir  words  in  Co  dv  s  account  of  their  Iaiii,'nai,'i'.'  Sjirnat's  Sn  iifs,  ji.  ;il."). 
Sjiroat  conji ctiues  that  the  iiiinic  may  have  conic  from  Ximr/n'c .'  \niii'l,i-i  I 
the  Aht  wo.d  for  iiiountiiin.  A  ]arL;c  jiroiiortiouof  j,'coL,'iaiihiciil  niiiiies  origi- 
nate ill  like  niaiuii  r  tin'oiiji,'h  iiccidi  nt. 

*'  For  full  iiariii-iilar-i  see  'rmiiAi.  UorND.vitiKs  at  i  nd  of  this  cha]iter. 

4''  '  I'he  Ni  watees,  mentioned  in  many  hooks,  are  not  known  on  the  west 
coast.     I'i'.iliahly  the  !\l,ih-oh-(|ualits  are  meant.'  >//rn«/'.s'  .^Vv-  .is,  ji.  314. 

■i'  There  ale  no  indiaii-i  in  the  interior.  Fitziri  11  hk's  Kvhliua',  in   Ifinl, 

Ji.   Co..    /,'./>'.    >//"'.   I'<i:il..    lS."l7,    Jl.    ll.'l. 

■!■*  Tlie  s.-iiiie  name  is  iilso  aiiiilied  to  one  of  the  ."^nfinl  nations  across  the 
strait  ill  W.ishiiiet.  n. 

•■■'  Till!  'J'eetsor  Ilaitlins  are  called  hy  the  Tacullies,  '  >V(  (  1,1  urn  '  sti.iiit^ers, 
A))(Ioiy'iii,  ill  U'kI.  .!/«/.,  Vol.  vii.,  \\\).  l'.<-\. 

^"Siiroat's  division  into  nations,  'almost  us  distinct  as  tli"  nations  of 
Enro|ie  '  is  into  the  1,)iiim|1ioii1i1i  ( (^>iiackolIi  or  Fort  linp  rt.  in  the  iiortji  iiiul 
north-e.ist ;  the  ivnwilehaii,  or  Thuii'^eith.  on  tlie  east  and  south;  .Vlit  on  tlu' 
West  coast:  and  i\oiiiiix,  it  distinct  trilie  also  on  the  east  of  A'aiieoiivi  r. 
'Tliise  trihes  of  the  Ahts  are  not  confederated;  iind  1  have  no  other  warrant 
for  calliiiL;  tieiii  a  natii  .i  than  the  fact  >;['  their  occiiiiyiii','  adjacent  terntorii  s, 
mill  haviiii;  the  s.iiiie  sn|ierstitioiis  a  i''  lan.i,'iiaL;e.'  ■'^iir^nrn  .'^n.mt,  jij).  J,S-1',», 
311.  Mayne  makes  liy  lanL;iiaL,'e  foil,  nations;  the  tirst  including,' the  Cow- 
itehi'ii  in  the  h  nlior  and  valley  of  the  siuiii'  name  north  of  Victoria,  with  the 
Numiiuiu  u.ul  Kwantluiu  Indians  iihout  the  inouth  ul'  the  Fruser  iiivcr,  unj 


Ill 


170 


C0LUMJ51ANrt. 


Rotwocn  till'  Xootka  i'ainily  and  its  fisli-ciitiiiu'  lU'ijih- 
bors  on  the  north  and  .south,  tlio  lino  of  distinction  is 
not  clearly  marked,  hut  the  .iontrust  is  jireatt-r  >vith  the 
interior  huntinji'  triho.s  on  the  east.  Since  their  (Irst  in- 
tercourse Avith  uhites,  the  XcM>tl\as  have  constant! n  de- 
creased  in  nunihers,  and  this  not  oidy  in  those  parts 
where  they  have  heen  hroujiht  into  contact  Avith  traders 
and  miners,  hut  on  the  Avest  coast,  Avliere  they  IiaNc  iv- 
tained  in  a  measure  their  primitive  state.  The  savage 
lades  hel'ore  the  superior  race,  and  immediate  intercourse 
is  not  necessary  to  pi'oduce  in  native  races  thosi';  •  baleful 
inlluenci's  of  civilization.'  \vhich  like  a  lu'stilcnce  are 
Avafted  I'rom  afar,  as  on  the  Avinus  of  the  wind.''^ 

The  Xootkas  are  of  less  than  medium  heiiiht.  smaller 
than  the  llaidahs,  hut  rather  stronjily  huilt;  usually 
]!lump.  ))ut  rarely  corpulent;'"  their  legs,  like  those  of 

llic  SrniL,'la('s;  thcsionnd  poitiin-isinf!  tho  Cnmonx,  Nnnoosp,  Nimjikisli,  (Jiiiuv- 
j^uult,  t'ti'.,  on  X'iilicduvcr.  aiul  tin;  Siniawiiiislit,  Sccliclt.  (.'liilidOM',  Icli  -tali, 
Maliiii-lil-a  (•iilla.  etc.,  (Hi  tlu:  liiaiii,  and  islands,  Ik  twt  tn  Nanainin  and  Fovt 
Kupiit;  till'  third  ami  I'unitli  t,'r(iniis  include  the  t\v(  nty-foiir  wcst-coa.-it  trilx'S 
\\hi>  speak  twodistiiK  t  lan-^'iia^es,  not  uanied.  .1/  (i.ki  's  !'(/,.(•.  />/.,  ]>\<.  'Jli'.i-iil. 
(Iiaiit's  division  j^ives  fmir  laneiia;,'es  on  Vancouver,  viz..  the  (.iiiaekoll,  from 
('!ayo(iuot  Sound  iiiuth  to  C!.  Scott,  and  thence  S.  to  Johnson's  Strait:  the 
Cowilchin,  from  .loliHson's  Strait  to  Sanetch  Arm;  tlii!  'rsclalhini,  or  Clel- 
hini,  from  Sani  tch  to  Soke,  and  on  the  opposite  .\mei-ican  shore;  and  the 
Macaw,  from  l'at(dieena  to  ('layo(]Uot  Soimd.  ''I'hese  four  (irinciiial  hin- 
f,'na;,'es  ..  are  totally  distinct  from  each  otlier,  both  iu  sound,  formation, 
and  modes  of  expression.'  (Irdi'l,  ii  Ln  id.  (,'fiiii.  Sor.  .lour.,  vol.  xxvii..  p.  "iitf"), 
Scouler  atti  nipts  no  division  into  nations  or  hin^'uaees.  Li.ihL  (!(■■.  >'iii\  Jnttr., 
vol.  \i.,  pp.  221.  2_1.  Mofras  sin^^'ularly  dcsiijnati  s  them  as  one  nation  of 
2ll.(H)(l  souls,  uiiiler  the  name  of  (limhirh.  Mi'i'ni^.  K.vjtloi-.,  torn.  ii..  p.  WA'i. 
itecent  investii^atioiis  have  shown  it  somewhat  ditleii  nt  relationship  of  these 
lan^,'nau;es,  which  J  shall  j^ivo  more  i>artictdarly  in  a  suhsecpunt  volume. 
■'•'  See  Simiitl's  >c(//i.s,  pp.  '272-h(),  on  the  "etlects  npon  savai^'es  of  inter- 


course with  el VI 


ili/ed 


•  Hitherto,  ( iS.'iCi)  in  N'aiicv.uver  Jsland.  the  trihes 


who  have  iirincipajly  heen  in  intercourse  with  the  white  man.  have  found  it 
for  their  inti  n  st  to  kee)>  up  that  intercourse  in  amity  for  the  purposes  of  trade, 
and  the  whiti'  adveiituiers  have  lieeii  so  few  in  nnmher,  tliat  they  have  not 
iit  all  interfered  with  the  ordinary  pursuits  of  the  natives.'  Untid,  in  Lmnt. 


'I";/. 


./,. 


vol.   XXVII. 


1' 


;t().s. 


'■'  '  Aluy  roliustos  y  hieii  ajieisonados.'    '  Dc  mediana  estatura,  oxcejito  los 
Xefes  euya  coipulencia  se  hace  iiotar.'  Siitil  //  Mi.vindiii,  lii/ /(,  pp.  ")•").  I'i4. 


'I'lie  youiit;  i)rincess  was  of  low  stature,  very  i>liimi).'  \'ii 


iifonii  /•  ,s 


I  "//..  Vol.  i. 


ji.  ;i'.ir).     Mac([uilla.  the  chief  was  five  feet  iii;ht  inches,  with  S(p;are  shoullersi 


lid  muscular  limhs:  his  son  was  live  feet  ni 


lie  uiclies. 


Jirlcl,, 


pp.  11(1-12.     The  seaboard  tribes  have  '  not  mindi  (ihysical  streii<;th.'  /'- 
l>.i'hiii\  />/.,  p.  7;t.     '  La  ^'eiite  diceii  ser  niuy  robusta.' 7'( /•(.',  Uil.iUl  V 


MS.,  )i.  2(1.    '  I.,eur  faille  est  nioyi 


Lteiieral.  nibnst  and  well  ])ro)Hirtioned.'  Mn 


Mn/rns,  /•.'.i/z/ii?'..  torn,  ii.,  J).  ;m:5.    'In 


I''///.,  p.  'Jt'.l.    Under  the  eoni- 


iiion  stature,  jjretty  full  uud  pluuiji.  but  uyt  muscular — uever  corpukut,  old 


! 

I  i, 


NOOTKA  rilVSUH'E. 


177 


iu'i;j,li- 
ioii  is 
th  the 
rst  in- 
tly  (k«- 
•  parts 
hiulors 

IVI'   10- 

svvii<ie 
rcourso 
JKiloful 
ICO   are 

«nalUn' 
usually 
lioso  of 

isli.  (}u;nv- 

,  Lclr-tilh. 
o  iiiul  l"l)Vt 
Oilr^t  tlilllH 

,i..-2i:!-r>i. 

•kiill.  fioui 
Stniit'.  the 
a,  (IV  Clil- 
■  ;  and  iho 
iciiml  laii- 
il'iiniiiitimi, 

,s,,c.  Jiiiir., 
liatidli  tif 

ii..  p.  :!43. 

i|i  <it'  tliL'se 
luiiir. 

s  (if  iiitcr- 

,  Uit' tribes 
f  fdiiiid  it 
■sdf  Ivaik', 
have  not 
ill  Laud. 

hxccltto  los 
(li.  .",.■).  lA. 

In//.,  vol.  i., 

I  sliimMei'S 
,!(/.,  \ul.  i., 

111.'    I'nultS 

I  hi  ri((',e, 

■^\•^.  'In 

|r  the  (M)in- 
iiukut,  uld 


nil  tlic  roast  tribos.  short,  small,  and  frociuontly  (lofonuod, 
vith  lai';:o  loot  and  aid\los;'''  the  I'aoo  hroad,  round,  and 
lull,  Avith  tlio  usual  proniinont  chook-hono,  a  low  I'oro- 
lioad.  Hat  noso,  wide  nostrils,  small  black  oyos,  round 
thickish-lipitod  nioutli,  tolorahly  ovon  woll-sot  tooth;  the 
uholo  Iniiuinji' a  countonance  rathordnll  and  o.\i»rossi«)n- 
loss.  liut  lVo(jUontly  pleasant. '**    The  Xootka  comi)loxion, 


ly  11 


ic  saliM^  si/.c  an 


])(()jili'  l.'im— sliort  neck  mid  clniiisy  Ivxly;  women  near 
llic  III!  II.  (,,<,/, 'x  \'iij/.  til  I'll!'.,  vol.  ii.,  \i\).  ;i(ll-;t.  '  Ol'  snmllcr  htatnic  than 
the  NoiiIk  111  'I'riliis;  till  y  arc  tisuallv  fatter  and  iiioic  iiiiiscular.'  >('«, (/(/■,  'm, 
J.iiiiil.  itinii,  >(;(■.  Jiinr.,  vol.  xi.,  ]>.  221.  In  tlie  north,  ainoii),'  the  {'layo(|iiolrt 
und  (^iiacUolls,  men  are  often  met  of  five  feet  ten  inches  and  over;  on  tho 
Bouth  coast  llie  stature  varies  from  live  feet  three  inches  to  live  feet  six  iiielies. 
Oihi'I,  ill  l.iinil.  lii'iiij.  Siii\  Jiiiiv.,  vol.  xxvii.,  (i.  2!i7.  ''I'lic  men  lire  in  \ii\\- 
rral  from  almiit  live  fit  t  six  to  live  feet  ei,L,'ht  iuchoM  in  liei'.,'ht;  remarkalily 
Btruiuiit,  of  a  ^'iiiid  form,  rolmst  and  stroni,'.'  Only  my  dwarf  was  sii  n.  ./« /'- 
iil'x  Sii,-..  iij).  fid  111.  'I'lie  Klali-oh-(inahts  are 'as  a  trilic  pliysieally  the  tiliest. 
Individuals  may  ho  found  in  all  the  trila  s  who  reach  ii  liiiKliI  *it  live  fei  t 
eleven  inches,  and  a  wcJLtht  of  IHO  jmunds,  wilhout  much  llcsh  on  tin  ir 
liodies.'  lAtninc  avera;^'e  lui^'ht ;  men,  live  feet  six  inches,  women,  live  feet 
one-fourth  iiicli.  '  Many  of  the  im  n  have  well-sh  ijicd  forms  and  limhs.  Xoiui 
are  coriiuient.'  'The  men  i^enerall.v  have  well-set,  stroii;4  flames,  and,  it 
they  h  id  1  luck  and  skill,  could  proliahly  hold  their  own  iu  a  uraii|ile  with 
Kie^lisjimeii  of  the  same  stature.  Sjn-udt's  Scjii's.  jip. '^2  U.  '  liilln  r  ahovo 
the  middle  stature,  copper-colored  and  of  an  athletic  make.'  Simii/s  l.ijn  of 
l.iili/iiril.  p.  71:  I'/ifl^iinl's  /iVmkccAi.s,  vol.  v..  )).  \['l.  '  Spare  muscular  forms.' 
linrrill- I.I iin'triVs  Truv.,  \>y.  '1-1;  iluvihin's  Hist,  iinil  <li'"j.  Mim.,  ])|i.  1 1  -22. 

'I  Linilis  small,  crooked,  or  ill-made;  larije  feet;  badly  shaped,  and  prn- 

jectiiiL,'  ankles  from  sitting,'  so  much  on  their  hams  and  knees.  I'mil/n  Vnii. 

'/><  I'm-.,  vol    ii.,  pp.  ;i()l-;t.     'Their  limbs,  thou^'h  stmit  and  athletic,  aro 

crooked  and  ill-sha[icd.'  Miann'  Viifi.,  p.  2-"')ll.     'Us  (Uit  les  niemlires  infi'- 

rieures  li';,'eremelit  ari]  Ill's,  lis  chevilles  trcs-saillailtcs.  ct  la   pointe  des  [liedrt 

lonnii'e  en  dedans,  ditlormiti'  ipii  provieiit  de  la  mani('re  doiit  ils  sunt  assis 

dans  leiirs  caimts.'  Mni'rus,  h'.riilor.,  foiii.  ii.,  pp.  IUU-4.    'Stunted,  and  niovo 

with  a  lazy  \vadillin;4  nait.'  Miictii'a  \'iiiii'..  /</.,  ji.  IJK.      '  Skehton  slianks.  .  .  . 

not  much  physical  streii|j;th   . .  .bi)w-lej,'j,'ed— defects  common  to  the  se.iboaid 

trilas.'    I'iKiii's  (J.    I'liiir.   Isl.,  jip.  7.1-1.     All  the  females  of  the  Niutliwest 

Coast  are  very  short-limbed.     'Itaro  es  el  (pie  no  tieiie  muy  salieiites  los  to- 

billos  y  las  piintas  do  los  pies  iuclinadas  hacia  deiitro. . .  ,y  una  especie  do 

entumecimieiito  (pie  se  advierte,  particularuieiite  en  las  mu,i,'eres.'   .s»(;/  y 

Mi:eir  ml,  \'i'i'ii\  p|).  121.  ;ti>.  (!J  :l.     They  have  <,'reat  streiij^'tli  in  the  tiiiL,'i  rs. 

I'^lifoiii.'s  >/■(■//(■>■.  p.  ;i3.     Moiniii,  short-limbed,  and  toe  in.  liL.  p.  22;  Mnijuv's 

li.  ('.,  ])p.  2X2-;i.      'The  limbs  of  both  sexes  are  ill-formed,  and  the  toes 

timed  inwards.'     'The  Icl's  of  the  women,  especially  those  of  the  slave-,, 

are  often  >wiilleu  as  if  oedematoiis.  so  that  the  le^  ajipears  of  an  uniform 

thickness  from  the  ankle'  to  the  calf,'  from  weariiig  a  garter,  .scoii/c;',  in  /.unit. 

hiiiij.  S<,r.  ,/<»(/'.,  vol.  xi..  ]i.  221. 

''  "T'lie  dirt'ereiit  .\ht  tribes  varv  in  jihysioLrnomy  somewljat— faces  of  tho 
i'hiiiese  and  Spanish  types  may  be  seen.'  •  I  lie  face  of  the  Alits  is  rather 
bro.id  and  llat:  the  mouth  and  lips  of  ixith  miMi  and  women  are  lai'u'e.  tlimieh 
to  this  there  are  exceptions,  and  tho  cheekbones  are  broad  but  not  liiL;li. 
The  skull  is  fairly  shajied.  the  eyes  small  and  lonj,'.  deep  set,  in  eoioiir  a 
lustre|e>.s  inexpressive  black,  or  very  dark  hazel,  non(^  bein;.^  blue,  ),'rey.  or 
brown.  . .  .One  occasionally  seesan  Indian  with  eyes  distinctly  Chinese.  The 
nose.  .  .  .in  sonv  instances  is  remarkably  wt- 11-shuiJud. '  '  Tlie  tcelli  uio  ley- 
VoL.  I.     Vi 


178 


•COLr^ir.IANH. 


m  fill'  as  cfroiiso  and  ])aint  liav*'  allowed  tiNnclcvs  to  ob- 
wr\»'  it.  is  (U'cidt'dlx  li,i:lit.  Imt  apparcntlv  a  ^liadi'  darker 
than  that  oi'  the  Ilaidah  laiiiilv.'"'     The  liaii'.  worn  lon|i'. 

iiliiv,  lull  Htiiiniiy.  iiiitl  lire  dt  i'ui(  nt  in  iimiiu'l  at  the  )n>iiits.'  ]>i  vliiips  frdin 
liiliii^'  saiul.  il  '■aliiidii.  >i)ftiiit'x  >('('/(i.s',  11(1.  IW,  'Jl .  ' 'I  In  ii  fucis  nvr  \nv\^i' 
1111(1  lull,  tin  ir  clnrliH  lii^,'li  mid  )ii(iiiiiiiiiif,  with  siimll  Mack  eves;  their  ikisi  s 
arc  liiiKid  and  ilat:  tin  ir  li|is  tliirk,  ami  they  have  ),'.  iiiiallv  vc  ly  lliw  tn  tli, 
mid  <if  till' iiid'.t  hiilliaiit  vliitciiisH.'  Menres'  I'd'/.,  jip.  2l'.i  "iH;  lliirnll-lji,- 
iiiinl'x  I'l'iif.,  ]).  41.  '  J,ii  lisoiKiiiiiii  dc  rstos  (NitiiiatM  tin  dill'c  ri  iilc  dc  lii  dc 
loH  hiil'ilalitis  dc  Xutlia:  t(  liiali  <  1  (  lalic  ci  di'  li^um  natural,  Ins  njus  cliiins 
imiy  iiii'ixiiiKis,  car'.^ados  Ins  jn'iri  iidns.'  Jfaiiy  liav<'  ii  laiiuiiid  Innk,  Init  fi  w 
u  htui  id  ii|i)M  aiaiiiT.  >(//;/  ;/  Mi^'icima,  I  laiie,  it|>.  LH,  ;.(i.  (12  )!.  121.  'I)idl 
mid  iiiixi  n  hsivc  v\i\'  '  rii|'rciiii--s(ssiiij,'  niid  stiijiid  ((iiinti  iiaiici  s.'  i'loi'i  '.s 
(J.  I'liiir.  Isl.,  ]ip.  Vl,  8(1.  'I'lii'  Wickitiiiiiiish  have  'ii  iiiiiih  Iim;  njuu  aiid 
liliasiiiL;  i'\]ir(  ssioii  (if  coniiti  nan  c  '  than  the  Klaizzarts.  'J  he  Nrwclii  iiiiiss 
'  \vi  ic  tlic  most  sava;,'!' hinliiiit,' and  U^'ly  liicii  that  Itvcrsaw.'  ''Ihf  slmi>(' 
nf  till'  face  is  oval;  the  features  aii'  tnlirahly  rii^'idar,  the  11]  is  1  nil  ii;  thin  and 
the  tilth  very  white  and  t  veii:  tie  ir  <  yes  are  lilaek  hut  railn  r  Mnall,  ami  the 
nose  jiietty  \vi  II  tnriiii  d.  Ill  iiii;  m  illur  Hat  nor  very  i.iiiiiiiin  iii.'  The  wmiun 
'lire  ill  eiiKial  very  well-liinkim,',  niid  snnic  (piite  haiLilsumi.'  ,lii''hl'n^\iii\, 
jiji.  Ti'i,  77,  (11.  '  Features  that  wimlil  have  iittraeted  nutiee  fur  tin  ir  di  lieaey 
mid  lieaiity,  in  tlmse  jartsuf  the  world  where  the  (jualitiis  of  the  hiiluail 
form  are  hi  st  iimlerstnoil.'  Mitins'  In//.,  p.  2'tiK  Face  loiiiid  and  fud,  soiiie- 
tiim  s  hriiail,  with  iiromimiit  ehei  k-lmiies.  .  hdliiiL;  in  In  twii  ii  the  temiih  s, 
the  nose  llatteliillL,'  at  the  liase,  wide  nostrils  mid  a  riilimled  I'oilll  ....  forelieaii 
low;  eyes  small,  hlaek  and  laiieiiishine;  mouth  rminil,  with  larj^'e,  round, 
tliiikirh  li|  s;  teith  tohralily  ii|iiai  and  well-si  t,  hut  iml  \iiy  white.  ]ie- 
luarkahle  sanieiiess.  ii  dull  iilile<,'iiiatie  want  of  exiiression :  im  |iretensioiis  to 
beauty  auioiii,'  the  women.  Conl.'s  \'<;/.  tn  I'dU.,  vol.  ii.,  jiji.  1101-2,  See  jior- 
traits'of  Xootkas  in  IUMkv'h  I'..;/.,  vol.  i..i).  IhH;  i-k.I.'s  Atins.  ]-l.  :tS--li;  Siilil 
y  Mcricmni,  i'in'ir,  AUhh;  ]\'hi/iiiiiir'.s  Al'inhd,  ]i.  7").  'Loni;  imse.  hivli  cheek 
iiones,  latj^'e  ULjly  mouth,  very  loii^  eyes,  and  foreln  ads  villainously  low.' 
'  The  woiinn  of  Vancouver  Island  have  seldom  or  ever  f^'oml  fiatiires:  tiny 
ftt"  almost  invariahly  ]iu^'-nosed:  tiny  have  however,  fri  i|neiitly  ii  I'leasiii}^ 
tljiression,  and  there  is  no  lack  of  iiitelli^'eiice  in  their  dail.  h.i/i  1  eyes.'  i,niiit, 
id  J.oikI.  ii'iii:i.  S(ir.  Jiiiir.,  vol.  xxvii..  ]iji.  2'.l7  H.  'Thoiiiih  without  any  iire- 
t<>r5sions  to  heauty.  could  not  he  coiisiden  d  asdisat,'reeahle.'  \'i(iir(iiiri-r'n  \'<iy., 
vii'.  1.,  ]i.  lilt.").  'Have  the  common  facial  characteristics  of  low  foreheads, 
liij,'li  cheek-hones,  a<iuilini'  noses,  and  larf,'e  mouths.'  'AmoiiL;  sonic  of  the 
fj'ilies  )iri  tty  women  may  he  seen.'  Mmjin's  II.  ('..  ]).  277. 

!>■•  ■  Jler  skin  was  clean,  ai.d  heini,'  iieiirly  white,'  etc.  ]'iiii(<,uvi'r's  V<ii/., 
vol.  i.,  |).  ;(',»;■).  '  l{i'<ldisli  brown  like  that  of  a  dirty  cojuier  kettle.'  Sonic, 
when  washed,  have  'almost  a  tlorid  coniiilexion.'  Uraul,  in  J.nnil.  lieoii.  ,Sof. 
Jiinr.,  vol.  xxvii.,  jip.  2ii7,  '21)1*.  '  I'rown,  somewhat  inclining  to  a  ('oj)[icr 
cast.'  'llie  women  are  much  whiter,  'many  of  them  imt  hein^'  darker 
than  those  in  some  of  th(»  Southern  parts  of  Euroiie.'  The  Newchcinass 
(ire  much  darker  than  the  other  tribes.  Jvliutl'ti  .\<ir.,  \qt.  (11,  77.  'Their 
comiilexiou,  tliou,i,di  li,!.,'ht,  has  moie  of  a  eo|iper  hue'  than  that  of  the  llai- 
dahs.  !^r<iiil< i\  ill  LuikI.  (Imij.  Sur,  .hiur..  vol.  xi.,  p.  221.  Skin  white,  with 
the  clear  complexion  of  Europe.'  Miari's'  Vinj.,  i>.  250.  Tln^  color  hard  to 
tell  on  account  of  the  paint,  but  in  a  few  cases  '  the  wliiti  iiess  of  the  skin 
(ipjieared  almost  to  equal  that  of  Euro|ieans;  tlionoh  rather  of  that  jiale  ert'ettt 

cast of  our  southern  nations. . .  .Their  children. . .  .also  ei|nall( d  ours  in 

■whiteness.'  Cudh's  Vtuj.  i>  I'ur.,  vol.  ii.,  y.  :i()J.  'Tlnir  comjilexioii  is  ii 
dull  brown,'  darker  than  the  llaidahs.  'Cook  and  Mi  .ires  )'ioliably  men- 
tioned exceptional  eases.'  Siiniid's  ScDii's.  \)]). 'l'.]—i.  '  T.I  11  blaiicos  eomo  el 
Tiiejor  Esiianol.'  J'ircz,  Hel.  ild  \"ki'ii',  MS.  p.  20.  Tor  lo  ijiie  se  ]iuede  in- 
ferir  del  (color)  de  los  uinoB,  imreee  menos  cibsciiro  qne  el  de  los  iltxicanus,' 


\O0TKA  HAIR  AND  BEARD. 


179 


's  to  ()1)- 
(•  (liirktT 
irii  l<ni|j;', 

rlnqis  fniin 
s  .-ire  liir^,'!' 
till  ir  iiiisi  s 

line  til  til, 

U((rii  li-Lii'- 
Itc  (Ic  111  lit' 
nji  IS  cliiiMiS 
>U,  Imt  fi  \v 
\-l\.  'iMill 
.  s.'   J'..'./«'.S 

S    (1]M  11    llllll 

Icwcliiiniiss 

'1  lir  t-lmJH' 
iil;  tliiii  imd 
:ill.  llllll  the 

Till'  \vi>iiuti 
■('•i./'s  A'//'., 
.1  iv  (li  liiiicy 

till    liiiniiin 

I   I'H.l,  MillK- 

hc  ti  iiijiU  s. 

Y'J,V,    Vtllllltl, 

whiti  .  lii- 
I  trlisiolis  to 
!.  Si  I-  liul- 
,  :!S.  II;   >i(/|7 

lii'-li  check 
u>i_v  low.' 
luis;  tiny 
j'lciisiiij^ 

S.'  lifllllt, 

it  any  prc- 
ri/s  \'ni/., 
t'linlicrtds, 
line  of  the 

ri-r'a  !'"//•. 
Sonic, 

'iliill.   >()(•. 

II  coiiiicr 
iv_;   (linker 

w  cluiiiiiss 
•'Ihcir 
,f  th.  lli.i- 
ihitc.  with 

1'  haiil  to 
it'  the  skill 
jiiile  ett'ctc 

(1  oilis  iu 
lixiou  is  a 

ilily  liicn- 

IS  COlllO  d 

I'Ueilc  iu- 
UOiiciiuus,' 


is  as  ii  nili'  l)link  oi*  dark  ln'own,  coarse',  and  straidit, 
tlioiijili  instanci's  an-  not  \vtintin;,i'  wlicrc  all  tlicsi'  <[tiali- 
tirs  ai'i'  rcvi'i'.M'd  "  TIic  beard  is  carcrnllv  |iliickcd  out 
l>\  the  voini^i:'  nR'U.  and  this  operation,  i-ciieatcd  for  gen- 
erations, lias  rcndi'ivd  tlio  beard  naturally  thin.  Old 
men  often  allow  it  to  jii'ow  on  tin*  eliin  and  npper  lip. 

Tt)  cut  the  hail"  short  is  to  the  Xootkii  u  disgrace. 
AN'orn  at  Jnll  lenjith.  evened  at  the  ends,  luid  sonielinu'S 
ent  stiai^ht  across  tlii'  li)rehead,  it  is  either  allowed  to 
liaiiii'  loosely  from  nnder  a  band  of  cloth  or  lillet  of  bark, 
or  is  tied  in  a  knot  on  the  crown.  On  full-dress  occa- 
sions the  top-knot  is  secured  Avith  a  jireen  bou^h.  and 
after  bein,u'  well  saturated  with  whale-^i'rease.  the  hair  is 
]>owdered  jjlentifully  with  white  feathers,  which  are  re- 
garded as  the  crowning' ornament  for  manly  diiiiiity  in  all 
these  rep.ions.  lioth  sexes,  but  particulai  !y  the  women, 
take  great  pains  with  the  hair,  cinvfully  cond>in,n'  tind 
})laitiiig  their  loniz'  trt'sses.  lashionin<i'tasteiul  head-dresses 
of  bark-lil)re,  decked  with  beads  and  shells,  attaching!; 

hilt  iiiili,'iii^'  by  tho  chiifs'  <liin}ihtprs  thoy  nrc  wholly  white.  Sutil  y  Mxii'iiim, 
\iiiji\  p.  J'J'").  'A  (liiik,  swiii'thy  coiiiicr-colourt  (1  li.L;urc.'  Linil's  .\iit.,  vol. 
i.,  i>.  ll;i.  'I'licy  'Imvc  lij,'literi,'ip|ii|'li\ioiis  than  othei'iil)oi'i^;iiicsof  Aim  riea.' 
(iriiiiliiiir's  Jli.st.  O'jii.,  1>.  1  HI.  ■  Sallow  ciiiiiplcxiiiii,  vcrL^iii'4  towanls  eo)i|'ir 
colour.'  liairiV-l.fHiiurd's  Tntv.,  \)\).  4i-0.  L'oiiiier-colourcil.  Sjxtrh's  J.'nf 
(if  Liiljiitnl,  )).  71. 

''•  The  jiair  of  the  iiiifivis  is  never  shaven  from  the  heail.  It  is  Mack  nr 
ilark  lirown,  wiilmut  ^loss,  coarse  ami  lank,  lait  not  Hcaiily,  wmn  loii^,'  .  . 
Slaves  Wear  their  hair  short.  Now  and  then,  hut  rarely,  a  li^^lit-liaircil  native 
is  seen.  'J'herc  is  one  woiunii  iu  the  Oiicchisat  tiilic  at  Allierni  vIh,  li,.il 
curly,  nr  rather  wavy,  lirown  hair.  Fi  \v  f^M'i  y-hairi  d  im  u  c.iii  he  notieid  iu 
any  tribe.  Tim  imii's  heanls  and  whiskers  are  deticiint,  jrnhalily  fiuiii  tho 
olil  iilli  i,'i  d  custom,  now  seldom  )iraetice(l.  of  extiriiatiiii,'  the  haiis  with  small 
shells  Several  of  the  Xoolkah  Sound  natives  i  Jloouehahts)  have  lin^,'e 
niiiustaches  and  whiskers.'  Sjiri^al's  >(•(/».■.•,  ji]i. '.T)-?.  '  Kl  calii  llo  es  lar^'o 
Ik  ill  y  Lfrueso,  variando  sii  cdlur  eiitre  ruliio.  olisciiro,  castauo  y  in  ^ro.  Li» 
h;irlia  sale  a  los  iiio/os  con  la  misma  ri'i^ularidad  (jiie  a  los  de  otros  ]iaises,  y 
lleua  a  ser  en  Ins  aneiaiins  t  ni  iiolilada  y  l.irt;a  como  la  de  los 'I'ureos;  juro 

los  jnvelles  liarei'eU  illllierlies  lionjue  sc  1:1  arrallc  111  coll  los  dedos.  I'l  mas  colll- 
niiue  ntc  con  jdlizas  formadas  de  iiequeuas  conchas.'  Sulil  i/  M( .ciriiKd,  1'/"^;', 
jiji.  l'21-">,  57.  'Hair  of  the  Iu  ad  is  iu  i^reat  idiuiidaliee.  very  coarse,  and 
hIioiil;;  and  without  a  sinL,de  exct  [itimi.  lilack,  stiai;4ht  and  lank.'  No  lieards 
lit  all.  or  11  small  thin  one  on  the  chin,  imt  from  a  naii'.ral  defect,  hut  finiil 
]  luikiii),'.  Old  men  often  have  beards.  Kyebrows  scanty  and  iiarmw.  Cn,,/,  '■< 
I'..,/.  /.(  /'<(/•.,  Vol.  ii..  j)|).  :iOI-;{.  'Neither  beard,  whisker,  nor  moiistaelie 
ever  adorns  the  face  of  the  redskin.'  /.n/v/'.s  .V(((..  vol.  i.  p.  1  H!;  Jiiriil's  Xnr., 
])p.  I'll,  7"),  77.     Hair  •invariably  either  black  (u- dark  brown.'  Gi-(ii,l,  in  Luml. 


'I.   >o(' 


Jnxr.,  vol.  xxvii.,  p.  •J',)7;  Mi<(ris'    I'o//.,  ]i.'J.")(!;  Mni/iifs'  It,  (.'.,  jip 


277-8;  Mdcjk's  I'une.  JkL,  p.  llJ;  >//«(7i'.s  JJj'i;  uf  Li'ilyard,  p.  71, 


I 


180 


coLrMm.\xs. 


l(':i(U'ii  weiulits  to  tlio  In-jiids  to  kcei)  tlicm  struiulit.  The 
bruised  root  of  ii  (vrtaiii  [)l;int  is  tlioujilit  by  tlic  Alits  to 
i)roinote  the  growth  of  the  hail'.'" 

'i'be  custom  of  Ihitteninu;  the  Ileal  is  jM-actioed  ])y  tlio 
Xootkas,  in  connnou  Avith  the  Sound  and  Chinook  fanii- 
hes,  but  is  not  universal,  nor  is  so  nuich  ini})ortan('e  at- 
tiU'iie(l  to  it  OS  elsewhere;  althougli  all  seem  to  admire  a 
llatti'ned  forehead  as  a  sign  of  noble  birth,  even  amon;^' 
tribes  that  do  not  make  tliis  defoi'iuity  a  siiiii  of  freedom. 
Amonji'  tlie  (,)uatsinos  and  (^)uackolls  of  the  north,  the 
liead.  besides  bein^'  flattened,  is  ek^nuati'd  into  a.  conieal 
suuar-loaf  shai)e.  })ointed  at  the  toj).  The  ihitteninji'  pro- 
cess ])ejiins  iunnediatel}'  alter  birtli,  and  is  continued 
until  tlie  child  can  v.alk.  It  is  elVected  by  coiu[)ressin^ 
the  head  uith  ti^^lit  bandauvs.  usurliy  attached  to  the 
lou,'  cradle,  the  Ibrehead  lieinii'  iirst  fitted  with  a  soft  pad, 
a  fold  of  soft  bark,  a  mould  of  hard  wood,  or  a  flat  stone. 
Observers  generally  a,i:ree  that  little  or  no  harui  is  done 
to  the  l)rain  by  this  inliiction,  the  traces  of  which  to  a 
f:rcat  exttMit  disaiijicai'  later  in  lile.  Many  tril)es.  iii- 
ciudinii'  the  Aht  nations,  are  said  to  have  al)andoned  the 
custom  since  they  have  been  brought  into  contact  with 
the  whites.""^ 

T\iv  body  is  ke])t  constantly  anointed  with  a  reddish 
clayey  ciirth.  mi>.ed  in  trjiin  oil,  ami  conse([uently  little 
ailei'ted  by  their  fre(|uent  baths.  In  war  and  mourniug 
the  whole  hody  is  blackened:  on  feast  days  the  heao, 
liuibs.  and  body  are  painted  in  fantastic  figures  with  V!i- 
riot'.s  colors,  apparently  accoiMling  to  individual  faiuy, 
although  the   chiefs  monopoll/e    ihe   Wwn-y  figures,   the 

■>''  Con/.'fi  Voy.  to  Par..  vi)1.  ii.,  ])]).  .'iltl-S;  .s'l//,''  (/  Mix'onva,  Vl'i'ie,  jip 
J-'i-7;  Sjirixit's  ^^cciii's,  \;\).  •If','  t;  Miarifi'  I'n//.,  p.  .r)!:  ^f(tl^fi.l■^tl  I'll,,',  /.s/.,  p. 
(t'J;  Ji'irilt'n  .V'O'..  ]i|i.  21.  'Jit,  (I'i,  (!."),  77-H;  ilv<u,>,  'n  LukiI.  linni.  ,S(«'.  ,li'.ii\, 
Viil.  xxvii.,  p.  'JUT;  Mii/m'a  II.  ('.,  pp.  'lll-H-   lUirnli-Li mutnl's  Tfur.,  p.  11. 

■'■*  Miiiihi-'s  Ii.  ''..  pp.  '1\1.  'Ill,  witli  cut  (if  11  child  witli  li;iii(l;i^,'i(l  licad, 
jiiul  nf  ii  |_;irl  witli  ii  hU'4ai--lir:if  hcail,  lllclisul•in^'  ii;.,'litriu  iiiclus  fmiii  \\m 
•yes  to  ilic  sniiiiiiit.  Siirmit's  Scciii.f,  pp.  _!S-:iii;  (irant,  in  Luinl.  (ii'mj.  ,'-i.c, 
./.»?'.,  vnl.  xxvii.,  ]).  2IIS;  Sc'inkr.  in.  I.iniil.  Uvkj.  Sm'.  ,liinv.,  vol.  \i.,  p.  'I'i'l; 
M'lins'  I'"//.,  II.  '-Ill;  Miiri'ii's  \'iini\  /.s7.,  ]).  Ill;  Sniil  ij  Mr.nrd^iu,  Vimic,  p. 
1.1;  f.iinl's  .\nt.,  vnl.  i..  ]i.  171;  vol.  ii.,  p.  loii,  cut  of  tlivic  skulls  of  11, il- 
t.iuil,  coiiir'iil.  iiud  uatuial  fonn;   Kkh'-'h  W'hi  •'..  ]i.  "Jll :  .It  ic'i'.l'n  .\(ir,,  p.  7(1; 


I'-rliDnlrr'nV.i  ,1/v/i.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  'M'l;  llnrnll-l. 
ll',f.l  nml  >.iv(iij.  M'jii..  p.  l\i>. 


,''/',s  Tnir,,  \).  15;  Uordvn'n 


NOOTKA  FACE-PAINTING. 


181 


it.  The 
Aht.s  to 

I  l)y  tlio 
)k  iiiiui- 

illlCO  ilt- 

idinire  a 
1  uinong 
VcH'tlom. 
i-th,  the 
I  conical 
\u]X  \)vo- 
)uthn;i.d 

I  to  the 
soft  pad, 
at  f^toiK'. 
1  is  (lone 
ru'h  to  a 
tibes.  iii- 
)iioil  the 
lot  ^vith 


•eddish 
y  little 
)unii'!L:i; 
'  heaci, 
ith  va- 
iaiu'v, 
es,   the 


iii'if,  jij) 

(•.'/.s7,,  |). 

>()('.  Ji'.ii-,, 

ir..  !>.  I!. 

friiiii  Iho 

,■'.-;/.     ,'■,.,■. 

.i..  p. -2; 

I   PC/''.   II. 

lis  .if  U.it- 
';'.,  ]i.  7(i; 
;  (i'i'/'(/t'(i'jj 


comiiion  peoj)le  ])eiu,ii'  resti'icti'd  to  plain  colors.  Solid 
ji'retise  is  souu'tinu's  a[)i)lied  in  a  thick  co.itinLi'.  and  oar\'ed 
or  moulded  in  tilto-rllkro  into  ridjii's  and  li,L:nres  al'tei'- 
Avards  decoi'ated  Nvith  ivd  i)aint,  while  shinini:'  sand  or 
Lirains  of  mica  are  sprinkled  ovei'  ;j,reas'>  and  paint  to 
im[iart  a  i^litterini:'  appearance.  The  women  are  eithei" 
less  iond  of  })aint  than  the  men.  or  else  are  debarred  ly 
th(ii-  lords  IVom  the  free  use  ol"  it;  among  the  Ahts,  at 
least  of  late,  the  women  ahandtni  ornamental  paint  alter 
the  a;je  of  twenty-(i\e.  In  tiieir  dances,  as  in  war, 
masks  carved  from  cedar  to  represent  an  endless  variety 
ol"  monstrous  laces,  painted  in  bi'ight  colors,  witii  mouth 
and  eyes  movable  by  strings,  are  attached  to  their  he;nls, 
giving  theni  a  grotes(piely  ferocious  aspect.""''    The  nose 

■'■' At  Valdcs  Tsliind,  'tht!  fiircs  of  Sdiui'  wive  lUiidi'  iiitircly  white,  soiiio 
Veil.  Macl<,  or  li'iid  cciloui'.'  Viiiiviinn  v'ti  !'■•//  .  Mil.  i  ,  lip.  •!'*".  -Ul  At  .^'iifii/, 
(I.-miKi  Hay.  'sc  iiiiifiiu  do  ciicaniado  y  iii't,'V(i  '  ."^.|^7  //  Mi  .('intuit.  Viit'ji ,  p.  lin. 
At  Noiitka  Sound,  •('on  csta  j^rasii  idc  hallriia)  sc  wiitan  todn  el  ciuiiio,  y 
dcspiKs  SI'  piiitin  con  una  i  spi  cic  di'  liarniz  i-oinpiu  sto  dc  la  luisnia  ^'I'asa  I'l 
iic(  yti',  y  di,'  iil'.na;.,'!'!'  en  trfniinos  (juc  paicci-  isti'  su  color  natin'al.'  Clii'  fs 
n:i!y  may  paint  in  varied  colors,  pliln  ians  lieini,'  restricted  to  one.'  hi.,  pji. 
l'2.")-7.  '.Many  of  the  fenial'-;  p;:i;itite.'  tin  ir  faces  on  all  occasions.  Init  Uie 
men  only  at  set  periods.'  \iiniilion  is  olitaimd  liy  liarter.  ISlack.  tin  ir 
War  as  d  mourni;i,u'  color,  is  made  by  themselves.  Mnrjh's  V'lur.  I.-I.,  p.  I  !2. 
'  Ces  Indi  ns  endiiisent  hnr  corps  d  liuile  de  lialeiiif,  it  se  pii;4nent  avi  c 
d  s  ocres.'  (Iiiet's  only  ma,\  v."ur  dirt'ercnt  colors,  and  ti^ims  of  anini.ils. 
•1/  Vs.  A'.iyi'/'..  ("111.  ii..  ]i.  :U1.  '  Kuli  their  Imdies  constantly  with  .i  red 
paint,  of  a  clayey  or  coarse  <ieliry  sutist-ince.  mixed  with  oil  .  .  .'I'lnir  f.ici  s 
are  ot'ten  stained  with  a  lilack.  a  liriL,'hti  rr'd,  or  a  while  colour,  hy  way  of  oni.i- 
n;ei;t  . .  .'I'hey  also  str  'v  the  lirown  martial  mica  upon  the  p.iiut.  wliirh  makes 
it  '.,'li;'er.'  '  iioi.  '.s  I''.//.  V.  I 'ill'..  >  ,il.  ii.,  )i.  ;tli.").  '  .\  line  of  vi  rmilion  extends 
from  til'  ceiiire  of  the  foiehi  ad  to  the  tip  of  the  nose,  and  from  tliis  "  trunk 
line  "  ol  he, 'sr,  id  iate  ovei'  and  under  the  eyes  and  acros-.  the  clieeks.  J!(  t\M  1  n 
till  se  ri  d  liaes  white  and  lilue  streaks  alternately  till  tlie  inlersliei  s.  A  sim- 
il.ir  pattern  ornaments  chest,  arms,  and  hack,  the  freseoiiiL!  In  iu'^'  artistically 
arrauLjed  to  L;ive  ajiparent  widlh  to  the  cliest.'  /."/•(/'.s'  .\itl.,  vol.  i..  ]i.  li;i. 
'Tlcy  jiaint  the  fare  in  hideous  desi'_;iis  of  liL-ick  and  red  ihe  only  colours 
Used  ,  and  the  partiii'4  of  the  h  lir  i^  a  No  eolnnn  d  ri  d.'  .Muf/iii  '■■<  Ii.  ' '..  p.  -'i . 
'  .Kt  1,'ri'at  feasts  the  f.ieis  of  the  w.iiiii  11  .iii'  paint'd  nil  with  vermilion  or 
lierry -juice,  and  the  men's  faces  are  hlaelii  ned  witli  Imint  w  loil.  .Mu.iit  iln. 
«■,'(•  of  twenty-tlve  til"  woiiii  11  cease  to  ii- e  paint  .  S^.m.'  of  the  ynuiij  iiii  n 
strealc  their  f.ici  s  with  red,  imt  L;riiwn-ii]i  tin  n  sildnm  imw  use  ji.ijnt,  iuil<  ss 
on  particular  occ  isions  ..  'I'lie  h  .iiler  of  a  war  i'N|iedili'in  is  di^tin'4ilis'ii  d 
liy  a  >;treaked  visa'_;e  from  his  Mack-f.ieed  follnwers.'  .-/nv/'ir.s'  >r'(/c.s',  p.  l7  n. 
The  manner  of  paintiiiu;  is  often  .-i  niatti  rof  wliim.  •  'i'hc  most  usual  nu  lliod 
is  to  ]iaint  the  eye-lirows  M.-ick,  in  form  of  a  h.;!f  iimon,  and  the  face  leil  m 
HUiall  sipiares,  with  the  arms  and  1 '-s  and  jiart  of  the  liody  red;  sonnlimi  s 
(11.  hall  of  tic  face  is  ]iainted  red  in  sipiares,  and  the  other  Miek;  at  ollc  v-. 
dotted  with  red  spots,  or  r.d  ainl  Mack  instead  of  si|nari  s,  with  a  varii  t\  of 
olh'-r  di  vices,  siidi  as  ]ia:ntiiej:  oiic  half  nf  llie  f.'ici-  and  liod.v  ivd,  and  tin- 
oth'r  black.'  .In'ill'^  \u-..  p.  i  1:  1/ "ci  ^'  I'..//.,  p.  -J.'.-J;  ];it'irill-Li.,iMii-i's 
'Jfm-.,  i*.  [i;-.  .•-p'trL'.'i  I.'i/i  ir    /.' I ',,'(■■/.  p,  71, 


182 


COLI'MBIANS. 


iuid  cnrs  ni'c  i'(\iriil;irl_v  pierced  iiicliildliooil.  with  from  one 
to  as  iMiUiy  holes  as  the  ieatmv  uill  liold.  and  IVom  the 
])iiii('tinvs  are  siisp,tMi(U'(l  ])oiu's.  shells.  rini:s.  heads,  or  in 
fact  any  oi'iiaiuent  olitaiiiahle.  ^Fhe  lij)  is  sometinies. 
thoujih  iiioi'e  rarely.  ])unctui'ed.  I'racelets  and  aid<lets 
of  any  a\aila1)le  material  are  also  connnonly  worn."" 

The  ahoi'iuinal  dress  of  the  Xootkas  is  a  scjuare  ])lank(  t, 
of  a  coarse  yellow  material  resemhlini:'  straw  mattinjr, 
!'iade  hv  the  women  from  cypress  hark,  with  a  mixtnre  of 
doii's  hair.  This  hlanket  had  usnally  a.  ])order  of  fur;  it 
sometinies  had  arm-holes.  \ut  Avas  ordinai'ily  thrown  o\'er 
the  shoulders,  and  confined  at  the  waist  hy  a  helt.  ( 'hiefs 
wore  it  painte<l  in  varieuated  colors  or  uni)ainted,  hut 
le  conmion  i)eoi)le  wore  a  coarser  material  i)ainted  nni- 


tl 


peoi 


P 


fornd\'  reil.  W'onuMi  wore  tlu>  tiarment  loni' -r  and  fast- 
ened un-icr  the  chin,  hindinii'  an  additional  strip  of  (doth 
closelv  about  tlu^  middle,  and  showing'  nnich  mode.^ty 
about  disclosin.u'  the  person,  while  the  men  often  went 
entii'idy  naked.  IV'sides  the  l)]aid<et.  iiarments  of  many 
kinds  of  skin  were  in  use.  particidaidy  by  \\\o  chicds  on 
public  days.  In  war.  a  heavy  skin  dress  was  worn  as  a 
protection  aLiainst  arrows.  The  Xootkas  usually  went 
1)areheaded.  but  sometimes  wore  a  conical  hat  plaited  of 
ruslu's.  I'-ai'k.  oi-  llax.  I-'urojiean  l)lankets  ha\'e  re[)laced 
those  of  nati\e  manufacture,  and  man\'  Indians  ab'out 


the  settlements  have  ado[)ted  also  the  shirt  and  breeche,> 


1)1 


The  liiiliit  (if  tatti 


if  Vi 


the  li'.ys  ami  anii>i  is 


(111  t(i  all  tl 


Klaild:  the  lUOl  dd  iKit  addlit  it.'    Iti-ai.l,  ill   /.null.  I 


ic   WdlUCU 

/■(■(ii/.  >((('. 


J'liir..  Vdl.  \\\ii.,  ]).  ;i(l7.      'NoKUcli  )irM(ticc  as  tnttddiiii,' exists  iiiiKiii;:;  these 


liatives.'  .'•'/iC.i(//'.s  ,' cci  (■>■,  ]).  '2(. 


■ri 


le  (iriiaiuent  (ill  wlii 


tl 


K  V  ajiiuar  to  set 


till'  iiidst  value,  is  tile  lidse-jeW(^l.  if  siicli  au  a]iji(  lla'.idii  may  he  j^iveii  to  tli 
\Vd(i(l(li  stick,  uliicli  Sdiue  of  tlielii  (  lii)ildy  fdl-  this  imi'iiose .  .  .  .  1  have  se( 
til  '111  Jil'djectill,^'  IKit    less  than   (1,1:111   or  nine  ilK  lies  1 1' 


side;  this  is  made  fast 


ot   It. 


./«■ 


iritt. 


V  S(  (Uri  il  111   its  plMee  liy  little  WiM 


il  the  faee  (Hi  each 


■dm  s  (111  each  side 


1'.^/.  /.'  /' 


I'i 


I.  (i.)-l. 


.)/.-// 


f' 


M'U/ii 

lliedicilie-ca[i. 


Isl. 
II.  ('.,    [i 


..  jiji.  :ii)l   H;  Sidil !/  .1/., 


..r/i/ii/'. 
nid,  r 


tdin.  ii.,  II.  Iil4. 


./,■ 


I'- 


ll 7i 


1>1>.  •111.  I2i;  7;  Miir- 


iliniii 


Al'iftl.d.  ]i]).  117.  71.  with  cut  df    n 


Wm.il..  pii.  2-21 


uid  illustratidli  (if  a  h 


with 


Theii'  cl(ial;H,  wliieli  tive  cireulav  caries  with  a  lieh   in  the  centre,  eik 


sea-dttei'  slcin,  av( 


instructed  fl-dlll   tile   iiiin  r 


I'lvdf     II 


■yv 


a 


•111 


tarns  the  rain,  is  verv  soft  and  iilialilc'  etc.  II'  Irhi  r\<  I  "//  ,  vdl.  i.,  )i 

ii-iiial  dress  of  the  Neweliemavs    'is  a  l.nufs'r!,   made  of  wolf  skin,  with  a 

iiu  uhi  r  of  the  tails  attached  tn  it    .  .   hani^iiii,'  frimi  the  tdp  to  the  lioltdiii; 


thdii-h  thev  sdinetiiius  wear  a  siieil 


itleof  harkeldth,  of  a  liiiK  h 


DWELLINGS  OF  THE  NOOTKAS. 


183 


The  Xodika.s  choose  strong  positions  lor  tlioir  towns  iuul 
t'liciuiipiiu'nts.  At  Dosoliition  Sound,  Vancouver  iouiul  a 
village  huilton  adetaelieJ  rock  with  pei-[)entlieiilai' sides, 
only  acces.-ihle  hy  plaidvs  resting  on  the  hranehes  ol"  a 
tree,  and  protected  (Mi  the  sea  side  by  a  projecting  jylat- 
i'onn  resting  on  timbers  iixed  in  the  crevices  of  the 
preciiiice.  The  Xind\ish  tribe,  according  to  Lord,  build 
their  liouies  on  a  tal»le-land  overhanuinu'  the  sea.  and 
reached  by  ascending  a  vertical  clill'  on  a  bark-ro[)e  lad- 
der. ]!;i(h  tribe  has  several  villages  in  liivorable  loca- 
tions ibr  Hilling  at  different  seasons.  The  houses.  A\lien 
move  than  one  is  needed  ibr  a  trilie,  are  placed  Avith 
regularity  aloug  streets;  they  Aar_\'  in  si/e  according  to 
the  need  or  wealth  ol"  the  occupants,  and  are  held  in 
connnon  under  the  direction  of  the  ehiel".  They  isre  con- 
structed iu  till'  uiannei"  ibllowing.  A  row  oi'  large  posts, 
iVoui  ten  to  lilteen  ieet  high,  oiten  grotes(|Uely  car\ed, 
supports  an  iuuuense  ridge-pole,  sometimes  two  and  a 
hair  I'eet  thick  and  one  hundred  Ieet  long.  Similar  but 
smaller  lieams.  on  shorter  posts,  are  })laced  on  either  side 
of  the  central  row,  distant  irom  it  lifteen,  twenty,  or 
twenty-li\('  feet,  according  to  the  dimensions  ri'ipiired. 
This  i'rame  is  then  coveivd  with  s[)lit  cedar  plaid<s,  about 
*^wo  inches  thick,  and  from  three  to  eight  feet  wide.     The 


trxtmv  tliiiiithatof  X"(,tka.' Jc/'--7rs  .V(c..  pp.  77  S, '21-;t.  HC-s.  (;2-(',.  'Tlnlr 
ciimiiion  (liiss  is  iL  tliixrrt  ^'avnuut,  or  iiiaiitlc,  oniaiiunti  il  on  tlu'  ii}ii)<'i'  iil},'i) 
l)y  a  navriiw  strip  of  I'm-,  aiul  at  tlir  lowrr  cil^c,  liy  friiiLTis  nv  ta>s(  Is.  It 
jiassrs  niiilcv  till'  left  arm,  and  is  tiid  over  the  rii,'lit  sIkhiIiIcv,  by  a  strinu;  lir- 
foi'i',  and  one  biliind.  near  its  niiddlc,  .  .  .Ovci'  tliis,  wliich  readies  l>i  low  tho 


knees,  is  worn 


dl 


if  the  same  sulistanee.  liki  wise  frim,''  d  at  tin 


lower  ))art. .  .  Tluir  luail  ir.  covered  with  a  (■■a]\  of  the  lii^nre  of  a  truncated 
cone,  or  liki^  a  tlower-pot,  made  of  tine  matliui^.  havin;,'  the  top  frequently 
ornamented  with  a  round  or]iointed  knoh,  or  hunch  of  hatlu'rii  tas>els."  i  en/,  '.v 
\'(>j/.  (i<  I'lir..  Vol,  ii  .  ]ip.  ;i(U  S,  '27it-l.  "Jso.  ■'!  he  ni(  n's  dress  is  a  hlaiiki  t; 
the  \voin(  n's  a  strii)  o*'  cloth,  or  shift,  and  Manket.  'I'he  old  cosluna  of  tlm 
natives  was  the  same  as  at  present,  Imt  the  material  was  ditVevent.'  Spf-nVH 
Svii.ia,  pp.2."),  ;U.").  "Their  clothing,'  e,,iuially  consists  of  skins,'  hut  they 
have  two  other  vjarnicnts  of  bark  or  doi,'s  hair.  •  'i'heii-  earnants  i4  all  kinds 
are  worn  niantlewisc,  an<l  the  liorders  of  them  are  fringed'  with  wamiaini. 
Sluhi/s  l.ih'  i>!  ,  ih/unl,  jji.  71-2:  Cfh/n;  In  Iml.  AjJ.  /.'-//..  isO'.l.  p.  ■",;!;?; 
.'^Klil !/  Mixirn,',,.,    i"hiiif.  pp.  ;il)-l.  lis,  .")(i  7,  12(1  .S:   .]hirix'   1'"//..  pp.  2-"')!-l; 

(I'l'lllit,  ill    /,<■/, i/.  Iirml.  ,Sn(.'.  .fiilir.,  Vol.    XXVii.,  p.  2'.t7;    Lcyil's   Xnt.,   \lil.  i..  jip. 

l-i;t-l;  Mi'i'i-ii^,  K.fjilnr.,  tom.  ii.,  pji,  lUI  ■'");  \','lii/tiii>' r'n  Alnsl.ii.  ]■.  lo;  iimn- 
h'lir'.i  lUsf.  i);r,..  p.  llil;  .)r,irri's  \'iii..  Isl.,  ]ip'.  llll,  11:1;  l:,irn  ll-l  •  munrH 
Tnir.,  ]i.  ■{!'•.  See  portr.iits  in  i.'unk's  Atl<i.'<,  /A/c/,(;'',s  l'"//.,  Satil  //  .l.'i.i'itMicf, 
vIWks,  and  Whijii'iiLr's  .\l'U-il,a. 


4 


184 


COLUMBIANS. 


!^i(l('  pliinks  aro  tied  topvtlior  ^vitll  bark,  and  sn))]  ortod 
by  sU'IkKt  jM)sts  in  roiipk's  just  i'ar  oiiouiih  ui)iirt  ;<)  re- 
eoivo  tlio  tbickiK'ss  of  the  plank.  A  botiso  liko  tlii.s, 
forty  l)y  one  binidred  feet,  accommodates  many  iamilies, 
eadi  of  Avliich  has  its  jdlotted  space,  sometimes  parti- 
tioned off  like  i\  dou])le  row  of  stalls,  Avith  a  uide  ])assafi'<' 
ill  the  middle.  In  the  centre  of  each  stall  is  a  circle  of 
stones  for  a  tire-place,  and  round  tlie  walls  are  raised 
couches  covered  with  mats,  in  rainy  weather,  cracks  in 
the  roof  and  sides  are  covered  Avith  mats.  Xo  smoke  or 
window  holes  are  left,  and  when  smoke  becomes  trouble- 
some a  roof-])lank  is  removed.  The  entrance  is  at  one  end. 
These  dwellings  furnish,  according  to  Xootka  ideas,  a 
comfortable  shelter,  except  when  a  high  wind  threatens 
to  unroof  them,  and  then  the  occupants  go  out  and  sit 
on  the  I'oof  to  keep  it  in  place.  Fre(iuentl\'  the  outside 
is  painted  in  grotes([ue  figures  of  various  colors.  Only 
the  IVame  is  permanent;  matting,  ])lanks,  and  all  utensils 
are  se\ ci'al  tiiues  each  year  packed  up  and  conveyed  in 
canoes  to  another  locality  where  a  iranie  belonging  to 
the  tril)e  awaits  covei'ing.  The  odor  arisini:'  I'roui  iish- 
entrails  and  other  filth,  which  they  take  n(»  pains  tt)  re- 
move. ap[)ears  to  be  inollensive,  but  the  Xootkas  are  often 
dri\en  by  mosquitos  to  sleep  on  a  stage  over  the  water.'''^ 

•"■^  On  till'  cast  sido  of  Vancouver  was  ii  vi]lai,'c  of  thir,  v-fonr  houses,  n.r- 
rnntfed  in  rc-'ular  slrccts.  The  house  of  the  hai!er  'w.is  distiuLjuishcil  hy 
three  rafters  of  stout  tiniher  raised  aliove  the  roof.  aci'ordiuL;  to  the  iirclii- 
tocture  of  Nootk.i,  thoULjh  much  inferior  to  tliose  I  had  there  seei\,  in  jioint 
of  size.'  Jicil-roonis  were  s<'jiarati  (1,  and  more  ih'ceii'-y  olisirvid  than  at 
Nootka  Sound.  \'iiiirni(}-cr's  I'ni/.,  voh  i,,  jip.  ;U')-7.  witli  ii  view  of  this  vil- 
liii^'e;  also  ]i|i.  IVil-."),  discrii'tion  of  the  villaj,'!'  on  Desolation  Sound;  \>.  ■i'-'iX, 
on  Valdes  Island:  ]>.  .'i"2<),  view  of  villatte  on  l?nto  Canal;  and  vol.  iii.,  ]  j). 
3U)-1 1,  a  iieeuliarity  not  noticed  hy  Cook — 'inniicnsc  jiicces  of  timher  which 
nvo  I'aisech  and  horizontally  jilace  d  on  wooden  pillars,  ahout  liditeen  inches 
flhovc  the  roof  of  the  laVL'est  liouscs  in  that  village;  one  of  whiih  ]ii((is  of 
tindier  was  of  ji  size  sutKcient  to  have  niadi'  ii  lower  mast  for  a  third  rate 
man  of  war.'  S.(>  Cunl.'s  Vi'ij.  to  I'ltr.,  voh  ii..  ji]).  "JS],  ;ii;!-r.l,  aial  AIJus, 
plate  III.  A  sort  of  II  du])licate  ii'iside  liiiihhnj,',  wiih  shorter  ]  (ists,  fr.rni-hes 
cm  its  roof  II  staLje,  where  all  kinds  of  jiroperty  and  sUj  ])liis  :;;'e  stored. 
,*«'///'M. /'s  .^c, ,,.  ,s,  pp.  ;i7- j;!.  'The  ]ilanks  or  hoards  which  they  make  use  of 
for  hnildiuL,'  their  houses,  and  for  otli(  r  uses,  they  procure  of  ditt'erent 
lcnu;ths,  as  occasion  rec|uircs.  hy  s|ilittinij  tlnin  out.  with  liaid  wooden 
■wedges  from  pine  I(it,'s,  and  afterwards  duhliine  them  down  with  thi'ir  chi/- 
zels,'  ./firill's  \iii\,  jip.  ")•_'  4.  (Iraut  slates  th  t  tiie  Nootl;,i  housi  s  are 
jialisaih'  iuclosures  formed  of  stakes  or  younu;  tir  trees,  sonic  twelve  or  Ihir-' 
U't'U  lect  liii^li,  driven  into  the  j^'round  close  toeether,  roofed  in  with  slah'S  o( 


FOOD  OF  THE  NOOTKAS. 


)|  ortod 
t  :o  re- 
u'  this, 
iinilit's, 
i  ])iirti- 

])ilSS>li'<' 

•ircU'  of 

^  raised 

•iU'ks  ill 

noko  or 

truul)lo- 

1110  end. 

ideas,  a 

ireatciis 
and  sit 
outside 

.     Only 

utensils 

eved  in 

niiinii'  to 

)Ui  lish- 

ti)  re- 

e  orteii 

water.''" 

lonscs,  p.r- 

tlic  Miclii- 
\.  in  jioiiit 

il   th:ill    ilt 

,f  this  vil- 
cl:  i;.  :i-S, 
1.  iii.,  11'- 
ilicr  \vlii<'h 
•I  u  iiii-lit'S 

h   ^lilcrS  (if 

thira  viiti' 
.T'/s. 

.  I'i.Vlli  -lU'H 
'('  si  lived, 
iilic  lisr  (if 
t'  (litVcVCllt 
l\     WiiikIcU 

thi'ir  ilii/- 
li(i!ls(  s  live 
1\.'  (ir  tliif-' 

th    sllll'Sdt 


lis 


The  Xootkas.  like  the  IIai(hihs,  li\e  ahnost  uliolly  on 
the  jiioihicts  ol'  the  sea,  and  are  naturally  e-xpi-rt  fisher- 
lueu.  Salmon,  the  jiivat  staple,  are  taken  in  Au;iust  and 
Septeiulier.  iVoni  sea,  inlet,  and  i'i\er.  hy  nets,  spears, 
pots  or  baskets,  and  even  by  hooks.  Hooks  consist  of 
sliav[)  barbed  bones  hound  to  strai,t:ht  ])ieces  of  hard 
Avood :  sea-M  raek,  inai)le-bark,  and  Avhale-siiu'w  i'lU'uish 
lines.  Mbicli  in  sahuon-dshing  are  short  and  attached  to 
the  paddles.  The  salinon-si)ear  is  a  foi'ked  pole,  some 
fil'teeu    iee*^^   lonu'.   the  detachable  head   haviuii'   in'onus 

I    '  I'll 

pointed  with  iisli-])one  or  ii'on,  and  the  fish  in  deep 
water  is  sometimes  attracted  within  its  I'each  by  a  avsmkI- 
en  decoy,  i'orced  down  by  along  l)olo.  and  then  detached 
iiiid  allowed  to  ascend  rapidly  to  the  suiiace.  Sjiearini;' 
^s  carried  on  mostly  by  torch-liglit,  A  li^Lilit-colored 
f?tonc  ])a\('mcjit  is  sometimes  laid  upon  the  bott<»m  of 
the  stream,  which  renders  the  fish  visible  in  their  ])ass- 
aiie  over  it.  Nets  are  made  of  nettles  oi-  of  wild  llax, 
fotuid  a!ou,u'  Fraser  liiver.  They  are  small  in  si/.e.  and 
used  as  dip-nets,  or  sunk  between  two  canoes  and  lifted 
as  the  iish  pass  over.  A  jiot  or  basket  lifteen  to  twen- 
ty feet  Ioul:'.  three  to  fi\e  feet  in  diameter  at  one  end, 
and  taiK'iiuL;'  to  a  })oint  at  the  other,  is  made  of  pine 
s[)lintt'rs  one  or  two  inches  apart,  with  twivi-hoops;  and 
placed,  larjie  end  up  stream,  at  the  I'oot  of  a  fall  or  at 
an  o[K'niu;i'  in  an  embaid<ment.  '^fhe  salmon  ai'e  driven 
down  the  fall  with  ])oles,  and  eiiteriii,Li  the  basket  aie 
taken  out  by  a  door  in  the  small  I'lul.  'I'bis  basket  is 
sometimes  enclosed  in  another  oiu'.  similar  but  of  uui- 
f(jrm  diametei'.  and  closed  at  one  end.  iM'nces  of  stid<es 
across  tlie  rix'ei'  oblijie  the  salmon  to  enter  the  ojien 
Miouth  in  their  passage  up,  and  passing  readily  tliioiiLh 

fir  (ir  cicLir.    T."ir!.  Hi'H'I.  Sm-.  .Imir..  \t\\.  xxvii.,  p.  'ly.K     'i'lic  'W  its  li;ivr   )i:il- 

js,(l  (1  (  hflu  ,iiri  s.  Aiiitirs'ii,  ill  llixf,  Mii'j..  vul.  vii.,  |i.  71.  • 'I'lir  i  lii.  f  n - 
sid  s  it  th"  U]iiM  r  I  iiil,  Ihi'  imixiliiity  df  his  rilatixi  :^  In  iiiin  IhIhl;  ;  (•(  uidini; 
to  thfir  ilcL;rci' (if  kimh'til.'  Mmiii's  I'k/ic.  !.•</.  \i\<.  I  |:'>  ! ;  li'inn's  < 'ri'nn,  \). 
2t.!;  l!ilrl,ir's  r.'//..  v<il.  i.,  j).  ll'J;  I.i.rd'a  Xul..  \..I.  i..  ]<]>.  I'lS,  HI  5.  ]i,7, 
U2lt-_1;  .'■friiini.ii's  Viiij.  I'f  lliriilil.  Vol.  i.,  ]i[).  Ill";  il.  'I'l.c  cai'vi d  jiill.iis  me 
111  it  n'„'ar<li(l  liy  the  iiiilivis  us  iddls  in  iinv  sense.  Sn  i!  //  Mi.vir  nii,  i'i  ',' .  ]']i. 
IJH  I),'  l(l_>:   H'lrr.ll-I.iiiiiiinrs  Tnir..  pii.'tT,  7:!   \.     Siiine  Imnses  ciL.lil.v  \<y 

two  liunil',e<l    feet.    ('i.li,i'r.  hi    Iml.   AjJ'.   l!('ji..  lMl',1,  p.  .j./lt;    Miljiti'fi  1).  I'.,  p. 

Vi'Jo;  (.iijii.ltjii'.-i  llisl.  iiiiil  (iinij.  Mi'iii..  pp.  l:.il  1. 


186 


COLUMBIANS. 


an  opoiiiu-  loft  in  tlio  ])()iiit  of  tlic  inner  l)as1<et,  they 
ilnil  tliciusolves  entrapped.  In  ^[arcli.  licrriu^  ajipeiir  on 
the  coast  in  ,ureat  numhers,  and  in  April  and  Mav  tliey 
enter  the  iidets  and  streams,  Avliere  they  are  tnken  with 
a  dip-net.  or  more  commonly  hy  the  lish-rake  —  a  pole 
nrined  -with  many  sharp  bones  or  nails,  llarly  in  the 
season  they  can  betaken  only  by  toich-li.L'ht.  Halibut 
abound  from  March  to  June,  and  are  caui:ht  Avith  hooks 
and  lon,u'  lines,  uenerally  at  some  distant'  IVom  shore. 
For  all  otlii'r  (ish,  European  hooks  -were  er.rly  adopted, 
but  the  halibut,  at  least  amonu'  the  Aids,  uiust  still  be 
taken  Avith  the  native  hook.  Many  other  varieties  of 
fish,  caujiht  by  similar  methods,  are  used  as  food.  ])ut 
those  named  sup[)ly  the  bulk  of  the  Xootkas  provision. 
In  May  or  June,  whales  a])pear  and  are  attacked  in 
canoes  by  the  chief,  with  the  select  few  fi'oni  each  ti'ibe 
who  alone  have  the  right  to  hunt  this  monarch  of  the 
sea.  "^riie  head  of  their  hari)oon  is  imulc  of  two  barbed 
boiu's  and  pointed  with  muscle-shell;  it  is  fastened  to  fi 
whale-sinew  line  of  a  few  feet  in  length,  and  this  short 
line  to  a  wvy  long  bark  rope,  at  one  end  of  which  are 
seal-skin  aii'-bags  and  bladders,  to  keep  it  alhsat.  The 
])oint  is  also  liistened  to  a  shaft  from  ten  to  twenty-five 
feet  in  length,  from  which  it  is  easily  detached.  W  ith 
many  of  these  l)uoys  in  tow  the  whale  cannot  dive,  and 
becomes  an  easy  prey.  AVhale-blubbc!'  and  oil  are  great 
delicai'ies.  the  former  being  prefei'ivd  half  putrid,  while 
the  oil  with  that  of  smaller  (leni/.ensof  the  sea  preserved 
in  bkidders.  is  esteemed  a  delicious  sauce,  and  <  ;:tcn  vvith 
almost  e\'erything.  ^^ea-otters  and  seals  are  lil.-o  s'pein-ed, 
the  Ibrnier  with  a  weapon  more  barbed  and  .'irndy  at- 
tached to  the  handle,  as  they  are  fierce  ti.Lihters:  but  when 
Ibund  asleep  on  the  rocks,  they  are  shot  \\'\[\\  arrows. 
Seals  are  ol'ten  attracted  within  arrow-shot  by  natives 
disguised  as  seals  in  wooden  masks. 

Clams  and  other  shell-fish,  which  are  colkn'tcd  in  great 
nuiid)ei's  by  the  wonu'U.  are  cooki'd,  strung  on  cyj'vess- 
bark  cords,  and  hung  in  the  houses  to  dry  ['<n-  -winter 
use.     rish  are  [)reseived  by  drying  only,  the  use  of  salt 


rOOD  OF  THE  NOOTKAS. 


1S7 


boinjj.'  iinkiKnvu.  Salmon,  afh'r  losiiip;  tlirir  lu-ads  and 
tail.--,  which  arc  catcii  in  the  (isliin,u;  season,  arc  split  open 
and  the  hack-hone  taken  out  hefore  dninii';  smaller  liy 
are  sonu'times  dried  as  tlu'N'  come  iVom  their  element; 
but  liali])ut  and  cod  are  cut  u})  and  receive  a  partial  drv- 
inu'  in  the  sun.  The  sj)a\vn  oi'  all  lisli.  hut  particularly 
ol"  salmon  and  hi'i'riiiLi'.  is  carefully  pri-.'^erved  hy  stowing' 
it  away  in  baskets,  uhero  it  fernu-nts.  I'ear.  deer,  and 
other  land  animals,  as  well  as  uild  Ibwl.  are  sometimes 
taken  Ibr  Ibod.  by  means  oi"  rude  traps,  nets,  and  covi-rs, 
puccessl'ul  oidy  when  jzame  is  abiuidant.  Ibi'  the  Xootkas 
aiv  but  indilU'rent  hunti'rs.  in  the  time  oi'dewitt.  three 
peculiarities  wei'e  observable  in  the  Xootka  use  ol'  ani- 
mal food,  particulai'ly  bear-meat.  When  a  bear  was 
killed,  it  was  dressed  in  a  bomiet.  decked  with  line  down, 
and  soknndy  inviti'd  to  eat  in  the  chiefs  ])ri'seuce.  he- 
lore  bcinii'  eaten;  after  partaking  of  bi'uins  llesh.  which 
was  appreciated  as  a  rarity,  the  Xootka  could  not  taste 
fresh  lish  for  two  months:  and  while  fish  to  be  palatable 
must  hv  putrid,  meat  when  tainted  was  no  longer  (it  lor 
loud.  The  Xootka  cuisine  furnished  food  in  lour  styles; 
namely,  boiled — the  mode  par  t'xcellence.  ap[)lical)le  to 
e\cry  variety  of  food,  and  ellected.  as  by  the  Ilaidahs, 
by  hot  stones  in  wooden  vessels:  steamed — of  rai'er  use. 
applie(l  mostly  to  heads,  tails,  and  fins,  by  pouring  water 
oM'i"  tlu'ui  on  a  bed  of  hot  stones,  and  co\ering  the  whole 
tightly  with  mats:  roasted — rarely,  in  the  case  of  some 
smaller  (isii  and  clams;  and  raw — lish-sj)awn  and  most 
otlier  kinds  of  i'ood.  whi'U  con\eniences  Ibi"  cooking  wi're 
n<»t  at  hand.  Some  varieties  of  si'a-wx-ed  and  lichens,  as 
well  as  the  caniass.  and  otlu-r  roots,  were  regidarly  laid 
up  for  winter,  while  berries.  cNcrywhere  abundant.  Avere 
eati'U  in  givat  (piantities  in  theii'  season,  and  at  least  one 
Aai'icty  jtre.served  by  pressing  in  hi...,  ;,er\  In  eating, 
they  sit  in  groups  of  live  or  six.  with  thi'ir  legs  doubled 
under  Ihem  round  a  large  wooden  tray,  and  dip  out  tlu' 
I'ooil  nearly  always  boiled  to  a  brothy  consistency,  with 
their  (iugei's  or  clam-shells,  paying  littk"  or  no  attention 
to  cleanliness.      Chiefs  and  sla\cs  have  trays  ivpart.  and 


188 


roLUJiniAN'S. 


tlic  ])rin('ii)iil  niofil.  nocordinj:  to  Cook,  was  nl)Oiit  noon, 
Fcastinji;  is  tlic  iiivorito  way  of  cntortaininji'  IVicnds, 
.so  lonu  as  I'nod  is  plciitil'ul;  and  \)y  a  curious  custom,  of 
the  portion  allotted  tlicni,  quests  nuist  carry  away  what 
they  cannot  cat.  Water  in  ahoi-iiiinal  days  was  the  only 
Xootka  diink;  it  is  also  used  now  when  whisky  is  not  to 
be  ha.l."^' 

Lances  and  arrows,  p)inted  with  shell,  slate,  Hint, 
or  hone,  and  clubs  and  daji'ucrs  of  wood  and  bone,  were 
the  weaj)ons  with  which  they  met  their  foes;  but  lire- 
arms  and  metallic  da^tijiers,  and  tomaluiwks,  have  lon^' 
since  displaced  them,  as  they  have  to  a  less  di'^ree  the 
ori,;:inal  hunting  anil  ilshinji  im[)lements,"*  The  Xootka 
tribes  were  always  at  war  with  each  other,  hereditary 

''^  'Tlicir  licnils  ami  their  Raniicnts  swarm  Avithvprmiii.  wliich we  used 

to  sec  tlii'iii  j)ick  otl'  witli  L;r(  lit  coiniiosim',  ami  cat.'  Coo/,  '.s-  I'l///.  to  I'lit'.,  vul. 
ii.,  ]).  .'id.').  Sec  also  ]i|).  1^711  SO,  ;f|.s-.;  I.  '  'I'luir  iiiixlt'  of  living,'  is  vi  ry  siinplH 
-  tlicir  f(M)(l  ('(i)isistiiiL,'  aliuiist  wholly  of  lish,  or  lish  spawn  fresh  or  drii  tl, 
till'  lilulilxr  of  llic  wliali'.  seal,  or  sca-fow,  in  isclcs,  clams,  and  Ix  iTi(  s  of 
various  kinds:  all  of  which  arc  eaten  with  a  jirofusion  of  train  oil."  Ji  niK's 
A'ir..  YiK  .'iS  CO.  CH  '.),  ,Si;-S,  '.n  -7,  lo:!.  Si,rn<ifs  Smirs.  ])]).o'2  7,  (11,  S",  1  1 1  0, 
21(1-70.  'The  conimoii  hiisincss  of  lishiiii,'  for  ordinary  sustenance  is  car- 
ried on  liy  slaves,  or  the  lower  class  of  jnopje;  -While  the  nioi'c  noMe  occn- 
)iation  of  killino  the  whale  and  hull  tint;  the  s<a-otter,  is  followed  hy  none  lait 
the  chiefs  and  wairio;s.'  J/'oci.s"  I'm/..  \).  25S.  'They  make  use  of  the  driiil 
fuciis  ej^aiileus,  aiiointe<l  with  oil,  fiu-  liues,  in  takin^i,'  salmon  and  sea  iitt(  rs.' 
liilcliirK  \'iii/.,  vol.  1.,  ])]).  ll'J-l.'i.  i^nlil  ji  McvirdiKi,  M'Kic,  jip.  17,  '^'>.  I-")  (1, 
.'")'.l  1(1.  7(>,  I::'.)  I>(),  1:14 -~);  (iriinl.  hi  Lund  (Ifu'i.  Sue.  Janr.,  vol.  xxvii  .  ]iji. 
'2;»'.»  :((i(l;  M:ii/it,-s  Ii.  (\,  i)p.  J.")L'-7;  Moetie's  V'nir.  Jsl..  jip.  1(1.",  IIJ;  >;,»/,- 
SDii'n  Orvfliiiil  Jiinrn.,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  2.10;  I'linln  rlnn's  \'(tiic.  Jsl.,  j  ji.  lS  ;i'2; 
J>iiiiii's  Onyoii,  ]).  21:!;  M'J'rus,  l-.'.riilnr..  toiii.ii,,  p.  li.'iS.  The  S,iu-kaudutiick 
tr.lie  'are  said  t.i  live  on  the  ed.Lfe  of  a  lake  and  suhsist  |)rin('i|iallv  on  deer 
aiiil  hear,  and  such  lish  as  thevcan  take  in  the  lake.'  I.nrila  XaL,  V(.l.  i..  ]ip. 
l.'iS  0:  Ji'imlt-Li'NiKinr.'i  Tnir.,  ]>]>.  -l:-i,  71-."').  7(1  7,  S.'>-(i.  00-1.  I4l-."iO,  107-S; 
vol.  ii..  ]).  Ill;  ('(iriin-idHs'  .Vc/r  A'/  l><ir<iil<i.  ]>.  lilO;  Fdrlii.i'  Wine.  Is'.,  jij). 
T)!  .">:  li'iillridj'.s  I'tinr.  /.-/.,  pp.  77-S,  82  Ii;  llnd.  JUtij  Co.,  Jlipt.  >7'(e.  r,,,„. 
1N.">7.  p.  111.' 

'''  Siitil  11  Mixlc'iufi,  T'/'/i/r,  ])p.  .■)7,  (Hi,  7'S;  Jririlt'!^  X(ir.,  pp.  78  .SI;  \'ini. 
'   '       .;J07;  M'iriii's  \'i(i(i;.  Isl..  i).  411!;  ( 'o.r'.s  .h/n //.,  vol.  i.. 


Ciiiin  r 


100. 


//  ,  \dl .  1 . ,  ] ) 

he  unlive  how,  like  th< 


It  is  LCeiieiiilly  made  of  yew  or  crali-ajipl 


ind  ]iaddle.  is  heaiitilully  fon;ied. 


1(1.  and  is  tlu( 


a  halt  f(  et 


lon'_r,  with  ahont  two  inches  at  cai-h  end  turned  sli.n|)ly  liackward-.  fio:u  tlir 
siring;.     The  slrim,' is  a  ]>ieci' of  dried  s 'al-^ut,  ile 
The  arrows  are  almut  thiiiv  inches  loii'',  and  an 


lew,  or  twisted  h.irk. 


tipp' il  with  six  inches  of  serrated  lioiie,  or  with  two  uiihi 


lie  of  ]i 


hoi 


or  cedi;r, 
le  or  iron 


pro!i;_;s. 


I  1 


lave  never   sieii  all 


•Aht 


ivv  with  a  harhed  head.'    >'iirt'iit's 


tioiial  ti 


]).  S2.      '  n,,vin;.,'  now  to  a  threat  extent  discarded  the  use  of  the  traili- 


d  as  1 


\]i  and  sp 


^[a 


leirlooius  amoni 


th 


my  of  these  weajions  ar 


e,  however,  still  uie- 


/;. 


itt-l.l 


■-/'.s  •/•) 


and 


p.  4; 


Ni 


nows,'     '(ieiierally  li^lit  liaiid  to  hand,  and  not  with  missiles.'  l-iUiiil' 
h'liihiicc,  ill  JIml.  IJnij  Co.  Jti;it.,  1S,')7,  p.  11,5. 


NOOTK.V  I5ATTLES  AND  IJOATS. 


189 


noon, 
ik'iuls, 
:oni.  of 
y  uhiit 
le  only 

not  to 

>,  Hint, 
i'.  were 
lit  liiv- 
/e  lonii; 
nre  the 
Xootkii 
•edit;u-y 

,  .  .  wclisrd 
(  I'dC.  Vtil. 
•in-Niiniili' 
1  (ir  (liiril, 
bcrvii  s  (if 

il."    .Irir-iU'ft 

,  H7,  111   it, 
iiu'c  is  fiiv- 

lolili'  IICCU- 

iiiilic  Init 

{h<  (Irii'il 

I  iitlirs.' 

■Ik    \->    <■', 

xvli  .  i-l'. 

,..  -.s  :!2; 
iiiluiiick 
v  iiu  (U  I  r 

.,l.i..  VI'- 
V).  I'.iT  ^; 

SI;  l'"H- 
,  veil,  i., 
Iv  fdvnird. 
,1  liulf  fret 
1,  I'.o-.n  tho 
istrtl  biivk. 

(iV   cciliiV, 

,iic  111'  iniu 

\\\,-  tnuli- 
r,  still  pn- 
•  >;(ilni\vs 
.'  .'-iZ-iri/- 


([iinrrcl-i  1>eln,ii'  liandeil  down  for  ji-eneriitions.  According 
to  tlicir  idcii.  lof^s  ol'  lil'e  in  battle  can  he  lofgotten  only 
when  an  e(|iial  ininiher  of  the  hostile  trihe  are  killed, 
Their  military  tactics  consist  of  sti'atap-in  and  snrpi'ise 
in  attack,  and  watclifiilness  in  defense.  J>efore  enpiii- 
ing  in  war.  some  wei'ks  ari>  s[)ent  in  preparation,  which 
consists  mainly  of  abstinence  I'rom  women,  bathinii.  scriib- 
bin,Li'  the  skin  with  briers  till  it  bleeds,  and  linally  paint- 
ing: the  whole  body  jet-black.  All  ](risoiU'rs  not  snital)lo 
I'or  sla\('s  ai'e  ])iitchered  or  beheaded,  in  an  attacrk  the 
elfort  is  always  made  to  steal  into  the  adversary's  cam[) 
at  niiiht  and  kill  men  enoiijih  to  deci(h^  the  \ictor\'  be- 
fore the  alai'iii  can  be  "iivi'ii.  When  they  I'ail  in  this. 
the  battle  is  seldom  long  continued,  for  actual  hand-to- 
ha.nd  iiLihtini:'  is  not  to  the  Xootka  taste.  On  tlu'  I'are 
occasions  when  it  i.s  considered  desirable  to  make  oxcr- 
tures  of  j)eace,  an  aml)assador  is  sent  with  an  ornamented 
l)i[)e.  anil  with  this  emblem  his  person  is  sale.  Smoking 
a  pi[)e  together  b}'  hostile  chiefs  also  solemni/es  a  treaty."' 
Xootka  boats  are  dugout  each  from  a  single  ])ine-tree, 
and  are  made  of  all  sizes  from  ten  to  iifty  feet  long,  the 
largest  accommodating  fort\'  or  fifty  men.  Selecting  a 
]»ro|ier  tree  in  the  forest,  the  aboriginal  X'ootka,  fells  it 
Avith  a  sort  of  chisel  of  Hint  or  elk-horn,  thri'e  by  six- 
inches,  fastened  in  a  wooden  handle,  and  struck  by  a 
smooth  stone  mallet,  ^fhen  tho  log  is  split  with  wooden 
wedges,  and  the  better  jtiece  l)eing  selected,  it  is  hollowed 
out  wiih  the  aforesaid  chisel,  a  mussel-shell  ad/e.  antl  a 
birds-bone  gimlet  worked  between  the  two  hands.  Sonu'- 
times,  ))nt  not  always,  lire  is  u.sud  as  an  assistant,     The 

•"'■''  The  Alits  '<l(i  not  talvo  tho  scalp  of  the  ciKiiiy.  Vmt  cut  fff  liis  luiul.  hy 
tlirci'  (It'Xtcrons  iiuivtiiu  nts  of  the  knife,  iiiul  the  waivioi' wIki  lias  taki  ii 
iiuist  lirails  is  iiKist  praised  aiul  feared.'  SiirmiVs  >vi  ms.  y^.  iSil  lOJ.  'Scalp 
(Very  (Pile  they  kill.'  Mirili's  \'<tiif.  IsL,  ]i.47(i,  li:!.  1(17.  One  nf  tin-  Xuotka 
princes  assured  tiie  Spaniards  that  the  hravest  captains  ate  human  th  sli  he- 
fiirc  en;,'a;_;ini,' in  hattle.  Sulil  //  Mi.iini/iii.  \'i(t  :r.  p.  I. id.  'Jiie  Niiiiuahts  cun- 
Kider  the  licadsiif  enemies  slain  in  battle  as  .s/f  I'm  hji'ukO.  W'ti/inin  r  >  \lisl.'i, 
pp.  i'A,  7S;  .li'ii-iU'.'i  .\ar..  jij).  ]J)  I;  Lunl'^  Sni.,  vol.  i.,  \\\i.  \')7i  V\.  ir»s.  ](;(!, 
171,  vdl.  ii.,  J),  'i")!  ;i.  Women  kee))  watch  durini^  the  ni^ht,  and  tt  11  the 
I'Xploits  of  their  nation  iu  k.cp  awake.  Minris  l'"!/.,  ji.  -<;7.  I'diicniiri'r'a 
I'l'//.,  vol.  i..  ]).  lilM!;  ii'nti't.  ill  J.iihil,  lifiiij.  Scr.fldiir.,  vol.  ^xvii.,  p.  "-UG; 
ilaijiic'.s  IS.  C,  J).  -7l);  JJarrtU-Le.nKird's  Intc,  ^.p.  -il--,  12'J-3G. 


190 


COLT'MJIIANS. 


t'xtcrior  is  fiisliicmcil  witli  tli(»  saiiic  tools.  The  lM)iit  is 
•widest  ill  till'  iniddlc,  tii[)crs  tinvai'd  cacli  end.  ami  is 
.stivri-;iIiv'iR'd  1)\  lidit  ('ross-j)i('('('s  exti'iidiii;^  iVoiu  side  to 
Fide,  ■svlnoli.  liciiiL";  inserted  after  the  1»oat  is  soaked  in  hot 
Avater.  niodify  and  iin[)rovo  the  oi'i<:inal  lonn.  The  how 
is  loiii:'  and  i)ointed.the  stern  s<|nare-ciit  or  slightly  round- 
ed ;  l.'oth  inds  are  raised  higher  than  the  iniihlU'  hy  sep- 
arate j)ieees  of  wood  painted  with  [i^inres  of  ])irds  or 
l)easts.  the  head  on  the  how  and  the  tail  on  the  stern, 
'^i'lie  inside  is  painted  red;  the  outside.  sli,iilitl\-  hiiriied, 
is  ruhlied  smooth  and  hlaek.  and  for  the  whale  lisherv 
is  oinaiiR'nted  along  the  j:nnwales  with  a  row  of  small 
.•-hells  or  seal-teeth.  l)nt  foi"  purjioses  of  war  it  is  painted 
with  liunres  in  white.  I'addles  are  neatly  made  of  hard 
Avood.  ahoiit  live  and  a  half  feet  long  with  a  leal-shajjed 
])lade  of  two  feet.  shar[)  at  the  end.  and  \[><i'{\  as  a  weapon 
in  canoe-lighting.  A  eross-j)ieee  is  sometimes  added  to 
the  handle  like  the  toj)  t)f  a  eriiteh.'" 

Jn  addition  to  the  iini)lemeiits  already  named  are 
chests  and  hoxes.  hiickets,  ('n[)s  and  eating-troughs,  all 
of  wood,  either  dug  out  or  pinned  together;  haskets  of 
twigs  and  hags  of  matting;  all  neatl_\'  made,  and  many 
of  the  articles  painted  or  carved,  or  ornamented  with 
shell  work.  As  among  the  llaidahs,  the  dried  cu'oc/ion 
is  often  used  as  a  hunp.''"    The  matting  and  coarser  kinds 

c.r,  •'I'Ihv  liavc  11(1  scats.  ..  .The  rowers  !J:<'ii<'i'i>ll.v  sit  on  llicir  liaiiis.  ln;t 
sonutiiucs  th(,v  make  use  of  a  kind  of  small  stool.'  Matres'  \'<ii/.,  jip.  :!(;;!— 1. 
1'lic  larLji-r  caiiocs  arc  used  for  shcpiiij,'  and  catiiij,',  LciiiL,'  dry  and  niori^  <c)ni- 
fortalilc  than  the  lionsi  s.  ''on/.'.s  I'ni/.  lo  I'nc,  vol.  ii.,  ji[i.in'.(,  ;i27,  and.K/i^s', 
]  1.  11.  '  'J'lic  most  skillful  canoc-makcrs  anionLj  the  tribes  are  the  \i;in:.hts 
and  the  l\lah-oh-ijiiahts.  '1  In  y  make  eaiioi  s  for  sale  to  other  trilxs.'  ' 'ihe 
l)aliiii,'-dish  of  the  eanot  s,  is  always  of  one  shapi — the  shajjeif  the  f-ahle-rcKif 
iif  a  c'ltlaLte.'  S/miiit's  i^rans,  Jip.  hu,  bi7  S;  M<(i/in's  II.  ('.,  \k  '2>i'.\,  al,d  ei'.l  en 
title-jiaj,'!'.  Canoes  not  in  use  are  lianled  Tip  on  the  heach  in  froi;t  (  f  their 
villaLCs.  (irind,  in  l.fiid.  Umii.  Sac.  Jnur.,  mA,  xxvii.,  ]i.  Ildl.  ''1  lu  y  hi  (j) 
time  to  the  stroke  of  the  paddlo  with  their  sont,'s.'  ,/<  ir\il's  yar.,  ]  ji.  I! '71, 
75;  '•.I'll  1/  Mf,rir<iiiii,  \"n:i;c,  jij).  It',*,  Kil!;  J.<'r<l's  Xnt.,  vol.  i.,  p.  Ill;  I'm/. 
<•  invc'.s  I  III/.,  vol.  i.,  ]).  .'i.'tS.  Their  eanois  'are  lielii  v(  d  to  suji  ly  ihe  pat- 
tern aftir  wbl<h  clipper  ships  are  liuilt.'  Miirjir'.s  Vithc.  J.4.,  i  p.  ■I'-l,  130. 
Jj(irrfi-J.t'i.h(ii-ir>t  Tniv.,  p.  Ho.  Coli/ir,  in  linl.  .1//'.  Ji'jil.,  liSfii),  p.  5;!;!. 

W('o.7,'.s  Vol/,  to  I'dc,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  -271,  :t(is,  3!(;,  ILC,  :i2',)  ;!().  >;»■..<(<•.< 
I'-'cpiir.'.,  pp.  iSd-li,  :U7:  >('/////  Miwiciino,  \'itifii\  jt.  IlI';  l.niil'.s  \i<t.,  vol.  ii., 
pp.  207  H,  which  dcscrihes  a  jiainted  and  ornaiiicntt'd  plate  of  native  ccijipcr 

some  one  and  a  half  hy  two  and  a  lialf  f(  et,  kejit  with  cnat  cari'  in  a  w li  n 

case,  als(j  elahurately  oruamenttd.     It  was  the  pr<ppcrty  of  the  tribe  at  i'ort 


rUOPEKTY  OF  TIIK  NOOTKAS. 


191 


l)i)Mt  is 
iind  is 
s'uU'  to 
in  liot 
lu'  lum' 
voiukI- 

linls  oi' 
•  stern. 
Inirncd. 
Cislu'rv 
)['  MUiiil 
piiintt'd 
ot'liiinl 
[-sliii\ie<l 
,  \vciHion 
idik'd  to 

inctl  iiro 
iiilis.  nil 
iskcts  of 
III  many 
I'll  Avilh 

CIl/dcllOH. 

VI'  kinds 


luiins.  bv.t 

J. p.  •_n;!-i. 

luiii't'  (om- 
I,  iniil.U''(>', 
If  Xi',in;.lits 
Ixs.'     ''Hk! 

|,i,t  if  llitir 
i''llu  V  l^'ip 

1  !'•  ''',.''1' 
111;  1'  "- 
Iv  llic  put- 

.■■If-l,  i^l). 

Ill,  S]n'"'it's 
ii., 


of  clotli  iii'i'  luidi'  of  )'iisli('s  and  of  ])im'  or  codai'  liark, 
wliii'li  alter  Iteiim'  soaked  is  l)eaten  on  a  plank  uitli  a 
}:ro()\ed  itistniiiieiit  of  wood  or  lione  until  the  (litres  are 
sepai-ated.  Tiu'  threads  are  twisted  into  cords  lietween 
the  hand  and  thi;ih;  these  cords.  Inniu'  to  a,  liori/ontal 
heani  and  knotted  with  finer  thread  at  I'eunlar  intt'ixals, 
Ibrni  the  cloth,  'i'hread  of  the  same  hai'k  is  used  with 
a  shai'iiened  twijr  lor  a  needle.  Interconrse  with  lliii'o- 
])eans  has  nioililied  their  manufactuivs.  and  checked  the 
develoitinent  of  their  native  in.ii'ennity.''^ 

Caiitain  Cook  foinid  amon^'  the  Ahts  verv  '"strict  no- 
tions of  their  liavinii'  a  ri,i:ht  to  the  exidnsive  property 
of  everythinii'  that  their  country  produces."  so  that  they 
claimed  p;iy  I'nreven  wood,  water,  and  ^I'ass.  The  limits 
of  tril»al  ])i'oi>erty  are  very  clearly  defined,  hut  indi\id- 
uals  rarely  claim  any  ]iroperty  in  land.  Houses  helon^i: 
to  the  men  who  comhini'  to  huild  them.  Private  wealth 
consists  of  hoiits  iuid  implements  for  olitiiinin^i'  food,  do- 
mestic utuisils.  sla\('s.  and  hlaid\ets.  the  latter  hein;i' 
^■enerally  the  standard  hy  Avhicli  wealth  or  ]irice  is 
computed.  ImioiI  is  not  rejiarded  as  couunon  jiroperty, 
yet  any  mi;ii  may  help  himself  to  his  nei^hhor's  store 
when  needy.  'Ilie  accmmdation  of  jirojierty  heyond  the 
necessities  of  Tde  is  considered  desirahle  only  for  the 
])urpo:-e  of  distrihiitinji'  it  in  presents  on  jireat  feast-days, 
and  tlieiehy  ;ii'i|nirin<i'  a  re[)utation  for  wealth  and  lih- 
erality;  and  as  these  feasts  occur  lre(|uentl\'.  an  unsuc- 
cessful iiiiin  may  ofti'n  take  a  fresh  start  in  the  race. 
Instead  of  heim:'  ,L'i\i'n  away,  canoes  and  hlaidvcts  are 
ol"ten  destroyed,  which  ])i'o\es  that  the  moti\e  in  this 
dis[)osiil  of  property  is  not  to  favor  friends.  !)ut  mei'ely 
to  ajijiear  indiiren  lit  to  wealth.     Jt  is  ci'itainlv  a  most 

laijifif,  1111(1  viH  lii,i,'lily  ]iiiziil,  ami  only  hrouLjlit  out  on  i^'Vcat  (i(-c:isii)iis, 
thim-;li  it>  nv  was  lint  (liscovcli'd.  Jlucjii/'s   \''(ii<;.  /.•</..  p.  III."). 

WcMiliu  clotlis  cif  all  (It'i^n  IS  of  liimu'ss,  liiadc  iiy  liaiid  and  wovkid  ill 


'. 


.1. 


Itivc  <■'> 


hi  a  will" 


pp.  I' 
liu 


libc  at  I'oi-t 


I  i 


102 


CULUMniAXH. 


I'l'iniirkalilc  custom,  and  one  tliat  exerts  u  prcat  inlliiciiro 
on  the  uliolc  |icoiilt'.  (lifts  j)lii_\'  tni  inipoitjiiit  part  in 
jiroi'in-inji  a  wilr.  and  a  division  of  iJi'ojK'rty  accoiniianii'S 
u  divorce,  'i'o  enter  tlie  ranks  of  tlu'  nudicine-men  or 
ina;:icians.  or  to  attain  I'ank  of  any  kind,  {iropei'tv  must 
lie  sacrificed  ;  and  a  man  \v!io  receives  an  insidt  or  suii'ers 
any  atlliction  must  teai"  up  the  requisite  (|uantify  »>f 
blankets  and  skirts,  if  he  wonkl  retain  his  honor.' '  Trade 
in  all  their  ]»roiluctionH  uas  cai'i'ied  on  hriskly  between 
the  dilVerent  Xootka  tribes  before  the  comin;^'  of  the 
Avhites.  They  manil'est  nnidi  shrewdness  in  their  ex- 
changes; even  their  system  of  ])resents  is  a  sju'cies  of 
trade,  the  I'uU  value  of  eadi  jiift  beinj;'  conlidently  ex- 
jiccted  in  a  ivturn  ])resent  on  the  next  festi\('  oct-a.^ion. 
In  their  intertribal  connnerce.  a  band  holding'  ii  stiitnj;" 
])ositi()n  Avhere  trade  by  canoes  between  dill'erent  pai'ts 
may  be  .^topped,  do  not  fail  to  oiler  and  enforce  the  ac- 
jv'ptance  of  their  servi('es  as  middlemen,  theivbx  jireatly 
inci'easin^'  market  jirices.'^" 

The  system  ol"  uiuneration.  suflicii-ntlx'  extensive  for 
till'  lai'p'st  numbei's,  is  decimal,  the  innnbers  to  ten 
liaviiiii'  names  which  are  in  some  instanci-s  compounds 
but  not  nudtiples  of  smaller  innnbi'rs.  The  liiiLicrs  are 
used  to  aid  in  countinji'.  "^I'he  year  is  divided  iulo  nioulhs 
with  some  reference  to  the  moon.  ])ut  chietly  by  the  Jish- 
si'asons.  rijtenini:'  of  ])erries.  nniirations  of  birds,  and 
othe)'  periodical  events,  for  which  the  months  are  namc(b 
as:  'when  the  herrinjis  spawn,'  etc.  The  unit  of  meas- 
ure is  the  s[)an,  the  tinjiers  representing'  its  irai'tional 
])arts.''    The  Xootkas  disphiy  considerable  taste  in  orna- 

<>9  f^priviVs  Sri'ncK,  iip.  70-81,  8!),  11(5,  111-13;  Kane's  U'oi./.,  pp.  '^•"' 
Miirjif's  I'""''.  /.-••/.,  l>p.  i-.K  iltT;  CiKil.'s  I'l///.  li>  I'd!'.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  2S-(: 
Mv,ttriii<ft,  Ii'"'',  [).  117;  l.dnl's  \iit.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ]('>r)-(!;  Mmiin's  It.C.. 

"•I  .Ivii-'iU'x  y<tr.,  \i\t.  7s  81);  Sproufs  Sriii's,  pp.  ]!»,  Tm.  78  '.»,  !)i.     1 
tlic  luloiitiiin  of  lilaiikrts  us  a  cun'fiicv,  tluy  used  small  sluUs  from  the  .   ■     i 
liays  lor  coin,  ami  tlicy  i.r<'  still  used  liy  some  of  the  moic  rcinoti'  tribes. 
a  raid,  ill,  ],")iil.  (liDij.  ,^ur.  .Iinir.,  vul.  x.wii.,  p.   o07.     'TLitir  ai'utcuiss  in 
liartcr  is  vtiiiarkiibli'.'   luirhcx'   \'mir.  Isl.,  ]i. 'I't. 

"  'I'lic  Alits  •(liviilc  the  year  into  tliirtccii  months,  ov  rallur  moons,  and 
Ix'gin  with  the  one  that  jirctty  well  answers  to  our  Ndvcmli(  r.  At  the  saiiio 
tinu'.  as  thi'ir  names  are  ai  ])lied  to  each  actual  new  moon  as  it  aj  pears,  tiny 
lUX'  not,  liy  half  u  mouth  and  luorc  isometiiiics),  ideutical  with  our  culcudar 


NOOTKA  AUT  AXD  GOVEUNMr.NT. 


103 


nixmiiils 


)  ininriliH 


ru'iitin;!  ^vith  snilptiin'  Jinil  iKiintiniis  lluir  iiuiiU'niciit.s 
;iii(l  hi-uscs,  tlu'ir  ('Iiicf  clVorts  bciiiii'  m;i(k'  on  llic  jiost.s 


of  the   l;it1<'r.  illld    tin? 


woo 


\vn  iiiii.sks  wliicli  tlu'\-  wear 


ill  \v;ir  iiiul  ,<om('  of  tlioii*  (lances;  hut  all  iuiiilriiR'iits 
mav  l»i'  more  or  less  carved  iiiiil  adorneil  accordiiij;'  to 
tli(!  ai'tist's  laiicv.  Tliey  .•^oinetiiiies  paiid  (isliliiu'  and 
limitiiij;'  s('(Mies,  hut  ^cuerallv  tiieii'  models  exist  oulv 
ill    iina,:-iuatiou,   anil   their  works  eouse(|ui  utlv  assunu' 

Tlu-re   si'cms    to   he   no  exidence 


unin:elli;j:ihle  forms, 
that  llu  Ir  ear\ed  imajics  and  complicated  paiutniL^s  art; 
in  any  si'ust;  intended  as  idols  or  hieroi:ly|)hics.  A  rude 
system  of  hei'aldi'v  ])ri'\ails  anion^"  them,  hy  which  som<' 
animal  is  aii>.i)ted  as  a  l'amil_>'  civst.  ami  its  li,-ure  is 
painted  or  emhroidered  on  canoes,  ])aiidles.  r,r  hlankets.'" 
To  the  Xootka  systi-m  of  poxcrnment  the  terms  patri- 
archal, hereditary,  and  feudal  have  heen  apidied.  There 
is  no  confideration.  each  ti'ihi-  hrinu'  indi-pendent  ol'  all 
the  rest,  e.\ce[)t  as  powi'rful  trihes  are  naturally  domi- 
nant o\er  the  weak.  In  each  trilie  the  liead  chiei's  rank 
is  lierrditary  hy  tin'  male  line;  his  grandeur  is  dis|)layed 
on  Lireat  occasions,  when.  d«  eked  in  all  his  (inery.  he  is 
the  ceuiral  li,i:ure.  .Vt  llu'  fri'(|uently  recurriiiLi  feasts  of 
state  he  occu[iies  the  seat  of  honor;  presides  id  all  coun- 
cils of  the  trihe.  and  is  res[)ected  and  liiLihly  hoiioi'c d  hy 
all;  l)Ut  has  no  real  authority-  onci-  any  hut  his  ,-l;i\es. 
I'etwet  n  the  chief,  or  kiuii'.  and  the  ])eople  is  a  U(/Iiility, 
in  nund)er  al)out  ouv'  fiiurth  of  the  whoK'  trihe.  composed 
of  st'.i'ral  ;:rades.  the  hi,i:hest  hein.ii'  pariially  heredilary, 
hut  also,  as  are  all  the  lower  "rades,  ohtainalde  hv  feats 


liu  orna- 


.'UtlUlhS    111 


nouns,  niKl 


inoiiilis.'  S^pmat'.v  Sri',irfi,  v)).  1C1-t.  '  Ti  is  piTsoufiH  niiis  cultas  ilivi'li'll  rl 
iii'in  111  ratiii'cc  iiii'scs,  y  riilii  uiio  dr  (■■,;  li  I'U  vciiilc  il:;is,  ii,'i'i''-;;ii:'l(i  liii'.;o 
ulL;iiU(i-i  (li:is  iiitiivaliU'cs  111  liii  dc  cikI  i  im  s.  El  ilc  Julio,  (jiic  illos  llaiiiaii 
S  :lt-l  'i-'iii',  yes  (1  I'limi  ro  df  su  afio,  a  mas  di'  sns  vciatr  <lias  orili;. alios 
tii'lK!  tantos  iufcrc  alii 'IS  (luaiitos  il"va  l;i  alinmlaiui.i  di'  li'ii:.,'nai|os,  atiilics, 
etc.'  S-  I'll  {/  Mf.yirHiKi,  V'lit  n\  lip.  l"i.!  4,  14'i;  Uraiil.  in  L'liiil,  lii-inj.  >i,r.  Jmir., 
vol.  xwii.,  lip.  •Z'.C).  :,(!';  /,  /•,/.,   '■,../.,   .    !.  li..  p-i.  ^4-4. 

"-  •  i''i  -y  shrw  tlii'iiisplvcs  in.t,'i'uions  '-cii'plovs.  Tii' y  not  only  ]iirscrvi', 
wifli  u'r  it  exactness,  t'le  ;.;.  neval  cliarac'er  ot  th'  ir  own  laees,  liat  liiiish  the 
more  ini  uito  parts,  with  a  il.  .jri  e  of  a'Ciiracy  in  projiortion,  and  leatiiess  in 
v.^eiitiou.'  Ciioks  I'.//,  ti  I'ar.,  vol.  ii.,  |  p.' :!J  ,  7,  anil  .!/■'.>■.  jd.  li);  /,m;v/.s 
.\''^,  vol.  i.,  J))).  KU-."),  vol.  ii.,  pp.  'J.^T-H,  and  eut,  p.  lOo;  .)/(«;, a.s  \'a,'C. 
IsL,  pp.  lit  7,  4SI;  .\i,iiji.v's  li.  ('.,  cut  on  p.  271. 
Vol.  I.    13 


191 


COLUMBTANS. 


of  valor  or  tiroat  lilK'rality.  All  chieftains  must  bo  ron- 
finiK'd  hv  the  trihe,  and  some  of  them  a[)pointe(l  by  the 
kinii';  each  man's  rank  is  clearly  defined  in  the  tribe,  and 
correspond inji'  privileiies  stri(;tly  insistet".  on.  There  are 
chiefs  who  have  full  authority  in  warlike  ex))editions. 
Ilaritooners  also  form  a  i)rivile<'ed  class,  whose  rank  is 
handed  down  from  iiither  to  son.  This  somewhat  com- 
])ru'ated  system  of  <rovermnent  nevertheless  sits  liLihtly, 
since  the  people  are  neither  taxed  nor  subjected  to  any 
laws,  nor  interfered  with  in  their  actions.  Still,  lonu- 
<'ontiniied  custom  ser\es  as  law  and  marks  out  the  lew 
duties  and  privileges  of  the  Xootka  citi/en.  Stealing 
is  not  connnon  except  I'rom  strangers;  and  olVenses  re- 
(piiring  j)r.nishment  arc  usually  avenged — or  pardoned 
in  consideration  of  certain  blankets  recei\ed  —  by  the 
injured  paities  and  their  friends,  the  chiefs  seeming  to 
have  little  or  nothin'j;  to  do  in  the  matter.''' 


til 


"■'  '  In  an  Alit  tribo  of  two  Imndrcd  nun,  jKvlinps  fifty  possess  varifxis  Clv- 
gl'ccs  (if  ii<-(|iiir(  (1  or  iiilui-itt  il  liiiik;  tin  if  may  lie  alxnit  as  many  slaves;  the 
remainili  r  arc  inil'jiemlent  numlurs,'  Some  of  the  Klah-iili-cpiahls  ']'ay 
iiiiniialiy  t(i  their  chief  certain  coiilrihutions,  cdiisistinj.'  of  Mank(  ts,  skii  s, 
etc.'  '  A  (  hi(  I  s  '■  Mue  1.1(  I  (1  ■'  avails  la.t  in  a  disjinte  wilh  oi  c  of  Lis  own 
jieoj.le;  111'  must  fiyht  his  liattlo  like  (i  coniiiion  man.'  ,'/7V  c/'s  Sri  ins,  up. 
il;-17,  Is  '.ill,  '.'ii'i.  Clieslaliet  s,  il  cliii  f  (11  ilolnison's  Strait,  was  ildnic.r 
Imt  not  siilionlinato  in  uuthorily  to  Jlaqniiina,  the  lanmus  kiiij^'  at  Nootka 
Sonnil,  Imt  the  cliief  at  Ijoimhlioron^ji's  ChaniK  1  claiim  il  to  he  nmh  v  -"\la- 
(Uliiilia.  \'iiiii'i.iin  r's  I'<w/.,vnl.i  .  ]ip. .'!  Hi.  :!.'!  I .  '  Jaidiuliiilad  ile  Tayses  lu  n  ili- 
taria  dr  padn  s  a  hi jos,  y  pasii  ri  L,nlarnii  i:le  A  <  st  iS  Ii.cljo  (pie  estali  (  n  cilad 
de  i;nl)<  1  ii:ir,  si  los  pa(h'(  s  pov  aiieianidad  I'l  otras  caiisas  no  ]iii((hn  sc^inir 
niandaiidc..'  '  J'.l  ^;oliii  rno  dc  (  stdS  n.itinah  s  piieijc  llaiiiarse  I'atriarcal :  piu  s 
(1  Xife  de  l.i  naeioii  )ia<('  A  nil  ujismo  ticnipo  his  ofieios  de  jiadre  de  I'aniilia, 
de  IJiy  y  d.'  Suiii  >  Sacerdoli'.'  '],os  nolih  s  ^ozan  (h'  tanta  coiisideraeinn  i  n 
Xntka,  (pie  ni  ami  de  jialahni  so  atn  vi  ii  lus  Tayses  ft  re|ir(  ieinhrlos.'  '  To- 
d(is  eonsideraliaii  i'l  cste  iMa(|uinna)  coiiio  Sohcrano  de  las  costas,  desih'  In 
de  liiieli.i  JvsperaliZii  liasia  hi  I'liiita  de  ,\rreeifes,  con  todos  los  Canales  iiili  ri- 
ores.'  'I'll  st^al,  or  to  know  carnally  a  Ljirl  nine  years  old,  is  |iiinisliid  wiiU 
death,  ."-ii:!  1/  Mixirtimi,  \'iii<r'.  p|).'llll,  !.'!(!,  llf,  ]',»,  '25.  'Tlnre  are  siirli 
men  as  (  liiefs,  who  are  di>tiiiL;nisli(  I  by  the  name  or  title  of  ,  \cir- '  /, ,  and  to 
whom  the  others  are,  in  some  measure,  sllllol•dinat(^  ]!nt,  1  ^lioii  d  )^ii<  ss, 
til"  authority  of  each  of  these  '^wnt  men  extends  no  farther  than  the  family 
t )  wliieli  111'  l)eloni,'s.'  '■'"'/.  '.s  \'n(/.  (t  I 'dr.,  Vol.  ii..  ]))>.  :t:!;i-l.  •  ],a  forme  d.' 
leiir  L;oiiveniciik  lit  est  toiite  jiatriai'cale,  et  hi  diL,'nit('  de  ch'f.  h  r  ditaire.' 
Mnj'ris.  F.xj)hii\,  torn,  ii.,  p.  ;ilii.  Sever  d  very  populous  villaL;es  to  the  north- 
ward, included  ill  the  territory  of  Maiinilla,  the  head  chief,  wi  re  entriisl(  d  to 
the  ^'o\crnment  of  (he  principal  of  lus  female  relations.  The  whole  K"^''  "- 
liicnt  foriinda  political  Imnd  of  union  similar  to  the  fcild.d  system  which 
formerly  ohtained  in  i'lnrope.  Mmris'  Vinj.,  pp.  -'Js  '.».  ''['he  kin;.,'  or  In  ad 
Tyee.  is  their  Ic.'iih'r  in  war,  in  the  mana^'enieiit  of  which  ho  is  perfectly  ali- 
Kolnti'.  II"  is  also  ]iresiili  lit  of  thi  ir  councils,  which  aie  almost  always  ii  i,-- 
iilati  d  by  his  opinion,     Uul  he  has  no  kind  of  power  over  the  ])ii'perty  of  bin 


':llll 


KOOTKA  SLAVEKY  AXD  MAKlilAGE,  153 

Slavory  is  praotia.l  l,v  m11  tlic  h-ilios.  :md  (lie  si.,,-,, 
n.,i,.  I„r,„s  ,ni  ,„>|,„rt„!,t  purt  „f  tlu.i,'  ,■„,„„,,.„■.,    Sla  i^ 
mv  ul.mt  tiu.  only  pvopc.ty  tl.nt  must  not  l.o  s,«.    fea 

,'  i'>.n-a«,„-,l„,g  to  so„K.  ,-u,thoritn.s  onlv  the 

"Mcs-,,,,,,    u,i,l  Slavs.     Mar  a,„l  ki,lnapni„«  s,'  p  Iv 

"•  ^  uv..  „.a,.I..t.  a„,l  „o  ,.ap,iv..,  „-l,at..c'  i,is^,„     '  » 

Ihs  ">  m    .;.;«.   ,.,,1  OM-ap.  (his  (at...  ox,v,.t  l.v  a  heavy 

.  ...som  „(  ,..,.,1  .soon  aCte,.  he  is  (ak „,l  ift,  ■     i' 

xhejvahouts  iK.eo,„es  ,„,k,„mn  (o  his  (Vie.al.s.     (N,   ,|  •  ,' 

M.u es.      ll,e  |«nver  o(  the  im  „ei-  is  a,■l,it,■al■^■  aiicl  ui, 
m,  e,  love,,  the  a,.ti,.„s  a,„l  li(eoC,l,e  slave,  ia,        .,  " 
>.Mi,  .-e    ,(   h,,s    |«„ve,.   se,.n]s   oC  rare   ,H.,.un.e],ee    -mmI 
«|ve      e  har,    lahor  re,p,ire.l.  the  n.aterial  e      1  tio      (•- 

lave  ,s  ,lesp,,s„,     ,is  hair  is  e„t  short.  a„.l  hi    «■     ,..    e 
«.eo,Mes  a  t,.r,„  of  reproaeh.      l.V,„ale  shucs  aiv', 
e.    ler  h,re.  es|..e,ally  in  the  vieh.ity  „C  «hit,.  in  1 

i;;;t,i,^;:rh',;!:;:.^r^™"'''"^ -'»'-'' ''-i^ 


TIio  Xootkii  iiia\-  Ii;!ve  as 


sold 
iiiaiiv  wives  as  ho  can  hnv. 


^^' ^''-'Inds^  wl.,  arc  cardul  n<>t  to  ila^m  alwJuilil 

g'va,  will,  t|„.i,.f„|i,„v,.,s  •  /A,„„    .       1/    ","  "^  »,Hu,.n....  ,s  i,..v,.rfl„.l,.ss  v,.rv 

■;  •  I  M,al!y  Juu.lly  tc,  :,t.  ,1.  .at'^f  t  h,       I,  "''i' '  '  i"''  '''i'  T  '  ^■"'-  ^^i^-  1'  •  ^'i'- 

">.-'sl;  I's.'     ■\,„„.  l,„t  th,.  Ki„„  „„  1      ,:,;',  '""'■■""'    'V,.  (,s  M,.||  ,-.  ,i„.i,. 

"•  '"ly  lifty.  n,„l,.  M,(,l  f.  ,„(,!,.,  in      s   (    :    '"  v'^;;.^'r '  "       '  ^■''i"''-'-  l-al 

J  H'  -\.  u.tt,.,.  (,.,1„.  ,„.a,.lv  ,..x,..,'„:i„,.  u   1  1  V  1      ,    ,f        ',""•      "■'■'••  1  •  -■-'•^• 
;^>^.     •An.-,„.r,„i,l„  ^l  huH(:un  ,      .  I' '    '     .l '^ /. ' 'V' '^  ' '^      •  !>• 


ill 


19a  COLUMBIANS. 

familios  henoath  tliorn  in  ranlc.  Especially  particular  as 
to  rank  arc  the  cliicfs  in  clu.osinji:  their  first  wile,  always 
l)referring  the  daughters  of  noble  liunilies  of  another  tribe. 
Courtship  consists  in  an  offer  of  presents  l>y  the  lover  to 
the  liirl's  father,  accompanied  generally  l)y  lengthy  sp(>ech- 
es  of  friends  on  both  sides,  extolling  the  value  of  the  man 
and  his  gift,  and  the  attractions  of  the  bride.  Ai'ter  the 
bargain  is  concluded,  a  period  of  feasting  follows  if  the 
l)arties  are  rich,  but  this  is  not  necessary  as  a  part  of 
the  marriaue  ceremonv.  Betrothals  ar(^  oiten  made  by 
l)iuvnts  while  the  parties  are  yet  children,  nuitual  de- 
l)osits  of  blankets  and  other  jiroperty  being  made  us 
securities  for  the  fulfdlment  of  the  contract,  which  is 
rarely  broken.  (Jills  marry  at  an  average  age  of  sixteen. 
The  common  Xootka  obtains  his  one  bride  Irom  his  own 
rank  also  by  a  ])resent  of  ))lankets.  nuich  more  humbki 
than  that  oi  his  rich  neighbor,  and  is  assisted  in  his 
overtures  In'  perhaps  a,  single  fViend  instead  of  being 
ioHowed  by  the  whok'  tribe.  (\)urtship  among  this  class 
is  not  altogether  without  the  attentions  which  render  it 
so  charming  in  civilized  liie;  Jis  when  the  fond  girl  lov- 
ingly caresses  and  searches  her  lover's  head,  always  giv- 
ing him  the  fattest  of  her  disco\ei"ies.  Wives  are  not 
ill  treated,  and  although  somewhat  overworked,  the  di- 
vision of  labor  is  not  so  oppressive  as  among  many 
Indian  tribes.  >h'n  build  houses.  mak(>  boats  and  im- 
pk'uuMits.  hunt  and  fish;  women  prei)are  the  iish  and 
Liame  foi'  winter  use,  cook,  manuft'.ctui't'  cloth  and  cloth- 
ing.  and  iucreasi^  tli.o  stock  of  Ibod  by  gathering  berries 
and  shell-fish;  and  most  of  this  work  among  the  ridiei' 
class  is  done  by  sla\es.  Wives  are  considt( d  in  matters 
oi' trade,  and  in  fact  seem  to  be  ni>arl\"  on  terms  of  e((ual- 
ity  with  their  husbands,  except  that  they  are  excluded 
fi'om  soun'  public  feasts  and  ceremonies.  TluM'e  is  nuich 
reason  to  sui)j)ose  that  befoiv  tbc  ad\'ent  of  the  whites,  the 
Xootka  wile  was  comparatively  i'aithful  to  her  lord,  that 
chastity  was  regarded  as  a  desirable  female  (juality,  and  of- 
i'euses  against  it  sexcri'ly  ))unislied.  ^Ilie  fi'malesso  freely 
brought  on  board  the  vessels  of  early  voyagers  and  oU'ered 


THE  NOOTKA  FAillLY, 


r:.7 


liar  as 
\l\v:us 
L-  tribe. 
)Vor  to 

(jM^OCll- 

K-  man 

"trr  tl'.e 

^  if  the 

part  of 

lade  l)y 

ual  »!»'- 

iiade  i>s 

•hicii   is 

sixtivn. 

his  own 
huuiUlo 

1  in  his 

of  lu'inii; 

this  class 

vndor  it 

jiirl  lov- 

uvs  Li'iv- 

aro  not 

.  tho  (li- 

kg  many 
and  ini- 
fish   and 
nd  (doth- 
o;  licirii'S 
10  riiht'r 
I  matters 
of  I'Hual- 
cNcdudi'd 
is  nnii'h 
liti's.  tlio 
.ovi\.  tliat 
V.  and  of- 
so  iVcei  y 
id  olVoic'd 


to  ll:('  men,  were  porliaps  slaves,  who  are  every\vhere 
]ii'o.>;iiiiled  for  ^'-iii,  so  lliat  tlie  fathers  of  their  ehibh'eu 


Ih 


7i 


are  iu'\'er  l^iiown. 


\V 


oiaen  rareU'  ha\e  more  tliaii  two 


th 


or  lluce  chihhvn,  and  eease  heariiiji'  at  about  twenty-hve. 
fri'mu'iilly  prove ntinj;'  the  inerease  ol'  their  family  by 
aborLions.  I'lvunaiiey  and  ehildbii'th  afi'eet  thim  but 
little.  The  male  ehild  is  named  at  liirth.  but  his  name 
is  '.:  I  nvards  frecpieiitly  eluuiiivd.  lie  is  suekled  by  the 
moilier  until  three  or  I'our  years  old.  and  at  an  early 
aue  beiiins  to  learn  the  arts  of  lishin,!j;  by  which  he  is  to 
li\('.  Children  are  not  (juarrelsome  amouii'  themsehi's, 
aud  are  ivuarded  by  both  parents  with  stime  show  of 
aliei'lioii  and  jiride.  (iirls  at  puberty  are  closely  con- 
fined Ibr  several  days,  and  iiiveii  a  little  water  l)ut  no 
food;  lliey  are  kej)t  iiarticularly  lV(;m  the  sun  or  lire,  to 
see  ei;her  of  which  at  this  })eriod  woidd  be  a  lasting  dis- 
grace. At  such  times  feasts  are  given  by  the  ])areuts. 
Dixorces  or  separations  may  be  had  at  will  by  either 
}»arty.  but  a  strict  division  of  property  and  return  of 
betrothal  jireseuts  is  ex])ected,  the  woman  being  allowed 
not  only  the  property  she  brought  her  husband,  and  ar- 
ticles manufactured  by  her  in  wedlock,  but  a  certain  ])ro- 
poi'tiou  ol'  the  common  wealth.  Such  proj)erty  as  be- 
longs to  the  father  aud  is  not  distributed  in  gifts  during 
his  life,  ov  destroyed  at  his  death,  is  inherited  by  the 
eldest  son."' 

"'  '  Tile  wonioii  po  to  bid  first,  and  f)ri>  up  first  in  tho  nioniini,'  to  ])rt']mre 
liriiikl'iist."  !>.  oJ.  ''J'lii'  coiKlitiuu  of  llic  Alit  wduitii  is  not  one  of  nns((  iiily 
iiifi  liority.'  ]).!•:).  'Tluir  fcinalf  relations  tut  as  niidwivcs.  Tin  re  is  no 
sciiaratc  jilaic  for  lyin^-in.  'riic  <  liild.  on  In  int;  Imrn,  is  rolled  np  in  a  mat 
union;,'  featln  rs.'  "'I'liey  unclde  one  ehild  till  anotlu  r  Ciinus,'  [).  '.)4.  '  A  i  ill 
who  was  known  to  have  lost  her  virtiK',  lost  w  itli  it  one  of  In  r  ehalici  s  i  f  a 
faronialile  marriage,  and  a  chief.  ,  .  WduM  have  put  his  daughter  to  ih  alh  h  r 
Kileh  a  la;  se,'  p.  1'.").  In  ease  of  a  s  )ia:atioii,  if  tlii'  part ii  s  liilont,'  to  dill'  r  i.t 
trilies,  till'  child!  ell  po  with  the  naitliir.  p.  HH.  '  No  Iraf  s  of  the  existence  if 
jiolyaiiihy  aiiioiiLr  the  Ahls,'  p  '.III.  The  pi  iMinal  inoilesty  of  the  Aht  \\o:ia  n 
when  vouni;  is  iimeli  i^nati  r  than  that  of  (he  men,  )p.  'M't.  .syi  o'.rs  .-f',,i<, 
ji]).  '.s':  (I,  511  '2,  !»:t  lilii,  1(1(1.  iCI.  -<\r,.  On.'  of  the  chiefs  said  that  thne  was 
the  imiulpcr  of  wives  permitted'  'eiimo  iHiiie  in  mcesii  io  para  no  eomiini -ar 
coll  la  ipie  est  11  \  iese  (11  ci  lit  a.'  '  .MihI  -  de  i  llos  nniei(  n  sin  casarsi.'  '  1 .1 
'i'ays  no  piiiile  liacer  uso  di  siis  ihul,  ii  s  sill  vi  r  enteraiiieiitc  iluiuinaih.  i  I 
iliseode    la  lllllll   "    >"/*'    //    ,hi,. /c  ■  ;i".    1  I'l/'/i',  p  i.    1H-(1.      Wolili  n  treated  wi!h 

iHi  |iiiitieular  res]ieet  in  any  situation.  (((,,,'>  \'i  ii.  In  J'ur.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  ;il,v, 
I'l  rsiiiisof  the  same  crest  a:  e  not  iiUowi  il  to  marry.  '  The  child  ai^aiii  alwi.vs 
Uikcs  the  crest  of  thf  niother.'     'As  u  rule  also,  descent  is  traced  from  lliu 


108 


COLUMBIANS. 


From  tlio  middle  of  XoA'omber  to  the  middle  of  Jan- 
iiarv,  i.^'  the  Nootka  season  of  mirtli  and  festivity,  ^vhen 
nearly  the  Avhole  time  is  occupied  ^vith  public  and  pri- 
vate gaiety,  '^fheir  evenings  are  privatelx'  passed  ])y  the 
family  group  Avithin  doors  in  conversation,  singing,  jok- 
ing, boasting  of  past  ex])loits,  personal  and  tribal,  and 
teasing  the  women  until  bed-time,  when  one  by  one  they 
retire  to  rest  in  the  same  blankets  worn  dui'ing  the  day.'" 
►^wimming  and  trials  of  strength  ))y  hooking  together 
the  little  fingers,  or  sculUing  for  a  ])ri7x\  seem  to  be  the 
oidy  out-door  amuseuients  indulged  in  hy  adults,  while 
tlie  children  shoot  arrows  and  hurl  spears  at  grass  iigures 
of  l)irds  and  fishes,  and  prepare  themselves  for  future 
conflicts  by  cutting  off  the  heads  of  imaginary  enemies 
modeled  in  mud.''  To  gambling  the  Xootkas  are  pas- 
sionately addicted,  but  their  games  are  remarka])l\'  few 
and  uniform.  Small  bits  of  wood  compose  their  entire 
para[)herniUia.  sometimes  "sed  like  dice,  when  the  game 
depends  on  the  side  turned  up;  or  passed  rapidly  froui 
hand  to  hand,  when  the  gamester  attempts  to  name  the 
hand  containing  the  trump  stick;  or  again  concealed  in 
dust  si)read  over  a  blanket  and  moved  al)out  by  one  play- 
er that  the  rest  may  guess  its  location.  In.  j)laying  they 
always  form  a  circle  seated  on  tiie  ground,  and  the  wouieu 


r" 


rarely  if  ever  join  the  gauie.''*     'i'li^^W  indulge  in  suiok- 

mothcr,  not  from  the  fath  t.'  '  IntrijJtup  ^vitll  the  wiv(>s  of  mini  (if  other 
trilirsis  one  of  the  coiiiiuoni'st  Cimscsof  quarrel  auioii;^'  the  Indians.'  Mki/hi's 
Ji.  ('.,  ]i\>.  'J-")7-S,  2711;  M'lijii's  \'iiiic.  Isl.,  pp.  IM-T.  The  woiiuu  are  'very 
reserved  ami  eliaste.'  Meari.-i'  I"//.,  ])|).  2')l,  258,  •JCi"),  '..(iS;  Jvim's  ]\'ii)iil., 
p)).  2;!'.)  1(1.  'I'lie  Indian  woman,  to  smith  her  cliild,  makes  use  of  a  K|iiin^'y 
stiek  lixed  ol)lii[iiely  in  tlie  s^round  to  wlileli  the  eradle  is  attached  by  a  strini^', 
forniini,'  a  convenient  baby-jumper,   /.'inl's  Sill.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'J")',*;  I'vinh  rtmi's 

\',ii,r.  JsL,  p.  llil;  M'l/rns.  I^xpli-r..  t ii.,  pp.  :U()-7.     'AN'heru  thi  re  avo 

no  slaves  in  the  tribe  or  family  they  perform  all  the  drud;j;ery  of  biini,'in^' 
firewood,  water,  iVe.'  drtiut,  in  Lmnl.  <i'ii!l.  N'/C.  Junr.,  vol.  xwii.,  ]i|i.  'i'.ti-  '.), 
liiU.  No  intercourse  between  the  newly  niariied  ])air  fm'  a  ])eriod  of  tin 
days,  p.  I'il).  'l'irha])s  in  no  part  of  the  world  is  vlilue  more  jui/id."  p.  74. 
Ji'ii-HI's  .\(ii\.  pp.  5;)  -1,0,  71,  127-'.);  r,,niii-(i'!s'  \nr  i;i  I).  ,•((-/...  p.  mi. 

"''  'When  relieved  from  the  pi'eseiM-e  of  straii^'ers,  they  have  iinieli  pasy 
nnd  social  conversation  amoiiL!;  themselves.'  '  The  convei'sation  is  frequently 
coarse  and  indiceiit.'  >y//'ee/'.v  .si-i'm-^,  jip.  ."lO-l.  'Caiitando  y  baxlando  id 
rededor  de  las  hoi^ueras,  abandonandost'  a  todos  los  exi-  sos  dc  la  liviaudad.' 
Until  ji  Mi.viciiiiii,   \'iii'ii\  ]).  l:i.!. 

"!"!  Sjirndl's  Sci'i(i~:,  pp.  ."'.")  (i;  >i(^7 //  ^f^•'l^'nl■l.   ]'i't;i\  ]i,  111. 

"■■'  h'ritiil,  in  J.iiinl.  iiiii'j.  Sue,  J^i  .r.,  \ol.  .\\\ii.,  p.  •_'••■•;  M(i^i.r's  11.  i\,  pp. 


NOOTK.V  AMrSElIENTS. 


199 


,f  Jan- 
,  when 
u\  pri- 
hy  the 
l^^  jok- 
al,  ami 
m\  tlioy 
ic  day.''' 
;()«i:etlier 
)  1)0  tlio 
s.  Avhilo 

r  i'uture 
oiicniu'S 
are  ptis- 
il)ly  lew 
ir  entire 
he  puno 
lly  iVoni 
lame  the 

oaled  in 
l)iie  play- 

uyj:  they 
|e  ^^()llleu 

u  sniok- 

in  of  otluT 
IS.'  M'ii/"<  '■'< 
In  iU(!  ' vtvy 
|.i  "s  H'diiiy., 
,1'  ii  siuiuuy 
,1iv  !i^ii'iii;4. 

\l'',,nl)  rt'ili'H 

ju  ^h^v^•  tiro 

,,,..-^>  i». 
iriiiil  of  t(U 
]/( il,'  p.  74. 
nil. 

iHiii'li  easy 
fri  qiuiitly 
layl.iiiilii  ill 
liviainlad.' 

Is  /;.  ''.,  VI'. 


in;j:.  the  only  ])ipes  of  their  own  manufacture  heinii'  of 
plain  ci'dar,  filled  now  with  tohaeco  hy  those  who  ean 
aiford  if.  hut  in  which  they  formerly  smoked,  as  it  is 
supposed,  the  leaves  of  a  native  [)lant — still  mixed  with 
tobacco  to  le.s.xen  its  intoxicating  i)roperties.  The  pipe 
is  jKissed  round  after  a  meal,  hut  seems  to  ho  less  used 
in  seiious  ceremonies  than  among  eastern  Indian  na- 
tions.''' 

IJut  the  Xootka  amusement  par  excellence  is  that  of 
feasts.  gi\en  by  the  richer  classes  and  chiefs  nearly  I'very 
evening  during  '  the  season.'  Male  and  feuiale  heralds  are 
euijiloyed  ceremoniously  to  invite  thegue.sts,  the  house  ha\- 
ing  been  first  cleared  of  its  [)artitions.  and  its  floor  sjireail 
with  mats."'^'^  As  in  countries  more  civilized,  tlie  coiuuion 
people  go  early  to  secure  the  best  seat,",  their  allotted  place 
))eing  near  the  door.  The  elite  couie  later,  after  being 
I'cpeatedly  sent  for;  on  arrival  they  are  announced  by 
name,  and  assigned  a  ])lace  according  to  I'aidv.  In  one 
corner  of  the  hall  the  fish  and  whale-blubber  are  boiled 
by  the  wives  of  the  chiefs,  who  serve  it  to  the  guests  m 
])ieces  larger  or  smaller,  according  to  their  rank.  A\  hat 
ciui  not  be  eaten  must  1)0  cai'ried  home.  Their  drink  or- 
dinarily is  ]iure  water.  i>ut  occasionally  berries  of  a  pecu- 
liar kind.  preser\'ed  in  cakes,  are  stirred  in  until  a  froth  is 
formed  which  swells  the  body  of  the  drinker  nearly  to 
burstiug.'^^  Kating  is  followed  by  conversation  and  speech- 
making,  oi'atory  being  an  ai't  highly  pi'i/ed.  in  which, 
with  their  line  voices,  they  become  skillful.  Mually, 
the  floor  is  cleared  for  dancing.  In  the  dances  in  which 
the  crowd  participate.  i\\v  thuicers.  with  faces  piiiutcd  in 
black  and  vermilion,  It'i'ui  a  circle  I'ound  a  few  leaders 
w  lio  gi\  I'  the  step,  which  consists  chielly  in  jumping  with 

Is/..   1).    );U;   Mtinh's    ]'<(i>r.    Is'..   )i.    Ill;    IS.irntl- 


V 


J.I'll. inril's  'I'rdf.,  p.  5:!. 

''J  >/.j'i<((/'s  >(•!■,, IN.  ]).  i:('i',).  l>ut  l.iinl  savs  'iiutliiiiL!  can  ]■•'  dniic  witlicmt 
it.'   .V  /.,  v.il.  i..  ji.  I'.x. 

'■"'rill'  Iibliau  iiivir  Mivitis  any  of  (he  same  crest  as  himself.  .lA/iy'i '.s 
^'|||.(■.  l-l.,  H").  'I  hey  are  vi  ly  iiarticiilar  ahuut  whrnii  tiny  invite  to  their 
fiiists,  1111(1,  on  !J!reat  oecasii:ns.  men  and  woiiicu  feast  se|)ar.itely,  the  wnincu 
always  takin'^'  the  iireceiUnce.  />i(, ,<•■/((,  in  Mnijne's  Ji.  C'.,  j>i>.  •Jt;;J-il;  ."^pri/'it'x 
Sciiii s,  )!]).  ;")'.)-(;(. 

•*'  Lvnl'n  A'(/.,  vol.  i.,  i>i).  ".25',MiU. 


200 


COH'MBIANS. 


both  ^voi  from  tlio  irronnd.  l)ran(lisliinir  woniions  or  ImhioIi- 
osol"  I'l'iitlic'i's.  orsomc'tinK'ssini[)ly  )K'iiilii)Li'tlu'  hodv  with- 
out moviuu'  the  loct.  As  to  thi>  j);irtici|);itiou  of  women 
ill  these  diinces.  authorities  do  not  iijiree/"  In  u  sort  of 
('(nncrsiitionul  (hince  all  j^ass  briskly  round  the  room  to 
the  sound  of  nmsic.  praisinji"  in  exclamations  the  huild- 
inu'  and  all  within  it.  while  another  dance  re(|uires  many 
to  crunh  ui)oii  the  rooi' and  there  eontiime  their  motions, 
'i'heir  sjjccial  or  character  dances  are  many,  and  in  them 
they  show  nnich  dramatics  talent.  A  curtain  is  stri'tched 
across  a  corner  of  the  room  to  conceal  the  prepai'ations, 
and  the  actors,  iantastically  dressed,  represent  personal 
coud)ats.  huntinji"  s<'enes.  or  the  actions  of  dilVerent  ani- 
mals. In  the  seal-dance  naked  men  jmnp  into  the  water 
and  then  crawl  out  and  over  the  lloors.  imitating  the 
motions  of  the  seal.  Indecent  i)erformances  are  men- 
tioned hy  some  Aisitors.  Sometimes  in  these  dances 
men  drop  suddenly  as  if  dead,  and  are  at  last  re\ive<l 
hy  tiie  doctors,  who  also  jzive  dramatic  or  maiiic  peil'orm- 
ances  at  their  houses;  or  they  illuminate  a  wax  moon 
out  on  the  Avater.  and  make  the  natives  believe  they  ai'e 
conmuminji'  with  the  man  in  the  moon.  To  tell  just 
where  au:usement  ceases  and  solemnitv  Ix'uins  in  these 
dances  is  impossible.'^'  Hirds"  down  forms  an  imjiortant 
item  in  the  decoi'ation  at  dances,  especially  at  the  lecep- 
tion  of  strangers.  All  dances,  as  well  as  other  cere- 
monies, ai'e  accompanied  by  continual  nuisic,  instrumental 
and   \()cal.       The  instruments  are:   boxes  and   benches 


ll!<:i 


"'-  'T  li.ivc  iiovir  seen  ixn  Iiidiaii  woninii  diuico  at  a  feast,  nml  luliivc  it  is 
sclildiii  if  ivir  doiii'.'  Mdi/ia'a  li.  ('.,  \t\\.  2('i7-'.t.  Thf  wonii'ii  •,'ciui'ally  'form 
u  scjiaiatc  circle,  and  cliaiiiit  and  jiiuii)  liy  tin  nisdvcs.'  (imnt.  in  l.niil.  (iaxj. 
t^iic.  .Iiiiir.,  viil.  xxvii.,  ji.  lidfi.  'As  a  inlc,  the  men  and  Wdnicn  do  imt  daiico 
toijetliii-;  \vli(  n  the  men  are  daiicin;.;  tlu;  women  sin.L;  and  beat  time,'  Imt 
tlleic  is  a  dance  ])eifoi  liled  bv  liotll  S(  xes.  >/;Ci.((r.s  >rr/.rN.  lip.  <'<i  7.  'Oil 
otle  r  occasions  a  male  chief  vill  invite  a  ])avty  of  female  t^uests  to  share  his 
lioNjiilalily.'  M'lijii's  \'iiiii'.  V.v/.,  ]>.  IIU.  '  Jjas  mnijeres  liaylan  desayradisi- 
manieiile;  rara  vez  se  ])restan  it  <'sta  diversion.'  ShIiIi/  .]/(,ficiii.ii.  I'"";<.  p.  \'>'2. 

''■'  'La  decencia  ol)iiL;a  a  juisar  en  silencio  1>ps  hayles  fihsceiios  ih;  los  Mis- 
cliimis  {common  iieo]i!ei.  es|iecialmente  el  del  impoteiite  a  causa  (h'  la  (dad, 
y  el  del  pohre  (jiie  no  hi  jiodido  casarse.'  Snhl  1/  Mf.\''u(i)i'l.  \"i(it;t>.  pp.  151  2. 
18:  Mi'rtlr's  \'<iii('.  Isl..  pp.  ■t^i'i-T;  .'■/ironr.s' .'^cc/if.s,  pp.  (').">  71:  Mtijin's  II.  ('., 
]ip.  •.'<'iil-7:  Jrintl's  S<u\,  ]i.  Ifsil:  (iranl.  ill  l.'iiii}.  (liMij.  Sov,.  Jour.,  vol  xxvii., 
p.  'JOii;  CumicaUis'  Seu)  J-J  Ijontila,  pp.  'J'J-.iOU. 


MISCELLANEOUS  CUSTOMS. 


201 


llK'll- 

with- 
oiaen 
ort  t)t' 
oui  to 
l.uiia- 
iniiiiy 
)tions. 
thoni 

sitions, 
•rsoiuil 
it  iiiii- 
■  ^v!ltcr 
nu'  tho 
'  incn- 
(laucos 
•cvivod 
.'i-lbnii- 
:  moon 
u'\  are 
li  just 
1  these 
huirtaiit 
|>  ie('(>p- 
r  eere- 
luental 
)euclies 


liivc  it  is 

lilly  -fonii 

,,,,,/.  lifiiij. 

linii-,'  but 
'On 
1  share  liis 
.ayniilisi- 
Jr;i.  !>.  1">-. 
|o  Ids  Mis- 
Ill  (.lad, 
|,p.  ir,i  -1. 
■.s  /;. ''., 

lol   xwli., 


■^tvuclv  Avitli  sticks:  a  iiluiik  hollowed  out  on  the  uuder 


side  aiu 


I   heateu  with  (h'uin-stieks  ahout  ii  ibot  ion; 


rattle  made  ol"  dried  seal-skin  in  the  lorni  of  a  lii^h.  with 
jH'hhles;  a  whistle  ol"  deer-hone  aljout  an  ineh  U)\\\s  with 
one  hole,  w  hieli  like  the  rattle  ean  oidv  he  \\i<v{\  hv  ehieis; 
and  a  hunch  ol"  nuis<de-shells,  to  he  shaken  Hki'  castanets.^' 
Their  soniis  are  monotonous  chants,  extendinii  o\er  hut 
lew  notes,  varied  hy  occasional  howls  and  w  hooj»s  in  stniio 
of  the  more  spirited  midodies.  pk'asant  or  otherwise,  ac- 
coi'dini:'  to  the  taste  ol"  the  hearer.'"  Certain  ol  theii* 
i'easts  ai'e  ^iven  periodically  hy  the  liead  chiefs,  which 
distant  trihes  attend,  and  durinjz'  which  take  place  the 
distributions  ol"  property  already  nientiont'tk  A\  henevcr 
a  .uil't  is  oH'cred.  etitpiette  reipiires  the  recipient  to  snatch 
it  I'udelv  from  the  doni)r  with  astern  and  suil\  look.^'' 


Ai 


nionii'  the  nnscellaneous customs  noticed  hy  the  diller- 
cnt  authorities  already  (pioted.  may  he  mentioned  the  lol- 
lowinji'.  Daily  hathing  in  the  sea  is  [)racticed.  the  vapor- 
hath  not  l)eing  used,  (,'hildren  are  rolled  in  the  snow  hy 
their  mothers  to  make  them  hardy,  ('amjjs  and  otiier 
l)ropei'ty  are  moved  Trom  [)lace  to  phice  hy  i)ilin,u  them  on 
a  plank  platl'orm  huilt  across  the  canoes.  \\'hymper  saw^ 
Indians  near  Ihite  Inlet  earrvinti  hiu'dens  on  the  hack  hv 
a  strap  across  the  lorehead.  In  a  fiiiht  they  rarely  strike 
l)ut  close  and  depend  on  pullinj:'  hair  and  scratchinu';  a 
chance  blow  must  l)e  made  u[)  by  a  preset 


It.     I 


nvitations 


**'  .li'ii-iirs  X'ir. 


L'voh- 


vv 


:io,  r,  ■ 


Kiifiiurir  s 


r. //.  ('»  I'<ii'.,  viil.  ii.,  pp.  :Ui>  II. 


1'"//.,  Vdl.  iii.,  pp.  ;i(l7  1(1 


Thiir  inusio  is  mostly  f^'rave  inid  serious,  mid  in  exact  eoneert,  when 


RUiier  by  L'reat  inuiibcrs.     'Variations  niuiierons  and  tx])ressiv< 


d  th 


drnee  or  melody  ]io\verfully  soothint,'.'  t'tm/.'s  I'o//. /'>  J'ac,  vol.  ii.,  j  p.  Ilid- 
II,  ■-><:!.  J)islik(' i'lnrojiean  nmsie.  >i(/)7// .l/(,i'/(,'(ni'(,  I'lV/f/e,  ]'p.  l-")!  'J.  •'I'lieli' 
tunes  are  f,'enerally  solt  an.l  jilaintive,  and  thoui,di  not  jiossessjnj,'  i^vaU  va- 
riety, are  not  deticient  in  harmony.'  ib  wilt  thinks  the  words  of  tlie  son^s 
may  lie  borrowed  from  otln  r  trilMS.  ./ii/iV/'.s  yar.,  ]>.  7'i,  and  sjieeinn  ii  of 
vvarsomj.  i'.  Ifii.  Airs  pon>ist  of  live  or  six  bars,  varyini,' sli;4hlly,  time  liein^.^ 
beaten  in  the  middle  of  the  bar.  '  Melody  they  have  none,  there  is  nothiii^; 
solt.  pleas] n'..;,  or  toiieliin;4  ill  their  airs;  they  are  not,  however,  without  Mime 

<le;.;ri f  rude  harmony.'  iifiini,  in  J. (mil.  tun  /.  Sue.  ,/.../(•.,  vol.  x\  iii  .  ]>.  ;  lUl. 

'.Veert.iin  In  aiity  of  natural  expression  in  many  of  the  nativi'  strains,  if  it 
were  |ios,-iilile  to  relieve  them  from  the  iiioiiotoiiy  w  hirh  is  their  f.iiilt.'  'Jheni 
are  old  men.  wanderiiv.^  minstnls,  who  siiiu;  w.ir  soiiLrs  and  be^.  'It  is  re- 
niarUable  how  aptly  the  nativi's  catch  and  imitaie  sonys  heard  from  settle  ra 
ur  travelers.'  Sjimtil's  Sfi'iny.  p]i.  C,:!-."). 

"''  .U'(.7r's  \'unc.  Jsl.,  pp.  4;ill-l;  Jdci/r.s  .V((/'.,  p.  3'.). 


202 


COLUMniANS. 


to  out  must  not  bo  (leclinod,  no  matter  how  often  repented. 
Out  of  doors  there  is  no  niitive  jiesture  of  suhitation.  hut 
in  the  housi's  u  ^uest  is  motioned  politely  to  ii  eoueh; 
guests  iU'e  held  siicred.  and  great  ceremonies  are  per- 
formed at  the  reception  of  strangers :  all  important  events 
arc  announced  hv  heralds.  Friends  sometimes  saunter 
along  hand  in  hand.  A  secret  society,  inde[)endent  of 
triln',  family,  or  crest,  is  sup[)osed  ])y  S[)roat  to  exist  among 
tlieui.  l)ut  its  purposes  are  unknown.  In  a  jialaver 
with  Avhites  the  orator  holds  a  long  Avhite  pole  in  his 
liaud,  which  he  sticks  occasionally  into  the  ground  hy 
way  of  eni[)hasis.  An  animal  chosen  as  a  crest  must 
not  he  shot  or  ill-treated  in  the  presence  of  any  wearing 
its  iigure;  hoys  recite  portions  of  their  elders'  speeches 
as  declamations;  names  are  changed  many  times  during 
life,  at  the  will  of  the  individual  or  of  the  tribe. 

In  sorcery,  witclicraft,  prophecy,  dreams,  evil  spir- 
its, and  the  transmigration  of  .-ouls,  the  X(«)tkas  are  llrni 
ludievers.  and  these  beliefs  enable  the  numerous  soi'cer- 
ers  of  dilferent  grades  to  iiciiuire  great  jiower  in  the 
tribes  by  their  strange  ridiculous  ceremonies.  !Most  of 
their  tricks  are  transparent,  l)eing  deceptions  worked  by 
the  aid  of  confedenites  to  keep  up  their  power;  hut,  as 
in  all  religions,  the  votary  nmst  have  some  faith  in  the 
efficacy  of  their  incantations.  The  sorcerer,  before  giv- 
ing a  s[)ecial  demonstration,  retires  apart  to  meditate. 
After  spending  some  time  alone  in  the  forests  and  mount- 
ains, lasting  and  Incerating  the  llesh,  he  a})pears  sud- 
denly before  the  tribe,  emaciated,  wild  with  excitement, 
clad  in  a  strange  costume,  grotescpiely  ])ainted.  and 
wearing  a  hideous  mask.  The  scenes  that  ensue  aro 
indescribable.  Itut  the  aim  seems  to  be  to  commit  all  the 
wild  iVeal^s  that  a  maniac's  imauination  m:iv  devise, 
accoui[)anied  by  the  most  unearthly  yi'lls  which  can  ter- 
rorize the  heart.  J/ive  dogs  and  dead  human  ))odies  aro 
sei/A'd  and  tovn  by  their  teeth ;  but.  at  least  in  later  times, 
they  seeju  not  to  attack  the  living,  and  their  ]H'rform- 
ances  are  souiewhat  less  hoi-rible  and  bloody  than  tlu? 
wild  or;jiies  of   the  northern  tribes.      The  sorcerer  ih 


CUSTOMS  AND  CANXIBALTS^I. 


203 


tliouglit  to  have-  nioro  iiilluoncc  uitli  l)a(l  spirits  than 
uith  good,  and  is  always  rcsortrd  to  in  tlio  case  of  any 
sorions  mislbrtuno.  New  ini'mhtTs  of  tlu'  fraternity  are 
initiated  into  the  mysteries  hy  similar  ceremonies.  Old 
women  are  not  without  their  traditional  mysteiMous  j)ow- 
er.s  in  matters  of  i)ro[)he('v  and  witchcraft;  and  all  chiel's 
in  times  oi'  per[tlexity  practice  fasting'  and  laceration. 
Dreams  are  helieved  to  he  the  visits  of  spirits  or  of  the 
Avanderiuii'  soul  of  some  living'  jtarty,  and  the  unfortu- 
nate XoiJtUa  hoy  or  jiirl  whose  hluhhi'r-loaded  stomach 
causes  uneasy  dreams,  nuist  he  pro[)erly  hiicked,  scoi'ched, 
smothered,  and  otherwise  tormented  until  the  evil  s|)ii'it 
is  appi'used."'  A\  hether  oi*  not  these  people  were  can- 
nihals.  is  a  disputed  ((Ui'stion,  hut  there  seems  to  he  litllo 
douht  that  slaves  huxe  ])een  sacrificed  and  eaten  as  a 
part  of  their  devilish  rites.*''^ 


"'  'I  hnvo  sfon  tlio  sorcprovs  nt  work  a  hundred  timrs,  Imt  fh(  y  nso  so 
nimiy  cliuvms,  which  aiiiicar  to  luc  ridiculDiis,  —  thry  siii;^',  howl,  and  ^^<stiiii- 
latc  in  SI)  oxtnivaL;ant  a  manner,  and  snrroiind  tlieir  ellice  wilii  s\icli  dread 
and  mystery. — that  I  am  (jnite  unalile  to  deserihe  their  jierfornianccs,'  ].]i. 
liiit-7il.  'An  nnhielvv  (hcani  will  stoji  a  sale,  ii  treaty,  a  lishin;,',  hunting, 
<ir  war  oxpedilion,'  p.  17").  Siirmit's  »• /(  s,  ]  p.  ]i.")-7").  A  eliii  f,  otl'ered  i\ 
jiieee  of  toliaeeo  for  allowiiii,'  liis  ]iortrait  (o  be  made,  said  it  was  a  small  re- 
ward for  risking;  his  life.  Ivt.n  's  Uk/.i/  .  ]>.  •2-10.  Shrewd  individuals  inqjoso 
on  their  neiijhliors  hy  jiretendin;.,'  to  reet  ive  a  revelation,  tellini,'  ila  ni  where 
lish  or  berries  are  most  abniuhint.  Description  of  initiatory  ceremonies  of 
the  sorcerers.  Mdi'lic's  \'<lii('.  Is'.,  pp.  IK),  4.mI  7,  1~>1.  .Iiirit'.'s  \ar..  ]ip.  IIS  ',). 
A  brave  jirince  t^'oes  to  a  distant  l.ike.  inm])s  f lom  a  hit;h  ro(d<  into  (he  water, 
and  rubs  all  the  skin  oU'  liis  face  with  ])iec  i  s  of  rouu'h  bark,  amid  the  ap- 
plause of  his  attendants.  l)eseri|.tion  of  kinij's  prayirs.  and  ceremonies  to 
l)rin^'  rain.  .'<i(til  i/  .Miw'iftiKi,  \'iii  c.  \<p.  1  !•")  i!,  ;>/.  Candidates  are  thrown 
into  a  sfatt>  of  iiksiik risin  before  their  initiation.  '  Mnliciin.'  in  llii'c!.iic;s'  I'lil. 
Mt'i..  vol.  v.,  "p.  2l.7">S;  Il'irntl-Li  I'iKirils  'I'ritr.,  pp.  r>l-3;  Cd  ifnrhins,  .Xnl'i- 
ci'ls,  pj).  ()1    S.). 

■"  I'hey  bidui;ht  for  sale  'human  skulls,  and  hands  not  yet  quite  strip]ied 
of  till'  llesh,  which  thi'y  maih'  our  peo|:te  ]il.iinly  understaml  tlnyh.ad  eaten; 
anil,  indeed,  some  of  them  had  evident  marks  that  they  had  l)i  en  upon  the 
tire.'  i'tio,'.'.-<  \'(ii/.  Ill  I'lic.,  vol.  ii..  p. '-"l.  Slaves  are  occasionally  sarrilieed 
and  feastid  uimn.  .1/"0's'  I'"//.,  p.  •_.'").").  '  No  todos  habian  conndo  la  earno 
hnmana,  ni  en  todo  tiempo,  sino  solaiuente  los|_;uerreros  mas  aniniosos  ipnin- 
ih)  SI'  jireparaban  para  salir  a  canipafia.'  '  I'iirece  indudablr  ipie  esios  salva- 
iirs  han  sido  antropi')fau'os.'  Si  I'r  i/  .\fi .i-'rnini,  Vinjt.  ]>,  ll'.d.  ',\t  N'ootha 
Sonmh  an  I  at  the  Sandwich  Isl.inds.  Ledyard  witnessed  inst.n.ces  of  canni- 
balism. In  both  places  he  saw  human  tlesh  prepared  for  foixh'  .">/"//■/.  '.s  L'lj'n 
<it'  J.'di/firil.  ]i.  71:  CiirniriiHin'  .Vcc-  /•.'/  /^"/v/f/o,  pp.  111!  i'..  'Cannibalism,  all- 
thoUL;h  nidinown  anioie^'  the  Indians  of  tlu'  Colunibi.i,  is  practised  by  the 
sav,i'_;es  on  the  coast  to  the  northward.'  '  '  .I's  .\ilrpii.,  vol.  i.,  ])]).  lilO-ll .  The 
cannibal  ceremonies  ipioted  by  ^laetie  and  referred  to  Vancouver  Island, 
jirobably  were  intended  for  the  llaidahs  farther  noi'th.  I'".!'.  Is'.,  j).  J.'M.  A 
slave  as  late  as  !■-■");)  was  drawn  up  and  down  a  pole  by  a  hook  throu^di  tho 


204 


COHJMDIAXH. 


Tlic  X(K)tl<iis  arc  Lii'iu'rallv  a  l()ii"-liv(  <1  race,  and  from 
tlK>  l)t\iiiiining  to  tlie  railiiiii'  ol"  iiiaiiliood  umk'rv.t)  littlcj 
cliaii;^!!  ill  appi'araiu't'.  .Icwitt  stati-s  that  during'  liiscap- 
t'nitv  of  tliri'c  vcars  at  XootUa  Sound,  onlv  livi'  natural 
deaths  oi'i'uri'cd,  and  thc>  jn'oplc  sulVcrcd  scarci'ly  anv  dis- 
oaso  t'Xtvpt  the  ('olic.  Sproat  mentions  as  tlie  eonnnon- 
ost  diseases;  l)ilious  ('oui])iaints,  dvsenterv.  a  eonsuniptioii 
Avliieh  almost  aUvavs  lollows  syi)lnlis,  ievers,  and  anion|j; 
the  aui'd.  ophthahnia.  Aeeidental  injuries,  as  outs,  hruis- 
es,  sprains,  and  hi-oken  limhs,  are  treated  with  e(Mi- 
.siderahle    success   hv  means  of  sinqjle    salves  oi"  uuiuf 


CO 


Id 


>v 


liter,    [)ine-i)arl 


hand: 


iii'cs.   and    wooden    si) 


liiit^ 


Natural  pains  and  maladies  are  invariahlv  ascriht'd  to  the 
ahsence  or  other  irrcLiidar  conduct  of  the  soul,  or  to  the 
inlliieiice  of  evil  s|)irits.  and  all  treatment  is  directed  to 
the  recall  ol"  the  i'ormer  and  to  the  apiieasini:'  of  the  latter. 
Still,  so  lonii'  as  the  ailment  is  sliiiht.  simple  means  are 
resorted  to.  and  the  patient  is  kindly  cared  lor  hy  the 


Avomen 


as    Aviien 


head; 


icue,    cohc,   or    rlier,mati>m    is 


treated  by  the  ap})lication  of  hot  <<r  c(^ld  water,  hot  a,-hes, 
IViction.  or  the  swalkminu'  ol  cold  teas  iiKuk'  iVom  vaii- 
ous  roots  and  leaves.  Nearly  every  disease  has  a  specilio 
I'or  its  cure.  Orejion  j:rape  and  other  lierhs  cure  syphilis; 
Avasp-nest  pou(U>r  is  a  tonic,  and  l)lackl)erries  an  astrinu;'- 
ent ;  hemlock  hark  I'orms  a,  j)laster,  and  doii-wood  hark 
is  a  strenijjthener;  an  infusion  of  younii'  pine  cones  or 
the  inside  scrapiiiiis  of  a  human  skull  ])revent  too  rajiid 
family  increase,  while  certain  plants  iacilitate  al;ortion. 
AVhen  a  sickness  hecomes  serious,  the  sorct'i'er  or  medi- 
cine-man is  called  in  and  incantations  hc^uin.  more  or  less 
noisy  according   to  the  umoiint  of  the    [)rospectivo  fee 


sliin  ami  tciiilniis  of  tlio  Imrlc.  and  iiftcnvanls  (Icvonri'd.  ,l/i '/.'r^.v,  hi  U"tfh- 
iiitjx'  I'.il.  .'.''/  '.,  vol.  v.,  ]>.  '2  :>.  I/authriiii(>))lia'.'i('  a  I't '■  loiiiitfiir  s  en  i;;a.::;o 
.  . .  .pt  iK'ut-i'-t  re  y  exist  c-t-i  II' (1:0  )ic    .  .    !,<■  chrf  .Maciiiiiiii   .  .   tuait  iiii  jiri  sdh- 


iiicr  ii  chaiino 


]U11(>  IKUlVi  Ih 


fs    I't.'l 


it  iiivit  's  h  ci-ttt'  li  iriil) 


frtc 


.1/ 


in.  li.qi'i'i'.,  tiiiii.  ii.,  ]i. 


']t  is  not  iiiiprolial  Ic  that  the  sms- 


liicinii  vhat   the   N'oolkaus  arc   caniiihals  may  lie  traced  to   the  \.Yi 


A 


eustoni   anala.i,'ous  to  the    'I'ud-t:   Ui'.    of  the  llacd  t/.wl 


virlcr.   III 


I.o,nJ.,  i: 
iiein;4  a  vietini  i 


.hiiir.,  vol.  Ni.,  II]).  'l'l)-i.      'Tlie  horrid  iiraetiee  of  saeri- 

'ither  uuce  iu  three  vears  or 


not  annual,  hut  onlv  oe( 


t'lse  at  nnt'c 


rtaiu  intervaln 


^t" 


V 


Ijij. 


NOOTKA  lUTilAL. 


205 


1  from 
)  little 
iscMi)- 

IJltlMul 

II V  dis- 
luimsn- 
jiil)tioii 
ainonij; 
,  bniis- 

h     0311- 

•  -mils, 
sjiliiits. 
il  to  the 
r  to  the 
c'ctcd  to 
I'  latii'i". 
■ans  are 

•  hy  the 
\\\>m  is 
)t  a.-hos, 
)m  vaii- 

specilic 
vj-hilis; 
asti'in.ii- 
|()(l  hark 
ones  or 
)o  rajiid 
hortlon. 
l)r  uu'di- 
c  or  loss 
tive  lee 


in  jr'lrh. 
Is  en  r.sa;^o 
lull  pri  ;oii- 
\r  IrirrUilc 
[A  till'  Mis- 

Viic'.icc  of 
|>ci(7c;',  ill. 
lo  of  sacri- 
Tu  vouis  or 


and  the  luniihrrof  relatives  and  friends  ^vho  join  in  the 
iil»i'oar.  A  vei'v  \yn)v  wretch  is  pcnnitted  to  die  in  eoiii- 
]»Mrative  (|iiiet.  In  d'llicMdt  eases  the  doctor,  wrought  ii]) 
to  the  highest  state  oC  excitement,  claims  to  see  and  hear 
the  soul,  and  to  jnd<:e  of  the  patient's  |)r()s[)ects  hy  its 
])osition  and  niovcnients.  The  sick  man  shows  little 
iortitiide.  and  ahandons  himsell' hel[)lessly  to  the  doctors 
ridiculous  measures.  I''ai!in,^'  in  a  cure,  the  jilivsician 
o('ts  no  |»ay.  hut  it  successi'ul.  does  not  I'ail  to  make  u 
lariie  demand.  Hoth  the  old  and  the  iielpU'ssly  sick  are 
i"re(|uentlv  ahandoned  hv  the  Alits  to  die  without  aid  in 


tl 


le  lorest 


After  (h'ath  the  Xootkas  hody  is  ])ronii)tly  put  away: 
a  slave's  hody  is  unceremoniously  thrown  into  the  wa- 
ter; that  ol'  a  freeman,  is  placed  in  a  crouching;'  ])osture, 
their  favorite  oiu>  during  life,  in  a  dee])  wooden  l)o.\.  or 
in  a  canoe,  and  suspeiide(l  from  the  hranches  of  a  trei', 
deposited  on  tlu'  iiround  with  a  co\erinii'  of  sticks  and 
stones,  or,  more  rarely,  huried.  Common  [)eo|»le  are  i, -du- 
ally left  on  the  surface;  the  nohility  are  suspeiidi'd  from 


trees  at  heiuhts  dilT 


eriiiLi'.  as  some  au 


thorit 


les  sa\'.  accoiH 


i\\'^  to  rank.  The  practic(>  of  hurnini;"  the  dead  seems 
also  to  have  heeii  followed  in  some  jjarts  of  this  region, 
llach  trihe  has  a  huryiii,u'-,;zrouiid  chosen  on  sonu*  hill- 
siiU'  or  small  island.  With  chiefs,  hlankets.  skins,  and 
othei-  property  in  larjie  amounts  ari'  huried.  huiio'  \\\) 
ah  )ut  the  jirave,  or  hiirned  durinir  tin;  funeral  ceremo- 
nies, whicli  are  not  (N)mi)licated  e\ce[)t  foi"  the  luLihest 
ollicials.      The  eolllns  are  ol'ten  ornamented  with  car\'- 

*■■'  lihcumiiti-iin  niul  ]iuralysis  :\ro  varf  iiialadii's.'  Syiiliilis  is  ])rn1ialily 
iii(liL;iiiiius.  Am]iiitaliiiii.  liluiKl-lcttiiiL;.  ainl  iiii  lallic  iiii  diriiic  imt  cinjilnvid. 
JL'lii'iius  t)  ])r()iliicc  liivc  arc  luiiii'i-diis.  '  Voiiiii,'  and  old  of  l)olli  srxcs  an; 
rX|iosi(l\vli('iialilictiMl  with  liii'^'iiiii.,'  disrasc'  >///•<  (it's  >(■■/, is,  )i]i.  'l')'.-!,  "iSJ, 
'.il:;  I.  •  llrad.irlii'  is  cured  liy  strikiliu'  tlic  part  atVccti  d  willi  small  liraiii'lii  s 
of  til"  s]nuci'  *r('i\'  Doctors  arc  ^,'ciicrally  chosen  from  imn  uho  liavc 
th<-m-.'-lvcs  sutV  ■i-c<l  serious  inala(Ucs.  .lA(c;/'('.s  T'O/c.  />/.,  |)|).  ■!■  S  - 1().  •'I'lieir 
cure  I'or  rheUinalism  or  similar  pains.  .  .  is  hy  ciittiii'^  or  scarifying;  the  part 
iitVcctecl.'  ./I'iriVr.s'  Xar.,  p.  1-12.  They  aro  sen  sick  on  Kiirnpiaii  vi  ssels. 
I'niilf's  (J.  Cliiir.  hi.,  p.  Ml,  Description  of  ceremonies.  >ini,4,  in  M^n/m's 
11.  I'.,  jip.  "iiii:},  :ili|.  ''rii'>  jialii  nt  is  jnU  to  hed,  and  for  the  most  part 
Ktavvcd,  lest  the  foiul  should  lie  emisumcd  hy  his  internal  enemy,'  '  I  he 
Warm  and  steam  hath  is  vi'iy  freipiditly  employed.'  .)/' c/iciu'*,  iii  Jhil<:liiiii,n' 
Col.  Muj.,  vol.  v.,  pp.  •J2(>-S. 


m 


coLr^rmAxm. 


iiif!s  or  j)aiiitiii;j;s  of  tlu'  (Icccasi'd  man's  crest,  oi*  uitli 
roNvs  of  shells.  When  u  tlciitli  occurs,  the  woiueii  of 
the  ti'ihe  make  a  <j:enei'al  liowl.  and  keep  it  u\)  at  intervals 
i'or  man\  (lavs  or  munlhs;  the  men,  alter  a  little  speech- 
making',  keep  silent.  The  I'amily  and  I'riends.  with  hla<'k- 
ened  laces  and  hair  cut  sli(»rt.  lollow  the  hody  to  its  last 
restinii-placiMvith  nnisi(^  and  t)ther  manil'estations  of  sor- 
row, jienerally  terminatinji'  in  a  least.  'I'here  is  ^reat 
reluctance  to  exjilain  their  funeral  usages  to  strangers; 
death  hein^'  re,i:arded  hy  this  jieople  with  lireat  supersti- 
tion and  dread.  iK^t  from  solicitude  i'or  the  welfare  of 
the  dead,  itut  from  a  helief  in  the  ])ower  of  departed 
s[iirits  to  do  nmch  harm  to  the  livinj:'.'" 

'I'he  Xootka  chai-acter  jiresents  all  the  inconsistencies 
ohservahle  amonii'  other  American  ahoriuines.  since  there 
is  hardly  a  p)od  or  had  trait  that  has  not  hy  some  ob- 
server l)een  ascribed  to  them.  Their  idiosyncrasies  as  a 
race  are  perha[»s  best  jiiven  by  Sproat  as  ■'wani:  of  ob- 
servation, a  ;:i'eat  deliciency  of  foresijiht,  exti'cme  (ickle- 
ness  in  tlcir  j)assions  and  jjurposes.  hal)itual  suspicion, 
and  a  love  of  jjower  and  display;  added  to  which  may 
be  noticed  their  ingratitutle  and  revengeful  disposition. 


90  'I'],,,  rustoii)  of  lmniin<,'  or  bnryini^'  i)iojicrty  is  wIkjIIv  ('(iiifiiM'tl  to  r-liiifs. 
'  Xiiilit  is  tluir  tinii'  for  iiitcn'iti^'  tlic  tlcinl.'  Jiiirtoou  tricivs,  m  itli  ii  feast  iiiul 
iliiiicc,  foniud  part  of  tln'i'crcliioiiy.  ./(!'•  7/ '.s-  Xiir.,  jij),  iO").  11  l-'J.  liM.  At  \al- 
(Ics  Islaiul,  '  we  saw  two  si  j)nlchr(  s  l)nilt  willi  jilauli  alioiit  live  f(  (  t  in  lie  i^'lit, 
seven  in  Iriij^th,  ami  four  in  laeailtli.  'Iluse  liuanls  were  curiously  j  er!'orat((l 
at  tile  ( mis  and  siiles,  ami  the  tops  coveri  il  with  loose  jjieccs  of  jilank;'  in- 
ch isid  evichntly  the  relies  of  many  ill  II'.  rent  liodies,  \'ii,iiiiiir('r's  I '<■//.,  vol.  i., 
jip.  Mis  ',).  ''J'he  colli II  is  usually  an  ohl  canoe,  laslii  il  round  and  round,  like 
uii  F,i,'yptian  niunuiiy-ease.'  Luid's  .\iit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  170.     ' 'I'hc  re  is  Ljeuerally 

some  eroteS(jUe   tiu'Ure   JiMJnted  (in    the  uutside  of    llie   box,  <ir  roU;.lily  SfUl|.- 

tnred  out  of  \voo<l  and  ]jlaced  liy  the  side  of  it.  For  some  days  after  d(  aih 
the  relatives  liurn  salmon  or  venison  before  the  tond).'  '  They  will  never 
mention  the  nanu' of  a  dea<l  man.'  linint.  in  Ijntul.  tlvnij.  Sue.  .!<:iir..  vol.  \xvii., 
]']).  ;i()l-lt.  'Ash  rule,  tlie  Inilians  bum  their  dead,  and  then  br.iy  the  ash- 
es.'    '  It  wasat  one  time  not  uneomnion  fcir  Indians  to  desert  foiixir  a  lod''o 


in  which  one  of  their  family  ha<l  di(  il.'  Mnjii'  'n  Ii.  ('.,  ]\i 


Mltll  cu 


t  of 


gravi 


For  thirtv  davs  after  the  fun 


dirL;es  are  eliantid  at  s.inrise  autl 


nset.  M'lriU-'s  \'i(iic.  /.s/..  [ip.  1 17  IS.    Children  frequently, but  | 


never.  W( 


re  found  haiiLtiu'.,'  in  tr( 


.1/' 


'■".'/•■  1' 


JM: 


row  n  persons 


r<(il' 


ji,'.  •_-")S"i,:(.     The  bddies  of  chiefs  are  huuj,'  in  trees  on  hi_h  mountain 


ile  till 


)f  th 


imnii>ns  .-ire  buriecl.  that  their  souls  mav  li 


^■hortel• 

.;«•,  pp.  i:;'.l- 

•10.     •  Tlie  Indians  never  iuler  their  dead.' ai.'.d  rarelv  burn  them,  liarnlt- 


journey  to  their  residence  in  a  future  life,  .'^util  i^  M,, 


Xc. !««/•(/ s  Trar.,  ji.  51. 


ClIAUVCTEU  or  Till'.  NODTKAS. 


r  with 

JU'll   of 

iterviils 

i  liliK'k- 
its  liist 

<  of  M)l'- 

is  ;j,'n'!it 
•iiiiut'i>; 
iHHTsti- 
>\[\\\v  of 
Icyiiu'tt'd 

istl'IK-U'S 

ICO  tlu'i'o 
■<ouu'  ol)- 
sirs  iis  ii 
iV  of  ol)- 
le  lickK'- 
iisp'u'ion, 
icli  may 
^losition, 


(1  to  fliiifs. 

il  friist  Ullil 

;.;.    AtVal- 
t  in  111  i.L'lit, 
(■rl'iiviilcil 
[l'il;nik;'  iii- 
,.(/.,  vol.  i., 
Iinnnil,  lilvu 
|is  mm  rally 
.lily  sciil).- 
iil'ti'v  (It  iith 
I-  will  ii(V(i' 
vol.  xxvii., 
liiy  tln'  iisli- 
l\rr  M  1im1l;i^ 
I  with  fUt  of 
.mvisc  iiiid 
Iwii  pn-soiis 
lilt's  .'  cms, 
liuountaiiis, 
I'l'  a  >Uoit(  1" 

l/'s  I'P-  '•'•'" 
Iiu.  liarnii- 


llicir  rciitViiU'^s  lor  WiV:.  iiud  ri'voltin^'  'mdiru'rciicc  to 
liiiiiiiin  siilll'i'iii':. "  'I'Ik'so  <|ii;ilitii's.  liidLird  1)\'  <'i\  ili/.iil 
.•^tandiii'ds  cciisiiriiblo.  to  tlio  NdoiUa  arc  iiraiscwortliy. 
Avhilc  coiitrai'v  »iiialit'ws  ari>  to  I)L'  aAoidc  1.  I)\  a,  strict 
apiilicatioii.  tliorcforc.  of  'put  yoiii'si'lf  in  his  ))lacc"  |»rin- 
cijilcs.  to  whirh  most  'pHxl  Indians'  owe  du-ir  rc|)utation. 
Xdotka  cliai'actcr  nmst  not  be  too  liar^lily  condcnnuMl. 
Tlicy  iO'o  not.  so  I'ai'  as  jiliysical  action?  arc  (•(••iccrncd,  a 
vcniiiikidily  la/y  ju'oplc.  hnt  their  minc.s.  idthonuh  intcl- 
li.Licnt  when  aron.si'd.  arc  a\('r.H'  to  c  Tort  and  (|uickl_\' 
iati,L!Ucd  ;  nor  can  they  romitrchi-nd  the  idvantiii:t'  of  con- 
tinued clVort  I'or  any  I'ntnrc  i:()od  wiuc'i  is  at  all  ri-mote. 
A'\  hat  little  ioresii:ht  they  haxc.  has  nnich  in  common 
x\ith  the  instinct  of  heasts.  Ordinal  ily.  tluy  are  (|uiet 
iind  well  hehaM'd,  especially  the  hiiilu-r  classes,  hut  when 
once  ron.si'd  to  anjii'r.  they  ra^c.  hitc,  spit  and  kick  with- 
out the  sliiihtest  attemi>t  at  self-|iosscssion.  A  sei'ious  ol- 
feiiscaLiinnst  an  individual.  althouLih  nominally  jiardoned 
in  considci'ation  of  presents,  can  I'cally  never  he  com- 
jiletely  atoned  i'or  except  hy  hlood  :  hence  pri\!ite.  fiMnil_\', 
and  tribal  ['v\\C\:^  continue  from  _i:enei'ation  to  ui'ni'ration. 
A\ Omen  are  not  innnodest.  hut  the  men  have  no  shame. 
Stealin^i:'  is  recoi:ni/ed  as  a  I'ault.  and  the  ])ractice  as  he- 
tweeii  nK'mi;ers  of  till'  same  trihi'  is  rare,  hut  skillful  jiil- 
I'crii!':  from  stran,i:ers.  if  not  ollicially  sanctioned,  is  c.\- 
tt'nsi\('ly  carried  on  and  much  admireil:  still  any  prop- 
erty conlided  in  trust  to  a  Noolka  is  said  to  he  faithfully 
returncil.  To  his  vrifc  he  is  kind  and  just;  to  his  chil- 
dren afi'cctionate.  l''.l'.()rts  for  their  con\-ersion  to  forclLii 
reliuifais  lia\e  heen  in  the  highest  deurt'c  unsuccessful."' 


ll 


i!  I 


20S 


COLUMIUAXS. 


TiiK  R  -uxn  Indians,  l»y  Vvhidi  Iltiii  T  fiiul  it  convon- 
iriii  t(»(K'siL;"iiatc  llionaiioiisaboiit  J'lr^et  S()uihl,c;)iisti- 
1  uti;  lli(^  third  ^".uuily  <>1"  llio  ( 'oluiubiaii  ji^Tou]).  In  this 
division  1  inchu'eall  the  natives  ol' tliat  part  of  Wasli- 
iiiLrtou  whicli  lies  to  the  west  ol'  thi;  Cascade  li:in''';\ 
except  a  strip  from  t\ventv-(ive  to  forty  mill's  wide  aloni;' 
the  north  hank  ol'  thi'  ('ohnnhia.  The  north-i-astei'ii 
si'ction  ol'  this  teri'itory.  inchuiin,^'  tlie  San  .Inan  ^ironp, 
A\  irulhey  Island,  and  llie  rciiion  trihntarx  to  lU-Uin^hani 
\\a\.  is  the  home  ol'  the  .\(i(i/iSii/,\  Lidiiiin.  Saiin^li  and 
Sh'(i'i't  nations,  whose  nei^liliors  and  constant  harassers 
on  the  north  are  the  lierce  Kwantlnms  and  Cowichinsol 
the  Xooika  family  ahont  tiie  month  of  the  I'raser.  The 
eentiMi  section,  comprising  the  shores  and  islands  of 
Admirally  Inlet,  llooil  ranal.  and  I'nLiet  Sonnd  |)rojier, 
is  occupied  hy  nnmerons  tribes  with  \ariously  spelled 
names,  mostly  U'rminatin;^'  in  ////s//.  wliii'h  names,  with 
all  tlirir  oriho^raphic  di\('i',>ity.  have  heen  !^i\i'n  lm'I)-- 
•  ■rally  to  the  streams  on  whose  hanks  the  dlii'erent  na- 
tions dwelt.  All  these  trihes  may  he  tt-rmcil  the  A 's- 
'l'iii!'ij  nation,  takinu'  the  name  from  tlii'  most  mnnerons 
and  hcst-known  of  the  trihes  located  ahont  the  head  of 
the  sonml.  The  ddHniii^  inhahit  the  eastei'n  jiorlioii 
of  t!ie  piaiinsnla  hetween  the  sonnd  and  tin-  Pacilic. 
'I'lie  western  extremity  of  the  same  peninsnla.  lerminat- 
ln;.:at  (  'ape  l''liitter_\  .  isoc>'npled  \\\  the  ( 'fiiKSt  l^{)V  M(i!,ii/i^; 

niiis.'  I>  mil  .ii'cli's  l>isirl<.  vdl,  i..  p.  ss  Tlic  .vitlinalits  ;,'ivrii  to  ^I'.'L'vcssixc 
v.ir,  Mill  runs,  ijiiciiily  'lir.ir  a  ImiI  ii|iiil.iliiui.'  Wiiiimjn  r's  Ahi-I.  i,  p  71. 
>.ul  111'  ivr,  MM  1  a  sli'^r],!  iTpul-^1'  ilamits  Hi  ni.  ■  S'lici'Vc  in  liis  fn'rmls  lip,  k'wA 
t  I  liii  ui;r  aihl  rhiMrrii,  tiiiil  c l('V(i|(  (II \'  liival  t'o  liis  own  li-ilic.'  p.  •")!.  •  lit 
siclilic^s  a!hl  appniiicliili;^'  dralli,  I  lie  savii;.^r  alwuvs  1mc<iiiic's  im  laiulinly  '  p 

I  iJ.  ■';,,:,  /s  >,•  ,.,s.  \^\).  :io.  :i.;,  Tii,  ill,  il'.i  -Jl,  'l.'iii  I'pi;.  is;,  ■.  n;  •Ci'iiniix 
mill  \  iirl.  I  ih  r,  Ij.uvs  Very  Mava;.;!'  and  micivilizi  il  il'i!,'s.'  aiul  lli''  .S'  ilKas  im; 
I  '  ll'  !iii'.i(,l.  •('nii'l.  lilipinllliii'siy,  ti'i'aclii  iiiU'<  ami  cowuidly.'  i, ■(,.'.  ;,* 
J.ini'l.  '.r  ■!.  >.»•.  ./.),//•.,  vol.  xwii..  p']).  •.'.»!.  -JDd.  I'.is,  :;(i.l.  ;!ii7,  .i/.i../  t's  /;.  c  , 
|>.  -!  ::  I/c;. 's  \''iiii\  A-;'.,  pp«  lllii,  10  1.  17-'.  177.  ISI;  /'noVs '/.  inr.  Isl., 
J  p.  -  'I  'i.  ill''  Spaiiiai'ils  !:,a\i'  tlir  Xocilka--  a  iii'ali  lii'K'  v  rli  i  ro  v  lli.in 
^'lva:.,'l■^s  of  nlii,  r  nalidiis.  >iitif  ii  .]/■. [■'!■■' imi.  \"i  i-  < .  pp.  L.'i.  .'tl  ■.'.  .i',  '■'.  ''■i.  '.•!•, 
ifi.  1. 1.!.  l;,i  ."il.  I.'il  f.;  |■,,.■llls^  \'.i„r.  1-.I..  p.  •_:.;  l:itrriii/'s  \:iin  .  /.v/.,  pp. 
17'J  It.  T'h'  riiiltas  'all'  ,'i  lialiil  nf  lii\\l''ss  p'ralcs  and  !■■  iMi.  I's,  liwiii',' 
lilarl.-liiail  nil  all  llir  sill'l'i  iillidiiiir  tl'llirs.'  Ilirv  ll-l.ciiir.irirs  7'/'.'r.,  p.  Ii. 
'  liiil.l  mid  I'd'ciciiius,  sly  .md  .csc  r\id.  iml  i  asilv  [iruvnki'il.  lail  rrv.  n  :.  ful.' 
Si,i-:/s  i'l/c  ,•/  l.nl  /uril.  p.  7J.  'I  he  'I'd  t  ;  li  iv'r  'all  lln"  \ici  s  .  f  tli.'  .'nasf. 
f  ■.•!!)! 's'  wi  h  '  ii'i'ir  of  Ihr  r,'d''i  mill..;  i|iialilirs  of  I  lie  iiilcrior  n.itiou.s'.'  ,l,iiii  ;•- 
*"./,  ill  lli  I.  M(;.,  Vol.  vii.,  p.  7i. 


Tir::  sound  Indians. 


:'(>nvon- 

,i';!nst'l- 

Inthis 

i-oiistcni 

ill   'JVOUj), 

lliirJiam 
iiisli  and 
liai'asstM'S 
,i('hius  ol 
■;(.>r.  TIh' 
elands  t)l" 
il  proper, 

\      SjK'lK'd 

IKS.  with 
,\i'ii  ;.',''ti" 
ercnt  na- 
il ic   A.s- 
IniiuK'rous 
licail  t)f 
pDii'uiU 
rarilic. 
t'l'iniiiat- 
.!/,7/,w//s; 

a.;'jri'ssivi' 

'.(-/,(.  p    Tl. 

■  1-,  liji.  kii''i 

]..  .M.     -Ill 

ain)M'l>  ■  |i 

•  (  iiiniiN 

.'  .,■  .  /.  ;.* 

' ;/    t    S    /».   '      » 
(/.      '/..()•.    /.■•/, 

^1    (•■,!  V  (hiiii 

:,■,  ',1,  (i;i,  '.111, 
,. .  /.-■.,  I'P- 

Ii--ii-..  \\.  li. 
I-,  V.  11,..  fill.' 
i.f  til.-  ciiiist 
iiiiis.'  AiMi  r- 


wiiilt'  till'  C/nlHi/i!^  and  CnuTitz  nation.^  are  loiiiid  on  the 
Cluliali.-^  lliver.  (irav  Harbor,  and  tlu'  njjper  Cowlitz. 
JOxceittiiiii'  a  lew  hands  on  the  lieadwaters  ol"  ,'^treaiiis 
that  rise  in  the  vieinity  of  .Mount  BaktT,  the  Sound 
laiiiily  helonus  to  the  coast  lish-eatiiiii'  trilies  rather  than 
to  the  hunti'i's  of  the  interior.  Indi'ed.  this  family  Ipis 
so  few  marked  peculiarities.  possessin.L;' apjiareiitly  no  trait 
or  custom  not  found  as  well  aiiioni;'  the  Xootkas  or  ("hi- 
iiooks.  that  it  may  hi'  descrihed  in  eonparatively  lew^ 
words.  \\  hen  first  known  to  Muropeau.-v  they  seiin  to 
lia\e  heeii  far  less  numerous  than  luiulit  ha\e  hieu  e.\- 
])ected  from  the  i  xtraordiiiary  fei'tility  and  climatic  ad- 
vauiaiies  of  their  country:  and  since  they  lia\e  \)vv\\  in 
contact  with  the  whites,  their  mnuhcrs  lia\e  hccu  re- 
duced, chielly  throuLih  the  a;ienc\  of  small-pox  and 
a,i:ue.  even  more  rapidly  than  the  nations  larlhcr  to  the 
north-west.''" 

"-'  'Tlii'sc  wh<i  canit  ■within  our  iinticc  so  nearly  roscniM.  1  (lie  |i(i>)ilc  of 
Nootka,  tliat  the  lii'st  tli'liiualloii  I  ciii  ulVir  is  u  nl'crc  -.Hr  to  1.  ■  iliN.-ii;  tioii 
of  tliiisi'  |i'-o]ilc  '  (by  I  'ool; ),  ]i.  'Jil.  .* '  ( 'ipi'  llaKi  ry  Ui'  y  (  !o>.  i .  ir-,i  niM.  d 
those  III'  Nootka  and  spoke  the  sa;iu' lai  .jna'-'e.  |). 'JhS.  Atlir.iy  llarhoi' they 
.se(  Mil  il  to  \ary  in  little  or  no  respect  'fioni  those  on  the  hoiiuil.  iuhI  im.ler- 
stooil  the  Nootka  Ion;.' lie,  p.  K\.  '  'I  lie  eharaeler  iind  a;  pea  ranee  of  their  st  v- 
erid  trilies  here  <liil  not  seeia  to  ditl'er  in  any  material  i.spt  it  fiuni  eaeli  oilier,' 
Ji.  -f^s.  {'.videiiee  liiat  the  eonntry  was  onee  niili  ii  inon.  thickly  (k  opicd.  ]i. 
'^51.  V'liirii'irvr's  \'<ii/.,  vol.  i.,  p]i. 'Jis,  'Jo'i.  •-.->l,  "Jss:  viih  ii.,  p.  Ki.  Tim 
Cheiialis  eoMie  <lown  us  far  as  Siioiil-wad  r  l!ay.  A  haii.l  of  Klikalals  (Sa- 
haptins  1  is  s  okeii  of  near  the  lie,  id  of  th  ■  <  'o\\  lit/,  "'liie  Alakahs  n  ^iiuliln 
tin' northwestern  Indians  far  more  than  tlnir  nei.jhliors.'  'I'lic  Luinnii  aro 
il  hr.incii  of  the  ('lallains.  /.'m./  Iml.  All..  IS.M,  |  p.  •_  111  I.  'ilie  i.iinind 
'tr.adiliolis  had  them  to  liclle\  e  (at  tiny  are  d'sci  ml;;  lie.  of  ji  h.  tlir  r;ice 
th;in  comaion  s;n;iL;es.'  'I  he  |.'eini;niiiias  'are  inlcrniairicd  wiili  the  north 
li.iiid  of  the  Liiniiiii^.  aid  ('owcLjans.  and  (i>nantlni:is.'  The  Nciik-w  isaiid  Si  • 
aniaiKis  are  called  Sticlv  Indiiins,  and  in  l^.'iJ  h;iil  never  s-  .  n  u  \\  hile.  '  Tic 
Nenk-s;icks  (  Mountain  Men  i  trace  fmni  t  li.'  salt  w.ati f  ln.!i;ii  s, '  ;  luj  •  :irc  en- 
tirely dillcrent  from  the  oihers.'  "  Tin  Loom  is  appear  to  iie  more  I'f  a  wiiii- 
derin;4  el.ass  lli.in  the  olli.  rs  ali.nit  i;.  Ili)i;di;ini  lla\.'  /■/..  h-'u.  i  i'.  .127  '.•. 
'  'J'hey  can  he  diviiled  into  two  ckissi  s  the  s;ili-wati  r  iind  the  Stick  I  ml  i  ins  ' 
/'/..  \S'>7.  p.  'J-Jt.  Of  the  Ni^ipialli'  s  'some  live  in  tlii'  |  kiins,  and  olliiis  in 
the  haidis  of    the  Sonnu.'     The   I'lassits  have  heen   less  all',  eted   lli;iil  the 


hy  fever  and  a._;iie.    Ii.im's  ihiiji'ii.  ]ip.  LIM 


Chin 

a  kindred  hin'.,'na.4e  to  that  of  the  .Mils.  >i, runt's 

no  de  est. IS  natlllVlles  de  la  1  ull;id;i  y  e:inales  de  !■ 

tie  his  h;iliit:ieiiines  las  llianufiicl  lll'as  v  VestidoH  ulle  lls:in 


Ihe  (Vail 

p.  -.7 


lies  spiiil 


II. 


i; 


ih 


lle;l 


I  I  di- 


Iio^icnm  mil  unv 


u  mi!  V  I  :ir.  ci 


a  los  de  los  lialiitallti  s  de  Nllliv;i. 


Indians 

i:.,:  i:x.. 


II  M 


X'''<lli'i,    I   III 


111. 


lie  .Siiinii 


i\  e    111   "'real    dre.id  of   t! 


N.irt 


rtliern  nilies 


11 


\« 


/ 


)l;i.      The  Mikahs  deem  theiiiselvi  s  iiiiiih  sli|ii  rior  to 


the  trihes  of  the  interior,  h    aiise  ih'V  (,'o  out  on  the 
Oriiidiiil  M'liit/ili/,  \u\.   vii..  pp.  -77  M,     Thi'  Nouksaks  an 


nil.      ^r  initlHl'l,     III 

iiitiielv  distinct 


Vol..   I.     14 


I 


r 


I 


210 


COLUMBIANS. 


Tlioso  nativos  of  AVasliiiititoii  are  short  and  tliick-sc't, 
uitli  stronji'  linihs,  1/iit  bow-k'UiiX'il ;  tlicv  \m\v  bi-oad  laces, 
evt's  fine  hut  Avide  upiirt:  noses  proniiiieiit.  holh  ol"  l\o- 
iiiaii  and  a(iuiliiie  t_\j)e;  color,  a  h,iih.t  ('()[)j)ei'.  perhaps  a 
shade  (hirker  tlian  tliat  of  the  Xootkas.  hut  ea])al)le  of 
ti-ausuiittiuLi'  a  Hush:  the  hair  usually  hlael^  aiul  almost 
uui\t'rsall_v  worn  Iouli.''' 

All  the  tribes  llatten  the  head  more  or  less,  hut  none 
earrv  llie  prai'tiee  to  such  au  extent  as  their  neiiihhoi's  on 
the  south,  unless  it  he  the  ( "owlit/  nation,  which  miiiht 
indeed  as  eorrectlv  he  classed  with  the  ("hinooks.  \\y 
most  of  the  Sound  natives  tattooiui:'  is  not  pi-acticed.  and 
they  seem  somewhat  less  addicti'd  to  a  constant  use  of 
]iaiut  than  the  Xootkas:  yet  on  testi\c  occasions  a  plenti- 
ful and  hideous  ai)plication  is  made  <►!  charcoal  or  colored 
earth  [tuheri/t'd  in  iirease.  and  the  women  a])[)reciate  the 
charms  imparted  to  the  face  l)y  the  use  oi'  vermilion  clay. 
The  nose,  particularly  at  ('a[)e  Matteiy.  is  the  ^rand 
centn-  oi"  facial  ornamentation.      Pei'loratijiii  is  extiaxa- 

froiii  llic  Lniiuiii,  and  sniiH'  sniiimsi'  tin  iii  di  liavc  cmiiii'  fruin  tin-  Clallaiii 
(•(iiuitrv.  <  '  l<  iiiiiii,  ill  Jl'irjivr's  .ii't'/.,  vdI.  x.wix.,  p.  T'.m.  >lici  us,  i  i  /'((<■.  ]i.  It. 

Jtcj'l.,  Vnl.  i.,  ])    -l-iM. 

'"At  J'cirt  Discuvcvv  tln'V  'ssicmcil  f-aiialile  of  ciKliiviiiL;  ut'ciit  fatitjno  ' 
Thcii'  cli' ik-l)()iics  wen-  hiijh.'  Tlit  (il>lic|uc  eye  df  the  (  liiiuse  was  luit 
iliicoiinimii.'  '  Tlieir  cotiiitciiaiK'cs  wort'  an  i  \iii-c  ^sioii  of  wililiiiss,  and  tin  y 
liad,  in  the  '(■pinion  of  some  of  iis.  a  inel:,iH  Imly  cast  of  features.'  Some  <]f 
■woaieji  w'HiliJ  with  dilticulty  lie  distiiriuislu d  in  colouf  froiii  those  of  Kuro- 
|M'|*II  mee.  'J  lie  (  lasset  Women  '  ».  I'e  liiltell  licttef  lookiliL,' th.ili  those  of 
Other  H»ia>es.'  J'ortiait  of  a  Tatoiieh.  eliief.  Will.- s'  Aar..  ii',  /  >.  /..c.  /•'.r, 
Vol.  iv..  |(j),  ;il7  s,  .')2(»,  .j17  S.  •  All  are  l)ow-len;^'ed.'  'Ail  of  a  sad-cilon  d. 
CaravitULito  hi'owu.'  'All  l*avo  coiirM.  Iri.iek  liair.  and  are  lieafdh  ss.'  Win- 
thniiia  I  iiiiiifi  (iini  Sdtl'i!- ,  ji.  :!2.  'Till  »lid  htout.'  Miinrill's  ,l(iai\,  \).  LS. 
S|ii(jat  iiH  iitions  a  <'l  :'Jlain  slave  w'  *-<mld  m  i>  in  the  daik  like  ii  rai  oon,' 
>«',  ,i(.-..  p  ",J.  TheJ'lasset  '  east  ol  niilitenancf  is  Very  dilf'eitiit  from  that 
(if  the  Nootkiaii"  .  .their  eonijiiexion  in  also  luti'-h  faiier  and  their  stature 
sliortif.'  ./('■'(■/'>  \iii\,  |i.  7.").  'i  Ik'  Nisipially  Piidi.iii!*  'are  of  icrv  laiLit) 
Klatiire:  indenl,  the  larutest  I  have  ini  t  with  on  the  eontilieiit.  The  womi  n 
iire  )  artieuliirly  lari;e  aial  stout.'  Vi'/h's  ll'w/e/.,  pj).  207,  U-N.  '.;VI.  The  Xis- 
iliiallies  are  liy  no  ni(-ans  a  lari,'!'  race,  bein;^  from  five  feet  live  ii"'lies  to  live 
fei  t  nine  inches  in  height,  and  wei^hiii;^  from  one  huiulrt  d  and  *i<.Hi\  l»»  one 
hundred  ami  eighty  )miuih1s.  Andvi'sim,  i  i  Lunl's  .\iit.,  vol.  ii  .  j).2-7.  '  l**'  ros- 
ti'o  hermoso  y  de  i^allarda  liL;ura.'  .Xai-i^rnli-,  in-  Siilil  i/  Mi  ,i<<ii,iH,  Vinit,  p.  ■>  i\-. 
'i'h<' (.jueiunlts,  'the  linest-lookinu  Indians  I  had  <vir  seen.'  Swuu's  S.  'I'. 
I'liit.sl,  \<\i.  7H-',I.  Neiiksacks  stronL,'ir  and  more  atliletic  than  «>(her  t  '. 
^I.iny  of  tho  Lumini  '  very  fair  and  have  l;L;lit  hair.'  It'/it.  Iml.  Ajf  . 
]i.  .'i^S;  I'lchi-riu'i'.-!  /.'"CO.  in  /'.  >.  i:,v.  I\x.,  vol.  i\.,  ji.  'j;!;  Muiiiti,  »  i  ,.f,,-, 
l>.  '21"),  with  plate  of  Cowlitz  skull;  (  I'Viiint'lis'  \iir  Kt  Ih.rddo.  \t.  !(7j  Vuii- 
vuiVi-r's    I'oj/.,   vol.   i..    ]i.   252;    Mnrjiiii/  ami    lllninf,    I'li'lit  .'^iniiid  ilinclnrij, 

pp.  G-1-71;  Clark's  JAjlda  (ind  Sliaihnrs,  pp.  211-  I'l,  221-0. 


SOUND  Dr.ESS  AND  DWEIJ.INGM. 


211 


■k-Si't, 
ItU'C'S, 

)f  Uo- 

i;i|)S  !i 
il.lc  of 

lllulOht 

t  none 

;()rs  on 

ni'iLilit 

<.    '\W 

'd.  :uul 
usi'  of 
|)U'iiti- 
CDlorcil 
iato  the 
)n  cliiy. 
'  <^r;ui<l 

xtVilMl- 
|c  ClMlliim 

c.  n.  J!. 


was   Hilt 
11(1  til.  V 

Sunn    .  f 

f     l.iivn- 

lll(i-.(     iif 

/..r.   /•->., 

■(■(llol'l  ll. 

^s.■     Mn- 

.,  V.  •-'^• 

lai  mill. 
iMiu  that 
I'  ^tatun' 

ry    liu;.;!! 
wiiim  u 

I  hf  Nis- 
.  ,  to  livi' 

I  ,    tt>  lillr 

•  ]>t    VI IS- 

r,  1',  v.  iv. 


>  V    w. 
'.i7;    I'dn- 


pintlv  ])ractl('r(l.  ami  iH-ndant  trinkets  of  cvrrv  rv;nn  and 
sidistance  arc  worn,  those  of  hone  or  slicll  preiei-rcih  aiuh 


le  women  tliest 


th 


if  \\e  iiia_\'  credit  \\  ilkes,  hy  some  of  tl 
ornaments  are  actually  kept  clean. 

The  nati\e  jiarmeiit.  \\hen  the  weather  makes  naked- 
ness uncomlortahle.  is  a  hlanket  of  doji"s  liaii',  sometimes 
mixed  wiih  hii'ds'  down  and  hark-lilire.  thrown  ahoiit  the 


dioiddci': 


■>ome  lew  fasten  this  ahont  the  neck  with  a 


woodt'ii  nm. 


he  women  are  more  care 


■fid 


111  coveniiii' 


the  person  with  the  hlanket  than  are  the  men.  and  gen- 
erally wear  nnder  it  a  hark  apron  hanuin.u'  Irom'  the  waist 
in  front.      A  cone-shaped,  water-proof  hat.  woxcii  from 


:'ol 


oreu 


ira> 


IS  sonielimes  worn  on  the  iicai 


'I't'injiorary  ImntiiiLi-hiits  in  summer  are  merely  cross- 
sticks  coxcred  with  coai>e  mats  made  hy  layiiiLi'  hiilrushes 
side  h\  side,  and   knottim:'  them  at  interxals  with  cord 


())•  vra^ 


)00 


rer  indi\  idiials  or  trihes  dwt  11  nerma- 


1!  ihl\   111  similar 


\\\\h 


s.   impro\e(l 


)\    till'  a 


Idit 


ion  ol 


i'ew  slahs;   while  the  rich  and  jiowerfid  hiiild  snhstantial 


loupes,   ot   ])lanl 


>lit    from    trees    l)\"  means   of  hoii 


weliiiiLs   in   iiian.  ant 


w<'d;es.  much  like   the   Nootka  d 

neaih'  as  laiLii'.      These  houses  sometimes  measure  o\'ei' 


one  hundred  fict  in  lenul 


and  are  di\  ided  into  rooms  or 


Bi 
At  c 


!'!  'Lcssl.  ,lanl) 


ill  j'aiiit  ami  1'  ss  tillliy  '  tliaii  tin   Xmilli 


•VV  '  tll''V'Ailf«Mir!|:llllillts,  tlliiUull  lli'l 

I- rial!   I'. 


II'  Wire  (ilisi  r\  1 1 


At  I'.irt 
in  their  in'-n  s.' 


■lu' 


till-  S      U.as.     V 


luini  I  riiallirlit  was  stlai;  ht.  instead  nt'  eli  scellt-shnlii  <1, 
s.     Valicfiuvt  V  sii    )i(iM  ll  (111  ir  eaiimiits  tn  lie  cunii'iisi  d 


(if  li    ;'s  liaij'  Ji;iM  d  with  (!  e 

hee,     I  ',:iirt  itn  r.t    I  '.'/..    \ «  1.  i.,   1  ]' 

had  K'.aall  liva^s  Ik  11  <  l.i.i.','  in  ilie  lini  vf  tli 


,1  of  sum  ■  wild  aiiiiual,  wliiih  he  did  not 


■MK  •iCi;.     At  I'oit  niscoV(>iv 


nils  V.-.  ru  t  ;tti 


d  V  l:U  li. 
The  (  l:;ssi  t.~ 


11  th 


id  fa 


I' 


IS.     hiiue  of  the  Skn- 
d  fond  of  liruss  lines, 


littaehcil  to  the   <'arli':i 
tl  11  11  nts  I  ieee,  and  l! 
till  ir  liveathiiij.'. '  ji.  "jII 
■Ml,  a: I,  411,  r>ll   'J,  ,■ 
mind  !•(  ■  ll  sentations  < 


small  J  ii ci  s  of  all  ilidi  sei  lit  mnssi  1-sliell, 
of  their  iinse,  whidi  was  in  Hoine,  of  the  size  nf  n, 
iLi.li.r  in  sha)  e.    It  is  f//  nerally  lie)  t  in  motion  liy 


wii:. 


.\. 


r 


/..!■.    /•. 


vol.iv. 


1:1' 


.'ii 


•JO. 


r-H.     Tli(>  conical  hats  and  stout  liodits  •broneht  to 


f  s;ii 


111  tiili 


J  ;ri. 


1 1  ll  II 


7e 


/./. 


'•»/(,,  V<i|.  IX. 


'I'he  ClallaiMs  '  wi  ar  no  eloth;ii|,'  in  siiniim  r.'    Faces  daulx  d  with  i(  d 
iiid  w'aite  iiiiiil.     llliistnitiiili  (if  he  d-llatti  nini,'.  f\ii,i's  W'lii'd..  \>\>.  IMI,  Ll)7, 


ill)-;l,   '^.i. 


2!l'.t:  /;/(.. 


All. 


Oh. 


'S   (Ifl-Jiill,   \)[) 


's  I  e  /.  //.n./i/,  M.l.  i..  111.  JiiH  11;  A'l 


1  .")4,p.'2i:!;  / /. 


iS-"7,  ll 


1' 


>iiii  IriiKrUn.  i,,iil,iUi.  Mdi/  2i,  IS.',;);  /,„/, 
:(::'.»;  Hfrii'     in  I'm'.  I!.  I,'.  Hi/.t.,  vol.  i..  p.  );t(). 


(li'av  Ilai'lior  tliev  wi  re  dressed  Willi  n-d  di  i  r  skins.  .V( 


,f.' 


■til 


C4-7 1 . 


//'(,    \i'i;i'.  ]i.  xiiv;  ('nrini-iiU'iH    Sur  1:1  /)i  railn,  ]>.  1*7;   H7ii'/.co/i'.s 
(/  .>!('/(//(•,  ji.  :;J  ;i;  Muriilii/  and  Il'ir.iiil,  in  I'mjii  S(l.  J/irict.,  pii. 


i-M 


212 


COLUMP.IANS. 


pons,  oaoli  house  aoeommodiitiiij:!;  maii}^  families.  Tliero 
are  several  fire-plaees  in  each  (hveirmjjj;  raised  l)eiu'he.s 
extend  round  the  sides,  and  the  walls  are  oi'ten  lined  with 
matting.""' 

In  sprinii:  time  they  ahandon  their  rep;ular  dwelliniis 
and  resort  in  small  companies  to  the  various  sources  of 
food-su]ii)ly.  l''ish  is  their  chief  dependence,  though 
!j,ame  is  taken  in  much  larger  quantities  than  l\y  the 
Xootkas;  some  of  the  more  inland  ?ound  trihes  sul)sist- 
ing  ahuost  entirely  \)y  the  chase  and  hy  root-digging. 
Nearly  all  the  varieties  of  fish  Avhicii  support  the  north- 
ern trihes  are  also  abundant  here,  and  aiv  taken  suh- 
stantialh- 1)\-  the  same  methods,  namelv,  hv  the  net.  hook, 
s})ear,  and  i-ake;  l)ut  fisheries  seem  to  ])e  carried  on  some- 
what less  systematically,  and  1  iind  no  account  of  the 
extensive  and  complicated  eml)aiikments  and  ti-aps  men- 
tioned hy  travelers  in  Ih'itish  ('ohunl)ia,.  To  the  sahnon, 
stui'geon.  herring,   rock-cod,  and  candle-lishj  al)undant 


9.  The  Skiit^'it  liilic  bciiit,'  exposed  to  iittiicks  fnmi  the  north,  coinl)ine 
(l\velliiii,'s  iuul  tdi't.  uiul  liiiild  tliinisi  lv(  s  'eiiclnsuves,  t'oiirlmiulreil  fee  t  louj,', 
iiud  eiijiidile  of  eoiitiiiiiiiiL!  luauy  families,  which  lire  constiueted  of  jjickels 
iiiiiih'  <if  thick  ])laiiks,  ahout  thirty  fee  t  hi^h.  The  ]iickets  art!  liniily  lixtd 
into  th(!  j^'i'ound,  the  spaces  hetween  them  beiiij,'  only  snllicient  to  point  tv 
innsket  tliion;,'h.  .  .  .The  inti  lior  of  the  enchisiire  is  divided  into  lod.uis,'  ]>. 
511.  At  Port  Discovery  (he  Iodides  were  'no  more  than  ii  few  ru(lely-cut 
slabs,  covcnd  in  ]  art  by  coarse  mats,'  ]i.  .'ill),  lI'/V/is'  Anr.,  in  V.  S.  I:'j\  A'.r., 
vol.  iv.,  pp.  :!!'•(  •_(!,  oil,  ~>n.  The  Clallanis  also  have  a  fort  of  pickets  ono 
hundred  and  lifly  feet  scpiare,  roofed  over  and  divid<il  into  conipartnK  ntrt 
for  faniili(  s.  '  There  were  abont  two  Inindred  of  the  tribe  in  tlie  foit  at  llio 
time  of  my  arrival.'  ''I'he  ]cidL;es  are  built  of  cedar  like  the  Chinook  lodj^es, 
but  much  lar:4er,  some  of  them  beiui;  sixty  or  seventy  feet  lon^,'.'  /u/ze's 
Wiiiiil..  pp.  'Jin,  'Jl'.i,  'J27  '.».  'Their  lioiis(  s  arc  of  considerable  size,  often  fifty 
to  one  hnndre(l  fe(  t  in  h  n^th,  and  stronely  built.'  /e///.  hiil,  yUl'..  1)^54.  pp. 
'2Vlti.  'The  I'lanks  forminL;  the  roof  run  the  whole  leiitith  of  the  building', 
bi'in.L;  guttered  to  carry  oft'  the  water,  and  slopin;,;  slightly  to  one  end.'  >lir- 
«/(.s,  ill  J'lir.  I!.  I!.  Hi/'l..  vol.i.,  pp.  I'JIt-IfO.  Well  built  lod^'cs  of  timber  and 
]ilank  on  Whidbey  Island.  'I'liuriilnu'K  O'jv.  (iml  Cnl..  vol.  i.,  ]).  ItdO.  At 
New  Dunitcni  ss,  'comixisedof  notliinjj;  more  than  a  few  mats  thrown  over 
cross  sticks;'  and  on  l'u;4et  Sound  'constructed  some  ihin;^  aftir  the  fashion 
of  a  soldier's  tent,  by  two  cross  sticks  about  1iv(>  feet  liinh.  connected  at  each 
end  by  a  ridi.;<'-pol<'  fmm  one  to  the  other,  over  some  of  which  was  thrown  a 
coarse  kind  of  mat.  ipver  others  a  few  loose  bran.clies  of  trees,  shridis  or 
}_'l'ass.'  \'iiiiriiiinr's  \  "i/..  vol.  i,,  ]ip.  'I'l').  '2(!'J.  The  (^>ueiutllts  somelimi  s,  but 
not  always,  whitewash  the  interior  of  their  lodjje  s  with  pipe-clay,  aial  then 
]iaint  linun  s  of  lishes  and  animals  in  red  and  black  on  tlie  white  surface. 
See  (It  serijition  aial  cuts  of  ixteriorand  interior  of  Indian  lodf,'e  in  .^irmi'ii 
A.  ir.  CiiukI.  )ip.  •.:(■)';  7.  :IIU1,  X\H\  rrum'n  I'dji.  Mnn.,  p.  (55;  (.'ornicac'/is'  Sew 
El  Jidfiiilii,  ]).  '.iX;  (  Inrl.  '.<  J/h/hla  uml  .'^hadi'Ws,  p.  'Z.'>. 


FOOD  OF  TIIF  SOUXl)  IXniAXS. 


213 


ill  tl:('  iiili'tsof  tlic  soiuul.  tlio  f'liisscts.  l)v  vciitiiriii,ti'  out 
to  .'-;'ii.  add  u  supply  ol'  MliaU'-Muhlior  and  ott(  r-ircat, 
olitainod  wiili  speai's,  lines,  and  lloats.  At  certain  {(.int.- 
on  tlic  slioic  tall  poles  arc  erected,  acr 


t)SS  \\ 


hicl 


1  ne 


ire 


■spread;  and  a,uaiir><t  these  nets  lar,ue  nundiers  ol"  wild 
I'owl.  da/./led  l)y  torcli-lij:lits  at  nijzht,  dash  tluni-cKis 
and  fall  stunned  to  the  t:ronnd.  uhere  the  natives  stand 
reaih  to  "tither  in  the  ieatlu'rx  harvest.     A' 


;ine(ni\ei'  no- 


ticed niiinv  oi"  these  poles  in  dillerent  localities,  hut  coidd 


not  di\nie  then'  use 


J)e 


er  and  elK   in 


the  !'( 


■rests  are 


also  hunted  hv  niiiht.  and  hroupht  \vithin  arrow ->liot  by 
the  s]iell  ol"  torches.      For  preserxation,  lish  are  di'ieo  in 


tl 


le  si 


sn  or  dried  and   smoked   h\'  the  domestic  hcai'th 


and  sometimes  pounded  line,  a-^  are  roots  of  \arious  kinds; 
clams  are  dried  on  strin<:s  and  hun,u  uji  in  the  houses, 
or  occasionally  Avorn  round  the  neck,  niinistei'inu'  to  the 
nati\e  love  of  ornament  until  the  str(>n<^er  instinct  ol" 
hunucr  impairs  the  heauty  ol"  the  necklace.  In  the  )  et- 
ter  class  ol"  houses,  su[)i)lies  are  neatly  stored  in  baskets 
at  the  sides.  The  people  ai'e  extremely  imj»rovident, 
and,  notwithstanding  their  abundant  natural  su]ij)lies  in 
ocean,  sti'eam.  and  i"orest.  are  olten  in  ureat  want.  I'oil- 
inii'  in  Avooden  vessels  by  means  of  hot  stones  is  the 
ordinai'y  method  of  cookin^ii'.  .V  visitor  to  the  Xooksaks 
thus  describes  their  method  ol'steannng  elk-meat :  '"TlKy 
lirst  dii;'  a,  hole  in  the  'ground,  then   build  u  wuml  Ww, 


])lacin!^'  stone 


on  the  toi)  ol"  it.      As  it  burns,  thi'  stone 


become  hot  and  fall  down.  Moss  and  lea\(s  are  then 
jtlaced  on  the  to[»  ol"  the  hot  stones,  the  meat  on  ihi'se, 
and  another  layer  ol"  moss  and  leaves  laid  o\ei  it.  A\  ater 
is  ]!oui'ed  on.  which  is  sjudily  conxci'led  into  st*  am. 
This  is  retained  by  mats  carerully  jilaeid  o\cr  the  luap. 
in  this  wa\    tor  a   niuht.  the  UH'at   is  lound 


\\ 


len 


left 


tciKU'r  and  wtdl  ceei<e(l   \n  tiie  mornmi:'. 
I'ooked  in  the  same  manner  b\  the  ()ul'niult^ 


■owls  A\ere 


'I'll''  Nmitsiik^    'kki'  .-ill  ililuml   (rili.s,   they  siili-ist  )'i'iii''ip;illy  1  iv  tlic 


IS.K 
llV   tl 

loliu 


\K  :;2s.     SttrL; 


'•1/  iirr  s  . !<"■/. 


I  (1)1   iUi(>U1i«l  we 


Mil.  wxix,.  I'll. T'.i").  T'.i'.i.  si"i:  /c/.  .1 


'!.  i: 


III''    KKI  to  (.(III 


(llllKls.    M 


11(1 


Ink 


ic  I'lalliUii^.  «>y  iiiciins  (.f  .(  s|pc.(|-  witli  ii  liaiidlc  s(  vciitv  t(i  (  iuiilv  d  ct 


w 


IliK-  1\  iiii;  (111  tkv  IioMkUI  ut  tilt'  liV(.r  in  SJ);! 


tiiiKj,     i'i>>h-ii()(jk.s 


m 


2U 


COLUMBIANS. 


I  fiiul  110  mention  of  other  woupons.  ofTonsive  or  (1(»- 
feiisivo,  tliiin  spwirs,  iind  bows  iiiid  arrows.  '['\\v  arrows 
ami  spears  were  usually  itointed  with  hone;  the  liows 
Avei'u  of  yew,  and  thoiiiih  shoi't,  were  of  jireat  jiower. 
^'ancouver  describes  n  superior  l)ow  used  at  l*n,i:et  Sound. 
It  was  from  two  and  a  half  to  three  leet  lon<:'.  made 
iVom  a  naturally  em-ved  piece  of  yew.  whose  concave 
sid(-'  became  the  convex  of  the  bow,  and  to  the  whole 
length  of  this  side  a  strip  of  elastic;  hide  or  ser[)ent-skin 
was  attached  so  firmlvby  a  kind  of  cement  as  to  become 


aUnost  a  part  of  the  wood.     This  lii 


un»r  at 


Ided 


•rea 


tiy 


I 


n-c  ina<'i(>  of  c'dur  root  with  In 


l)av1)s.     Their  njilv  vci^ctahh  s  aii'  th 


mas,  wa]i[iat(H),  and  fciii  niots.    A'-/,/('s    WiiikI.,  ]i]),  2Io-14, 


;ill-- 


At 


I'nu'i't  SoTiiid,   'null,  %\'iiiicii  and  cliildrcii 


!'(>  hiisilv  ciij^'aj^id  Hl;c  swine 


iDotinj,'  11)1  this  heantiful  virdant  nieadcw  in  (inest  <if  a  si.<iii  s  nf  wi!i 

liud  twii  other  roots,  wliich  in  a]ijiearai;.'(^  and  taste  i^'reatly  icsc mlili  d  llie  s:i 


IV, 


tii'iiiirir  s 


il. 


it). 


!lil,  2(i'J.     In  lisliin^'  for  salmon 


at  I'ort  l)iseo\erv  '  tliev  have  two  nets,  111;'  diawiii''  and  eastiii''  lu  t,  made  of 


a  silliy  i,'rass,'  '  or  of  the  titires  of  ti 


its  ot  tre<'s,  or  ( 


'(  th 


larl;  (it 


til 


wliile  eedav 


„/., 


^.  V. 


]).  1  17.     ''J'he  line  is  made  (itherof  k(l]) 
or  the  tilire  of  the  eypn  ss.  and  to  it  is  attaili'il  ;ni  inllated  hladder.'  Siiiiiiiiiu'h 

IS  ]  riivisions,  consist- 


','/ 


Ihral,!.  V..1.  i. 


idH. 


At  I'oit  'il 


aiellt  en  poisson  si'cIk'  an  seleil  on  holieiiiu' 


Sail  roiiit 


I'l 


).   IK'J 


th(  ir  homes,  and 


never  im 


d.  -h 
tout  rem] 


dil( 


/; 


'I  he  Cialiaius  '  live  hv  tishiiiL;  ami  hiiutiii';  around 


I'siie  the  \\halr'  and  st  al 


do  tl 


a-coast  till  I 


SiuiiiniiiDi,  ill  (Irii-ltiinl  Miiiilli/i/,  vol.  vii.,  J).  "iTS.     Th(>  I'thleeau  or  ealldle-tish 


IS  ns 


d  oil  Fiiea  Strait  for  fo.d 


'S  eaiu'des.  Pn 


-•A'.s  I,: 


il. 


111.     Lampri  y  ei  Is  are  (hied  for  food  and  liuht  hy  the  Nis(|iiallii  s  and  Ch 


lialis.     '  Caii'iiiass  root. 


.stored  in  haskets.    n  is  a  kind  of  s\ve<  t  ninills.  ami 


ihout  the  si4^  v'f  a  small  onion.     It  is  extn  tni  Iv  almndant  on  tli 


ries.  and  partienlaily  on  those  whiel 


(1  liv  till'  small  sti 


II  p 


Cut  of  salmon  lislierv. 


.f    th 


vew  free 


Tl 


II  V  are  ( 


1  are  oV(  rllowi  ( 

'oks  are  made  in  an  ingenious  maniii  r 
hielly  emiiloyed  in  trailiiij<  for  lisli.'     (lit 


if  hooks,  ])\).  4-14  .-).     Till    Classets  i^ake  ii  cut  in  the  nose  win  n  a  while 


IS  taken. 

ir;//,,w- 


E 


-skin  float  has  n  ilitl'ereiit  iiatteni  painted  i  n  it 


r 


I'x.    /•■. 


.1. 


I'l' 


I'.l. 


;!"..  441 


h 


The  (111  lialis  live  clni  tly  on  salmon.  /(/.,  vol.  v.,  ]i.  140.     .Aceordin;,'  to  Sw;iii 


th 
Chin 


n,L;i  t  Sound   Indians  sometimes  wandi 


l;ir 


Slioalwati  r  ]> 


terntorv,  i 


n  tl 


le  s|  rint. 


The  (tinninlt  Indians  are  fund  of  h.rei 


harnaeles,  not  eaten  hy  the  Chinooks  of  Slioalwater  J!ay.     Cut  of  a  sia-otter 
hunt.     The  Indians  never  eiiteh  salmon  with  a  luiitnl  hook,  Imt  alwavs  iiso 


the  hook  as  a 
mill  ( 'ill.,  vol. 

'1>   " 


'//•.  y.  \v.  (• 


si,  ]ip 


i'.i,  87. 11:2,  Ic.:!,  •id  1, 1:71:  Tlinri.Ui 


(ii:. 


i.,  pii.  -IW.)  -i.  ;i01,  ;ks  ;i:   /,„/.  .ur.  Ii./^i.,  is.")t,  p.  -J!!;  7, 


SI 


lil'S,    III 


I!,  n.  l:<i.i 


'  ■  y 


ih 


didi 


]ieiid  11) 'Oil  Hsh,  lurries,  and  roots  for  a  snlisisti  nee,'  and  i  i  I  tin  ir  lixin;.'  w  ilh 
L;reat  ease  '  .'•  tiirlihii,  in  >rl,iii  Irri'fr.t  Aii'h.,  vol.  i\  ,  I  [>.  (i(  (•  2.  'J  he  Mal-.iihs 
live  '  hy  eatchine;  cod  and  halilmt  oii  the  hanks  north  and  east  of  Ca)e  1  laf- 
ti  ry.'  //((/.  Afi'.,  lUjil.  Is-'is.  p.  'j:!!.  '  When  in  a  state  of  semi-slarv;iiion  the 
liiast  shows  very  plainly  in  them  (Stiek  Indiansi:  they  are  ei  nerally  foul 
fieihrs,  lii;t  at  surli  a  tinii-  they  eat  ai'vlhinir,  and  are  disu'nstim;  in  the  in- 


trellie.    III..  ISriS. 


III..  1m;ii. 


A, 


//  / 


l.i.ril'n  \iii  ,  vol.  i.,  pp.   ItiJ  5:  //'//,  hi  I! 


i>l'':i:ii,  11.  ; 
..    4llS;']r 


tin 


up  a  I  iihiii  I 


iiid  Suililli',  11 


I'l' 


M'liintk  's  Ji 


:\IANrFACTURES  OF  ITCKT  SOIXD. 


215 


irrows 

1)()\VS 

i(»\vt'r. 
v)ini<l. 

inudo 
niu'iwo 

uliole 
iit-skiii 
hocoiuo 
grciitly 

IT  the  <•!'- 
,  -iMI.  At 
il<c  swims 
•il(l  (iiiitin, 
1.  a  the  sii- 
[di-  sithiidii 

•t,  lll!l(il'  of 

HI-  liiirk  til' 
luvdf  l<il!> 
'  Svniiii II ii'n 
ns,  coiisist- 
,!(..'  i:i'Ksi. 
n\'^  iiv<imiil 

liiist  till"  s.' 
■iliullr-ti^ll 

i>,  vol.  ii., 
snluK'lii- 
quills.  iilitl 
(ij.t  11  |.ai- 
1  stn  iilHS." 
liialilii  I' 
tivh.'      «i't 

II  a  vlrili^ 
|i  it,  ]■    ■"'.T. 

,-.,  r,;7-is. 

1.4  to  Swan 
ir  l!iiv.  iu 

III  (if  i;;i-W 
a  s(  !i-(ittfi' 

lalways  ii>^« 
,„/..„■'>■  (i[.ii. 
'  1  ;    /.'ii/i/i's 
hiy  all  iV- 
lixiii'.'  \viili 
111,.  M:  l.ahH 
(■„1,.  llnt- 
|r\alioil  tlio 
rally  foul 
ill  tlir  <  A- 

.'...  1'.  '■ "; 

;i).s;  "  tl'iii- 


to  the  streiiutli    of   tlio  l)()\v.  ;ni(l  uas   not  afit'ctcil   l>v 


n 


loistiin'.     '1'Ik'  how-striiiii'  was  iiiadi'  ol'  sinew, 


Tl 


le 


triltes  were  ('(Mitinually  at  war  with  eacli  other,  and  Avith 
northi'i'ii  nations,  generally  losini:'  many  of  their  people 
ill  battle.  Stickin.u'  the  heads  of  the  slain  enemy  on 
])()les  in  IVont  of  their  dweHino's.  is  a  common  way  of 
demonstratinu'  their  joy  over  a  victory.  The  Indians  at 
Tort  DiscoNcry  spoke  to  W  ilkes  of  sealpin,ti'  amonji'  their 
warlike  e\[)loits,  bnt  accordin.ii  to  Kane  the  Classets  do 
not  practice  that  nsa^iie.'"*  Vancouver,  /inding  sepulchres 
at  I'enn  ('o\e,  in  which  were  lartie  ([uantitit's  ol"  hu- 
man hoiu's  hut  no  limh-hones  of  adults,  suspected  that 
the  latter  were  usi'd  hy  the  Indians  lor  pointiii"  their 
arrows,  and  in  the  mamifactni'e  of  other  imi)lement.' 


The  Sound  manufactures  include  only   the  wi-ajM 


>ns 


and  utensils  Uf<vd  hy  the  natives.  Their  articles  were 
made  with  the  simplest  tools  of  lione  or  shell.  Ulaid^ets 
were  made  of  dou's  hair. — larue  numhers  of  (h)L!s  heinu; 
i-aised  lor  the  pui'pose.- — the  wool  of  mountain  sheej).  or 
wild  ,!j.oats.  found  on  the  mountain  slopes,  the  down  of 
wild-fowl,  cedar  hark-lihre.  raxflinos  oi"  foi'cion  hlaid<- 
ets.  or  move  commonly  of  a  mixture  of  several  of  these 
niiitcrials.  'ilK>  lihiv  is  twistid  into  _\arn  hetwct  n  the 
hand  and  thiiih,  and  the  strands  airauotd  in  perpcndic- 
idar  iVanies  foi-  weavinji'  jiurposcs.  Willcw  and  other 
twi,cs  supply  material  for  liaskets  of  various  ll.rms.  oiten 
neatly  nuide  and  colored.  Oil.  hoth  lor  d()me>lic  Hf^i.) 
and  Ibi'  hartei".  is  extracted  hy  hoiliu"'.  except  in  llicca.'^e 
of  the  candle-lish.  wIk'U  hanoiiio'  in  th(>  hot  sun  sulll 
it  is  preserM'd  in  liladdei's  and  skiu-hottle: 


ces: 


h;u 


')'  I'oiii'iiuri !•'•<  ]'iii/.,  vol.  i.,  ]■'.  '2')'.).  At  (iray  Harl'nr  tli,'  Imws  wi  vi>  sninc. 
what  Miort'  c-in-iilar  than  t  Isi  w  hni'.  /-/,,  vol.  ii..  ji.  M;  II  iihis'  .\<ir.,  in  I  .  .s, 
J:'.\\  /,,r..  vol.  iv.,  ]i.  .'li',!;   Ivh.i-s   ]\;in,l..  i.j).  •.(.'.1-1(1. 

'■'^  l|■;//.'.^'  .\"r,  ni  r.S.  i:x.  /,,■.,  vnl.iv..i..::i>l;  Ivn.i's  Tl'r/i,./ ,  i-|i. -J.-ll  2; 
}',ii'Ci"i-i  rs  I'm//.,  vol.  i..  ]i.  'J.'ll.  ''i'lii'V  ha\r  linii  iiiailv  aiuiihih.ti  (I  liy 
till-  lionh  s  (if  iiovth(  111  Mivau,'!  s  that  have  ilit'(sti(l.  i.lal  do  now,  (  V(  ti  .'it  llit.' 
jircsi  lit  ilay,  iiifi  i-t  our  own  shores'  for  slaviH.  TIk  y  had  lirc-iiniiH  In  fori* 
our  trilxs.  thus  t;riiiiiii'j  an  advaiitauc  Iml,  .1.;''.   /,'/■'  ,    \!^'il    ti.  ;1l7'  '  /i/7,  « 

7.1;,//-'  ("/    Slllld^nrs,    ]>.   "i'-4. 

'•''J    \'o,ir'iri-  y's   i"//..  vol.  i.,  ]i.  '.IST. 

"'"'A  ^il;nlt'  llir<  ad  i--  u.au.d  mmv  r.  Ihi--  at  th<'  tc)'  and  I'ull.i  ,.|'  ^ 
»i<ltiur«.  fninu-,  si>  as  to  loiiu  a  i-oui  ■       i,-  w   if  thr(n.L,h  wiiii  li  nh  i.ltiriiute 


!  ; 


216 


COLUMBIAN'S. 


Cimocs  arc  made  1)\-  the  Sound  Indians  in  the  sanio 
mannci'  as  hy  the  Nootkas  ah'eady  descrihed ;  JK'ini:  al- 
^\■^\  s  i\\\ii,  out.  I'orniei'ly  hy  (ire,  IVoni  a  single  cedar  trunk, 
and  the  ionn  ini])r()vcd  al'ter'wards  by  stretchin,u  uliui 
soaked  in  liot  Avater.  ()!"  the  most  elc|^'ant  jjropoi'tions, 
tiu'\'  a)'e  modeled  h\-  tlie  huilder  with  no  <iiii(U'  hut  tiic 
eye.  and  with  most  im})erl'cct  tools;  three  nu)nths'  work 
is  sullieient  to  produce  a  medium-si/ed  lioat.  ^I'he  I'orni 
varies  amoiiii'  dill'erent  nations  accordin^i'  as  the  canoe  is 
intiMidcd  lor  ocean.  .M)und.  or  river  navipition ;  hein^" 
i'ound  with  how  «>r  stern,  or  hoth.  in  \arious  I'orins.  ])oint- 
ed,  round,  shovel-nosed.  I'aised  or  level.  The  raist'd 
stei'n.  head-iiiece.  and  stern-post  are  usually  formed  of 
separate  ])ieces.  Like  the  Xoolkas.  they  char  and  polish 
the  outside  and  paint  the  interior  ^\ith  red.  The  lai'j:est 
and  linest  specimen  seen  h_\'  Mr.  r^wan  was  l'orty-si\  leet 
lonp:  and  six  feet  Avidc.  and  crossed  ihe  har  into  Shoal- 
water  l)ay  N\ith  thirty  (^)ueniult  Indians  ii'om  the  north. 
The  jiaddle  used  in  (lee[)  water  has  a  ciiitch-hke  handle 


UK 


1  a  si 


lai 


r-i 


)0 


nit 


eil 


Diane 


lUl 


Hill  .111  is  cunii  il  liy  tlii'  liaiid,  ixiul  pi'ossi'd  cliiscly  tnpotlirr  liy  a  suit  of 
wipipili  n  ciiiuli:  1  V  tuiiiiiiL;  tlif  idlliis  cviry  jiai't  ui  the  woof  is  liinnnlit  with- 
in vtach  (if  llic  weave  r:  liy  Ihis  iiicaiis  a  lin-^'  I'nniud,  ii\Hn  at  i  iicli  ( iid,  wliirli 
liciui,'  cut  (Idwii  iiiakts  a  sijuavc  lilaulii  t.'  IiHik's  W'dml.,  jiji.  21(1-11.  Cuts 
show  ill),' the  Idoiu  aud  jiniciss  of  wcavilij,'  auuiug  thu  Nootsalis,  also  Ikhisc 


il  wil.ow  liaslicts.   ' 


HIM). 
tluv 


I'i'i'liiilii,  la  llnijii  I 


M'l 


vol.  xxxix..  iiji.  7'.)'.)- 


'I'lii  Clallanis  'havr  a  l<iiid  of  car  with  soft  and  lonj,'  wliitc  hair,  wliiidi 


ir  and  mix  with  a  little  wool  or  thi'  ravelin 


if    old    blankets. 


!'• 


I!.  /;.  j: 


vol. 


1' 


■Jlil.     The  Makahs  h; 


lilankets 


liud  cajies  made  of  the  inni  r  hark  of  the  c( 
Af.  I.<,.l  ,  !.s,-,-|.].p.-2ll--2;  Wi.l.es'  .\in-.,in  T 


C.S.  I:x.  I-:. 


d  edged  with  fur."    hxl. 


il.i 


v..  p 


:j-j. 


Til 


caiidh -tish  'furnishes  the  natives  with  their  best  oil,   which  is  extracted 
by  the  VI  ry  sinj)iie  jiroci  ss  of  hangiuL,'  it  nji,  ex[iosed  to  the  sun,  which  in  a 


Tl 
J) 


lys  Seems  to  melt  it 
II  V   '  manufacture  some  of  tl 


77.1 


-,/n 


Ci, 


and  ('ill..  Vol.  i. 


blankets  from  the  wi 


if  Ui 


;t.ss. 

lat." 


)i/Ol  .s 


iin 


I'f Ji'U.   J).  -.1 


The(.iui  niults  Mho\v(  d  'a  blanket  maiinfactiued  from 


tlu' wool  of  mountain  sliee]i,  which  are  to  be  fonnd  on  the  jini  ijiitnus  slopi  i 
of  the  Olympian  ^iountains.'  .l//it  (  tilih  mbi,  lili.  'J,  ISOI.  iiuoted  in  '  ((/(- 

/ii/'ii"       '  ■   ■     ■ 

Iliir 


•11   I'l 


I 


oniii'ii 


r 


hll:/  ■>'>,    ISCl 

/-.'.r.  /-.'.r..  Vol,  ix.,  ]i.  2 


His'  Xcw  El  liomili, 


V 


/•;<•/, 


iniiij  s 


D< 


liiy  |iresent  a  modi  1  of  winch  ii  white  niecliauic  ndulit  well  be  jirond. 


■scri]ition 


if  niethiid  of  makii 


lit/  canoes,  and  a  v^lui  niult  ]i;uldli 


nd  cuts  of  (^ucniult,  Clallam,  and  Cow- 


.V.  n\(i,<i.sl. 


I'l'-  ' 


i)-,*^•J. 


Oridiard  tliev  'exactly  cornsiHindi  d  with  the  canoes  of  Nootk: 


At  Tort 

ihili-  lhiis(i 


of  some  visitors  were  'cut  ott'siiuare  at  each 
Cajie  Orfiinl.     At  (Iray  llarlmr  the  war  i 


id,'  and  like  tlmse  sei  n  below 
'had  II  [iece  of  wood  rudely 


carved,   piiforati  d,  .and  ]  laci  il  at  i  ai  h  end.   three  feet  above  the  i^nnwah 


tlirou-lill 


holes  tluy  are  able  to  discharge  tin  ir  arniws.'  I'k.ci 


TI:ADE  and  (lOVEllXMENT  OF  THE  SOUND  INDIANS.       217 


-  i.l- 

■mik, 
kvluu 
[ions, 
it  the 
wt)rk 
fonu 
iioi'  is 

lu'lng 
|)()int- 
niisc'd 

IL'd   of 

|K)lisU 
l;n'"iL'st 
ix  loot 
^^lioiil- 
uortli. 
liiuidlc 


Tu  thoir  l)iirtor  l)otwooii  llio  (lifl'ori'nt  tril)os.  iind  in 
esthiiMliii:'"  Ihoir  Nvoaltli.  tlio  hhiukct  is  Liciici'jdK-  tiio  unit 
ot"  \;iliu',  and  tlio  /niiijiia^  a  lon^i;'  uhito  sIii'U  ohtaiiK'd  oil' 
Capo  I'lattci'v  at  ii  oonsiilcrahlo  doptli.  is  also  oxtonsivoly 
nsi'd  lor  nioiicv,  its  \aluo  iiicr(.'asinii'  with  its  IomliIIi.  A 
kind  of  annual  lair  I'oi"  trading'  i)ur[)osi's  and  li'stivitios 
is  lii'ld  by  tlio  triltos  of  Puurt  ^ound  at  llajaila  Point, 
and  lioro  and  in  thoir  otlior  toasts  thoy  aro  I'ond  oi'sliow- 
inu'  thoir  Mcallh  and  lihorality  l)y  disposing  ol' thoir  sur- 
plus propoi'ty  in  jiit'ts.'"- 

Tli.'  system  of  jiovonunont  soonis  to  i)o  of  tho  siuii)lost 
nature,  oaoh  indi\idual  1)rin,Li'  ontirol_\'  imlopoudont  and 
master  of  his  own  aetions.  There  is  ii  nominal  rhief  in 
oach  trilie.  ^vh()  sometimes  a('([uires  ^roat  inllu'iice  and 
pi'iviU'Lics  hy  his  uoalth  or  [lorsonal  prowess.  Imt  lie  has 
no  authority,  and  only  directs  tho  movenunts  of  his 
hand  in  warlike  incursions.  1  iind  no  evidence  of  ho- 
reditai'y  rank  or  caste  oxco[>t  as  wealth  is  sometimes 
inheiited.'"'  Slaves  aro  hold  hy  all  tho  trihos.  and  are 
treated  \t'ry  nnich  like  thoir  doiis,  hoing  looked  upon  us 


,1     SliVt     (if 

■Jit  \Mth- 
1(1,  wliiili 
11.     Cuts 

,11  lldllSC, 

,,,,.  ?X.- 
ir.  wllirll 
iliiiikils.' 
Iil;ink(tri 
111.'  /"'/• 
•,W.    Tint 

CXtVilctlll 

hirli  in  a 
..  \'.  :iss. 
M  -oat.' 
niil  fvoiu 
jius  sl(iprs 
ill  '  <//i- 
VicLi  rhiifs 

lir  pvond .' 
laiiil  Cciw- 
At  Tort 

Blilr  IhllS*' 
J  1  11  \u  l(i\V 

loil  null  ly 
1  ij;nii\valt'; 
{iff'  I  ",/., 


Vol.  i.,  ]).  'it'll;  viil.  ii..  p.  SI.  Tlio  Clallaiii  Imats  wfvo  'low  and  stvai.uht,  and 
only  iidaptiil  to  the  siiiiiothcr  interior  watiTs.'  Sckdiiikhi,  in  Oi-vrUtml  Mnntlili/, 
V'll.  vii..  ]).  27s.  Cut  showiuL;'  X'notsak  canoes  in  I l<(rjii  !■'.•<  Mii'i..  vol.  wxix.,  )i. 
T'.i'.i.  ■  riic  sides  arc  cxci'cdinnly  thill,  seldom  exceeding  tlivee-foniths  of  au 
inch.'  To  nil  ml  the  caiioi'  when  craeks  oeeiir.  'holes  are  made  in  the  sides, 
throu'.;h  Mliieli  withes  are  jiassed.  and  peiru'ed  in  sueh  a  way  that  the  strain 
will  draw  it  tiehter;  the  withe  is  llun  erossed.  and  tlie  end  secured  in  tho 
same  ii.aniii  r.  Winn  the  tyiiit,'  is  finished,  the  whole  is  jiiteln  d  with  the 
^um  of  the  jiiue.'  ir///.r,s'  \iir.,  ill  I'.  >.  /'.'.I'.  /-.'.I',,  vol,  iv..  iip.  ;iiO  I.  The 
('lall.uiis  liavi'  '  a  very  larLjc  canoe  ii(  ruder  shape  ami  workmaiislii]i,  lieiiit> 
v.iile  and  shovel-nosed,'  used  for  the  traiisiiortution  of  ha,eea'-;e,  /..r/.  .1;/'. 
Jic/it..  \S')i.  p.  '2l'>;  Sti'i-fiis,  in  I'lic.  It.  I!,  /e///..  vol,  i-.^ip.  i;lil  1;  >i' imiiiit's 
yii/.  llentlil,  vol.  i.,  p.  HIS;  I'irl.i  riir/s  /e/co.  in  I'.  S.  A.r.  /'.'.i',.  vol,  i\.,  p]). 
'2.')  (!;  Wi.iUiroii's  Caiwe  Ond  Smlilli ,  p.  •_(!;  (  lnrl.'s  l.i  ihts  iiml  .•^liinl'ins,  jip, 
'>2t-(!, 

'i'2  Iviiir's  W'liinl,,  pp,  -J:!?-'.);  hill.  .Ur.  l;,i,l.,  ISC,'.).  ],  lull;  Slnrlinii,  in. 
I'^r.hoolrniffs  Arch.,  vol.  iv,,  ji.  llul;  I'irLi  rimi's  h'Kos.  ill  r.  >.  K.f.  h'x.,  vol. 
ix.,  ]).  -M). 

'"•'  '  lis  obi'isst  lit  ii  nil  chef,  qui  n'exerce  son  ]iimvoir  ipi'i  n  femps  de  uner- 
re.'  //(w.si,  Sonrciiirs,  ji.  li'.i:).  .\t  (iray  II  ii'lior  'thiy  atipeared  lo  \u-  dixided 
into  three  diH'ereiit  tribes,  or  ]iarties,  eieh  havini;  one  or  twoehiifs.'  ri'eCKii- 
vvr'.s  I'll'/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  Hi.  \\ilkes  nut  a  s.piaw  chief  at  Nis(|UMlly,  who 
'  seemed  to  exercise  more  authority  tlian  any  that  had  been  met  witli.'  '  Lit- 
tle or  no  distinction  of  rank  seems  f,i  exist  amoic_r  tiiem:  the  authority  of  the 
chiefs  is  no  loic-;er  reco^'nized,"  ll'(7/,c,s''  Xur..  in  I',  .s.  I:'.,\  /■.'.!■.,  vol,  iv,,  )t. 
•Ill;  Vol,  v.,  ]K  lUl.  Y.  llow-euni  had  heeome  eliiif  of  tlie  Makahs  from  his 
own  ]iersiiiial  j  rowiss.  Kkik's  U'om/.,  pp. '2:!7  '.•;  Iml.  .1'''.  Ji'ij'l.,  1s."j7,  pp. 
y.7-iS. 


218 


rOTJ'MTlTAXS. 


jn'opci'tv.  find  not  Avitliin  tlic  catcporv  of  liuniiinlty.  For 
!i  iiiiistt'i'  to  kill  liiill'  11  (lo/.i'ii  .'<lii\i's  is  no  uronii''  or  cru- 
cltv;  it  only  tends  to  illiistriitc  the  owner's  noble  disj)o- 
sition  ill  so  IVeely  sjicrilicinii'  liis  property.      SImncs  aro 


ohtiiiiied   l)\-  ^\•,\r  jiiK 


I  kid 


niil)|)iiu 


UK  I  are  so 


Id  ii 


ai'i^o 


nimil)ers  to  nortliei'ii  trilies.  According'  to  Sproat.  the 
Classets.  a,  rich  and  ])o\verl'id  tiihe.  encoura.iic  the  slave- 
huntinu  inenrsions  of  the  Xootkas  auainst  their  weaker 


nei 


)or; 


llll 


-hi 

Wives  arc  houdit  l)v  presents,  and  some  iierforinanoes 


or  eereiiionies.  re[>resentati\e  ol'  ImntinLi'  or  lishiiiij  scenes, 
not  particularly  described  by  any  visitor,  take  jilace  at 
the  weddin.iT.  Women  have  all  the  work  to  do  except 
luintiiiii'  and  fishinji.  Avhile  their  lords  spend  their  time 


ni  Idleness  and  uanihlinu' 


ibli 


^till  the  i'eniali's  ari'  not  il 


treated:  they  ac(|uire  iireat  inlluence  in  the  tribe,  and 
are  always  consulted  in  matters  of  trade  before  a  1)ai\^ain 
is  closed.  Tlry  are  not  o\'erbnrdened  -svitli  modesty, 
nor  are  husl  a,  i  Is  noted  for  iealonsv.  lliriii"' out  their 
Avomeii.  chielly  howexcr  sla\es,  lor  prostitution,  has  been 
11  iJi'ominent  source  of  tribal  revenue  since  the  country 


"was  partialh- settled  bxuhite; 


A\' 


omen  are  not  jirolilii 


three  or  lour  bein^'  ordinarily  the  liuiit  ol' their  ol.sprin^i 
]nrants.  proi)erly  liound  U[)  Avith  the  necessary  ap})ariitiis 
lor  heiid-llatteninir.  are  tied  to  their  cradle  or  to  a  piece 
()ri)ark.  and  hun^ir  by  a  cord  to  the  end  of  a  sprin,i:y  pok; 
kept  in  motion  by  a  strini:' attached  to  the  mothers  iireat 
toe.  AU'ection  for  children  is  by  no  nu'ans  lare.  but  in 
I'cAv  ti'ibi's  can  they  resist  the  temptation  to  sell  or  gamble 
tl 


lem  awa\ 


1IJ5 


"II  Sjircdt's  SfCiV'.'^,  ]).  02;  S'lDipsim's  Oi-i  rhui(}  Jonrn..  \o\.  i.,  pp.  ■2-l'2-3;  Jvnir's 
]]'<i)i/l.,  ])]).  2!  1-1.").  'I'hc  Xdoksaks  'have  no  slaves.'  Intl.  .[)}'.  H'j't.,  lK,"i7, 
p]).  ;l.7-.S;  .'^rlintilrnilTs  Arfli.,  vol.  iv..  )i.  (;i)l.  It  is  said  'that  the  (Icscciid- 
tints  of  slaves  ol)tain  freedom  at  the  eNi)iratioli(jf  tliR'c  eeiituiii  s.'  I'irl.i  r'dnj's 
Hans,  ill  r,  S.  /•'.i'.  I:'.i\,  vol.  ix.,  p.  2.S. 

'"' The  ^lakahs  liavc  sonic  iiiaiviaLjcM'eronioiiii  s,  '  such  ns  poin;_' tlironL;h 
the  jievforniaiii-c  of  takiiiL;  the  wliale,  inanninL;  a  canoe,  and  thvowini,'  thn 
harpoon  into  the  liiide's  honsc'  lutl.  AjJ'.  liri't..  IS.'jI.  p.  •J.\l.  The  Xooksak 
vvoiiii  n  'arc  vcrv  industrious,  and  do  most  of  the  work,  and  jirocuni  tho 
jirincipal  part  of  their  sustenance'  Id.,  1N.~)7,  j).  ;t.i7.  '  The  women  havi!  not 
(he  sli:,'htest  pretension  to  virtut  .'  /(/..  lsr)S.  p.  •i'J.");  Siiaiali  Xniill  lis,  ill  oh/tii- 
;;(■«  irc/,s7(;//;,^on  >t ihdanl,  July  30,  1870.    In  nuitters  of  trade  the  opinion  of 


AMr.SEMF.XTS  or  THE  SOrXD  INDIANS. 


LMO 


Fcastl 


lU 


uiimhliii 


jind    siHokiii'j;    iii'o    llio    favoi-ilc! 


niiuiH'iiicnts;  ill!  tlu'ir  jji-opci'tv,  hliivcs.  cliililrcii.  iuul 
('\('ii  tlicii'  own  iVct'ilom  in  m  nu!  casi-s  nre  ri^lscil  in 
tlicii'  ,i;!inics.  S('V('i';il  plants  arc  used  ns  tinhstiliitcs  Hn" 
tohacci)  when  tliat  article  is  not  olttainalilc.     Jt*  an\'  ini- 


1 


M)i'tant  dill'ci'cnccs  exist  lietweeii  llicireerenioiiies.  dance 


}<on'js  and   leasts,  and  those  ol'  \'inicon\'ci"   Island,  snch 
vai'iations  liaxe  not  hcen  rccoi'ded.      In  tact,  nam 


tliors  (les(M'il)e  the  maimers  and  customs  of  'North- 


y  aii- 

\ve>t 


A 


merica'  as  il"  occin.ied  l)\-  one  ih'oi)U 


1"'"1 


li»; 


Tl 


icl'c  IS  n:) 
evidence  of  cannibalism  :  indeed,  dm'inii'  \'ancou\er's  \isit 
at  I'mict  Sound,  some  meat  otiered  to  the  natixcs  uas 
reinsed.  because  it  was  suspected  to  he  human  Ik'sh. 
Since  theii'  ac(|uaintance  with  the  whites  thev  have  ac- 
(|uired  a  habit  of  assumin,Li'  ,<:reat  names,  as  l'u!<e  of 
^'oi'lc.  or  .lenny  j/nid,  and  hi,Lihlv  ])i'i/,e  scraps  of  ])aper 
with  writing'  purportinLi'  to  substantiate  their  claims  to 
such  distinctions.  Their  superstitions  are  many,  and 
they  are  continually  on  the  watch  in  all  the  coimnonest 
acts  of  life  a,^aiust  the  swaini  of  evil  inllnencis.  from 
Avhich  they  may  escape  only  by  the  .izreatest  care.'"' 

Disorders  of  the  throat  and  lunus,  rheumatism  and 
intermittent  Icaim's,  are  amonii'  the  most  prevalent  foi'uis 
of  disease,  and  in  their  methods  of  cure,  as  usual,  the 
absurd  ceremonies,  exoicisms,  and  Li'esticulations  of  the 
medicine-men  ])lay  the  ])rincipal  part;  but  hot  and  cold 
))aths  are  also  often  resorted  to  without  n^'jtu'd   to  the 


nature  or  sta'je  of  the  maladx 


lllS 


ne 


hod 


les  ( 


if  surh 


l\:  Kmif's 

v..  V<''~, 

Usi'i  iiil- 

uchr'iii'j's 

•nri'  tlio 

[lilVf  llllt 

lih/iii- 

iiiniciu  (if 


tl 


ic  \vi>ini  11  IS  iiUViivs  Cii 


illr.l 


1.1  til 


(111  isinll    il  ciilcs  til"   1 


lari'alli.   . n- 


\'"U.  Iliriild,  \i>\.  \..  y.  Ills.     ' 'I'll.- wliiilr  IhikImi  of  (I'l'iH  s  i 


fioii  is  tliriiwu  ii]iiiii  til 


Cut  of  the  iiiitiv 


r 


i:.,:  i:. 


I'..  Vlll.  IV.,  \t[< 


:ir,)-2i). 


i:iliy-|niii])(i 


117/,. 


•U| 


At  I'.ilt  1)1:    (ivcrv  tluv  I'U'rnil  their  chililivii  fdl- sale,    r 


At  Cnay  llarlMH'  tiny  \v<  re  i.nt  j  aloiis. 


1' 


2:a;  vdl.  ii. 


s:!  1. 


ll-i  11.    Siri/; 


liaviii'4  liKJlT  than  tlin  I' 
irl.'s  Ij  :'i  t<  iiiil  sA'dA-zr.., 


I'P- 


I'"'  II';//.'s'  A' 


,)  r 


rx.  i\ 


III!   i  I'll    r:<fi 


IHT     |- 


I  ■•■//. 


vcl.  i  ,  1), 


I'.,  \"\.  IV..  ]> 


VUl  .111;  /. 


/■  s    1       ...  VI 

ir  fiir.r  '  el 


I' 


111 


-i; 


M,    .'  Illtl(  1,1, 


Ktitioiis  trilic,  1111(1  iiritiiid  to  1 


Ipv  tl 


1'  ir  unci  .stdis. 


M  II  '-1.  is:.;». 

•jCi  '.,  LTO.      '1  he  I. 
trailitiniis — li  L'l  II 


niiiiiii  'iivc  a  \i  ry  sii].(r- 


.  liaiiiL  (I  (Idw  11  to  ti 


Kill 


N 


or  1  at  11  Jilu  ii-.ali 
17.  ■!/.).  No  foili 
1..  -••;   1:    ll'oi//.,-: , 


11  ]icrsna  loll  I  r 


It.'  /.,'/.  .'ir.  Jjil 


pay  will  iiiiluic  tlii  in  to  Lillinov.  j 


Julhi 


ll'( 


salutation. 


(('/.'  I'll  ,   S    I   III  l.t,    III 


r.  ,s-.  7..C. ;;, 


1' 


ii. 


s  (  '.h,,.v  dill 


I  ilir.  lip. 


li-  All 


;tln'S;. 


a-it- 


•I>v.  IIol: 


IK'S  saw  a 


11  oLl  man  in  tin'  last  st: 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


// 


1.0 


2.5 


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coLriir-iANS. 


hsiicc'iiinl)  to  tlu'ir  disoiiscs,  or  to  tlio  iiiciins  employed  for 
cure,  are  disposed  of  in  difiereiit  Avays  aeeordiii;A'  to  lo- 
cality, trihi'.  raidv.  or  auc.  Skeletons  are  found  1)\  trav- 
eler.s  buried  in  the  ground  or  deposit<Ml  in  a  sittinj^ 
jMisture  on  its  surl'aee;  in  eanoes  or  in  boxes  supjjorted 
])\  posts,  or.  nioreeonnnonly,  susj)ended  iVoui  the  branches 
of  trees.  Corpses  are  Avrap[)ed  in  cloth  or  niattinj:'.  and 
more  or  less  richly  decorated  iiccording  to  the  wealth  of 
the  deceased.  >^everal  bodies  are  often  put  in  one  canoe 
or  box.  and  the  bodies  of  younti'  children  are  Ibund  sus- 
pended in  l)askets.  Property  and  implements,  the  latter 
idways  broki'n,  are  de[)osited  with  or  near  the  remaius, 
and  these  last  restinti-i)laces  of  their  peo[)le  are  relig- 
iousl\'  cared  for  and  uiuarded  from  intn  ><ion  by  all  iho 
tribes.'"''    All  the  peculiarities  and  inconsistencies  of  the 


c'oiisniniition,  KhivoriiiH  from  the  rflVcts  of  ii  culd  bath  iit  tin'  t(  iuih 
40    Falir<  nlii  it.     A  fa 


•afiirc 


)f 

Vduritc  n  111!  ily  in  iiiiliimiiaiy  cuiisiaiiiilidii  is  td  titi  u 

l'ii]M'  ti:_'lilly  all  11111(1  till'  tliiiiaN,  si>  as  to  fuii'i'  t  lie  ilia  jilivani  to  ixlfonii  vcs]  ira- 


tiou  \vitli.)ilt  the  aiil  of  tin'  thovac 


lf„/.( 


r 


i:.y.  r. 


vol.  iv.,  !>.  r)12.     Aiiioii;^'  till'  Clallains,  to  iiuc  a  girl  of  a  ilisiasi'  of  tli 


(1( 


llftt'V  stiipiiiiig  tlu>  patii'iit  iiakiil,  tin'  inciliriiii'-iiiau,  tln-owiu'^ofl'  liis  lilaii!;it, 
'  coiuuii  .  ('Ill  siiiL;iiij,'  mill  f,'isticiilatiii;4  in  tlif  most  violiiit  iiiaiiiicr,  whilst 
till'  others  kr]it  timn  liy  Ixatiuy  with  littli'  slirlcs  on  Imllow  wooih  n  howls 


il  di' 


nms,  sinL'iiiLt  contiiiuallv 


Afirr  ('Xci'i'isiiiL,'  hiiiihilf  in  this  nianiirr  fo 


nhoiit  half  an  huiu'.  nntil  the  piisfiiiatioii  ran  down  his  liody.  hr  darti 


d- 


di'iily  uiioii  till'  yoiinji  woman,  ratchini,'  hold  of  hi  r  side  with  hi^  ti  rlh  ami 
KhaUin;^' lirr  fornfrw  iiiiniitis,  wliili'  tlii'  i)atiitit  st'ciiud  to  siilh  r  gnat  auony. 
Ho  thin  nliiiijuishi  d  his  hold,  and  I'liiil  out  th;it  he  had  '_;ot  it,  at  the  same 
tiiiii'  holdiiii;  his  hands  to  his  month:  after  whiili  he  plnii'Jied  them  in  llui 
water  and  ]iretended  to  hold  down  with  great  diilieiilty  the  disease  whii  h  ho 
W'iiikI.,  P)i.  L'io-f'i.     Sniall-i)o\  siemed  very  pri  v:dent 


had  extraeted.'    A' 

hv  whii'li  iiiaiiv  had  lost  the  sight  of  one  eve.    \'(ii' 


oil. 


>\. 


212.     To  eiire  ii  cold  in  the  faec  the  Qileiiinlts  Imriied  certain  hi  rlis  tr 


1> 


cinder  mid  mixing  them  with  grease,  aiiointeil  the  fa 


.y.  II'.  r„.,,s/ 


J),  'JCi").  .\moiig  the  Nooksaks  mortality  has  not  increased  with  civilizatii  ii. 
'  .Vs  yet  the  only  causes  of  any  amount  aie  consumption  and  the  old  dis- 
rases.'  Iml.  At/.  11' pi..  1S.")7,  ji.  .'tJ7.  .\t  Xeah  l?ay,  'a  scrofulous  afl'.ctiou 
jiervades  the  whole  tribe.'  '1  he  old,  sick  and  nminicd  arc  iiliandoucd  hy 
their  friends  to  die.   hi..  1H7-',  )>.  ;t."):i. 


10!)  SI 


hive  no  ri  ,'lit  to  h 


ir 


,/ 


iiiria 


1  pi 


1' 


'if 


At  a  Qncniiilt 


thei'lai 


the  dilVei-i  nt  colored  lilaiikels  and  calicoes  hung  roitnd  gavu 


I'lai 

ir. 


ace 


an  ap]iearanei'  o 


f  clothes  hull''  out  to  dry  on  a  washiu'.'  dav.'  Si 


I.  )).  2(; 


At  Port  Orchard 


"iillis  were 


'wrapped  lir'idy  in  mat- 


ting, lu'lieath  which  was  a  vhite  iilaliliet,  closely  fastnicd  round  the  hoily, 
and  under  this  a  covering  of  Mue  cotton.'     ,\t  I'ort  Discovi  rv  hodi 


•ajtiii  d  in  mats  and  jilaced  upon  the  ground  in  a  sitting'  post 


lire,  iiiiii  sur 


roundrd  with  stakes  ami  jiiect  s  of  ]  l.'nik  to  piuteet  tliem  '     On  the  Cowlitz 
the  liurial  canoes  are  |iaiiileil  with  ii'.;inei.  and  gifts  are  not  de[io^iti  d  till 

.\i(r..  i.i  r.  S.  J:.)\  /',r..  Vol.  iv..  ])p. 


d  moiitlis  after  the  funeral.   W  il, 


3J:t,  ;!I7-S,  .")M'.l   Id.    .Uiioiigtlie  Nisipi.-dlies  holies  of  relatives  are  Konii  tiiiii'fj 
diuiutcrrcd  at  dillcri'iit  places,  washed,  ri-wia]iped  and  luirii  d  again  in  oiia 


ciiaiiacti:r  of  the  souxd  ixdi.vns. 


221 


Xftctka  char.'K^ter  jxM-liaps  have  ])OQn  noted  l)y  travi'lors 
ainoii^'  tlie  Indians  oi' the  SouikI.  ])iit  none  of  tliese  jecii- 
liarities  are  so  eleaily  niarke<l  in  the  hitter  [)eo|)le.  In 
their  character,  as  in  otlier  res[)ects.  they  liave  littU*  in- 
divi(hiality,  and  hoth  their  virtues  .and  vices  are  hut 
faint  reliections  of  tlie  same  qualities  in  tlie  ^reat  fami- 
lies north  and  south  of  their  territory.  The  ( 'ape  Flat- 
tery trihes  arc  at  once  the  most  intellijient,  Itold,  and 
treacherous  of  all.  Avhile  some  of  the  trihes  east  and 
north-east  of  the  Sound  jiroper  have  iK'rha[)s  the  ])est 
rei)utation.  Since  the  partial  settlement  of  their  terri- 
tory hy  the  whites,  the  natives  here  as  elsewhere  have 
lost   many  of  their  oi'iuinal  characteristics,  chiellv  the 


hettc 


r  ones. 


Tl 


le  renniants  now 


for  tl 


le  most  part  ar 


collected  on  govermuent  reservations,  or  live  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  towns,  hy  heguing  and  [)rostitution.  Some  trihes, 
especially  in  the  region  of  Hellingham  Bay,  have  heeii 
nouiinally  converted  to  Christianity,  have  ahandoned 
})olygamy.  slavery,  head-ilattening.  gamhling.  and  super- 
stitious ceremonies,  and  pay  considei'ahle  attention  to  a 
somewhat  mixed  version  of  church  doctrine  and  cere- 


monies 


110 


llllilt- 

IhmIv, 
'  ai't' 
■-m- 

Iwlitz 
till 

I'l'- 

lir.ii'S 

ll  1 11113 


grave.  Lard's  XuL,  vol.  ii.,  ji]!.  '2.'lS-0.  '  Orm's  do  rulmiis  ilo  di versos  coiil- 
enrs,  (le  (lints  ile  jH)iss()iis,  di  eliiip;  lets  ( t  d'luitres  brindxirions  dii  s^'oiit  di  s 
HidiViiLjes.'  Itdssi,  >(ii(  fid '/■>',  ))]).  71  5.  On  I'eiin  Cove,  in  a  dtsertid  villiiKc, 
were  found  'several  sepMlelires  f(iniied  «  xaefly  like  a  e(ntiy  liox.  Some  (if 
tliiiii  Were  open,  and  eoiitaincd  the  sliclcfons  of  many  voiui!^' children  tieil 
11)1  in  liaski'ts.'  yimronvtr's  I'o//.,  vol.  i.,  ]i|).  2."ii-('i,  kST;  Iml.  [{I'.  Hi/il  , 
IN.")  I,  1).  '242;  X'CKi.s  ill  I'or.  /,'.  /,'.  I.'iiil..  vol.  i.,  j).  l-i'.t.  \  eoiresjiondellt 
descriiies  a  tlathead  inunimy  from  TuLtet  Sound  jiroerved  in  San  Francisco. 
'The  eye-lialls  are  still  round  undi  r  the  lid;  the  teeth,  tlie  muscles,  and  t(>ii- 
doiis  jK  rfect,  till'  veiiih  injiit((l  with  some  presirvin^'  liquid,  the  howils, 
stomach  and  liver  drieil  \\]\  Inu  not  dccayeil.  all  ]iirfectly  iires(  rved.  'Vlui 
Very  Mankct  that  enfwin(  s  liim.  madi  of  some  thn  ads  of  Imrk  and  saturat( d 
with  a  ]iitchy  suhstance,  is  (  ntire.'  .^rlninlrrnit's  .ice//.,  vol.  v.,  p.  (lUlt;  rirl.- 
lTiii<i'>:  1,'iirrs,  in  ('.  S.   /•.',!•.   /.'.i',,  vol.  ix..  ]).  It'J. 

iiii  -Their  naiive  haslifuiiiess  r(  ndt  rs  all  sfpiaws  poeuliarly  sensitive  to 
any  puMic  notice  or  ridicule'  I'roli.ilily  the  la/icst  ]icoplc  in  the  world. 
Tic  mails  ar<>  intruste(l  with  safety  to  Indian  carriers,  who  arc  I'trfccfly  safo 
from  interference  on  the  part  of  any  Indi.iii  they  may  nuct.  Kum'^i  IC'dk/., 
p.  -O'.t  H!.  227  H,  2;M,  247  H.  '  I,a  im'moirc  locale  ct  persoucllc  du  sauva^'o 
<'st  adiuirid)le;  11  n'(UiMie  jamais  uu  iiidroit  id  une  ]iersoniie.'  Nature  seems 
to  hive  f,'iveii  him  nieniory  to  sup|)ly  the  want  of  intelli:4cnce.  Much  iii- 
elin(  (I  to  venc;eance.  'I'hose  havint,'  means  may  avert  vciij^'cance  hy  jiay- 
luiiits.  Ilnssi,  Siiifrviiira,  \i[\.  1  lit.  2'.l")  H.  '  Perfectly  indirt'crent  to  <'xposure; 
dec(  ucy  has  no  tncanini;  in  their  lant'iiaiie.'  Althoiiudi  always  lie>,"4iii^,',  they 
refuse  to  atx-ept  iiuy  article  not  in  good  eouditiou,  calling  it  rwnluutuL,  u  term 


822 


COLUMlil.VNS. 


The  ruiNOOKs  constitute  tlic  (ourtli  division  of  tlio 
Colunihijin  {iroiij).  Orijiinaliy  the  luune  >vas  restiicted 
to  :i  tribe  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Cohnnbiu  between 
Gray  Vmy  and  tlie  ocean;  afterwards,  from  a  simihuity 
in  lanjiuau'e  and  customs,  it  was  ai)})lied  to  all  the  bands 
on  both  sides  of  tlie  river,  from  its  mouth  to  the  J)alles.'" 
It  is  em], loved  in  this  work  to  designate  all  the  Ore<it»n 
tribes  west  ol  the  Cascade  Range,  southward  to  the 
Rogue  River  or  I'mpiua  Mountains.  This  family  lies 
between  the  Sound  Indians  on  the  north  and  the  Cal- 
iibrnian  grou[)  on  the  south,  including  in  addition  to 
the  tribes  of  the  Columbia,  those  of  the  AVillanu'tte 
A' alley  and  the  Coast.  All  closelv  resend)le  each  othir 
in  manners  and  customs,  having  also  a  general  resem- 
lilance  to  the  northern  families  already  described,  sj)ring- 
iug  from  their  methods  of  obtaining  fiMxl;  and  although 
})robably  without  linguistic  aUinities.  exce[)t  idong  the 
Cohunbia  River,  they  may  be  consistently  treated  as  one 


of  contompr.  Srrmrivn's  T'ov-  If')'"liI.\<A.  i..  I'p.  IOS-0,  Jliinlcr  (if  ii  Spanish 
liuul's  iTiw  iiilatihiilc  17  iiiC.  Man,  I  ill's, /imr.,  jij). 'Jll,  31.  '  Cluiifnl  iiiul  \vi  11 
(lis;  (pscil '  at  I'liit  On-liaril.  At  Strait  of  Fiica  •liltlf  moic  tlcvalid  in  tlnir 
liiiiral  (pialiliis  than  tlic  Fntniaiis.'  At  Nis(inall,v,  '  addiitcd  to  sti  aliiiL,'.' 
'  Vicions  and  txcccdiiiLily  la/y,  sltcj  int,'  all  day.'  Tlic  Ska^its  arc  catluplics, 
nnd  av.' imirt' advanctd  than  others  ill  civilization.  )l'i7/,i.s'  Xar..  in  I'.S.  /•..c. 
Ji.\:,  vol.  iv.,  jip.  :(17,  ■in,  Glll-ll,  r)17.  H.)th  ut  Oiay  Ilarhor  and  I'liutt 
Sound  till  y  vc  ro  nniforndy  civil  niul  friendly,  fair  and  lionest  in  trailc. 
Kai  li  trilic  elaiiued  that  'the  otiiers  were  liad  ]ieciple  and  that  the  jiaity  <|iies- 
liolied  Were  tho  only  j^ood  Indians  in  tho  li  irlior.'  I'micnni  fr's  \'"i/.,  vol.  i., 
p.  '..")  1;  Vol.  ii.,  j)p.  n:>  I.  ''I'he  Claliam  tribe  lias  always  had  a  had  charac- 
ter, which  their  inti'icoiirso  with  shiiipin^,',  and  the  introduction  of  winskey, 
has  hy  no  ni  aiis  iiiiproved.'  Icil.  .Uf.  h'j't.,  ls"il.  p.  21;!.  'The  superior 
couraL;c  of  the  ^lakahs,  as  well  as  tie  ir  treachery,  will  make  them  luoro 
diilicidt  of  niana^^eiiient  than  most  t)ther  trilies.' (*</  ic/iv,  j/(  /V  c.  /,'.  /'.  /■'r/.^, 
Vol.  i  ,  ]).  'l-It.  The  I.iuninis  and  other  tribes  at  I'xllineliam  liiy  hive  al- 
ready aliandoiied  their  ancient  l>arl>aioii.s  habits,  and  have  adopted  those  of 
civilization.  Cini  nntii,  ia  Jlirpir'n  Mmj.,  vol.  xxxix.,  ]'p.  7'.i")-7;  .^hiijisnii's 
(irerliiiiil  .Iniirn..  vol.  i.,  pj).  '210-2.  ' 'i'lie  instincts  of  these  jieople  ar(>  of  a, 
Very  deL;raded  chaiaeti  r.  They  arc  filthy,  cowardly,  lazy,  treacln  ions,  dniiik- 
I'li,  avaiieioiis,  and  iimeh  ^iveii  to  thieviii;,'.  The  women  have  not  the 
sliehtcst  pretension  to  viitiie.'  The  ^lakahs  'are  the  most  indejK  iident  In- 
dians in  my  district -thcv  and  the  (^uillcvutes,  their  near  iieij^hbors.'  Intl. 
Af.  lU/it.,  I's.'iH.  pp.  -i'J.".. -J.  1;  ;,/.,  is  2,  p.':,',»;i;  /./.,  bs7(»,  p.lO;  >c.',o.i/c,y(/7  ,s 
..be'/.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  hdl;  ]\"nd,'iri>ii'.i  ('((not  ((/((/  .S(((/(^c,  p.  oS;  I'nnii's  'I'i'p.  M'  m., 
p.  (15. 

'"  Perhaps  the  Cascades  nii^'ht  nuirc  jn'operly  bo  named  as  the  boundary, 
since  the  re.eioii  of  the  Dalles,  from  thi'  (  arliest  records,  has  been  tlic  r(  ndi  z- 
voii.v  fortishine,  tradiiiL;,  and  ^;aiiiblin;^'  juirposcs,  of  tribes  from  ev(  ry  jiart  of 
the  surrounding;  country,  rather  thau  tho  home  of  any  particular  nation. 


THE  CIIINOOKS. 


fiimilv — the  last  of  the  jiivut  coast  or  fisli-eatintj  divis- 
ions ol"  the  ('oluinl)iaii  jirou]), 

Aiuoii.Lj  the  prominent  tribes,  or  nations  of  the  Thi- 
niK»k  lUmilv  niav  he  mentioned  the  followin'i:  the  \\)il- 
/.ili/s  or  upper  Chincxjks,  inchidinj;-  the  hands  on  the 
Cohinil.ia  from  the  Cascades  to  th.e  Cowlit/.  and  on  the 
lower  Willamette;  the  lower  Chinooks  iVom  the  Cowlit/, 
to  the  I'aeidc  comi)risinji'  the  Wiil/ad'nuitf.  and  ('hhiooks 
on  the  north  hank,  and  the  ('<il/if<tincts  and  ('htf>oj>.i.  on 
the  i5outh;  the  ('((/(tjinoijas  oeeupving  the  Valley  of  the 
"W'ilhimette,  and  the  ClKcbniuDi  on  one  of  its  chief  trih- 
utariesof  the  same  name;  with  the  KiUniiKiohn  and  Viiiit- 
cy//^'s  who  live  between  the  Coast  rvan;:e""and  the  ocean. 

With  respect   to  the  present  condition  of  these  na- 


tions, an 


thorit 


les  auree  ni 


si)eakin'j;  of  them  as  a  siiualid 


|UJ 


and  ju)verty-stricken  race,  oiice  numerous  and  [Xjwerful, 
now  few  and  weak.  Their  country  has  been  settled  by 
w  hiti's  nuich  more  thickly  than  rejiions  farther  north,  and 
they  have  rapi<lly  disappeared  before  the  inlhix  of  stran- 
gers. Whole  trilu's  have  been  exterminated  by  war  and 
disease,  and  in  the  few  miserable  renniants  collected  on 


u   ni- 
ls.' ..f 

\W 
It  In- 

M<  III., 

Iiluiy, 
liiilt'/.- 
livt  (>{ 
lition. 


CllilK 

1>' 


"■-  I'civ  (litiiils  src  TuiiiAi.  r>iirxi)Ai;iKs  at  the  ciiil  of  this  chiiiitcr.     Tlu> 


Clatsops,  Wiikiaknius  aiul  Catlilaimls 


nsiiuliliii''  cai 


h  othi 


th-.ss.  1; 


iiiun 


11(1  iiiaiiiK'i'." 


'I'lir  (  liiiKKiksaiid  W: 


ikiakiiius  wcn^ 


iiii-'ilially  one  liilic,  ami  Wukiakiini  was  the  name  oi  tlic  chii  f  who  sect  iIimI 


with  Li-i  la 


(Ihfidits.    Ir 


Astn 


1'1> 


-<i.     "Tluy  may  be  rrj^'anlcd 


as  ihi'  ilistimtivc  type  of  thf  triln  s  to  the  north  of  the  Ofi'Lji'ii,  for  it  is  in 
thrill  th.it  t!i('  i>r(Mtliaritirs  of  tiic  poimlation  of  these  regions  art'  seen  in  the 


iiio.t  Kliildii''  nianm  r. 


t:il 


leS  uhol 


i.(<-/,s  />->•,;•;>,  vol.  ii.,  pj).  i.")-!',.  :ni.    All  tl 

ut  the  mouth  of  thi'  t'olumhia   "ajipear  to  be  di  seeiidid  from  tli 


saiue  stoc. 


'I: 


''I ., 


1' 


anil  VI 

i7-s. 


lile  one  auotlii  r  in  laM:;iiaL,'e.  (In  ss,  and  iiatiits.  !!■  >n' 


The  Cathli  vachi  va(  lis  at  tiie  Cascadis  ilitVi  i'  hut  litthi 


i>ni  t:r 


rh 


/(/.,  j>.  lil.     Scoiili  r  cidls  the  (dlundiia  lnli(s<(( 


H.l.l.s 


l..„iil. 


\\  eoiisi'liis  tlieni    '  iiitimat(  ly   related  to  the  Kalajiooiah   I'amily. 


./.. 


d.  xi. 


J).  -- 


'J'he  Willamette  trilxs  •ditl'er  verv 


little  ill  tli(  ir  habits  and  modes  of  life,  from  those  on  the  ('olimibia  Jiivi  r. 


//  ^  ■(>■ 


•i/K,  i>.  r. 


.Alofr 


!-oulh  of  (he  ('(dumbia.   /.'. 


.1/ 


akes  h'iliii. 
■ji'iif..  toiii.  ii.,  ]i.  It") 


general  name  for  all  Indians 


lin 


i/nil.   l\h 


HI 


vol.  ii..  1).   l:ii.      Tile    N<  (Ik  iidees  on   the    WiUaluelte   el 


d 


u  alViaitv  with  the  I'.lo'ts  at  the  Naridws  of  the  Columbii 


re- 
II. Ill  ( 

tlirre  semis 
of  one  faiui 


nbli!    iu    almost  iveiy  Jiaitieillar    the  Clat 


sops    ala 


The 

1  C'hiiiii 


;iih< 


7/ 

to  b 


jip.  IJT.   "lilt.     'Of  the  Coast  1 1 


that  1  hav( 


se(H 


lltti 


dirt' 


er(  lice  111 


will  answer  for  tli 


in  theii  style  of  liviii;^'  that  a  ih  seriiilioii 
iliole.'  >/(<'(('.s-  .V.  ir.  (  nil!-!.  ]l|l.  I.'.ll  I. 
'  All  the  natives  iiihabitiiii,'  the  soiith(  ill  shore  of  the  Straits,  and  the  de(  lll\• 
i.l  leiited  t'-rritory  as  far  and  ineludiii'^'  the  tide-wate;s  of  the  Columbia,  may 
h  ■  eoiiiprehendt  (1  under  the  i,'(iieral  li  rni  of  (.'hinooks.'  7'(('A('/i/i;/'.s  Iii(:f!<,  in 
i'.  .■>'.  £x.  L.i:,,  vol.  i.\.,  \).  2J. 


Ji 


i 


'f:i: 


22i 


COLUlIinANS. 


rcnerv'ations  or  .strairjilin*?  alxHit  the  Orop)n  tinviis,  no 
truce  is  ai>part'nt  ol'  the  iiidcpoiKU'iit,  oasy-liviii;^'  Lands 


of  the  remote  past 


It  is  however  to  he  noted  that  at 


no  time  since  this  rejiion  has  heen  known  to  Ilnropeans 
has  the  Indian  i)opidation  heen  at  all  in  })ro})ortion  to 
the  snp|)()rtin^'  capacity  of  the  land,  uhile  yvt  in  a  ;hite 
of  natnie,  with  its  fertile  soil  and  well-stocked  streams 
and  forests. 

In  i)hysi(iue  the  Chin(X)k  can  not  he  said  to  difler  ma- 
terially from  the  Xootka.  In  statnre  the  men  rarely 
exceed  five  feet  six  inches,  and  the  women  five  feet. 
]?oth  sexes  are  thick-set,  hut  as  a  rule  loosely  huilt,  al- 
though in  this  respect  they  had  douhtless  de;ienerated 
when  described  hy  most  travelers.  Their  legs  are  howed 
and  otherwise  delbrmed  by  a  constant  s((uattin,u'  position 
in  and  out  of  their  canoes.  Trained  by  constant  ex- 
posure with  slight  clothing,  they  endure  cold  and  hunger 
hetter  than  the  white  man,  but  to  continued  nuiscular 
exertion  they  s(M)n  succumb.  Plusically  tluy  improve 
in  pro[)ortion  to  their  distance  from  the  Columbia  and 
its  fislieries;  the  Oalajiooyas  on  the  upper  \\  illamette. 
according  to  early  visitors,  [)resenting  the  finest  s[)ei'i- 
mens.'"     Descending  from  the  north  ak)ng  the  coast, 

1'^  'Tlic  riu'o  of  tlio  Cht'iioolcs  is  nearly  run.  From  n.  larjj;o  and  jiowcrfiil 
tribo...  Ihcy  liavo  dwinilliil  down  to  aliont  a  Inuidrcd  individuals,...  and 
tlit'si'  arc  It  (irjaavcd,  licentious,  drunken  s(  t.'  ^iniu'.i  .\.  W.  (  mint.  pj).  Id.s- 
H).  'J'lii'  Wiilojialis  'may  be  considert  d  as  extinct,  a  fi>\v  wonit  n  only  re- 
muinin-;'.'  >/''i</(.s',  in  I'm;.  11.  It.  liifit.,  vid.  i.,  \i.  \iH\  Mninni,  Kv/har.,  tom. 
ii.,  !>.  ;)•"»!;  Jinl.  Aif,  Hrpt.,  ]sr>4,  pp.  •.;i',)-4(l;  l.cnl's  .V'(/.,'vol.  i.,  p.  X>1\  vol. 
ii.,  J).  217;  !>'■  Sni't,  J/i'.s.siod.s-  ih  I'ui'i'iihk,  jip.  1G:J-4;  Kmie's  Wuml..  ])p.  ITli  <i, 
I'Jd  7;  Ir  iii'i'x  Asliiri'i.  pp.  ttli-j-ti;  Fit:;/'  ■•'ihr.i  llml.  Ii.  i'<i.,  ])[).  liU-J;  Hims' 
Oi'Vii'in,  ])p.  lOl-l'.l,  '2lt  1;  J'liiiriitiDi'.'i  Oiiii.  iiml  Ciil.,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  r>2  'A;  llmin- 
lUi'h's  livs  li's.  vol.  ii.,  p.  ;i>;  I'ulmi'r'x  •hmr.,  pp.  St,  87;  l''ir/.i'r's  E.^idnv. 
Tmn-.,  jin.  Kd-'J.  'In  tlie  Wallami'ttc  valley,  their  favoiitc  country... 
there  arc  hut  f<'\v  i-enmants  Icfi,  and  they  are  dispirited  and  hroken-heart(  d.' 
liobi rl.'ihi'.i  (ifi'iiiiii,  p.  l;t(l. 

11'  ' 'I'he  ])crsonal  ajipcaranee  of  the  Chinooks  differs  so  mnch  from  that 
of  the  al'ori^'iual  tiihes  of  the  I'nited  States,  that  it  was  dilliciilt  at  first  to 
recoLjni.  I'  til.'  atliuity.'  I'irhininfx  Jiitris.  in  ('.  S.  J:',\\  Ex.,  vol.  ix.,  \\ . '11 . 
'There  are  no  two  nations  in  Europe  so  dissimilar  as  the  triln  s  to  tlie  norlli 
iind  those  to  the  south  of  thi^  Cohunliia.'  hniKi'incli's  iM-sciis,  vol.  i.,  p.  hfS; 
vol.  ii.,  ji.  •  I'l.  ' 'I'liick  set  lind>s'  north;  'slij,'ht,'  south.  /(/.,  vol.  i.,  ]).  HN; 
vol.  ii..  ]).  Iti.  'Very  inferior  in  muscular  powir.'  Jd..  vol.  ii  ,  jip.  iTi-Ki. 
'.\monu;  the  U|.,'licst  of  liieir  race.  They  are  Ixlow  the  middle  size,  with 
sipiat,  clumsy  foiins.'  Il(il>'.<  Fthmxi..  in  I'.  S.  K.\\  /•,>..  vol.  vi.,  ))p.  I'.l.S,  210. 
Tlie  men  from  live  feet  to  live  feet  si.K  inches  hiyh,  with  vfell-shaped  limbs; 


niixouK  riiYsiorr. 


£23 


ITv|Krl!()rcans,  (\)li:in);i;ins,  and  rjililomiiins  <ini(liially 
sissiiiiK'  Ji  inoro  dusky  litit'  as  \vi>  jjrocccd  soiitliward. 
The  ('!)iii[)U'.\inu  of  tlu'  Cidiiooks  may  ho  <'alU'd  a  trillo 
dai'kcr  than  the  nativi'sol"  llic  Sound,  and  of  Vancouver; 
tliou'-li  nothin-a'  is  more  dillicnlt  than  iVoni  the  va'ir.o 


I  IT) 


oxjH'c'ssions  ol'  travcU'i's  to  (U'ti'nninc  slwuU's  of  color 
Toints  of  rc'sinihlancc  have  hccn  noted  hy  many  oh- 
K'i'\('is  hetween  .the  (Miinook  and  Mongolian  jiliysici.'- 
nomw  consistin'i  cliiellv  in  the  e\es  turned  ohliiiuclv 
upward  at  the  outer  coiMier.  The  i'ace  is  hroad  and 
round,  the  nose  Hat  and  I'at,  with  larjre  nostrils,  the 
mouih  wide  and  thick-lipited.  teetii  irregular  and  unicli 
worn,  eyes  hlack,  dull  and  expressioidess;  the  luiir  .uen- 
erally  hlack  and  worn  lonj:'.  and  the  heard  carciiilly 
l)lucked  out;  nevertiieless,  tlieir  I'eatuj'es  are  ol'teii  rc.g- 


luar 


11(1 


the  women  six  to  ci^^^'ht  inclu  s  shorter,  with  bandy  lej^s,  thi<'k  uiildis.  liroad. 


tlut  flit,  idosc  hannilii,' l>n  ii^ts.   (  i  ,r'.s  ,l(/r 


Vol,  i. 


I'l' 


(i:i  I. 


(Iliniu 


lltivc  lace,  ;,'iiierally  Ik  low  tive  feet  the  iuehis,  with  eroiikril  \vl;<,  ami  tlliek 
aiiklis.'  "nrnail.  llat  feet.'  Irrimi's  Aslnri'i,  |  ji.  NT,  :>:)•).  '  Jiut  Hot  <1(  llcient 
in  stren.!.,'th  or  activity.'  .V;co,'(((/'.s  itrviiun,  p.  1  l.">.  Men  'stout,  mnsi  iil;ir  and 
htlohL;,  iiut  not  tall:'  women  'of  the  middle  size,  lint  very  stont  and  I'aliliV, 

YX>.  si)-'.»:t.     At  (  ai'.o 


with 


siKirt  necks  an 


il  sh 


lilldl: 


i;, 


Ort'urd  nolle  exee(  d  tive  fe(  t  six  inches;   'tohralilv  Well  liinlied.  thnii-h 


tril). 


in  their  iiersons.'    I 


lUii-iinri  /•  .s 


I 
kirc  somewliat  lar''er  anil  lietti 


<'//.. 


vol.  i. 


^h 


idth 


d  th 


!• 


•JOI.    The  \Vill,,ni.tt. 


th< 


of  the  (  ciliiniliia 


1st.  I.I  irisfiiiiirifirl.i's  'I'nir..  j)]!.  I,."),  i;!;  7.")iil,  r)iis.  '/«,  i, 


]i]i.  7t)  Ti;  lliiiis'  Viiij.,  {n>.HM,  1)1 


■r. 


if  U 


le  mi  11  I'enera 


are  lather 


sviiiiiii  triial:  their  statuicis  low,  with  li^rht  riiii  \vy  liiuhs,  and  ii  n 
lil.  delicate  hands.     The  women  are  nsnallv  mere  rotrnd,  and,  ii 


di: 


1  seme  m- 


stanc 


■s,  even  ainu'i 


rh  ol 


)esity.'    'Ini'ii  lull's    ,".  Id'.,  J).   Ii.S.      '  .MalV  lint  even 


\iir. 


tive  feet  '    Friini'li' 

Hhari)  sii'ht  and  heariii!,',  hut  obtuse  smell  and  tasti 


jip.  '_l()-l.     Call  eiidnre  cnld,  but  imt  fall 


The  women  are  nn- 


iilh 


1.  anil  lioiii  a  com 


'I'li'ir..  ]t\i.  'Jit-'" 


bination  nf  cinses  :;]  ]Mar  old  at  ai 


1  earlv  a'.'e 


'I  he   [iiili.ins  nortli  nf  the  (  oliimbia 


I',  1'er  th 


iiio.st  jiart  L,Mod-lookint;,  robust  men  some  of  ihciii  h.-iviie.,'  line,  syimiicirical, 
forms.  Tliey  liavt;  bet  n  reiu-esenti  d  as  diminiilive,  with  cruoKiil  ic^s  and 
nncipiith  features.     This  is  not  corvect:  but,  as  a  general  rule,  the  din  et  re- 


verse is  the  truth.'  >' 


.V.  ir 


■'■I- 


y. 


(irr 


I'l'- 1- 


thl 
'1 


'"The  folliiwin<_!  terms  aiV|)lied  to  (  iiiiionk  <'om]ilexinii  are  taki  n  fim?! 
utliors  (|U()ted  in  the  ]ireredin'^'  Hole:  '  ('opier-coliired  bi'i'wn;'  '  lieht 


leer  color 


^''M  olivi 


fair 


con  iiiexiiin. 


Not  dai 


wl 


leli    \oull'. 


'UiiU|_;li  tanned  skins.'      'Diney 


I'airi  r  '    Ih.iii  caste:  n    Iiidi^siis 


Fairer   on   the   const   than  on  the  I'olumbia.     Ibiif-Vireeds   jiartake   nf  tlu: 
Hwarthv  hue  of  their  mothers. 


rile  Cheenoiik  criiiiium,  i  ven  wlw  n  not  (lattened,  is  lonj,'  and  nan 


ijii'essed  laterally,  keel-shaped,  lik  ■  the  skull  of  tlie  l".si|iiimau> 


mil  lii'di  cheek-bi 


with  a  recedin.;  forehead.'  Srniilf 


l.nml. 


Kri 


a 


•  l"(ir.,  vol.  xi.,  ]>.  'J'JO.     '  Skulls.  .  .  .tot  dly  devoidof  any  |ieculiar  dcvi  lo|imcnt.' 
Nii.so  lliit,  nostrils  distended,  short  irn  ;,'ular  tectli;  eyes  black,  pierciiiu;  and 
Vol.  I.    IJ 


22G 


COLUMBIANS. 


It  is  sil)out  tlio  nioutli  of  tl»c  C\)linnl)iii  thiit  tlic  (Mis- 
tom  ol"  lliitton'mji;  tlie  lu'iid  sivms  to  luivo  orijiinatcd.  Ku- 
(liatiuji  from  this  coiitiv  in  all  directions,  and  lu'coinin^ 
k'ss  univorsal  and  ini[K)i'tant  as  the  distance  is  increased, 
tlie  usajic  terminates  on  the  south  witii  the  nations 
uhich  I  have  attm^hed  to  the  (Miin«M)lv  iUnjilv.  is  rarely 
found  east  of  the  Cascade  I{an;j:e,  hut  extends,  as  >vc 
have  seen,  northward  tlirou-ih  all  the  coast  hunilies.  al- 
though it  is  far  from  hein^  held  in  the  same  esteem  in  the 
far  north  as  in  its  apparently  original  centre.  The  or- 
ijiin  of  this  deformity  is  unknown.  All  we  can  do  is  to 
rei'er  it  to  that  stranjic  infatuation  incident  to  humanity 
which  lies  at  the  r<K)t  of  fashion  and  ornamentation,  and 
which  even  in  these  later  times  civilization  is  not  ahle 
to  eradicate.  As  Al[)honso  Ihe  Wise  rejiivtted  not  hav- 
inji'  been  i)resent  at  the  creation  —  for  then  he  would 
have  had  the  world  to  suit  him — so  difierent  ajics  and 
nations  strive  in  various  ways  to  remodel  and  improve 
the  human  form.  Thus  the  Chinese  lady  compres.><es 
the  feet,  the  European  the  waist,  and  the  Chinook  the 
head,    t^laves  are  not  allowed  to  indulge  in  this  extrav- 

trcaclr-rons.  Cnx's  Adr")}..  vol.  i.,  pp.  115,  liO'l.  '  lii-oiid  fiiocs,  low  fovchtiuls, 
laiili  liliii'li  liair,  wide  niuuths.'  '  Fliit  noses,  anil  cvi's  tnvncil  ul>lii|n(ly  uji- 
wiinl  lit  the  outer  corner.'  Jl'th's  l-Aliimn.,  l.i  I'.  S.  I.x.  E,\\,  vol.  vi.,  jip.  1',>M, 
UK).  'Faces  lire  round,  with  small,  l)ut  uniniated  eyes.  Their  noses  are 
broad  and  tlit  at  tlit'  top,  and  tli'shv  at  the  end,  with  liirj,'e  nost.-ils.'  li-rini/'n 
Ast'iri<(,  p.  ;i:!(i.  Portraits  of  two  Cidiiiooyn  Indians.  I'ir'.irif/'n  lUios,  iit 
r.  S.  h'.e.  Z-,'.!'.,  vol.  ix.,  ]>.  14.  South  of  the-  Colunibia  they  have  '  Ion;.,'  fa<'es, 
thin  lijis,'  but  the  Caliijuxiyas  in  Willamette  Valley  have  'broiid  faces,  low 
foreheads,"  and  th(^  Chinooks  '  avc  'a  wide  face,  llat  nose,  and  eyes  turned 
obliipiely  outwards.'  Jlnminfi-I,  .•<  Disirts,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  HS;  vol,  ii  .  jip.  lo-KJ. 
'Dull  phlei;matic  want  of  expression'  common  to  all  adults.  S'lmlnifs  Ihiu. 
Tir.,  p.  11.').  Women  'well-featured,'  with  '  li^ht  hair,  and  jirominent  eyes.' 
7i'<>.s'.s'  Ailnn.,  pp.  H'.(-!)H.  '  Their  features  ratlu'r  partook  of  the  j^'eneral  Kuro- 
j)eiin  charueter.'  Hair  lon,i,'and  black,  clean  and  neatly  combed.  Viinriuirvi'a 
Villi. ,  vol.  i.,  p.  '204.  'Women  have,  in  ^'eneral,  handsomo  fac<'s.'  'There 
are  rare  instances  of  liiijh  ai|uiline  noses;  the  eyes  are  j,'enerally  black,"  but 
sometimes  'of  adark  yellowish  brown,  with  ;i  black  pu;iil.'  J./'insninl  C'lnl.i'.-i 
'J'riir..  ij).  l^"),  4:i(i-7.  The  men  carefully  eradicate  tvery  vesti^'eof  a  bearii. 
J>iiiiii's  Dii'iii.i,  p.  rj4.  'The  feature;  of  many  urfi  reL,'u!iir,  tliou^'h  ofti'ii 
devoid  of  ex;iression.'  Tnwiisind's  .\  ir..  )>.  17h.  'IMuck  oiittli"  beard  at  its 
lirst  a](])caraiiee.'  Ivnir's  MVnn/.,  p  ISl.  i'ortrait  of  chief,  p.  174.  '.Vfew 
of  the  old  men  only  sut^'er  a  tuft  to  j,'row  upon  their  chins.'  i'roiirlii'rc's  Xur., 
p.  '210.  One  of  the  Clatsops  'hid  the  reddest  hair  I  ever  saw.  and  a  fair 
skin,  much  freckled.'  iruss'  .lour.,  y.  "244;  Lunl's  \'  t  .  vol.  i.,  j).  7-">.  For  de- 
scriptions and  plates  of  t'hinook  skulls  see  Morten's  I'ninia,  pp.  '202-13;  jil. 
42-7,  i'J,  50,  unil  SckuokrHjVii  Arch.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  318-34. 


IirAn-FLATTEXINTJ  I'lIEXO'^irNOX. 


227 


njranc*'.  and  as  this  class  arc  ^cncrallv  of  iorcijrn  trihcs 
or  lamilii's.  the  worU  ori'tIiii()l(>;iists  in  classilVinji  skulls 
obtained  hy  travelers,  and  tlu'iehv  ioinidin^r  theories  ot' 
race  is  sonu'what  con; [.Heated ;  l)iit  the  dillicnltv  is  less- 
ened hv  the  fact  that  slaves  receiv*'  no  i"e^nlar  hinial, 
and  hence  all  sknlls  Itelonyin;:  to   hodies   I'roin   nativ** 


ceineteries  aie  known  to  he  Chinook 


'i'he  ChintMik 


ideal  of  facial  l)eanty  is  a  strai,::ht  line  from  the  end  of 
the  nose  to  the  crown  of  the  head.  The  llatteninu'  of 
tlie  sknll  is  elVected  hv  hindinu;  the  inl'ant  to  its  cradle 
iiiini('diatel\-  after  hirth.  and  kce|)in":  it  tlu-ri'  from  thi»'e 


months  to  a  \r 


Tl 


le 


■simplest   form  of  cradle  is   a 


j)iece  of  Iniard  or  |»lank  on  which  the  child  is  laid  npon 
its  hack  with  the  head  slij:htl_\  raist-d  hy  a  hhn-k  of  wooil. 
Another  j)iece  of  wood,  or  hark,  or  leather,  is  then  placed 
over  the  foiehead  and  tied  t«)  the  jtlank  with  strings 
whiih  are  tightened  more  and  more  each  day  until  the 
skull  is  shaped  to  the  rcijuired  pattern.  Space  is  left 
lor  lateral  expansion;  and  inider  ordinai'v  circumstances 
the  child's  head  is  not  allowed  to  leave  its  position  initil 
the  j)i-(x'ess  is  com[)lete.  The  hody  and  limhs  are  also 
hound  to  the  cradle,  hut  more  l<M»selv,  hv  handaues, 
which  are  sometimes  removed  lor  cleansinti  pur|K»ses. 
Moss  or  soft  hark  is  generally  introduced  hetween  the 
skin  and  the  wood,  and  in  some  tribes  comfortable  pads, 

117  '  rractifoil  Ijy  at  least  ton  or  twelve  distinct  trilies  of  the  lower  eoniitry . ' 
Toirii.ti'nd's  .\i(r.,  jip.  Ic5-<i.  'i)n  the  coast  it  is  liiiiitcd  to  a  sj)acc  of  iilnmt 
oin'  huudred  aii<l  seventy  miles,  extciidiii:^  1m  twee  n  <'a;  e  Flatteiy  and  <'ii])(! 
Look-iiut.  Inland,  it  extends  up  tlie  i  oliindiia  to  the  tirst  rajiids,  or  onn 
hundred  iind  forty  nales,  and  is  checked  at  the  falls  on  thi'  Wallaniette.' 
JUlc'di'n  I'll//  ,  vol.  i.,  i>.  ;!07.  The  <'ustniii  'jirevails  auKUiu!  all  the  natioiis 
we  havo  seen  west  of  tlie  IJoeky  Xlomilaius,'  hut  "  diiiiiiiishes  in  recediiii,' 
eastward.'  l.'-n-is  tnnl  (I  rhi's  7 /■  o-.,  p. -J;)?.  ''I'hc  Indians  at  the  l)alles  d.» 
not  distort  the  licad.'  /I'loc's  Wiiml.,  \)\).  20:1,  IS,)-.!.  'The  i'hinooks  aro 
the  most  distiii^'uished  for  their  attachment  to  this  sinj^'idar  usap'.'  llati's 
Elk  Hi  It. ,  ill  r.  >.  /•.'.!•.  /.'.iv,  vol.  vi  ,  ji.  r.is.  'I'iie  trilies  fiom  the  Coliindiiii 
Kivcr  to  Millbank  Sound  tlatteiithe  forehead,  also  the  Vakimas  and  Klikitats 
of  the  iiiti'iior.  I'li'mii',  in  Liirl's  .Sal.,  vol.  ii.,  \i\\.  2IU  J,  •.lit.  "The  prae- 
tlce  ])r  v.iils,  t^enerally,  from  the  inouthof  the  Colundiia  tn  the  D.dles,  al)iiii4 
one  Iruulred  and  eij,dity  miles,  and  from  the  Straits  of  Fuca  on  the  north,  to 
Coos  15. ly  .  .  .Xorthwardof  the  Straits  it  diminishes  gradually  to  a  lucre  sliLrht 
roiupression,  tiiiidly  eonrtned  to  woiuen,  and  ahandonecl  entirely  north  of  .Mil- 
Lank  Sound.  So  east  <jf  tlu*  Cascade  lUouutains,  it  dies  out  in  like  manner.' 
UU)'i-<.  i)  .\i)!t  ami  liHiltliiit's  huihi.  Iturv-:,  p.  IW7.  'Xonehut  such  as  are  of 
noble  birth  are  allowed  to  ttatteu  their  skulls.'  Gray's  J  list.  Oijn.,  p.  I'JT.     , 


228 


COLUMIIIANS. 


(Misliions.  or  rabl)it-HkiiiH  are  cniplovod.  Tho  pioce  of 
\\inA  wWwh  rests  iiiHUi  the  lorclioud  is  in  soino  ciises  iit- 
tiu'lu'd  to  the  criulk'  hy  leatlior  hiiijios,  and  instances  are 
mentioned  where  the  pressure  is  created  by  a  s[)rin^. 
A  tronjih  or  eanoe-shaited  (-radle,  diij;  out  from  a  loji", 
often  takes  tlie  phice  of  the  simple  hoard,  and  amonjj; 
thericli  this  is  ehil)orately  uorked.  and  ornamented  ^vith 
frures  and  shells.  1'he  child  while  under<:oin<i  this 
j)r<H'ess,  with  its  small  hlack  eyes  jannned  half  out  of 
their  stK'kets,  presents  a  revolting  picture.  Stranjrely 
enoujrh.  however,  the  little  jtrisoner  seems  to  fe<'l  scarcely 
any  pain,  and  travelers  almost  universally  state  that  no 
])erceptil)lt;  injury  is  done  to  the  health  or  hrair*.  As 
years  advance  the  head  partially  l)ut  not  altogether  re- 
sumes its  natural  i'orm,  and  among  aged  persons  the 
eiVects  are  not  very  noticeable.  As  elsewhere,  the  jK'r- 
sonal  apjK'arance  of  the  women  is  of  more  importjinco 
than  that  of  the  men,  therefore  the  female  child  is  sub- 
jected more  rigorously  and  longer  to  the  compiessing 
j)r(K'ess,  than  her  brotheis.  Failure  ])r()i)erly  to  mould 
the  cranium  of  her  ofl'spring  gives  to  the  Chinook  ma- 
tron the  reputation  of  a  lazy  and  undutiful  mother,  and 
subjects  the  neglected  chilclren  to  the  ridicule  of  their 
young  companions;'"*  so  despotic  is  fashion.     A  prac- 

'i*"  All  tiuthors  who  moulinn  the  Chinooks  bnvp  sonipthinf;;  to  Hny  of  this 
cnstom:  the  followiii;,'  j,'ivi'  sonu'  dcscriptidii  of  the  j)nirfss  iiiul  its  t  tlVt-ts, 
pontiiiniiii;,  however,  iio  jxiints  not  iiieliuleil  in  that  pv<'ii  above.  Jhniti'n 
<itr<ii.ii.  ii'ii.  122-;t,  12H-;i(»;  V.'ass'  Ailnn.,  pp.  !n»-l()();  Sicmi's  N.  IT.  Coast, 
pp.  ]('>7-H,  \vith(Mit;  I'li'iiiihir's  Jdiir.,  vol.  x.,  pp.  lll-'2;  lldrhtr's  Toy/.,  vol. 
1..  pj).  U07-11,  with  entn:  'I'inrtiHChd's  .V(//'.,  pp.  ITiVf!;  link's  h'tlitiiiii.,iu  C  S. 
Ex.  lu'..  vol.  vi.,  p.  "JlO;  SifdUii/'s  Oijn.  'J'tr.,  p.  150;  Ihimmfvh' s  Ileseits,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  '2'.l4;  Irvhuj's  Aslmhi,  p.  H!(:  Cox's  Ailrrn.,  vol.  1.,  p.  ;t02;  Catlin's.W  Am. 
/lit/.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  110-11,  with  plato.  Feinules  remain  longer  than  tho  boys. 
Lcirisdiiil  (liirl.i's  Tntr,,  pp.  4<(i,  i'.ll.  'Not  so  ^reat  ii  deformity  as  is  pn- 
eriilly  sui)poseJ.'  I'lirLvr's  Hrfdor.  Vokc,  pp.  142-IJ,  251-'2.  '  Lookinj;  with 
contempt  even  upon  the  white  for  having  round  heads.'  l\ani''s  II'k/k/..  ji.  LSI, 
204.  cut.  '.\s  a  ^'<iieval  thin},' the  trilxs  that  have  followed  the  ])raetiee  of  tlat- 
teniufi  the  sknll  are  inferior  in  intellect,  less  stirrins;  and  enterjirisin;,'  in  their 
habits,  and  far  more  de-^raded  in  their  morals  than  other  tribes.'  Crux's  lint. 
Ofin.,  l>.  l'J7.  Mr.  Oray  is  the  only  authority  I  have  seen  for  this  injurious 
pffeot,  except  Doiuenech,  who  pronounces  the  Hat-heads  more  subject  to 
apoplexy  than  others.  Jfrsirts,  vol.  ii.,  j).  Hi;  fia.ss'  .lour.,  p]>.  '224-5;  liroirn- 
eli's  IikI.  haves,  pp.  ;i:ir>-7;  Million's  (  mnia.  Am.,  pp.  20IJ-l;{,  cut  of  cradle  and 
of  skulls;  Mol'r<is,  K.rjilnr.,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  ;t4'.)~50,  Alias,  pi.  2('>;  Foster's  I're-llist. 
liaces,  pj),  204-5,  'MH.  with  cut;  Sutil  y  MexiiMua,  Viaye,  p.  124;  Wilson,  in 
Siiiitlisoniaii  llept.,  1802,  p.  2S7. 


CHINOOK  DUESS. 


tlOf) 


ts. 


i  thin 

ttiots, 

J)Ullll'>i 

t'odxt, 

,  vol. 

U.  S. 
vol. 

.  Aw. 

boys. 
s  n«n- 
{T  with 
Y>.  ISl, 

f  tlat- 
n  tlu'ir 

uiioi\s 

Bwt  to 

Ic  mill 

\e-lliM. 
10)1,  i'l 


lice  uliicli  rcii(l»>rs  tlic  CMiiiiook  iiioro  liidcoKs  lliiiu  tin; 
(•Diiiltrcssion  of  Ills  sUiiU  is  tliiit  of  pici'cin,!"' or  >liuiiiu'  the 
riirlil;i,.:c  of  the  luisc  jind  rars,  and  iiisrrtiii;j:  tlicrcin  \nv>^ 
«triii->  <»l   IhnkIs  or  liia',|iia  .slu'lls.  tlio  latter  lu'iiio-  jui/A'd 


aliovc   all  otlii'i"  ()riiaiu('nt> 


Tatt 


(Mnui;"  KriuH 


to   1 


lavo 


!)!•(  11  |iia('tic('(l.  hnt  not  i'.\t('nsi\('l_\ .  takiiiji  u.^iiallv  llu> 
lonu  of  lilies  oi"  dots  pricked  into  the  ariii-*,  u\i;>,  and 
cliccks  with  |)iilverizi'(l  eiuireoal.  !initatio:i  tattooiiio-, 
Aviili  liie  hriuht-eolored  iiiices  of  dilVereiit  herries.  v.as 
a  I'.ivorite  }iastiiiie  with  the  women,  and  neither  .h'.\ 
eould  resist  the  eharins  of  salnion-jirease  and  red  elav. 
In  later  limes,  however,  aecordinjr  to  Swan,  the  eiisloin 
of  ^reasiiiLi'  and  dauhino;  the  hodv  has  heeii  to  a  i:reat 
extent  aliandoned.  Oreat  pains  is  taken  in  dressiiij; 
the  hair,  whieh  is  conihed,  parted  in  the  inidille.  and 
iisiiallv  allowed  to  hann"  in  long  tresses  down  the  hai-k, 
hilt  often  tied  n\)  in  a  (iiieiie  hy  the  women  and  girls,  or 
hralded  so  as  to  hang  in  two  tails  tied  uith  strings."'' 

I'or  dress,  skins  were  inuch  move  commonly  used  in 
this  region  than  among  other  coa.st  families;  particularly 
the  skins  of  the  smaller  animals,  as  the  rahhit  and  w«M)d- 
rat.  These  skins,  dressed  and  often  painted,  wvw  sewed 
topetlu-rsoas  toform  aroheor  hlanket  similar  in  form  and 
use  to  the  more  northern  hlanket  of  w<m)1.  which,  as  well 
as  a  similar  garment  of  g(M)se-skin  with  the  featlu-rs  on, 
was  also  made  and  worn  hy  the  Chinooks,  thouiih  not  in 

"'Tilt'   ^IiiltiioniMlt  Wdiiicn's  hair  'is  must  coiiiiiKHilv  hraiihil  into  two 


tn-.scs  f.ilJiiiL 
M..  .jKs  ;i.  lii;  4-2.-] 


()V(  r  (  ucli  I 


!ir  ill  front  of  tli 


1(1  V.'  A. 


-/'  /. 


/',(((•, 


«:!" 


The  Cliifkainas  'tattoo  thfiusclvfs  hclow  tli 


liiiiiitli,  whii'h   ^'ivi'S  a   li'_;ht  liliH'  a|i|)t:iraiifc  to   tiii^  counffiiaiicc.'    luinf'n 
11''/"''.,  lip.  J 1 1. 181-5,  'jriC).    At  (  ii]icOifiir(l  'till  yscciiicil  til  ](rif(r  till' coiiiforts 


of  el"  Miiliiicss  to  the  [  aiiitiiiijof  their  liodiis.'  \'i 


I'V/..  v"l   !••  V-    "'• 


Oil  t!'c  t  iiliiiiiliia  'ill  till'  il.i'oiatioii  (it  tin  ir  jicrsoiis  tli(  y  Mir|iass(  d  all  tli 
ctlii-r  tiil)cs  with  jiaiiits  of  (litt'crclit  coldiiis,  fciitlu  is  ami  other  oriiaiiii  iits  ' 
/'/..  Vol.  ii.,  p.  77.  *  Ms  iiietteiit  toiitc  leiir  viiiiitt'  dans  Icnrs  collieis  ct  leiirs 
|i' lidalits  d'dreilles.'  I)r>iii(t.  M',.-s.  tl'  /'")•,■ /n,).  p.  :."").  '  Sollif  of  these  eiils 
I  have  SCI  11  with  tlu'  whole  rim  of  their  cars  Iku-ciI  full  of  holes,  into  ( .c  li 
of  which  would  he  inserted  a  striiiu'  of  these  shi  lis  that  reacln d  to  the  llnor, 


:(:id  till-  V  hole  wci'-liim,'  so  Inavv  that  to  save  tli 


fr 


oiii  111  iiiL; 


I'll  th.  y  Were  ol)lit,'((l  to  wear  a  hand  across  the  top  of  the  head.'     'T  n 
li  ivc  s'(ii  either  men  or  women  jnit  oil  or  <_'rcasc  of  any  hind  on  their  l.od 


v.    ir.  fixi.-t.  jip.  IPi,   loS  :».      Sec  Jhi,.n's  Ortjim,  pp.    ll.".,    I'J.:    1; 


.\iheii.,  pp.  lll-l_';   I'tvlvi-'iiiifx  //"ccs,  i;(  U.S.  /".c.  /.'.c,  vol.  ix.,  | 


ir'ii-  J  s 


.\st  iiirt,  jip,  3:J()-8;  Domciacli's  Jk'fiCrts,  vol. 


1-.  '211. 


1' 


j.jI;  Fiiincli' 


n:  s 


I 


■I  I 


230 


C0LUMDIAN8. 


(■t)iMin()ii  use  mnoiij;;  thom.  Thoy  profor  to  jro  ilakcd 
>vIk'Ii  tlio  wcutlier  |>t'nnits.  Skins  of  Ijir;_'i'r  aniinals,  as 
tlu»  (k'lT  and  elk,  are  also  iised  lor  clothinir,  and  of  llii? 
latti'i"  is  niado  a  kind  of  arr()W-[)nM)f  annor  for  war;  an- 
anothcr  ('«)at  of  mail  ln'inj;"  nia<U'  of  sticks  iMunid  to;j;('tIit'r. 
J'cnialos  almost  universally  wear  a  skirt  of  cedar  hark- 
fihre,  fastened  alnait  the  waist  and  hanging  to  the  knees. 
This  pu'ment  is  woven  for  u  few  iiuiiies  at  the  top,  hut 
the  rest  is  sim[)ly  a  hangin':;  frinjjte,  not  very  eflectually 
coiKrealinj;  the  j)erson.  A  suhstitute  for  this  ;H»ttieoat  in 
some  trilK's  is  a  scpiare  piece  of  leather  attached  to  a 
helt  in  front;  and  in  others  a  long  strip  of  deer-.>-kin 
passed  l)etween  the  thighs  and  wound  alMuit  the  waist. 
A  fringed  garment,  like  that  descrilK'd,  is  also  sonu'times 
worn  alMHit  the  sluMdders;  in  cold  wtather  a  fur  roln-  is 
wrap[)ed  alxnit  the  hody  from  the  hi[)s  to  the  armpits, 
forming  a  close  and  warm  vest;  and  over  all  is  some- 
times thrown  a  ca^K?.  or  fur  hlanket,  like  that  of  the 
men,  varying  in  <puility  and  value  with  the  wealth  of 
the  wearer.  I'he  best  are  made  of  strips  of  sea-otter 
skin,  woven  with  grass  or  cedar  hark,  so  that  tin;  i'nr 
shows  on  lM)th  sides.  (Miiefs  and  men  of  wealth  wear 
rich  rohes  of  otter  and  other  valuable  furs.  The  conical 
hat  woven  of  grass  and  hark,  a.  1  painted  in  hlack  and 
white  checks  or  with  rude  figures,  with  or  without  a  ))rim, 
and  fastened  under  the  chin,  is  the  only  covering  for  the 
head.^-"" 

1^"  '  Those  robes  are  in  penernl,  composed  of  the  skins  of  a  small  animal, 
'.vhich  \Vf  Imvi'  sniJixiscd  to  be  the  brown  nuinj^o.'  '  Sonietinies  they  hitvn 
a  blanket  woven  with  the  fingers,  from  the  wool  of  their  native  Khi'«'ii.'  Kv- 
ery  part  of  the  body  but  the  back  and  shoulders  is  I'xposed  to  vi(>w.  Tlie 
Nechecolies  had  'larjjcrand  louge''  robes,  which  are  generally  of  deerskin 
dressed  in  the  hair.'  Leiris  aid  (  la  r  he's  Tr<ii\,  ])|).  ;,',).',  •1-5-;.  4;fS,  504- '.t, 
rr2-i.  '  I  have  often  seen  them  going  about,  half  naked,  when  the  thernionietc  r 
ranged  between  ;i()'  and  4(1  ,  and  '.heir  ehil(lr<'n  bar.  footed  and  ban  legijed  in 
the  snow.'  'The  lower  IndiaUii  do  not  dress  as  well,  nor  with  as  good  tiiste, 
as  th(>  uinier.'  I'drLir's  h'.vjiliir.  'i'luir.,  pp.  '..41-5.  The  fringed  skirt  'is  still 
nsed  by  old  women,  and  by  all  the  females  when  they  are  at  work  in  the  water, 
aial  is  ealKd  by  them  their  siicufli  cut.'  Aavni'.s  .V.  W.  ('<  <i>t,  pp.  151-"). 
H'iss'  Ailri'ii.,  j)p.  H'.)-I(;i;  Jjttiiu's  (Jrcijini.  jjp.  l.;i-4;  l)<>iii,-i,icl,'s  jMsiils,  vol. 
ii.,  pp.  15-1(1.  uHl-'i,  iHH;  Toirnsi'iiirs  \,ir.,  ]^.  17S;  I\ii  ,<'s  WilmJ.,  jij).  ]St-5; 
Fvdiirlii'n'ti  \iir.,  pp.  '2i2-i.  The  ci  nieal  eaji  reiiiindrd  Pickering  of  tho 
Siberian  triljes.  /i((ns,  in  l'.  S.  /•.>.  A'.i'.,  vol.  ix.,  p)).  '.5.  ;ti);  Cix's  Adnn., 
vol.  i.,  pp.  111-12,  12(1-7;  i/i<«.s'   ]'";/.,  p.  107.     Collars  of  bears'  cluvvs,  for 


DWLLiMNdS  C)I'  Tin:  flllNOOKS. 


231 


Tlic  ('liin(M>ks  ijiovrtl  iilioiit  Irss  lor  tln»  purpose  ofoh- 
taliiiii^  11  siipplv  ol'  HmmI,  tlijin  many  otluMs,  cmii  of  tli(» 
coast  rainilii's.  yot  tlu>  accuiinilatioii  of  liltli  or  a  iiiiicli 
stron;:i'r  motiv: — rl  llcas.  jivncrallv  lonvil  llicm  to  ta.ko 
<|o\vii  tlu'ir  ^v■■:;a'r  'Uvi'Uinj'.s  vnvU  spring:,  picscrN  iiij; 
the  inatci'lals  lor  ri'-ori'ctioii  on  tlir  wmio  or  aiiotlu'r 
,*<lM)t.  'I'lic  k'st  liousi'H  wxvii  built  of  cedar  planks  at- 
taclieil  l»y  liaik-lilire  Citnls  to  a  I'ranie.  wIi'h-Ii  consistetl 
ol  lour  corner,  an<l  two  central  posts  antl  a  ri<l,i:('  jole. 
The  jiianks  of  the  sides  and  ends  wvw  s(/i.  ^iiues  pei- 
ju'iidicuhu".  hut  ot'tener  laid  horizontally,  overlai  pint;  lieri' 
in  clapboard  fashion  as  on  the  r<H»f.  In  some  localities 
the  roof  and  even  the  whole  structure  >v>  ')f  ('edar  b; 'k. 
These  <hvellin}:s  cl«)sely  resembled  those  laitb' r  iioith, 
butM(»'  somewhat  interior  in  Hm\  twenty  lis  <  to  se\- 
enty-live  feet  lon<r,  and  tifteen  to  twenty-li\<'  feet  wide, 
l)ein<r  the  ordinai'v  dimensions.  On  the  ('oluu.bia  ihey 
were  only  four  or  live  feet  hijih  at  the  eaves,  but  an 
eipial  depth  was  excavated  in  the  firomid,  while  on  the 
AVillamette  the  structure  was  built  on  the  surface.  The 
door  was  only  just  larjic  enoujih  to  admit  tlu'  body,  and 
it  was  a  favorite  fancy  of  the  natives  to  make  it  repre- 
sent the  mouth  of  an  iiumense  head  painted  round  it. 


\\  indows  there  were  none,  nor  cnnnney;  one  or  more 
tirei)laces  were  sunk  in  the  lloor,  and  the  smoke  escaped 
by  the  cracks,  a  plaidv  in  the  rooi'  beinji  sometimes  moved 
for  the  pui'[)ose.  Mats  weie  spread  on  the  lloor  and 
raised  berths  were  placed  on  the  sides,  sometimes  in 
several  tiers.  Partitions  of  plaid\  or  mattini:  separated 
the  apartments  of  the  several  families.  Smaller  tempo- 
rary huts,  and  the  })ermaneut  homes  of  the  poorer  In- 
dians were  built  in  various  litrms.  of  sticks,  covereil  wiili 

Tlu'  interior  and  (wtiuior  of  all 


us. 


))ark.  rushes,  or  ski 

dwelliniis  were  in  a  state  of  chronic  filth, 


r.i 


the  men,  1111(1  elks'  tusks  for  tlio  \vfiiiit!i  niid  .••liildn  n.  Jrri.ni's  A.-tniin,  pji. 
UIJO  ^;  i,<is^'  .ln,n:,  pi).  •..'12,  •.:(',)  40,  -Jl'J-l,  'I'M,  27 ».  27H,  i^J.' 

'■''  'Their  houses  sei  nied  to  be  more  coiiifoitiilile  tlrii,  those  lit  Nnotkn, 
th<'  I'oof  hiivinj,'  11  ^'renter  iiicliuatioii,  iiiul  the  jihiiikiiit!  In  '.w^  t'.iii;i  In  d  over 
with  the  balk  of  trees.  The  tlitraiiee  is  thvoii^'h  ii  ln.le,  in  ii  limail  j '.  iik.. 
fuvereil  iu  sileh  il  liianuer  us  to  reseuible  the  faee  of  u  luau,  the  liiuutli  surv- 


COLUMBIANS. 


I 


Tho  snlmoii  fi.sliories  of  tlio  Oolnmljia  arc  now  fa- 
mous throuiihout  the  world.  Once  cvcrA'  vcar  iiuumici- 
able  imiltitiidcs  of  these  noble  iisli  enter  the  river  iVom 
the  ocean  to  deposit  their  spawn.  Ini[)elled  hv  instinct, 
thev  strui:|:ile  to  reach  the  extreme  limits  of  the  stream, 
■vvoi'kinL;'  their  way  in  blind  desperation  to  the  very  sources 
of  every  little  branch,  overcoming  seeming  impossibili- 
ties, and  onl}' to  fnllill  their  destiny  and  die;  for  if  they 
escape  human  enemies,  they  either  kill  themselves  in 
their  mad  ellbrts  to  leap  impassable  falls,  or  if  their 
efi'crts  are  crowned  with  success,  they  are  supposed  nev- 
er to  retin-n  to  the  ocean.  This  fishery  has  always  been 
the  chief  and  an  inexhaustible  source  of  Ibod  j'or  the 
Chinooks,  who,  although  skillful  tishermen,  have  not 
been  obliged  to  invent  a  great  variety  of  methods  or 
implements  for  the  capture  of  the  salmon,  which  rarely 


if  ever   have   failed   tl 


lem. 


C'erti 


un   ceremomes   must. 


however,  be  obsi'rved  with  the  first  fish  takiMi;  his  meat 
nmst  1)e  cut  only  with  the  grain,  and  the  hearts  of  all 
caught  must  be  burned  or  eaten,  and  on  no  account  be 
thrown  into  the  water  or  be  devoured  by  adog.  W  ith 
these  precautions  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the 
Chinook  would  ever  lack  a  supply  of  fish.  The  salmon 
begin  to  run  in  April,  but  remain  several  weeks  in  the 


inL;(h('  pni'iioso  of  a  (ludv-wny.    Tho  li.r-pliu'c  is  sunk  into  the  earth,  and  eon- 
Ihu  il  fr>i:u  spreading;  ahovc  by  a  woodi'U  franit'.'    WiKr-nrfr's   I  ".'/■•  ^''  1-  i'-> 


i: 


sailc  I'Uclosui't 


ill  Si'liiiiilrn'fl's  Arrliii'i'-:,  vol.  iii.,  p.  2(11),  speaks  ol'  a  pali- 
tcii  or  fiflccii  fret  hi.!.;li.  witlia  covcrcil  way  to  th<'  rivc  r.     '  llu^ 
Indian  lints  on  the  hanks  of  the  C'ohuiihia  arc,  for  tlic  must  ji.art,  constrnctcd 
of  thr  hark  of  trees,  pine  branches,  and  hrand)h's,  wiiich  are  so:;i(  tiiues  i 


(■red  wiili  skins  or  ra!4s. 


I)n 


ell's  Ihsirls,  voh  ii.,  p. 'iCiil.    Ihit  'lhc(' 


.k: 


huild  their  houses  of  tliiidc  and  broad  iikmks.'  etc.    /(/.     I, 


iiid  Cl.a-ki 


saw  1!  house  in  tlie  Willamette  Va'dev  two  liundred  and  twi  ntv-^i\  feet  hniL', 


divich  (1  into  two  raiiL;es  of  hu'L;c  a|iartniciits  separated  by  a  i 


larrow  alii'\'  loiu' 


VVrti 


feet  wii 

piec( 

and  IS  sc  U-elosuiL;.   >('■((, is 


i)p.  r.i»j--i,  r,(ii),  iiu  J,  nr,-u 


tmi, 


le   door  is  ,'i 


>f  board   '  wliieli  han.^s  loos(>  by  a  striiiir,   like  a  sort  of  peiidiilni 


.V.  ir.  r'-„(.s/. 


in 


I.  11(1-11. 


The  trill  s  iK'ar  the 


coast  remove  lessfrc(inently  than  those  of  the  interior.'  ''.(/; 


I'a  t,  l> 


fulniiij  h'litiire,  ]>.  VA'k     '  1  never  saw  more  than  four  fires,  or  above  ci.J.ity  per- 


lall 
H(!,  HIS;   /. 


-slaves  am 


the  la 


m 

rill  I'. t 


St  h( 


/; 


<lv 


)i).  '.'■*  ',);  Puliiii  r' 


s(^ 


).  ;ij 


./' 


I'l 


'//■ 


111,  I 


-;>:  c 


\(lrvii,,  vol.  i.,  p.  ;i.7,  from  J.ciris  unil  ('lurhc;  Dnmi's  (iir  imi,  \<]) 


mill  Chin 


I'arl.i 


r.n'l"i:  Tl 


Xar. 


IT 


M7  S;  Lonfn  Xiit. 


PI' 


iii-.\  n 


:i.");  /■; 


vol.  1.,  ]) 


I'liin 


lis  .V 


h'li 


in'-.i 


Wnul,  PI).  1H7-H;   ///'<''s  J:t!iifiii.  Ill 
SlricLluial's  Hint.  MistiiuHg,  pj).  loJ-'J, 


/'.  .S.  i,',r.  L'x.,  vol. 


.01,  2i(j-f7; 


FISUEEIES  OF  THE  CIIINOOKS. 


2C3 


warmer  waters  near  tlie  mouth,  and  arc  there  taken 
while  in  their  l)est  eondition,  hv  the  ( 'hinook  trihe  })r()per, 
with  a  straight  net  of  hark  or  roots,  sometiiues  live  hand- 
led I'eet  long  and  lii'teen  feet  dee[).  with  lloats  and  sink- 
ers. (Jne  end  of  the  net  is  carried  out  into  the  river  at 
hi'Ji  water,  and  drawn  in  hv  the  natives  on  the  shore. 


who  with   a   mallet  (|uiet  the   lish   and 


pre 


\e 


nt   tl 


leni 


from  jumping  over  the  net  and  escaping.  Farther  up, 
especially  at  the  Cascade's  and  at  the  I'alls  of  the  V.'illa- 
mctte.  salmon  are  speared  \)y  natives  standing  (>n  the 
rocks  or  on  planks  placed  for  the  purpose;  scoopi'd  up  in 
small  dip-nets;  or  taken  with  a  hirge  unhaited  hook  at- 
tached l)y  a  socket  and  short  liu'^  to  a  long  pole.  There 
is  some  account  of  artificial  channels  of  rocks  at  thi'se 
l)laces.  hut  such  expedients  were  generalK-  not  needed, 
since,  l)eside  those  caught  hv  the  CMiinooks,  such  numl)ers 
were  cast  on  the  rocks  hv  their  own  I'h'orts  to  leap  the 
I'alls.  that  the  air  for  months  was  infected  l)y  the  decay- 
ing mass;  and  many  of  these  in  a  palatal )le  state  ol'  decay 
were  gathered  h\-  the  natives  ibr  I'ood.  ] looks,  spears, 
and  nets  were  sometimes  ruhhed  with  the  juice  of  cer- 
tain plants  supposed  to  he  attractive  to  the  lish.  Once 
taken,  the  salmon  were  cleaned  hy  the  wonun.  dried 
in  the  sun  and  smoked  in  the  lodges;  then  tluy  were 
sometimes  powdered  lii.e  lu'tween  two  stones,  lu'iorc  pack- 
ing in  skins  or  mats  lor  winter  use.  The  heads  were 
always  eaten  as  favorite  })ortions  during  the  (ishing  sea- 
son. Next  to  the  salmon  tlu'  sturgeon  was  ranked  as  a 
source  of  I'ooch  This  lish.  weighing  from  two  hundred 
to  live  hundred  [)ounds.  was  taken  hy  a  haiteil  hook, 
sunk  al)out  twenty  I'eet.  and  allowed  to  lloat  down  tlu^ 
current;  when  hooked,  the  sturgeon  rises  suddeidx  and  is 
dispatched  hy  a  spear,  lli'tul  into  the  canoe  hy  a  galV- 
liDok.  or  towed  ashore.  The  ("hinooks  do  not  attack  the 
whale,  hut  when  one  is  accidentally  cast  ui)on  the  shore, 
more  or  less  decayed,  a  .*<eason  of  feasting  ensui's  and  the 
nati\e  heart  is  glad.  Many  smaller  varieties  ol"  (ish  are 
taken  hy  net.  s])ear.  hook,  or  rake,  hut  no  methods  are 
ci'M'loyed  meriting  special  descrii)tion.      Wild  ibwl  are 


2^)4: 


COLUMBIANS. 


piiarou  or  shot;  elk  and  deer  are  shot  with  arrows  or 
taken  in  a  carefully  covered  pit,  dug  in  their  favorite 
haunts.  As  to  the  methods  of  taking  rabbits  and  wood- 
rats,  whose  skins  are  said  to  have  been  so  (,'xtensively 
used  for  clothing,  I  fnid  no  information.  Nuts,  berries, 
wild  iruits  and  roots  are  all  used  as  food,  and  to  some 
extent  preserved  for  winter.  The  AVapato,  a  bulbous 
root,  compared  ])y  some  to  the  potatoc  and  turnip,  was 
the  aboriginal  staple,  and  was  gathered  by  women  wad- 
ing in  shallow  ponds,  and  separating  the  root  with  their 
toes.'"  Boiling  in  wooden  kettles  by  means  of  hot 
stones,  was  the  usual  maimer  of  cooking,  but  roasting  on 
sticks  stuck  in  the  sand  near  the  lire  was  also  common. 
(Mam-shells  and  a  few  rude  platters  and  spoons  of  wood 
were  in  use,  but  the  lingers,  with  the  hair  for  a  napkin. 


122  '  In  tlio  Riinimer  thoy  resort  to  tlip  priucipnl  rivors  ami  the  sen  coast,' 
. . .  .rctirii;^' to  tlic  Kiuallfr  rivers  of  the  intiiior  diniiiLi;  the  cold  s(  iiHoii.'  M'arre 
a, id  \'iiviisinir,  in  Mfiitin's  Jliid.  Ji(ii/,  p.  H\i.  All  small  lisli  arc  driven  into 
the  small  coves  or  shallow  \vati>rs,  '  wln'n  a  inimberof  Indians  in  canoes  con- 
tinue splashini;  the  water;  while  oth(  rs  sink  l)ran<'hes  of  j)iiie.  The  lish  are 
then  taken  casilv  out  with  seoojjs  or  wicki'r  baskets.'  Tlionilmi's  Oi/n.  inal  Cul., 
vol.  i.,  i)p.  Its',),  •iH.V.t,  :{.S4-(>,  ;i!K)-l.  Fish  'are  not  eaten  till  tin  y  become  soft 
from  keeping,',  when  they  are  mashed  with  water.'  In  the  Willametle  Valley 
they  raised  corn,  beans,  and  S(piashes.  Jlantr'a  Cap.,  pp.  70-'J.  A  'stur- 
geon, thou;,'h  wei.L;hinj,'  upwards  of  tliree  hundred  pounds,  is,  by  the  sinj,'lo 
etl'ort  of  one  Indian,  jerked  into  the  boat'!  Dunn's  Orniiin,  pp.  11)5.  114-15, 
lii-t,  l;i7-!).  The  Ump<piiis,  to  cook  salmon,  'all  ju'ovidcd  tlu  nisc  Ivcs  with 
sticks  about  three  leet  loni;,  pointed  at  one  end  and  split  at  the  other.  They 
then  apportioned  the  salmon,  each  one  taking  a  large  piece,  and  lillin  ;it  with 
Hi)linters  to  prevent  its  falling  to  pieces  when  cooking,  which  tluy  fastened 
with  great  care,  into  the  forked  end  of  the  stick;.  .  .  .then  placing  themselves 
iiround  the  lire  so  as  to  describe  a  circle,  they  stuck  the  pointed  end  of  the 
stick  into  the  ground,  a  short  distance  from  the  tire,  inclining  the  top  towards 
the  llames,  so  as  to  bring  the  salmon  in  contact  with  tli(>  heat,  thus  forming  a 
kind  of  pyramid  of  salmon  over  the  whole  lire  '  Jliins'  Vol/,  p.  10-;  Id.  ()<iii.,  p. 
3U(!.  '  'ihere  are  some  articles  of  food  which  are  mashed  by  the  teeth  before 
being  boiled  or  roaste<l;  this  mastication  is  performed  l)y  the  women.'  /)<>iiie- 
licch's  l)i  scrtx,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  Ill-l,  10,  '2 10 -'J.  '  The  salmon  in  this  country  are  nevi-r 
caught  with  a  (baited)  hook.'  Wlll.is'  Jlist.  Oijn.,  p.  107.  '  Turbot  and  ilonn- 
ders  arc  caught  (at  Shoalwater  Uay)  v,hili>  wading  in  the  water,  by  means  of 
the  feet.'  Stoii.'x  .V.  IT.  Cmsi,  pp'.  liS,  M.'l,  103-H,  110,  1(1:!- (I,  with  cuts.  On 
food,  see  y/(*s.s'  Ailvfii.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ',(1-5,  97,  112-3;  Jj<n-d'n  \al.,  vol.  i.,  pj). 
()S-'.),  lSl-:t;  Aciri.s  (did  Clorl.e's  lrai\,  pp.  40'J-15,  4'22,  4.5,  430-1,  415,  5(,(;: 
irw/.v,  in  llai'inr's  M<i(i.,  vol.  xiii.,  pp.  (i05-7,  with  cuts;  Mo.ttufx  O'ln.,  pp. 
144,  147-S;  /'.////(('/••.s  ./oi/c,  pp.  81,  105;  J'arI.ei'..  h'.vii'm:  Vokc.,' p. '241;  In- 
inij's  Asliirhi,  pp.  (Sd,  335;  I'ux's  Adven.,  vol.  i.,  p.  ;ii',)-l!'i;  vol  ii.,  pp.  l'-S-31; 
Ciitliii's  \.  Am.  Jinl.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  113;  Ahb^M,  In  J'ac.  11.  J{.  lh'i>L,  vol.  vi.,  ]). 
Wt;  hid.  Life,  p.  10";  I'lrl.criini's  lltice.s,  in  C  S.  l-'x.  V.'.i'.,  vol.  ix.,  p.  '-<i; 
Juiiic'.f  lt'((/i(/.,  pp.  185  '.);  i'r<iiicliiTi''s  Xar..  pp.  '235-7;  ddt-s'  ilimr..  jip.  '2»4, 
'2oO-l,  ;i82-3;  h'dii;  L'Urcijon,  pp.  44-5;  .'■  Utnli/'.-i  I'vrtrait.i,  ])p.  5'J-02. 


WEAPONS  OF  THE  CHINOOKS. 


235 


were  found  much  more  convenient  taljle  nare.'^  In  all 
their  personal  hahit.s  the  Chinooks  are  disgustingly  filthy, 
although  said  to  Ikj  fond  of  baths  for  health  and  [)leas- 
ure.  The  Clatsops,  as  reported  by  one  visitor,  form  a 
l)artial  exception  to  this  rule,  as  they  occasionally  wash 
the  hands  and  face.*"* 

Their  chief  wea^wns  are  bows  and  arrows,  the  former 
of  which  is  made  of  cedar,  or  occasionally,  as  it  is  said, 
of  horn  and  Ijone;  its  elasticity  is  increased  by  a  cov- 
ering of  sinew  glued  on.  The  arrow-head  is  of  bone, 
Hint,  or  copper,  and  the  shaft  consists  of  a  short  piece  of 
some  hard  wo(jd,  and  a  longer  one  of  a  lighter  material. 
Tlie  bows  are  from  two  and  a  half  to  four  feet  long;  live 
styles,  dilferijig  in  forui  and  curve,  are  })ictured  by  School- 
craft. Another  weapon  in  couimon  use  was  a  double- 
edgvd  wooden  broad-sword,  or  sharp  club,  two  and  a  half 
or  three  feet  long;  s^xiars.  tomahawks,  and  scalping  knives 
are  mentioned  l)y  many  travelers,  but  not  described,  and 
it  is  d()ul)tful  if  either  were  ever  used  by  these  aborig- 
iues.^-'  I  have  already  spoken  of  their  thick  ar.-ow- 
proof  elk-skin  armor,  and  of  a  coat  of  short  sticks  bouud 
together  with  grass;  a  bark  hehnet  is  also  emi)loved  of 
sullicient  strength  to  ward  oft'  arrows  and  light  blows. 
Koss  stiites  that  they  also  carry  a  circular  elk-skin  shield 
about  eighteen  inches  in  diauieter.  Although  l)y  no 
means  a  l)l(X)d -thirsty  race,  the  Chinook  tribes  were  IVe- 
(luently  involved  in  fpiarrels,  resulting,  it  is  saiil,  iVoui 
the  abduction'of  women  more  frecpiently  than  from  other 
causes.     They,  like  ahnost  all  other  Auieriean  tribes. 


'-^  For  (lesori])ti()n  of  tlio  vnrions  roots  and  berries  used  liy  the  Cliinooks 
i\H  food,  see  Leiris  <iiiil  < 'htrl.t-'s  'I  nir.,  jip.  4")(l-r). 

I'l  The  ^lultnoinahs  'are  very  fund  nf  cdhl,  liot,  and  vaponr  liaths,  \vhi<'h 
are  ns((l  at  all  seasons,  and  for  the  jinriHisi'  of  health  as  well  as  |  h  asiu'e. 
'Ihey,  however,  add  a  sj)eei(s  of  hath  [ feiiliiir  to  themselves,  liy  washing,'  this 
whiijt^  body  with  urine  ev(  ry  morning;.'  Iju'ih  imd  (IhvI.v'k  'I'lnr..  jiji.  ."idli, 
40'.).  Kat  insects  from  each  other's  head,  fer  the  animals  liite  tluiii,  ami 
they  claim  the  rij,'ht  to  bite  hack,    h'lu's  \\'<ih(I..  \i\K  ]H\i. 

'-'  'n.r'.s  Ailrcii.,  vol.  i.,  ii|).  :i'2ll-4;  \ol.  ii.. ;  .  1.1;  If  imi's  Ayturi  i,  ])[).  ;{-.'4, 
;inS;  l,'i).<s'  AilniK,  p.  ;iO;  lunii's  W'dinl.,  p.  IW);  Caliiii's  S.  Atn.  Ind.,  vol.  ii  , 
11.  1  It,  1 1.  'iitt'j;  I  ham's  (iri'<;iiii,  )i|>.  l-io;  I.>irl>  oml  Clnrh'n  'I  ni-..  ]ij>.  4-!»- 
;•!, .")()'.);  JUkcs'  O'iii..  ]>.  1  HI;  I'm  .rhrn-'s  \<ir.,  p.  'lo'.i;  J-Jvniinns,  in  ScIk.iAcivjVh 
Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  100-7,  'Jlo-Kl,  4(i8. 


236 


COLUMBIANS. 


miikc  a  free  use  of  war  paint,  laving  it  on  {xrotosfpicly 
and  in  briglit  colors;  but  unlike  most  other  nations,  they 
never  resorted  to  treachery,  surprise,  night  attacks,  or 
massacre  of  women  and  children,  righting  was  gen- 
erally done  upon  the  water.  When  eftbrts  to  settle  am- 
icably tlieir  diil'erences,  always  the  first  expedient,  failed, 
a  party  of  warriors,  covered  fiom  head  to  ibot  witli  armor, 
and  armed  with  bows,  arrows,  and  bludgeons,  was  pad- 
dled by  women  to  the  enemies'  village,  where  diplomatic 
efforts  for  peace  were  renewed,  if  still  unsuccessful,  the 
Avomen  were  removed  from  danger,  and  the  battle  coui- 
menced.  or.  if  the  hour  was  late,  fighting  was  post[)()ne(l 
till  the  next  morning.  As  their  armor  was  arrow-[)r()of 
and  as  they  rarely  came  near  enough  for  hand-to-hand 
conflict,  the  Ixittles  were  of  short  duration  and  acc.omj)a- 
nied  by  little  bloodshed;  the  fall  of  a  few  warriors  de- 
cided the  victory,  the  victors  gained  their  point  in  the 
original  dispute,  the  vancpiished  paid  souie  damages,  and 
the  affa'i"  ended.*-'' 

Troughs  dug  out  of  one  piece  of  cedar,  and  wo\en 
])askets  served  this  peo[)le  for  dishes,  and  were  used  lor 
every  ])urpose.  The  best  baskets  were  of  silk  grass  or 
fme  fibre,  of  a  conical  form,  woven  in  colors  so  closely 
as  to  hold  licpiids,  and  with  a  capacity  of  froui  one  to 
six  gallons.  Coarser  baskets  were  made  of  roots  and 
rushes,  rude  spoons  of  ash-wood,  and  circular  mats  did 
duty  as  ])lates.  Wapato  diggers  used  a  curved  stic^k 
witli  handle  of  horn;  fish-hooks  and  spears  were  uiado 
of  wood  and  bone  in  a  variety  of  forms;  the  wing-i)oue 
of  the  crane  supplied  a  needle.  With  regard  to  their 
original  cutting  instruments,  by  which  trees  were  felled 
for  c:ini)es  or  lor  plaid\s  which  were  split  off  by  wedges, 
there  is  nnicli  uncertamty;  since  nearly  all  authorities 


V2ii  'AVlicn  tli^"  (•"iiflict  is  lostponerl  till  (lie  lu'xt  d  ly IIkv  hir]i  uj) 

fri'^'liful  erics  nil  ni.;lit  Iuiil;,  aiht,  wlicn  tlicy  arc  siilliciintly  near  to  uinl  rsland 
«:icli  otlii  r,  (Icl'y  one  aiinllicr  by  luciiaccs,  lailliiirs,  aiiil  sariMsius.  like  llm 
heroes  of  Jlmiur  iiiul  ^■irL,'il.'  J-  rdirln'ri's  \iir.,  ]i\<.  2-")l  1;  ('<  .f's  A<lri  ii.,\it\. 
i.,  ]ri.  ','r2'2~  •.  Jtiiiiii's  (.h-njiii},  |).  IJI;  Irrhnj's  Asl'irii.  )i|i.  ;!Mll:  //<)»■'  Fur 
JI'ik'c.s  Vol.  i.,  )i'i.  8S,  l(ir)-S;  fhiiiiiiiicli's  PisrrI-:,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ooi;  Xan/y's 
I'urlraits,  lip.  U1--J;  Fuskr's  l're-JJi.>t.  Ji'ucis,  p.  2'.'<'1. 


IMPLEMENTS,  MANUFACTURES,  BOATS. 


237 


,011 

or 
or 


aid 
tick 

!U\C 

one 
H'ir 
led 

ties 


I'  "r 

Tiiiiui 

l.vnl. 
/■■((/■ 


state  that  before  their  intercourse  with  Europeans,  chisels 
niiuleot'  'old  files,'  \vereein[)l()}ed,  anddriven  by  an  oblon<^ 
stone  or  a  spruce-knot  mallet.  Pipe-bowls  were  of  hard 
woo  1  fitted  to  an  elder  stem,  hut  the  best  ones,  of  stone  ele- 
fiantly  carved,  were  of  Ilaidah  manufacture  and  obtained 
from  tiie  north.*"'  To  kindle  a  fire  the  Chinook  twirls 
rapidly  ))etween  the  palms  a  cedar  stick,  the  point  of 
Avhich  is  pressed  into  a  small  hollow  in  a  flat  piece  of  the 
same  material,  the  sparks  fidling  on  finely-frayed  bark. 
Sticks  are  commonly  carried  for  the  pur[K)se,  impro\inj; 
with  use.  Besides  woven  l)askets,  m;ittinj^  is  the  chief 
article  of  Chinook  manufacture.  It  is  made  by  the  wo- 
men by  placinj^  side  ))y  side  common  ])ulrushes  or  lla;is 
about  three  feet  lonu'.  tying  the  ends,  and  passing  strings 
of  twisted  rushes  through  the  whole  lentith,  sometimes 
twenty  or  thirty  feet,  about  four  inches  apart,  by  mean.s 
of  a  bone  needle.*-** 

Chinook  boats  do  not  difler  essentially,  either  in  mate- 
rial, form,  or  method  of  manufacture,  from  those  already 
describeil  as  in  use  among  the  Sound  family.  Always  dug 
out  of  a  single  log  of  the  common  white  cedar,  they  vary  in 
length  from  ten  to  fifty  feet,  and  in  form  according  to  the 
waters  they  are  intended  to  navigate  or  the  freight  they 
are  to  carry.  In  these  canoes  lightness,  strength,  and  ele- 
gance combine  to  make  them  jjcrfect  models  of  water- 
craft.  Lewis  and  Clarke  describe  four  forms  in  use  in 
this  region,  and  their  desci-iption  of  ])()ats,  as  of  most  other 
matters  connected  witii  this  people,  has  been  taken  with 
or  without  credit  by  nearly  all  who  have  treated  of  the 
'iibjv'ct.  I  cannot  do  better  than  to  give  their  account 
t'l  the  largest  and  best  boats  usedl)v  the  Killamooks  and 


'-■'  Pickoring  niaki^s  'tlif  substitution  of  the  wator-jiroof  Imskrt,  for  tlio 
Bquarc  wooiliii  bucki  t  »)f  the  straits  '  thr  cliiif  ditl'i'i'iiicc  Ix'twccu  this  mid 
till'  S.iimd  Fiiuiily.  Il'ir  s,  in  I'.  S.  h'.f.  /•,',!■.,  vol  ix.,  \i.  'l'>;  EiimnKis,  In  >(■/(<>(</- 
criit't^  Jrrli.,  vol.  iii.,  }).  '2)11;  \''tiirni(rer's  V"!/.,  vol.  ii..  p.  77;  /i'm.ss'  Ailroi., 
j>.  1)2;  Doiiifiipi'.li's  Jh.srts,  vol.  ii.,  ]i]>.  241.  2<'iil;  Fntifhrri:'^  \<n-..  p]).  21S-',); 
L'vi.'t  (iiid  Cltirl.i'.i  Tiir..  ji]),  liJi-rt;  'Vi.r'.s  A'tren.,  vol.  i  ,  pp.  U2'.t-:i2;  Dnmi'x 
Or,- 1,1,1,  pp.  l;tS-l»;  Ciiri, I'l  X.  Am.  Iml.,  vol.  ii..  p.  IK!,  jil.  21(1'. j.  showiiii» 
cr.iilli',  liiilli^s,  Wiipato  di_'L;'rs.  I'li'ilininmiifiiis.  or  war  clulis  luid  pipes.  I'drL- 
er's  l-:.i-ii'nr.   Tour..  ])]>.  2  IS  !t;  A''//(«'.s'  WmuL,  pp.  IHt-."),  IMS-iJ. 

'-'  Swan's  N.  W.  K'oia',  pp.  KJl-3;  J'urLer's  E,ri>lor,  Toui\,  p.  '253. 


!i  il 


238 


COLUMBIANS. 


other  tribes  on  tlie  coast  outside  the  river.  ''The  sides 
are  secured  by  cross-bars,  or  round  sticks,  two  or  three 
indies  in  thickness,  which  are  inserted  throup;h  holes 
just  below  the  gunwale,  and  made  fast  with  cords.  The 
upper  edge  of  the  gunwale  itself  is  alx)ut  five-eighths 
of  an  inch  thick,  and  four  or  five  in  breadth,  and  I'olds 
outwards,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  rim,  which  prevents 
the  water  from  beating  into  the  boat.  The  liow  and  stern 
are  about  the  same  height,  and  each  provided  with  a 
comb,  reaching  to  the  Ijottom  of  the  boat.  At  each  end, 
also,  are  pedestals,  formed  of  the  same  solid  piece,  on 
which  are  placed  strange  grotes([ue  figures  of  men  or 
animals,  rising  sometunes  to  the  height  of  five  feet,  and 
couiposed  of  small  pieces  of  wood,  firmly  united,  with  great 
ingenuity,  by  inlaying  and  mortising,  without  a  spike 
of  any  kind.  The  paddle  is  usually  from  four  I'eet  and 
a  half  to  five  feet  in  length;  the  handle  being  thick  for 
one-third  of  its  length,  when  it  widens,  and  is  hollowed 
and  thinned  on  eavli  side  of  the  centre,  which  forms  a 
sort  of  rib.  AVlien  they  eml)ark,  one  Indian  sits  in  the 
stern,  and  steers  with  a  paddle,  the  others  kneel  in  pairs 
ill  the  bottoui  of  the  canoe,  and  sitting  on  their  heels, 
paddle  over  the  gunwale  ni'xt  to  theui.  In  this  way 
they  ride  with  perfect  safety  the  highest  waves,  iuid  ven- 
ture without  the  least  concern  in  seas  where  other  lK)ats 
or  seamen  could  not  live  an  instant."  The  women  are 
as  expert  as  the  men  in  the  management  of  canoes.'-'' 

The  Chinooks  were  always  a  couimercial  ratliei'  than 
a  warlike  people,  and  are  excelled  by  none  in  their 


129  LetrU  ami  Clarke's  Trnv.,  pp.  431-5.  'HnllowoeT  out  of  llip  ecdar  1)y 
flro,  ami  siinMithed  off  with  stone  axes.'  Kirio's  Wmal.,  p.  18',).  At  Ciipe  ()v- 
for.l  '  tlKjirsh.ipt'iiiui'hrcsfiiiblcil  tliat  of  ii  butcher's  tniy.'  V^nifinnr's  I'n//., 
\ol.  i.,  p.  "iOl,  'A  liuiniuifiiceorji  white-heiuled  eil^'lo,  as  l!ir!,'(>  us  life,  curved 
oil  the  prow,  and  raised  lii;j;h  in  front.'  /e«.s'  Adren.,  ]>;).  !»7-S.  '  In  landiiii; 
they  put  tlie  ciiuoe  roi.iid,  ko  as  ta  striko  tho  he  ich  stern  on.'  P'r  n^f'ihr  s 
\nr.,  j>.  2ti!.  •Tiio  liir','er  cin)es  on  tlia  Ci)Iumhi:i  are  sum  etimos  jiropelled 
l>y  sh  lit  Oiirs.*  Kinmon-i,  it  Srlioolrrifl's  Arch,,  vol.  iii.,  p.  '21S.  'Finest  ca- 
noes iutho  world.*  Wi  kf.s'  ]lht.  Oiju.,  j).  107;  P<irl.pr's  Krp'or.  Tonr.,  p.  •25-'; 
J)  niiin  On'fiDii,  jip.  121-2;  i^iniu'a  X.  W.  Ctnist,  pp.  7'J-H2,  with  cuts;  Irriifi's 
Anlori'i,  pj).  SCi,  ;i24;  Cox's  Adfi'n.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  325-7;  JFak's  Kilninj.,  in  C.  S. 
V-.'.f.  /'.'.I'.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  217;  /'ooiKiic/i'.s'  Dencrts,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  27G-7;  JirowncU's  Lid. 
J!(tces,  i)p,  535-7;  O'as.s'  Jour.,  y   27'J. 


CHINOOK  rROPEIlTY  AND  TRADE. 


239 


iiliir  I'V 

]lK'  ()Y- 

Icarvtd 
liiuVnii; 

Ic'ii'/'C  s 

llpl'lll'll 

IfSt   Cil- 

V  r.  N. 


slirowdnosH  at  bargaiiiin;!.  IVfore  tlie  arrival  of  the 
Kuro[)C'ans  they  repaired  annually  to  the  rejrion  of  the 
Cascades  and  Dalles,  where  they  met  the  tril)es  of  the 
interior,  with  whom  they  exchanged  their  few  articles  of 
trade — lish,  oil.  shells,  and  AVapato — for  the  skins,  roots, 
and  trrasses  of  their  eastern  neiiihhors.  The  coming  of 
sliips  to  the  coast  gave  tiie  Chinooks  the  advantage  in 
this  trade,  since  they  controlled  the  trailic  in  beads, 
trinkets  and  weapons;  they  found  also  in  the  strangers 
ready  buyers  of  the  skins  obtained  from  the  interior  in 
excliauge  for  tliese  articles.  Their  original  currency  or 
standard  of  value  was  the  liiatpia  shell  from  the  north- 
ern C():ist.  wdiose  value  was  in  [)roportion  to  its  length,  a 
latliom  string  of  forty  shells  bfing  worth  nearly  double 
a  string  of  lifty  to  the  fathom.  Since  the  white  men 
came,  beaver-skins  and  blaidxets  htive  been  added  to  their 
currou'v'y.  Individuals  were  protected  in  their  rights  to 
personal  ])roperty,  such  as  slaves,  canoes,  and  imple- 
ments, but  they  had  no  idea  of  personal  pro[)erty  in 
lauds,  the  title  to  which  I'ested  in  the  tribe  for  purposes 
oi'  iishing  and  the  chase.^'" 

In  decorative  art  this  family  cannot  l)e  said  to  hold  a 
high  place  com[)ared  with  mure  northern  nations,  their 
only  superior  work  l)eing  the  modeling  of  their  canoes, 
and  the  weaving  of  oruaniLMital  baskets.  In  carving 
they  are  far  inferior  to  the  llaidahs;  the  (\ithlamets,  ac- 
cording to  Lewis  and  Clarke,  being  sonu'what  superior 
to  the  others,  or  at  least  more  fond  of  the  art.  Their 
attem[)ts  at  painting  are  exceedingly  rude.''^ 

'■'"  Driid  and  poumlcil  siilnmn,  ])np:inil  l)y  ii  luclhcul  not  nnilcrstood  cx- 
rf])t  at  til!'  falls,  foniu'd  ii  |  iDiiiiufnt  articli'  o(  coniuit  rci',  lioth  with  ciiast 
aiul  intt'ii)!' nations.  Lfiri^  and  Clnrhi's  '/'/t-.,  iip.  4  1 1  7,  113.  A  fathom  of 
till-  lar.,'ist  hiacjua  shells  is  worth  about  ten  b.avci-skins.  A  d.viiij,'  man 
gavi^  his  i)i'()])i'rty  to  his  intimato  fiiiiiils  '  with  u  iiroiiiisc  on  tin  ir  jiart  to 
nstor.'  thi')ii  if  he  ri't'ovcivd.'  /'/i//'C.'(i  ci's  .V<(/'.,  ]>j).  '.ill-"),  liiT;  /.'i>.s'  .\il  "//., 
jip.  8."  mS,  Dj  (i;  Siciin's  A'.  W.  Co'ikI,  p.  l(i  i;  Irfi  c/'.s  ,l.s7  ir'm,  p.  .'!2J;  hnini'.i 
"ri\i'ij,  I  p.  ];t  !-l;  f'o.f's  ..li?!')'/).,  vol.  i,  p.  Il^i'!;  'riKirnton's  iiiii.  iiml  Cal.,  \iil. 
i.,  p.  ;rU;  A'(</i('",s  )('((»((/.,  ]).  lis.");  Jhiiiieiirc  I'n  lies  lin,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '.^.j(t;  diis.'i' 
Juur.,  p.  1127;  Miirtm's  Cntnia  Ant.,  \'\).  2(tJ-ll;  FiidLv,  I'liri'  ;<>h,  J)').  44"). 

'■'  llaw'  no  idea  of  drawinfj;  ni  ips  on  the  sand.  '  Tliriri)ow(  is  of  I'ompiita- 
tiou.  .  .  .ai'o  Very  iiniitcd.'  h'liitiKiim,  in  Srluiolrrnfrs  Arch.,  vol.  iii..  pp.  'id."), 
2i'7:  l.cifl.i  <t  >d  Clarion's  Trac,  p.  4"J3;  Jiuss'  Adcen.,  pp.  Hfi-'J,  'J8;  /v«iit's 
yVund.,  p.  185. 


240 


COLUMBIANS. 


Little  can  1)C  said  of  tlieir  system  of  government  ex- 
cept that  it  was  eminently  successful  in  produciug  j)eace- 
I'ul  and  well  regulated  conmumities.  Kacli  hand  or 
villager  was  usually)  a  sovereignty,  nominalh'  ruled  l)y  a 
chief,  either  hereditary  or  selected  for  his  wealth  luid  })op- 
ularity,  who  exerted  over  his  trihe  inlhience  rather  than 
authority,  hut  who  was  rarely  ()i)|)osed  in  his  measures. 
Souietimes  a  league  existed,  more  or  less  permanent,  for 
warlike  exj)editions.  Slight  oifenses  against  usage — the 
trihal  couunon  law — were  ex})iated  \iy  the  payuient  of 
an  amount  of  property  satisfactory  to  the  party  oiVended. 
Theft  was  an  oft'ense,  but  the  return  of  the  article  stolen 
removed  every  trace  of  dishonor.  Serious  criiues,  as  the 
robbery  of  a  burial-pliU!e,  were  sometimes  punished  with 
death  by  the  people,  l)ut  no  si)ecial  authorities  or  pro- 
cesses seem  to  have  bjen  employed,  either  for  detection 
or  punishuient."^ 

Slavery,  counnon  to  all  the  coast  families,  is  also 
practiced  by  the  Chinooks,  Ijut  there  is  less  diiVerence 
here  perhaps  than  elsewhere  between  the  condition  of 
the  slaves  and  the  free.  Obtained  from  without  the 
liuiits  of  the  family,  towards  the  south  or  east,  by  war, 
or  more  connnoidv  bv  trade,  the  slaves  are  obliged  to 
perforui  all  the  drudgery  lor  their  masters,  and  their» 
children  nuist  reuiain  in  their  parents'  condition,  their 
round  heads  servinix  as  a  distinguishing  mark  fi'om  free- 
men.  l)ut  the  amount  of  the  work  connected  with  the 
(.'hinook  household  is  never  great,  and  so  long  as  the 
slaves  are  well  and  strong,  they  are  liberally  fed  and  well 
treated.  True,  many  instances  are  known  of  slaves 
murdered  by  the  whim  of  a  cruel  and  rich  master,  and 
it  was  not  very  uncounnon  to  kill  slaves  on  the  occasion 
of  the  death  of  prouiinent  persons,  but  wives  and  iViends 
are  also  known  to  have  been  sacrificed  on  similar  oc- 


•32  Tho  Williimotto  tribes,  nino  in  numlior,  were  wiuler  four  iirincii-iil 
chiefs.  Itnss'  Ailffii.,  jip.  2l!5-(i,  HS,  210.  ('asiini)v,  ii  fiiinous  cliit'f  iit  Foit 
Viiui'oiivcr  t'liriluyuil  ii  hii't'd  iissiissiu  to  rcmovi' (ibiioxiotis  juts ms.  luun-'s 
WiiiiiL,  pp.  IV.l-'i;  Friinrhi'ir'!<  \(tr.,  p.  'i'lO;  Ircimi's  Astovin.  pp.  HS,  'Mi), 
Cii.r'n  Ailr  II.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ;{Li2-;i;  rarLer's  Ejiplor.  Tour,,  p.  'lH'.i;  Lewis  and 
Clarkc'ti  'J'ntv.,  p.  US. 


MARITAL  KELATIONS  OF  THE  CHINOOKS. 


241 


casions.  Xo  burial  rights  are  accorded  to  slaves,  and 
no  care  taken  of  them  in  .serious  iihiess;  when  uiiahle  to 
work  they  are  left  to  die.  and  their  bodies  cast  into  the 
sea  or  forest  as  food  for  fish  or  beast,  it  was  not  a  rare 
oc(unTence  for  a  freeman  to  voluntarily  subject  himself 
to  servitude  in  payment  of  a  gamliling-debt;  nor  I'or  a 
slave  to  be  adopted  into  tlie  tribe,  and  the  privilege  of 
head-flattening  accorded  to  his  oiVs[)ring.'" 

Xot  only  were  the  (Miinooks  a  peaceable  people  in 
their  tribal  intercourse,  but  eminently  so  in  their  liunily 
relations.  The  young  men  when  they  married  brought 
their  wives  to  their  father's  home,  and  thus  several  gen- 
erations lived  amicably  in  their  large  dwellings  until 
forced  to  separate  by  numbers,  the  chief  authority  l)eing 
exercised  not  by  the  oldest  Ijut  by  the  most  active  and 
useful  member  of  the  household.  Overtures  lor  mar- 
riage were  made  by  friends  of  the  woidd-be  bridegrcHnn, 
who  olfered  a  certain  price,  and  if  Jiccepted  by  the  maid- 
en's parents,  the  wedding  ceremony  was  celebrated  sim- 
ply by  an  interchange  and  exhibition  of  presents  with 
the  congratulations  of  invited  guests.  A  man  might 
take  as  many  wives  as  he  could  buy  and  su[)i)()rt,  and 
all  lived  together  without  jealousy;  but  practically  few, 
and  those  among  the  rich  and  |)owerful,  indulged  in 
the  luxury  of  more  than  one  wife.  It  has  been  noticed 
that  there  was  often  great  (lis[)arity  in  the  ages  of  bride 
and  groom,  for.  say  the  Chinooks,  a  very  young  or  \ery 
jiged  couple  lack  either  the  experience  or  the  activity 
necessary  for  lighting  the;  battles  of  life.  Divorce  or 
separation  is  easily  accomplished,  but  is  not  of  fic(|ueut 
occurrence.  A  husband  can  repudiate.;  his  wife  lor  in- 
fidelity, or  any  cause  of  dissatisfaction,  and  she  (;an  uiarrv 
again.     Some  cases  ;ire  known  oi'  inlidelity  i)unished  with 

'■'^  'Live  in  tho  siunc  ilwi'lliiiL,' with  tlicir  iiiiistcvs,  iiiid  often  intcriiiiUTy 
with  those  who  iu-e  frc'o.'  I'url.rr's  H.i-iiUir.  /'okc,  pp.  I\>7,'2i7.  '  Tn  at  thciu 
with  humanity  whiU'  their  Horviccs  arc  useful.'  Frdiichirr's  Xtir.,  p.  \Hl. 
'I'lViited  witli  <;;reiit  seventy,  hfim's  W'nit'l..  jip.  IHl  2;  L<iris  Uiiil  I'lnrl.e'H 
I'l-di-.,  p.  117;  /i'k.s'.s'  Aibr,i.,  pp.  lt2-3:  Iniii'i's  Astm-hi,  p.  SH;  ('i>.('s  i'/i-in., 
vol.  i.,  2)p.  :(().■)-(;;  Dnnii'a  Ori'i'ni.  pp.  l2'J-3();  Fitzij<:rakl's  Jliid.  B.  I  o.,  pp. 
l'.W-7;  .itiinlifs  r<irlniih,  pp.  01-2. 
Vol.  I.    10 


942 


COLUMBIANS. 


death.  Barrenness  is  common,  tlic  birth  of  twins  rare, 
and  tamiUesiU)  not  nsually  exceed  twot'hilihi'n.  Child- 
birth, as  elsewliere  amonjr  alxjriuinals,  is  accompanied 
witli  but  little  inconvenience,  and  children  are  ol'teii 
nursed  until  three  or  five  years  old.  Thev  are  carrieil 
alxmton  the  mother's  back  until  able  to  walk;  at  first  in 
the  head-tlattening  cradle,  and  later  in  wicker  baskets. 
Unmarried  women  have  not  the  sliuhtest  idea  of  chas- 
tity, and  freely  lu'stow  their  favors  in  return  for  a  kind- 
ness, or  for  a  very  small  consideration  in  projterty  paid 
to  themselves  or  [)arents.  When  married,  all  this  is 
changed — female  virtue  Uvciuires  a  marketable  value,  the 
jmssessorship  lK'in<!;  lodjied  in  the  man  and  not  in  the 
Avoman.  Rarely  are  wives  inifaithfid  to  their  husbands; 
but  the  chastity  of  the  wife  is  the  re('o;jiiiyA'd  property 
of  the  husband,  who  sells  it  whenever  he  pleases.  Al- 
thouji'h  attachinjr  no  honor  to  chastity,  tiie  Chinook 
woman  feels  souiethinu'  like  shauie  at  ])ec()uiing  the 
mother  of  an  illefiitimate  child,  and  it  is  sup[)osed  to  be 
partly  from  this  instin(!t  that  infanticide  and  abortion 
are  of  fre(|uent  occurrence.  At  her  first  menstruation  a 
girl  must  perform  a  certain  iK'iiance,  much  less  severe, 
however,  than  among  the  northern  nations.  In  sonui 
tribes  she  nuist  bathe  frecpiently  for  a  moon,  and  rul> 
the  body  with  rotten  hei.d(K;k,  carefully  a))staining  from 
all  fish  and  l)erries  which  are  in  season,  and  remaining 
closely  in  the  house  during  a  south  wind.  ])id  she  par- 
take of  the  forbidden  f(K)d.  the  fish  would  leave  the 
streams  and  the  berries  drop  from  the  bushes;  or  did  sbe 
go  out  in  a  south  wind,  the  thunder-bird  would  come  and 
shake  his  wings.  All  thunder-storms  are  thus  caused. 
Both  young  children  and  the  old  and  infinu  are  kindly 
treated.  Work  is  equally  divided  ])etween  the  sexes; 
the  women  prepare  the  f(x>d  which  the  men  ])i'ovide; 
they  also  manufacture  baskets  and  matting;  they  are 
Jiearlj^  as  skillful  as  the  men  with  the  canoe,  and  are 
consulted  on  all  im[K)rtant  matters.  1'heir  condition  is 
by  no  means  a  hard  one.  It  is  among  tribes  that  live 
by  the  chase  or  by  other  means  in  which  women  can  be 


CHINOOK  FEASTS  AND  FESTIVITIES. 


943 


oflittlo  service,  tliiit  we  find  tlie  sex  luoHt  opprensod  Jiiid 
cnu'llv  treated. '■" 

Like  all  ludiiuis,  the  fMiiiKKikn  are  fond  of  feiistiii}:-, 
but  tiieir  feasts  ai'e  simply  the  eoinin<;  tojrether  of  men 
and  women  <l»ninji  the  fisliing  season  with  tlie determina- 
tion to  eat  as  nmcli  as  |K)ssihle,  and  tliis  meetinjj;  is  devoid 
of  those  eompheated  ceremonies  of  invitation,  reeei)tion, 
and  .><(K'ial  etiquette,  observed  farther  north;  nor  has  any 
traveler  noticed  the  di.strihntion  of  [)ro})erty  as  a  feature 
of  these  festivals.  Fantastically  dre.ssed  and  gaudily 
decked  with  paint,  they  are  wont  to  jumj)  alK)ut  on  cer- 
tain (M^casions  in  a  ho[)pinjr,  jolting  kind  of  dance,  Jic- 
companied  by  songs,  beating  of  sticks,  cla[)ping  of  hands, 
and  (M'casional  yells,  the  women  usually  dancing  in  a 
si'i>ai'ate  set.  As  lew  visitors  mention  their  dances,  it  is 
probable  that  dancing  was  less  prevalent  than  with  others. 
Tlieii-  songs  were  often  soft  and  pleasing.  dilVering  in  styU^ 
for  various  occasions,  the  words  extemiiorized,  the  tunes 
l)eing  often  sung  with  meaningless  sounds,  like  our  tra- 
la-la.  Swan  gives  exam[>lesof  the  nnisic  used  under  dif- 
ferent circumstances.  Smoking  was  universal,  the  leaves 
of  the  bear-berry  being  employed,  mixed  in  later  times 
with  tobiu'co  obtained  from  the  whites.  Smoke  is  swal- 
lowed and  retained  in  the  stoniiU'h  and  lungs  until  partial 
intoxication  ensues.  Xo  intoxicating  drink  was  knt)wn 
to  them  before  the  whites  came,  and  after  their  coming 
i'or  a  little  time  they  l(H)ked  on  strong  drink  with  sus- 
])ici()n.  and  were  averse  to  its  use.  They  are  sometimes 
s<)l)er  even  now,  when  no  whisky  is  at  hand.  Ihit  the 
favorite  annisement  ol'  all  the  Chinook  nations  is  gamb- 
ling, which  (KM'upies  the  larger  part  of  their  time  when 

'^1  Sirdji's  .v.  ir.  <'<i)isl,  ]ii>.  li'il,  171:  Kiiiiiiii))i<,  in  Srhoolcrnft's  Arrh.,  vul. 
iii..  lip.  "211  -2,  '  In  proijiivtimi  iis  we  approiich  Jhi'  rapids  frmn  the  sta,  fi-- 
111. lie  impurity  liccdiut's  less  p«rcii)tiMt':  licyond  this  point  it  fntirdy  cfuscs.' 
C'r.c's  Ailriii..  vol.  ii.,  lip.  1U4,  l-")'.*;  vol.  i.,  pp.  Itlii'i-?,  HIM:  Wills,  in  Uniinr's 
ilu'l.,  vol.  xiii.,  p.fiO'i;  /yi'iri.s  ami  Clurhe's  Tnn\,  pp.  l!i',)-4;j.  ('crcnionifs  of 
a  willow  in  hcrciulciivor.s  to  olitiiina  UfW  husliiUKl.  M'Ul.i-n'  .V'/r.,in  ('.>.  /•>. 
A>.,  vol.  v.,  p.  124;  /I'l'.ss'  Ailrcii.,  pp.  HH,  92  :{;  h'r(iiirlirri''s  \<tr.,  jip.  24.'», 
2.")l  "i;  Ifnitter's  I'np.,  ji.  7(t;  Hints'  Voy.,  p.  113;  ])<>mi ncch's  I>i:H(rts,  vol.  ii., 
J"]).  Ill,  2'.)t-.");  Iri-iii'i's  Astmiii,  p.  IMO;  hiiun's  (ireiion,  pp.  132-11;  hull's  .\iit.. 
Vol.  ii.,  jip.  2;il  2;  Kitm-'s  Wiiml.,  pp.  175-7,  182;  0'ut*i'  Jour.,  p.  27.");  SlrkA' 
I'tiul's  Hist.  Mi-!,io)is,  pj).  13y-40. 


!U 


COLUMDIAXS. 


not  (Miji'Jijrcd  in  HU'('[)in^\  (.'utin^'.  or  uhsoluti'ly  noccsHtiry 
work.  In  their  ;ianii's  tlu'v  risk  all  tlu'ir  |)ro[K'rtv,  tlii'ir 
wivc's  iinil  chiltlrt'ii,  and  in  miiny  instiuuH's  their  ouii 
IVeedoni,  losing  nil  with  ('oiiii)osnre,  and  nearlv  ulwaNs 
lu'ooinpanyinfjt  the  pune  with  a  Hon^.  Two  |)ers<)nM,  or 
two  parties  larjiv  or  small,  play  one  against  the  otiier;  a 
haidvin;;  •;aine  is  also  in  vo^iie,  in  which  one  individual 
plays  ajiainst  all  (!oiners.  A  I'avorite  nieth<Ml  is  to  pass 
rapidly  IVoiii  hand  to  hand  two  small  stieks,  one  ol'  which 
is  marked,  the  oj)ponent  meanwhile  jiuessin^at  the  hand 
coiitaininii;  the  marked  stick.  Tiie  sticks  sometimes  take 
the  lorm  of  discs  of  the  si/e  of  a  silver  dollar,  each  play- 
er havinji  ten;  these  are  wrai)ped  in  a  mass  of  fine  hark- 
lihre,  shidlled  and  sei)arated  in  two  portions;  the  winner 
naminij;  the  hunch  containinji  the  marked  or  trump  piece. 
Dilferently  marked  sticks  may  also  he  shnlHed  or  tossed 
in  the  air.  and  the  hutky  player  c«>rrectly  names  the  rel- 
ative position  in  which  they  shall  fall.  A  lavorite  jiame 
of  lemales,  called  <(lukht.  is  played  with  heaver-teeth, 
having'  ll^ured  sides,  which  are  thrown  like  dice;  tlie 
i^sue  dej)ends  on  the  comhinations  t)f  (inures  which  aie 
turned  up.  In  all  these  punes  the  players  s(piat  upon 
mats;  sticks  are  used  as  counters;  and  an  essential  point 
iUra  successful  gambler  is  to  make  as  much  noise  as  [h)s- 
sihle,  in  order  to  confuse  the  judjiuient  of  opinments. 
In  still  another  jianie  the  players  attempt  to  roll  small 
pii'ces  of  wood  between  two  pins  set  up  a  few  inches  apart, 
at  a  distance  of  tei?  feet,  into  a  hole  in  the  tloor  ju.st 
heyond.  The  only  s  orts  of  an  athletic  nature  are  shoot- 
iuji;  at  targets  with  a'  ows  and  sjK'ars.  and  a  game  of  l)all 
in  which  two  goals  re  placed  a  mile  apart,  and  each 
party — sometimes  a  a  ;ole  tribe — endeavors  to  I'orce  the 
bull  past  the  other's  <i  al.  as  in  foot-ball,  except  that  the 
ball  is  thrown  with  a  .tick,  to  one  end  of  which  is  fixed 
a  small  hoop  or  ring.'"     Children  s  s[K)rts  are  described 


"•  '  I  saw  neither  mnsicnl  instniments,  nor  (litiiciuK,  luuong  the  OreRon 
tvihcs.'  J'irl,rriii<i'>t  7i'(cc.>f.  in  U.  S.  Ex.  /.>.,  v(il.  ix.,  j).  4'-i.  'All  extriivii- 
^;  iMtly  fi)n(l(>f  urdent  spirits,  luid  iiro  not  ]mrticulur  wliiit  kind  thev  hiive, 
I'liividi'd  it  is  Hlroiig,  nud  gets  thorn  drunk  yiiiekly.'  Swan's  N.  IT.  C'«<s<,  pp. 


CUSTOMS  AND  SUrEItSTITIONS. 


2r. 


mily  bv  Swiiii.  iiii'l  um  niir  l»;il»*u's  ami  iinit:it«Ml  r'atliolif 
l»a[)tisiiH  wciv  till'  lUvoritt'  i»astim«'s  luoiitioia'd,  tlu-v  may 
be  sii[)[)(»s('(l  not  ulto^i'tbcr  aboriiiiiial. 

IVi'SDiial  names  witb  tlie  ('bin<M)ks  are  lieiH'dltary.  but 
in  nianv  <'ases  tbev  eitber  bave  n«>  meanin;n'  or  tbiii* 
ori^iinal  sijiiiilieation  is  s<M)n  roi-iotten.  'I'liey  are  a\('i*.<e 
to  telling  tbeir  trne  name  to  sti'angers.  for  i'ear.  as  tbry 
H)metimes  say.  tbat  it  may  Ih»  stolen;  tbe  trutb  is.  bow- 
over,  tliat  witli  tbem  tbe  naine  assumes  a  jK-rsonaHty;  it 
is  tbe  sbaib)\v  or  spii'it.  or  otber  sell'.'ot'  tbe  llesb  and 
blooil  [M'rson.  ami  between  tbe  name  and  tbe  individual 
tbere  is  ii  mysterious  connection,  and  injm'y  cannot  l»e 
done  to  one  witbout  ullectinj;  tbe  otiu'r;  tberelbri'.  to 
^ive  one's  name  to  a  friend  is  u  bi;j,li  mark  of  Cbinook 
favor.  Xo  iiccount  is  k«'i)t  of  aue.  Tbey  are  believeis 
in  sorcery  and  secret  inlluences.  and  not  witbout  fear  of 
tbeir  medicine-men  or  conjurers,  but.  exi'ipt  {HM-baps 
in  tbeir  <iuality  of  i)bysicians.  tbe  latter  tlo  not  exert  tbe 
in!luence  wbicb  is  tbeirs  I'artber  nortb:  tbeir  ceremonies 
and  tri(!ks  are  conse(iuently  fewer  and  less  rldicidous. 
Inventions  of  tbe  wbites  not  understood  by  tbe  nati\eM 
ai'c  look.'d  on  witb  <ireat  superstition.  It  was.  Ibr  in- 
stance, very  (lilliitult  at  tlrst  to  pei'siiade  tbem  to  risk 
tbeir  lives  before  a  pbot<):irapbic  a[)paratus.  and  tins  lor 
tiie  reason  before  mentioned;  tbev  fancied  tbat  tbeir 
spirit  tbiis  })assed  into  tbe  kee[)inji'  of  otbers,  \vbo  coidd 
torment  it  at  pleasure.'"'  Consinnption.  liver  complaint 
and  oi)btbalmiaar«'tlie  most  ])revalent  ( 'binook  maladies; 
to  wbicb.  since  tbe  wbites  came,  fever  and  ai:;ue  bave  been 
added,  and  bave  killed  ei^btv  or  ninetv  ner  cent,  of  tbe 


1.").")-8,  107  '202.     'Not  n<lili(t(>(l  to  intiinpiraii.-o.'  /•",■,(  ,rh: 


1).  L't-. 


At  jj.iiiililiuj,'  'tlioy  wi.i  chr.it  if  tlii'V  imii.  iiii.l  piiilc  tluiiisclvts  (Ui  tluj  •suc- 
cess.' K'litf's  WiukI.,  \t\K  IIM),  IDCi.  Scliloiii  client,  mill  siilmiit  tu  their  l()-,scs 
vitli  ri  Nij^iiiition.  Cn.e'n  Ailrm.,  vol.  i.,  \>.  It:!2:  /.<  i-i.s  irn/ '  7i//. « 's  'I'l-nr.,  pji. 
410,  trt-l;  ll'iV/s,  i/(  llnri'ir's  Mnij.,  vol.  xiii.,  )>.  lii'l,  itml  cut  of  diiiicc  nt 
Coos  IJiiy;  Will.ix'  .V'/r.,  ii>  !'.  S,  l-y.  Ex.,  vol.  iv.,  \)\k  It'.tJ-H;  vol.  v  .  ji.  I'J  i; 
Vnnviinrvr'a  Voij.,  vol.  ii.,  |).  77;  /ews'  Fur  U'ikIitx,  vol.  i.,  jip. ',t(t-J,  IIJ  l:i; 


I) 


's  Ori'in,,,  i)p.  llt-1."),  Vn.   l-i")  H,  i;tO  1;  I'url.i'r's  h's/.hr.   7 


-t7  H;  Itiiiinnech's  Ihstrt^,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2i2;  JrciiKj's  Asluri'i,  p.  ',Hl;  rnhin ,'^ 


m; 


>.  Hi',, 


T'diiihm  Lord'n  Xiil.,  vol.ii.,  j). '2IS;  G  ins'  Jo 
Orriiiiii,  ])p.  l'iH-8;  Ivim's  M'liinl.,  pp.  -05, 'ijo-fi;  .s^r 
S'liuulcmft's  Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  ijoi. 


pp, 


2;i2. '27ri;   Dn 


\.  n\r 


:-t. 


l>.: 


f 

■•■■  "l  I 


246 


COLUMBIANS. 


Avliole  people,  utterly  extenniiiiiting  soino  tribes,  Tlie 
t'HUse  of  tills  excessive  mortiility  is  su})posed  to  ])e  the 
iKitive  method  of  treatment,  which  allays  a  ragiiiji'  fever 
])y  plunjiing  the  patient  in  the  river  or  sea.  On  the 
Coliiml)ia  this  alleviating^  [)lnnge  is  preceded  ])y  violent 
jK'rspi ration  in  a  vapor  hath;  consecpiently  tlie  treat- 
ment has  been  nnich  mure  fatal  there  than  on  the  coast 
^vhere  the  vapor  hath  is  not  in  use.  For  slight  ills  and 
pains,  especially  for  external  injuries,  the  Chinooks  em- 
ploy simi)le  remedies  obtained  from  various  ])lants  and 
trees.  !Many  of  tlu'se  remedies  have  been  found  to  be 
of  actual  value,  while  others  are  evid("ntly  quack  nos- 
trums, as  when  the  ashes  of  the  hair  of  particular  animals 
ai'c  considered  essential  ingredients  of  certain  ointments. 
Fastin'j;  an.d  bathiuiJi;  serve  to  relieve  manv  slight  internal 
comnlaints.  Strant;elv  enoudi.  they  never  sutler  from 
diseases  of  the  digesti\"  organs,  notwithstanding  the 
greasy  C(3nipouiids  used  as  food.  When  illness  becomes 
serious  or  ivfuses  to  yield  to  simple  tivatment,  the  con- 
clusion is  that  either  the  spirits  of  the  dead  are  striving 
to  remove  the  spirit  of  the  sick  person  from  the  troubles 
of  earth  to  a  h!ij)[)ier  existence,  or  certain  evil  s[;irits 
j)refer  this  world  and  the  patient  s  body  for  their  dwell- 
ing-place. Then  the  doctor  is  sunnuoned.  Medical 
celebrities  are  numerous,  each  with  his  favorite  method 
of  treatment,  but  all  agree  that  singing,  beating  of  sticks, 
indeed  a  noise,  however  made,  accompanied  by  mysteri- 
ous passes  and  motions,  with  violent  pressure  and  kneail- 
ingofthe  body  are  indispensable.  The  i)atient  frecjuently 
Mirvi\es  the  treatment.  Sevi'ral  observers  believe  that 
mesmeric  inthiences  are  exerted,  sometimes  with  benelit, 
by  the  doctors  in  their  nummieries.''" 

'!■'  nocfovs,  if  uii><uc('rssfiil,  iiri>  sonii'tiiiK'S  subjccti-d  to  vont,'h  tivutiiinit, 
1)ut  i'.ii't'ly  killril,  cxct'])!  wIh'U  tlnvhiivf  prrvidusly  tlnriitciud  the  life  of  tho 
liiticut.  Sird'i's  X.  ir.  I'iKifil,  pp.  ITi'i  In.").  At  tin-  Dallis  uii  <ilil  wouiuii, 
whcisi^  iiu..lit;itious  h;ul  ciiusrd  ii  fiital  sickness,  wiis  Ix-lu  ailril  liy  ii  liriitlirr 
i>f  tlic  (IctHiisd.  ///'/.  l-i/i.  lip.  17:t-l.  112  ;{.  Wlidli'  tiil)is  have  Ixiii  al- 
most cxtc  riuinatcil  liy  tiic  siiiall-iinx.  SIvrcis.  in  l'((r.  /;.  /,',  /,'«/i/  ,  \ul.  i., 
pp.  HJ,  iT'.t.  V(  lUTcal  disease  ple\iili>nt.  and  il  ciiinpleto  cui-e  is  xwwv  ef- 
fected. I.v'i'ifi  (iiid  I'liiii.i'.'ti  'Irnr.,  pp.  tK),  r)iis.  (Jin  rally  >neee<  d  in  ciu'in.ij; 
Venereal  disease  even  in  its  worst  stage.  Itoss'  AdcuK.,  p.  '.Kj-'J.     The  nnsui;- 


CHINOOK  BUKIAL  RITES. 


247 


When  the  Chiiiouk  dies,  relatives  arc  careful  to  speak 
ill  wl;is[)ers.  and  iiululi:;e  in  no  loud  nianill'stations  of 
li'rief  so  long  as  tiie  ))ody  remains  in  the  house.     The 
lioily  is  pre[)ared  for  final  dis[)osition  hy  wrap[)inn"  it  in 
Iilankets.  to;.:etiier  with  ornaments  antl  othtr  [jroperty  of 
a  valuahh;  I»ut  not  bulivv  nature.      I'or  a  I)urial  [)laee  an 
ele\ati'd  hut  retired  spot  near  the  river  hank  or  on  an 
island  is  almost  always  selected,  hut  the  methods  of  dis- 
posiuLi;  of  the  dead  in  these  cemeteries  diiVer  somewhat 
amon;4  the  \  arious  trihes.     In  the  I'eiiion  al)out  the  mouth 
of  tlie  'Jolumhia,  the  hod}'  uith  its  wra[)[)in,u,s  is  placed  in 
the  best  canoe  of  the  decea.sed,  which  is  Wiished  tor  the 
purpose,  coN'ered  with  additional  blankets,  mats,  and  prop- 
erty, a,2,ain  covered,  when  the  deceased  is  of  tlie  richer 
class,  by  another  inverted  canoe,  the  whole  bound  to- 
gether with  mattin;;'  and  cords,  and  deposited  usually  on 
a  plauk  [)latform  live  or  six  feet  high,  but  sometimes 
suspendeil  from  the  branches  of  trees,  or  ''ven  left  on  the 
surface  of  the  ground.     The  more  bulky  artick's  o\'  [)i-op- 
erty.  such  as  utensils,  and  wea[)ons.  are  deposited  al)out  or 
hung  from  the  platform,  heing  previousU  s[)()ile(l  for  use 
lat  they  may  not  tem[)t  desecratoi's  among  the  whites  or 
foreign  tribes;  or.  it  may  be  that  the  sacrilicc  or  death  of 
the  im[)lements  is  necessary  before  the  sjtiritstjf  the  imi)le- 
ments  can  accom[)any  the  s[»irit  of  the  owner.      For  the 
sauu'  pm'i)()se,  and  to  allow  the  water  to  pass  oil',  holes  are 
bored  in  the  bottom  of  the  canoe,  the  heail  of  the  corpse 
i)eing  raised  a  little  higlu'r  than  the  fei't.      Some  ti-a\elcrs 
have  !)bser\'ed  a  imiformity  in  the  position  of  the  canoe, 
till'  bead  pointing  towards  the  east,  or  down  the  current 
of  the  stream.     After  about  a  year,  the  bones  are  soiue- 
tiiiies  'akeii  out  and  biirii'd.  but  the  canoe  and  i)latfonn 
are  iicNcr  removed.      Chiefs'  canoes  are  often  re'painted. 


fi 


ccssful  (liictor  kill<il.  niilrssiililoti)l)uy  his  life.  H'V.'.r.s'  A'o-.,  in  ('.  >■'.  /■>.  /•>., 
Vol.  iv..  J).  li'.U.  J-'l;ith''ails  liliii'i' sillijict  tii  iiijolilixy  tli:iu  ntlliTs.  Ilniin  iitrh's 
Ihsfrl.t.  viil  i.,  J).  s7;  r.r'.s  AdriK.,  vul.  i.,  ]).  l-(>  7,  Il'lT,  'Ml  i'l,  :'■>'>,  vul.  ii.. 
lUi. '.U -.">;  Till'-  i.<'iiiifi  \iii-.,  jip.  l."iS,  17H  '.I;  l'riiiii'liiri''s  Xnr.,  \t.  'I'tii;  ///M/r.v 
iiiTimi.  1)1).  li.V',1,  i'J7;  Tlioriit Ill's  Out.  uml  I'u!.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'i'.\;  {'•ii-/,'r\  l:'.v- 
li!or.  ■/</,(/■..  II]).  17i'.,  i;il  J;  I'll :j,- raid's  Jlul.  II.  C'u.,  jip.  171-2;  Slr'u-Unitd's 
Hid.  .^tisshr.s.  lip.  i:;'..»-l(i. 


248 


COLUMBIANS. 


Fiirtlicr  up  lK)th  the  Coliiinbiii  and  Willanu'tte  Ilivors, 
cxcaviitions  of  little  doptli  aro  often  inado.  in  which 
hodics  are  deposited  on  horizontal  boards  and  covered 
over  Avith  a  slinhtlv  indininji;  roof  of  heavv  MJanks  oi* 
poles.  In  these  vaults  several  tiers  of  corpses  are  often 
l)la(V'd  one  above  another.  At  the  Cascades,  depositories 
of  the  dead  have  been  noticed  in  the  form  of  a  roofed 
inclosure  of  planks,  eight  feet  long,  six  I'eet  wide,  and 
live  feet  high,  with  a  door  in  one  end.  and  the  whole 
exterior  [)ainted.  The  Talapoovas  also  buiit'd  their  dead 
in  regular  graves,  over  which  was  erected  a  wooden 
head-board.  Desecration  of  burial  places  is  a  gi'eat  crirnt; 
with  the  Chinook;  ho  also  attaches  great  inijiortance  to 
liaving  his  bones  rest  in  his  tri1)al  cemetery  wheivver  he 
may  die.  For  a  long  time  after  a  death,  relatives  rei)air 
daily  at  suiu'ise  and  sunset  to  the  vicinity  of  the  grave 
to  sing  songs  of  mourning  and  praise.  I'ntil  the  l»ones 
are  finally  dispt)sed  of.  the  name  of  the  deceased  must 
not  be  spoken,  and  for  several  years  it  is  spoken  only 
Avith  gi'cat  reluctance.  Xear  relatives  often  change  their 
name  under  the  impression  that  spirits  will  be  attracted 
back  to  earth  if  they  hear  familiar  names  often  repeated. 
(Miiefs  aiv  supposed  todie  through  the  evil  inlhience  of 
another  person,  and  the  suspected,  though  a  dear  IViend. 
was  formerlv  often  sacrificed.    'J1ie  dead  l)odies  of  slaves 


ai 


e  never  touched  save  bv  other  slave; 


l:i8 


•'■^  A  chief  on  th(>  dciith  of  his  dun^htrr  '  hml  an  Iniliiiu  slave  bouiul  hand 
and  foot,  anil  fastened  to  the  hody  of  '.Ik-  dei'eased.  and  enclosed  the  two  in 
allot  her  mat.  leavin-'  out  the  liead  of  the  liviiiLtone.     Tin  Indian  then  took  tlie 


nied  it  to  a  hi'di  rock  and  ieft  it  then 


canoe  unit  cai 

the  slave  live  for  three  days;  tin 

victim  by  a  cord.'  Lithr,  in  >c/m 

iii.,  lip.  "217   IK;  vol.  vi.,  \\[).  fUll  I'i.  with  plate;  vol.  v..  j 


TIk  ir  iiisioin  is  to  let 


ithcr  slave  is  coniin  lied  to  stiani,de  the 
ifl'ti  Arrli.,  \ol.  ii.,  J).  7  I.     Sec  ilso  vol. 


I.  ('.."(.). 


r 


lie  enililcn: 


of  a  si|naw"s  u'favc'  is  {generally  a  catnass-root  di^ 
and  fastened  on  the  end  of  a  stick.'    U'il/.is'  .\ 
])\>.  -IX)    I.    \o\.  iv..  ]..  ;!i)t.     '  I  helii 
at  one  li'.ivyin,'  ]ilaci>  of  the  riiinooki 


in.ide  of  a  dicr's  horn- 


in  /• 


i:.,:  /■:. 


<\. 


lelicvo  I  saw  as  manv  as  an  hundred  canoes 


(riiss'  ,1 


our. 


V 


1.     *  l''onr  stakes,  in 


terlaced  witli  twin's  and  cov.  red  witli  lirnsh,'  tilled  with  dead  liodies,   Ahhull, 


in  /' 


/,'.  /.'.  /; 


1) 


•d. 


111. 


VI.,   1 


,  MS. 


.\t  Coose  l!av.  '  foniu  riv  the  hodv  w;i- 


he  wife  of  the  corpse  kilhd  and  interriMJ  '     Now  the  bodx 


\l'd  with  sand  and  ashes,  the  ankh 


'  bent   nil  and  fastened  to  tli 


neck;  relatives  shave  their  heads  and  jiiit  Ih    hair  on  ihi   body  with  ihells 
ami  roots.  ,iiid  the  corpse  is  then  buried  and  trampled  on  by  the  whole  tribe. 

'Ihc  calioe-collilis  Were  decorated 

vol.  ii.,  p.  .">l.    Stran.;ers  are  paid 


UV//V 

witii  111. 


Ilo 


M'lii,,  vol.  \iii  ,  (I  Ciili. 
•arved  work.'   I'dii'-'iuri  I's  \'i>' 


■/" 


CHINOOK  CHARACTEIl. 


'Jin 


Tlioro  is  littU'  (lilTcivnee  of  o[)iin()ii  conccrnin;/  tlic 
oliiU'iK'tci'  of  the  (Miiiiooks.  All  Jigrot'  tlwit  tlicy  iirc  iii- 
tc'UiLiriit  and  vorv  aciito  in  trade;  same  travelers  have 
found  them  at  ililferent  points  harndess  and  inoiVensive: 
and  in  a  few  instances  honesty  has  heen  detected.  So 
mucli  foi"  their  Liood  ([nalities.  As  to  the  l)ad,  ther(»  is 
nnanimity  nearly  as  ureat  that  they  are  thieves  ami  liai-s. 
and  foi'  the  rest  each  observer  ap[)lies  to  them  a  selection 
of  such  adjecti\es  as  lazy,  superstitious,  cowardly,  in- 
(piisitive.  intrusive,  libidinous,  treacherous,  turbulent, 
hypoci-itical.  (ickle.  etc.  The  (Uatsops.  with  some  authors, 
have  the  reputation  of  bein-i'  the  most  honest  and  moral: 
for  the  lowest  position  in  the  scale  all  the  rest  miiilit 
pivscnt  a  claim.  Tt  slu)uld  however  be  said  in  their 
favor  that  they  are  diwotedly  attached  to  their  homes, 
and  treat  kindlx  both  their  young  children  ami  a;.:('d 
])arents;  also  thai  not  a  few  of  their  bad  traits  oi-iiiinated 
with  or  have  been  aggravated  by  contact  with  civili/u- 
tion.i"-' 


to  iiiiii  ill 


til,'  1; 


iiuriitiitious.  Jioss 


A<h 


tlic  lh;l(l-lt  ltt.niii'4  (il 


p.  97.     Cliildrcii  who  die  iluiiii^' 


CIC.'SS  lll't' 


set  afloat  in  thi'ir  cvadlcs  ujiiiii  the 


<f 


sonic  sacred  ])ool,  whcrcthc  bodicsof  the  old  arc  also  ]ilaccd  in  tlicir  canoc> 
('itt'iii's   .V.  -\iit.    litd.,  vol.  ii.,  J).  111.     Oil  hnrial  and  nionrnin^  sci 


>■"■„„ 


.v.     11".    (',Hl4. 


I'l 


.  72-n,  ir.;»,  i8(;-'.>,  with  cut  of 


cinoc  on 


.latf. 


Mnfi-iis'  F.x)ih>r.,  vol.  ii.,  )).  Ho"),  and  jil.  IHof  .[Has;  l.in-'is  iiml  I'lurh's  'I'V'H 
lip!  IJ;;,  IJ',1.  .jd'.t,  A'.M.'s  U'du'l..  itp.  ITti-H,  LSI,  2(12-",;  r  " 

jip.   121-5,  ;i,'{.")-!'i,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1">7;   I'lirl.ir's  E.i-i>hiv.    'I'l 


vol.  1. 


vol. 


•  ///.  iind  ('ill.,  vol.  i.,   pp.   2S1-2,   vol. 


1' 


2' 12:  />c 


Adr 

pp.  Ill,  l.".l--J 

Ji.  oit;    llrlflar's    \  "I/. 


i:il-2:  MrnhiifsO'ii).  7'/'.,pp.  H '.».",(>;  /•', 


'.s  l>is(rts,  vol.  i.,  p.2")"i;  Ihimi's  Oniioii,  p)i.  ll'.l  21), 


p.  '.I'.t;  Fr. 


'.S  O'lll.  Ilnd  I 'ill.,  p.  IS:!;  //•! 


210;   Tiiiriisriiirs  Xnr.,  ji.  ISO. 


'.s   .\V(/'.,  p.  1U(J;  ridiitcr's  Jimr.,  p.  s7;  Jud.  J.i/i,  ji 


Or 


1'''  'Thi'  clnnisy  thief,  who  is  dctiV'tcd,  is  scoftVd  at  and  dcsjiiscd."   fhi 


•f'Jd)).  PI 


..  l:!((  1,  111. 


riic  Kalaimva,  like  the  V 


a, .  .  ,   are  uiorc>  re^'u- 
cleantv.  lioni  st  and  moral 


lar  and  quilt '  tlian  the  in!  ind  ti'ihes.  'audi 

than  tlie  '  coast  triln  s.      'I'iie  Chinooks  an;  ii  (inarrelsonie,  tiiievisli,   ancl 


trear 


'.IS,  JIM. 


■rons  pcop 


e.    llilli\    l-'.lhhDij.,   m 
dlv.  tllievill''  set.'  ^r''(.s 


I'.S.  ]■:.,-.  i:. 


vi.,  ].p.  217.  21." 


kind  and  hi)s|iiiahl( 


V 


:<l»l,      '  WheU  well  treated. 


\.  ir.  CofiM,  pj..  21-".,  11(1,  l.-,2.     At  Cape  Or- 


fonl  ']il'asiii;4  and  courteous  deportment    .  .  .scrupulonsly  lioncst.'   I './,<. oi/i 


I//.,  vol   i  ,  ]ip.  2iU  •").     La/iness  is  prohahly  indue,  d  \>y  the  ease 


witli 


wliich  tliev  ohtain  foo<l.    Iv 


V. 


W'liiid..  lip.  IS  1,  IN.").     '  Crafty  aiidintri^uini^. 


isily  irritateil,  hut  a  tritlc  will  appease  him.   U"ss'  I'nr  lln 


I  h-i:- 


vol.  i. 


'd,  7ii  1.  77,  HS.  !1i)-1,  124  .'>,  2:l"i  H.     'Tluy  possess  in  an  eminent  di 


P 


lie 


ipi.iHties  opposed  to  indolenci'.  improvidence,  and  stupidity:  tlie  cidefn 


dl.  are  <listin'4nislied  fm-  tiieir  tjood  sense  and  intellii,'en 


sfii  akin^,  they  jiave  a  rc.idy  intellect  .md  a  tenacious  memory.'     'IJ.ireli 
si^t  the  tcmiitation  of   steali 


ill 


'1 
2<I1.     L 


Kpiai'ious,  never  gay.  knavisii,  inij 


wlute  men's 
k 


/•;•'(( 


.\i 


diy 


I'l' 


pertinent,  Li  iitsand  ('luii>f'H 


250  COLUMPIANS. 

TiiK  rxLWD  Familiks,  coustitutiirA'  the  (ifth  iind  lust 
division  ot*  tlio  (\)liiiul)ijiRs,  iiiliabit  the  ivjiioii  between 
the  Ciiseaile  l{;ui;^e  iind  the  eastern  limit  iA'  what  1  term 
the  racilie  States,  i'rom  52'  30'  to  45  ol'  north  latitude. 
Thesj  hounds  are  tolerably  distinct;  thoui:h  that  on  the 
south,  separating  the  eastern  portions  ol'  the  Cohunbian 
and  Calil'ornian  i^roups,  is  irreji'ular  and  marked  by  no 
jireat  river,  mountain  chain,  or  other  [)i'omineiit  jjliysical 
feature.  These  inland  natives  of  the  Northwest  o(ru[)y, 
in  [)erson.  character,  and  customs,  as  well  as  in  the  loca- 
tion of  their  home,  an  intermediate  })osition  In'tween  the 
coast  people  already  described  —  to  whom  they  ari>  pro- 
nounced   superior    in   most    respects  —  and    the    Rocky 


Mountain   or   eastern    tribe," 


Travelers   ci'ossin;:'    the 


Rocky  Mountains  into  this  territory  fioui  the  east,  or 
enterinji'  it  from  the  Pacific  by  way  ol'  the  roliuubia  or 
Fraser,  note  contrasts  on  passing  the  limits,  sullicient  to 
justify  me  in  regariling  its  inhabitants  as  one  people  for 
the  pur[)oses  aiuied  at  in  this  volume.^"*     Instead,  there- 


T] 


yp.  IK),  411 -2,  5(14,  52:1-4.      'Thorout,'h-1)r«Ml  liyjxx-i-itcs  ami  liiirs. 


l\illvillUi 


the  most  I'o^'uish.'     Imliistiy,  jiati 


sdliriitv  and  iii- 


■uiiity  an'  tlicir  chief  virtues:  tiiieviii;^,  Jyin,^',  iiicDiitiiiei 


2:11; 


II V  mav  lie 
7."  :i  r 


:-lii 


issed  aiilDli'' 


their 


(' 


Adr 


lee,    i;alll 
.1. 


Mi! 


111(1 


)!."),  :!2i,  vi.l. 


l>li.  li.').  l:U, 


I.  l-'i;!.     At  Wishia)ii   '  thev  wi'ie  a  cDuraiiiuitv 


I'f  arrant  monies  an<l  freebooters.'   Irriini's  A.-it' 


'•'  '.  i>: 


1-2,  -M: 


L 


VIU''  IS 


very  ('(million;  tliieviii'-,'  (•oiii[)aratively  riire.'    I(7(i7»'.s  '>;//(.,  ji.  207.      '  J)o  not 
!ili[iear  to  possess  a  particle  of  natural  j^ood  feeliii;,'.'  T'ii'-,,S'  .nl'n  X'tr.,  [>.  IH. 


Ate 


liav'hvno  means  till' tierce  iind  warlike  race  Imind  further  to  tli 


uorUiward.'  11' 


//■ 


tril 


irjur  s 


Miij. 


.1. 


1' 


(lOi. 


r 


0 

11  and  t'oos(j 


)es  are  iia 


tiir  dlv  industrious;  tin;  iSnislaws  tin 


ist  advanced;  the  Alce.i 


not  so  eiiter|irisin;j 
1 


)oor,  CO 


in  hul.  Alf.  Ivpl..   l.Silil,  p.  2I0.     CJalapooias, 


wardly.  an  1  tliievisii  ra(x^   M'llhr,  in-lil..  1  v")7,  ]i.  .jiil;  A' 


V 


1." 


ntfoiiir,  in 


Midi 


'7  ••'■ ' 


rJi'a  Ihscrts,  vol.  i.,  p.  H7,  vol.  ii.,  p]).  Itl.  ltd;   ll'(/'/ 


//(((/.  7.'. 


I-J.vtilor.  V'l 


1> 


H;i:  I'((liiitr's  .li. 


d 
S4,  10."*;  J'urLer's 


p.  2i:)-r)();  liid.  Life,  jip.  1-4,  210;  i'U.jtndil'H  Vain'..  Is!.,  p. 


r.tti:  SrhnolrrniTu  Arrli.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  207,  ct 


ii'i  '  Thev  ail  resemlih 


'ji  II) 
■>M) 


Toar 


V 


•11'.).     SI 


ea( 
lushwa] 


li  other  in  L'eneral  characteristic 


)S  and  Salisli  all  one  ra( 


.Ml./. 


I'urhr 

■>■  lie 


The  Indians  of  the  interior  iirc,  both  ]ihysically  and  morally. 


v.istiv  su'ierior  to  the  trili 


if  the 


St.'     /(/., 


1' 


21J 


The  Klik(  lat 


Mount  liainier,  the  Walla-AS'allas,  and  the  Okanaean.  . .  .sjieak  kindred  dia- 
lect.;.'  Lifhini,  A'l.  Lniij.,  ]).  170.     The  best-supported  opinion  is  that  the 


iiilaml  were  of  the  same  orie;inal  stock  with  the  loW(  r  trilies.   Iih 


V 


On  1 


eaviu^ 


th 


li  the  Carrier  countrv.  near  Alc.\andri 


markeil  chan^'e  is  at  once  ])erceptibl( 


Ami. 


in  llisl.  M,i , 


.1. 


127. 


lulau  1  tribes  dill'r  widely  from  the  ])iscat(prial  trilies.    II 


dr 


Those  n'sidiiiL,'  near  the  Jtockv  Mountains    ..  .are  and  alwavs  have 


b 'en    superior   races  to  those  liviie.,'  on  tli(!  lower  <'oluailii:i 

^  ■liDul'niJ't'.s  Ar.'h.,    vol.  v.,  p.  U51.     'I  was  particularly  struck  will,  tlu 


THE  SlIUSinVAPS. 


251 


?o\v.  of  trc'itin,::'  oiicli  fainilv  sopiirntcly.  as  lias  hecii 
done  witli  the  coast  divisions  of  tlio  i^roiij).  I  (Uviii  it  v.unv 
convi'iru'iit,  as  well  as  loss  monotonous  to  the  reader,  to 
avoid  rei)etition  h\-  descrihinir  the  manners  and  customs 
of  all  the  people  within  these  limits  to;j:etlier,  tal<in;^' 
care  to  note  such  variations  as  mav  he  found  to  exist. 
Tlie  ili\ision  into  families  and  nations,  made  at'rordin;j:; 
to  prin('i[)!es  already  snfliciently  explained,  is  as  follows, 


Ix": 


innm'j;  ajiiun 


at  tl 


10  north 


Tin:  SiusiiWAi's,  our  fn-st  family  division,  live  he- 
tween  -Vi  ?A)'  and  40  in  the  interior  of  Ih-itish  Coluin- 
l)ia,  o;'('upyin,!j;  the  valleys  of  the  Fraser.  Thom[)>on,  ami 
I7[)p;'r  Columhia  rivers  with  their  trihutar\' stn-ams  and 
la! 


ves. 


They  are  hounded  on  the  west  hy  the  Xootkas 
and  on  the  north  hy  the  (Carriers,  from  I)oth  ol'  \vhieh 
lUuiilies  they  seem  to  l»e  distinct.  As  national  di\  isions 
of  this  family  may  he  mentioned  the  Shushwaps  j)i'oper, 
or  J//^7'<8,"'  who  occupy  the  whole  northern  portion  of 
tlie  territory;  the  Ohdntf/ftnn,^*'^  in  the  valley  of  the  lake 


and  river  of  the  same  name;  and  the  Kouteim 


IS 


u;) 


wno 


vast  Niiiicviovity  (on  tho  Siinilknmcon  riivcr,  I, at.  -10'  30',  T.dni,'  I'JO'  'MY)  in 
jioiiit  of  iutclli^'iucc  iuid  eiiri'Lty  to  tlic  Fisli  liulians  ciii  the  Frasci'  Kivir, 
an  1  in  it-;  m  i;;lil)our]iiMiil.'  I'li'imr,  in  //.  ''.  I'li/nrs.  vnl.  iii.,  ji.  Si.  Stiikiii'^ 
(vuitiMst  Hiiti'l  ill  [);issiii'^'  n[)  till'  C<)luiiil)ia.  Jl'ili''s  Kllumi.,  in  I'.  S.  h'x.  /•.'.!'., 
vol.  vi  .  p.  1 ;»',). 

'"  "'rii'  Slu'\vlia])nivii'h  .  .  .who  ('onii>i»*('  '^  hiVJ,o  branch  of  tlic  Sadies 
family,'  Icimwii  as  .\'i-iili'-iiiii'li—{Ht\m\>{vil  by  tlic  (anailians  into  t'liiitcaiix  — 
Ik'Iow  the  junction  of  the  Fraser  anl  Thoaiiisou.  An  !  r.^mi,  in  //'s/.  .!/(/■/., 
vol,  vii.,  [1.  Tii  7.  .Vtnahs  is  tlnir  name  in  the  'L\i1;ali  lanv,'na'.,'<',  ami  siLriiitics 
'  straii ,'  I's.'  'DitV'i'  so  little  from  their  southern  nei^'hliors,  the  Salish,  lus 
to  vcn  li' a  particular  (V'scription  Uiuieci'ssary.'  Ilil's  i'JIi'ini..  \\\  l'.  S.  E.r. 
F.I'.,  vol,  vi,,  ]),  2(1").  Tiiey  were  called  hy  M  lekeli/.ie  the  Chill  tlilit  ,  aceiird- 
in,'  I  )  /'-■('  7r((' r.s'  It  .sitr-lt  s,  vol.  v.,  jV  IJ7,  but  M  lekeiizies  Chin  irilie  was 
11  irtli  of  the  .Vtnihs,  b  in:^  the  Xa,i,'ailer  tribe  of  the  C.-irriers.  See  M'lrl.ni- 
z'l'.-i  l'"/.,  ]>p.  "ioT-S,  and  map. 

"-".Vli.iut  Okanaj^Mii,  various  brandies  of  the  Carrier  tribe'  \i  nin ,/'.•! 
<>  ;:i.  T  /'.,  p.  14:(.  '  ()Uanai,'ans,  cui  the  upjicr  jiart  of  Fra/er's  Kivcr.'  I.mli- 
"•/ /.  .1),  l/iii'i..  p.  170. 

'"  .Vl-ii  known  as  Flat-bows,  ' 'I'hc  )ioorest  of  tlie  tribes  com|iosiiiu'  tlic 
Filth' id  nati  m,'  M  ■I'oi-nii  ■!,■.  in  //'  /,  .1.'^.  /l^7/^,  isfiT,  p.  211,  '  Speaking  ii 
l;ui_;ui^''  of  their  own,  it  is  not  easy  to  ima,i,'iiic  their  oiiL;iii;  but  it  ajjj.ear.S 
liribible  that  they  (incc  b(  loir.^ed  to  some  more  soulhern  tribe,  from  whiidi 
tli-ybcamc  shut  ott'  by  the  intervention  of  lirLjer  tribe-.,'  Majn  's  It.  I'., 
]i.  '1>7.  '  fn  a[>|)i'ar.uicc,  chara 'ter,  and  customs,  they  resemble  m  ir  •  tin) 
luliaiM  ea-it  of  the  Uocky  .Mountains  than  those  of  Lower  ()re;.!on.'  Ilil's 
/•.''7/,c) /,,  in  ['.  ,S'.  !■],{'.  !■].{•.,  vol.  vi.,  p,  2i)').  '  Les  .Vrcs-:t-l'l,tts,  et  Is  Koitciais 
suit  connii.s  daus  Ic  p.ivs  sous  lo  uom  du  Skalzi.'  JJc  Sui'l,  M'(.is.  du  I'Uix- 

'J  in.  p.  Sll, 


252 


COLI'MBIANS. 


I 


inhiil)it  tlio  trianjrlo  Ixjiind  d  by  the  T'jipor  r\)lmnl)ia, 
tlic  Rocky  Mountiiins.  und  the  40tli  i)arall('l.  Ihiiv^ 
oliii'lly  on  Flatljow  rivor  and  lako.  All  thi-cc  nations 
nii^lit  ])i"oI)al>ly  ho  joined  Avitli  (inito  as  much  reason  to 
the  Salisli  family  farther  south,  as  indeed  has  usually 
been  done  \vith  the  Okauiiiians;  while  the  Kooteuiiis  are 
))y  .some  considered  distinct  from  any  of  their  adjoining 
nations. 

'I'liK  ^^Ai.isH  Famh.y  dwells  south  of  the  Shushwaps. 
between  1!)  and  47  .  altogether  on  the  Columbia  and  its 
tributaries,  its  nations,  more  clearly  defined  than  in 
most  other  families,  are  the  Fl(itln'<(ih}^  ov  Salish  i)roi)er, 
between  the  Bitter  Root  and  Rocky  ^^ountains  on  Mat- 
head  and  (Marke  rivers;  the  Pend  iT Omllc)^}^"  who  dwell 
about  the  lake  of  the  same  name  and  on  (Mi"'ke  Uiver, 
for  fifty  to  seventv-five  miles  above  and  below  the  lake; 


the   (. 


(H'iin<  ( 


I'Ah 


end 


IK 


south  of  the   Rend  d'Oreilles,  on 


C'oeur  d'Al'^ne  Lako  and  the  streams  falling  into  it;  the 
Col.nf/c.'i,^"  a  term  whicli  may  be  used  to  designate  the 
variously  named  bands  about  Kettle  Falls,  and  north- 
ward along  the  Columbia  to  the  Arrow  Lakes;  the  Sj)o- 
^^///cs."'*  on  the  S[)okane  Uiver  and  ])lateau  along  the 
Columbia  below  Kettle  Falls,  nearly  to  tue  mouth  of  the 


l|IB 


W"--"l(|l 


m 


!|iit»i:ri: 


'"  The  fivii^'in  of  iho  naiuo  FlatliPiul.  ns  applied  to  tliis  iialioii,  is  not 
known,  us  tin  y  liavi'  never  been  known  to  Hatten  the  lu'ad.  ''J'lie  mass  of 
the  nation  consists  of  )iersons  who  have  more  ur  less  of  the  lilo<iil  (.f  (ho 
Siiokani's,  Teml  d'Oreilli's,  N'ez  I'erees,  ami  Inxpiois.'  Sli'rr)is,  in  ///'/.  ,1'?'. 
Jl  i>l.,  l.S.")l,  p.  -2117;  I'd:  l{.  II.  Riit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  l.')();  Citlin's  X.  Am.  I,rl..  vol. 
ii.,  p.  ]!)•!;  Stirirt'a  M'lnliinri,  p.  H2,  (rass  aj)plie(l  th<^  name  apparently  to 
tribes  on  tlie  Clearwater  of  (he  Sahaptin  family.  ■Imir..  )>.  'JJI. 

"'  Also  called  K-ilisji  Inis  and  I'mil'  ni.-i.  The  I'ppcr  I'end  d'dnilles 
consist  of  a  iiiiiiiber  of  waiiderin;^  families  of  S[iokanes.  Knlispelms  pro|i- 
er,  and  Flatlnads.  Suf/.lrif.  in  I'm'.  ]{.  Jl.  1!  jit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  'J'.tl;  SI  i-' ,is,  in 
II..  p.  Ul);  ,s7.r.  ,(,s>,  in  ///•/.  .\f.  It  1)1.,  ls.".t,  p.  -JIO.  'Very  similar  in 
niinners.  etc.,  to  the  Flatheads,  and  form  one  people  with  tlniu.'  I>i  Sin'l, 
J//.-.S.  il''  rOi-'^'imi.  p.  .'tJ. 

'"''I'lie  n  itive  name,  nceordin-^  to  TIale,  is  Sl.ihnish.  and  f'oenr  d'Alene, 
'Awl  h"art,'  is  a  nickname  applied  from  the  circinnstanee  that  a  chief  nse<l 
these  words  to  (  xiiress  his  idea  of  (he  Canadian  tradi'rs'  meanness.  Kihimi.. 
in  r.  .s'.  /•;.!■.  /v.i'.,  vol.  vi..  p.  •JHI. 

II?  Ihihii-lin.  •  n.asket  I'l-ople,'  Chnu'lhrc^,  'Kettles,'  Ki-llh'  Fulh.  Clntn'iKiijK, 
Sk<)i(''i>i'i,  ami  /,'f/,''s.  are  some  of  the  names  ap]ilieil  to  these  bands. 

"■*  'lis  s'appellent  eiitre  enx  les  Knfants  dii  Soleil,  dans  leur  lanijue  Sp(5- 
kane.'  />.'  Siiii'l,  .l/('.ss.  </'  I'Oi-'' inn,  p.  15).  '  DitTeritii^'  very  little  from  the 
li'  lians  at  Colvillc.  either  in  their  appeaniiice,  habits,  or  language.'  Kriia's 
yViinl.,  p.  ;t()7. 


THE  SAH.Vl'TIN  F.V^IILY. 


2y.\ 


Okiiimiriin:  and  tlio  /\'sy'w/Sf'.'^^  on  tlio  west  l)ank  of  tlio 
(V)luml)iji  hotwtvu  lilt'  OkaiiiigiUi  and  I'licst  Haj)i(ls. 

Tin;  Saiiai'Tin  Family,  tlic  last  ol"  the  Culimihian 
gr{)ii[).  is  iiiiiuc'diatt'ly  south  of  the  Salish,  hetweeii  the 
(^iscade  and  IVitter  Hoot  mountains,  reachinj;  southward, 
in  iH'iU'i-al  teiins.  to  tlio  fortv-lilth  i)aralleh  hut  vorv  ir- 
ivjiidai"!}'  hounded  hy  the  Shoslione  tril)es  of  the  Cali- 
foruiau  uroup.  Of  its  nations,  tlie  Xt-z  /V/vvs.''"  or  Sa- 
haiitins  pro[)er.  dwell  on  the  ( Mearwiiter  and  its  hranclu's, 
and  on  tin'  Snake  uhout  the  forks;  the  /\/A>/'Sf''''  occupy 
the  re,2,ion  north  of  th«'  Snake  ahout  the  mouth  of  the 
I'alouse;  the  south  hanks  of  the  Columhiii  and  Snake 
neai"  their  conlluenee.  and  tlu'  haid<s  of  the  lower  Walla 
Walla  are  occupied  hy  the  W'ti/'n  l!W//'^s;'"'-  the  Ydh'hiKix 
and  Kukddts^'*^  inhahit  the  region  north  of  the  Dalles, 


|iroi'- 
,is,  in 
ilav  in 

Ir  Sill' I, 

I'Ali'HO, 

if    nsr(l 
ilhil",!., 

,"'/'"//■''■' 
Lo  Si"!- 

lnii  tlio 


iw  '  Si)  uiucli  int(>rni!irno(l  with  tho  Yakiiinns  that  thov  hiiv(>  nliuost  'ost 


thtir  uutiiinality.'  Stiniis,  in  Iml.  A/}'.  Hipt.,  iS:")},  ji 


::(t; 


to  thi 


liii  '  i'iii-ccd  N'oscs,'  sn  niitiicil  \t\  the  Ciinachiiiis,  jxihaps  fnmi  tlic  niisul 

iits  of  the  first  <if  thf  trilit!  seen.  iiltlionL'li  tlic  custiiiii  of  jiic  rciiiu;  tlic 

to  1k'  prcvulfnt  with  tliis  i)('oj)ic.     ■  (li  in  riilly 

ntniilistiiictinn 
f  1.1 


i!is  luvfr  iM'cn  known 


linownaiiil  ilistiu;,'iiishc(l  iiythc  nanicof  "liliiik  inlits, 


m  CO 


iho  live  on  tisli 


N'auiiil  Ncz  I'crct's  from  tlw  custoiu  of  horiiiL; 


tlic  nose  to  receive  n  whit(^  sliell,   like  the  tlnke  of  iin  iinchor.    It< 

lfii„l, 


/•' 


vol.  i.    jip.  :tlir),  IS")  tj.     ''I'lieie  lire  two  tviliesof  the   I'ierced-Xi 


Imlians,  the  njipi'r  un<l  tlie  lowi 


Iin 


ill's  hill.  Ixiiiis,  J)]).  W.VV 


'I'hou^h 


iri.;iu:illy  the  same  iieople.  their  dialect  varies  very  perceptihly  from  tliat  of 


the   'I'llsh' 


7'.- 


</', 


Li 


il  rinrl.i 


Ti 


'  t'owse-eaters,'  hv  the  Snake 


1' 


:)41 


Called    Thi'i  i,i-ril,-l,iili. 


Ten  tii'.ies  better  off  to-dav  than 


they  were  then  ' 


P 


I'tieal  refntation  of  the  time-honored  lie.  that  iiiti 


character  an< 


1  ap 


•In 
'allce,  tliev  resend)le  more  the   Indians  of  the  Missouri 


coiuse  with  whites  is  an  injury  to  Indians.'  Shmrl's  Mnnliiiin,  )ip.  7t! 


than  tlieir  nei^dd)ors,  the  Salish.'    llnlr's  Ktlniuii.  in  /'.  N.  /--'.r.  /•,'. 


'IVl:   Dn 


•/I's   Ihsiiis,  vol. 


1' 


11..  p 


'■'  'La  trilm  I'aloose  ajinirtieiit  ii  la  nation  des  Nez-iurces  et  leiirresseni- 


ms  tons  les  rap))orts.'   /'<■  Sim  I, 


'//■■  V 


■M. 


wrda-wrd.i 

foniii  rlv 


name  comes  from  that  of   the  river.     It  should  he  ])rononnced 


■rv  short.   I'diiiliisi/'rt  liniiii..  ]>.  '■>. 
d  and  iiin'rated  hv  the  Ncz  I'erces 


I) 


escelidcd    tliilll    slaves 


l',uh 


/■;,,■/,/, 


■/■• 


17.     •  Not   unlike  the   I'ierced-Noses  in  {general  appearance.   Ian'.^iiai;e.  and 


haliits.'    Ilrmriiiirn  lu'l.  I, 


n 


le  colUlllc'llce  o 


f  the  Sn 


PI' 


i:l:! 


i'arts  of  three  diHeitnt  nations  at 


uid  Colnmliia.  linns'  .Imir..  jip.  '.ilS   11 


of  the   liLiliaiis  have  any  ]»  rmalieiit   hahitatioiis  '  on   the  south  hank  of  tli 
('oliiml)ia    ahout  and  above   the    Oalles.     f.i'n-is  niid  l'ltirl,r's    Trur..   ii.    Iltl." 


'  (leiieiiillv  campiii.L!  in  winter  on  the  north  side  of  tlie  river.'   Iml.  At]'.  Hi  pi. 
\x'>\.  p.  Ss-i. 

''■  The  name  Yakimii  is  a  word  meanin;.,'  '  HIa<'k  Hear'  in  the  Walla  W'M; 
'halecl.  Thev  are  called  Klikatats  west  of  the  mountains.  liihl,.-<,  in  I'm-.  I,' 
U.    Hnl 


vol.  i.,  ]).  4()7.     'The  Klikatats  and  Yakimas,  in  all  essential  ]ieciil- 
i.iiiile.-,  of  character,  nro  identical,  and  their  intercourse  is  constant.'   /'/..  ]>. 


■l(i:t. 


id  .s7'- 


in  Inil.  Af.  Ili'iil..  isr.-t,  p.  -l-l 


iliycalleil  Yakamas.'    Tlie  name  si^'iiilies  ■  Stony  (jrouud. 


I'shawanwai'pam  hands 


(I'l'llo 


ill  /'. 


254 


COLUMBIANS. 


I 


Ix'twocn  tlio  Cusc.ido  liaiijiv  and  i\w  roluinl)!}!,  the  foinior 
in  the  valloy  of  the  Vukinia.  tlie  hitter  in  the  mountains 
ahout  ^^t.  A(huns.  Both  nations  extend  in  some  hands 
across  into  tiie  territory  of  the  S)nnd  family.  'J'he  na- 
tives of  Oregon  east  of  the  (^iscade  Range,  who  have  not 
nsiially  ))eeii  inehided  in  tlie  >^ahaptin  family.  I  will  di- 
vidi!  somewhat  arhitrarily  into  the  UWi!ro8,  extendini;; 
from  the  moimtains  eastward  to  .John  Pay  River,  and 
the  ^  Vy/'sr',*""*  from  this  river  across  the  Blue  Mountiiins 
to  the  (Jrande  Ronde. 

^riie  iidand  ('olum))ians  are  of  medium  stature,  usn- 
ally  IVom  live  feet  sev<Mi  to  five  leet  ten  inches,  Init  some- 
times reaching  a  height  of  six  feet;  spare  in  flesh,  l»ut 
muscular  and  syinmetrical ;  with  well-formed  limhs,  the 
legs  not  ])eing  deformed  as  am(mg  the  Chinooks  hy  con- 
stant sitting  in  the  canoe;  feet  and  hands  are  in  many 
trihes  small  and  well  made.  In  hod'.ly  strength  they 
are  inferior  to  whites,  ])ut  superior,  as  might  l)e  expected 
from  their  hahits,  to  the  more  iiidolent  fish-eaters  on  the 
Pacific.  The  women,  though  never  corpulent,  are  more 
inclined  to  rotundity  than  the  men.  The  Xez  Rerces 
and  (.'ayuses  are  considered  the  Jjest  specimens,  while  in 


(lisi/'s  (Ifiiiii.,  p.  vii.  '  Koil-roil-jiiiin,  is  the  Klikntiit  country.'  '  Its  nu'iiniiiH 
is  "  till'  Jliiusf  country."  '  /'/.  The  Yiikiuut  valley  is  ii  j^'rcut  niitional  iiuiltz- 
vous  for  these  iin<l  surronndinij;  nations.  Itusa'  Fur  //k/i/'cs,  vol.  i.,  ]i]).  1!», 
'21.  Klikitats,  nieiiniui,'  robbers,  was  tirst  tli<>  name  ^'i  yen  to  the  Whnhvhy- 
])unis,  ami  then  extended  to  all  sjieakin^' the  same  lannuaj^e.  For  t\V(  iily-tive 
years  Ivforc  1S.')1  tlu'y  overran  the  Willamet-tc  Valley,  but  at  that  tin.e  were 
forced  by  L;overnment  to  retire  to  their  own  country.  TdIiii'ii',  in  Luvd'^  Xnt., 
vol.  ii..  |)[).  211-7. 

Ill  Wasco  is  said  to  mean  'basin,'  and  the  tribe  derives  its  name,  tradi- 
tionally, from  the  fact  that  formerly  on(>  of  tlu'ir  chiefs,  his  wife  liavin;^  died, 
spent  much  of  his  time  in  niakinj^'  cavities  or  basins  in  the  soft  rock  for  his 
children  to  lill  with  water  and  pebbles,  and  thereby 


rehy  amuse 


till 


A\ 


V 


to 


Ml . 


";/"•>  I'P 


!lt- 


Thc 


rd  Caynse  is  perhaps  the  French  I'liU- 


hiit.f.  'pelibles.'  ('ailed  by  Tolmie,  '  Wyeilals  or  Kyoose.'  He  s.iys  tiieir 
lam^naLje  has  an  attinity  to  that  of  the  Carriers  and  Unipcpias.  hiri'l's  \<il., 
vol.  ii..  ]>p.  i-t'.t-.")!*.  'Kcsend)lc  the  Walla-Wallas  very  much.'  Kum's  Wdml., 
pp.  'll'.f  Sit.  'Tlie  imperial  tribe  of  Orcjijon'  claimiii;.,'  jurisdiction  over  the 
whole  Columbia  rei,'ioii.    Fiir»liniii's  Tntr.,  p.  HI.     The  Snakes,  Walla-Wallas, 


nd  Cavuso  meet  annually  in  the  Grande  Koiule  Valley.    Thi>rnU: 


()<lii 


<l 


Cdl.,  vol.  i.,  p.  '27(1.     'Individuals  of  the  pnre  blood  are  few,  the  majority 


)eint;  mterm 


ixcdwith  the  Nez  Pcrces  and  the  Wallah  Wallahs.'  SI. 


frt-KS,  m 


iniL  AlJ.  Ui'jtl..  1H.")4.  pp.  '21M-H).  'I'he  rej^'ion  which  I  i,'ivc  to  the  Wascos  and 
Cavuses  is  divided  ou  Hale's  map  between  the  Walla- Wallas,  Waiilatjiu,  and 
Molele, 


rilVSUH'E  OF  THE  INLAND  TlilLES. 


2") 


the  iiortli  tlio  K()()t(.'n;iis  sooin  to  I»o  siipcrioi'  to  tlio  otlirr 
Slnisliwiip  iiMtions.  'I'lif  Salisli  iuv  assiunod  l»v  ^\'ill<«.•s 
and  Hale  an  intcniu'tliutL'  place  in  i)livsical  attril)uti's 
hc'twt'i'n  the  coast  and  nionntain  tiiiics.  bcinu  in  statnrc 
and  proportion  siqu'rior  to  the  Chinooks.  hnt  infcrioi*  to 
tlio  \c/,  l\'r"<'s.'-'''  Inland,  a  iiijilicr  ordci"  of  i'acc  is  olt- 
scrvcd  than  on  tlic  coast.  'riio  clicck-honcs  arc  still 
liiii'li.  the  forehead  is  rather  low,  the  face  lonu'.  the  eves 
hlack.  rarelv  ohrupie.  the  nose  pi'oniim'nt  and  freipientlv 
a([niline.  the  lii)s  thin,  the  teeth  white  und  rejiidai'  hnt 
•i'cncrally  much  worn.  The  •leneral  expression  of  the 
features  is  stern,  ol'ten  melancholy,  hut  not  as  a  rule 
harsh  oi'  repulsive.  Dignified,  dne-lookinii'  men.  Jind 
handsome  yoimix  women  have  heen  remarked  in  nearly 
all  the  trihes.  hut  here  auain  the  Sahai)tins  hear  olV  the 
])alm.  The  comjjlexion  is  not  darker  than  on  the  coast, 
hut  has  moi'c  of  a  coj)pery  hue.  The  hair  is  hlack.  u'cn- 
erally  coarse,  and  worn  lonu'.  The  heard  is  \erv  thin, 
and  its  growth  is  carefully  prevented  ])y  plucking.^""' 


,',  triuli- 

I'lir  liis 
•s.  \'i<- 
vh  i'liil- 
^•s  thiiv 
•s   \<it., 

ivrr  till' 
IWiiUiis. 

jiiii.ioiity 

iri'iin.  ill 
Icos  mill 

lj)U,  llllll 


'''>  111  tlic  interior  tlio  '  inou  urf  tall,  tlip  women  tire  uf  coninuiii  stature,  and 
both  iiri' Well  fciniK  il."  I'lirl/' r's  Kxiilnr.  Tiiiir,\>.'2'^'.>.  '  Of  iiiidiUe  liei^lit.  slen- 
der.' Hull's  AV/i/in;/,  ill  /'.  N.  I-J,i\  F.X.,  vol.  vi.,  ]).  I'.'ll.  'J'lie  inland  tiihes  of 
liritisli  Coluiiilija.  coniiiareil  with  those  on  the  coast,  '  are  of  a  better  east, 
luillj,'   'generally    of   tlie    middle   hei^,'llt.'    Iil.,    Ji.    I'.IN.      See   also   ]).  J(Mi.      'J'he 

Xi'Z  I'eiees  and  Cayuses  'are  almost  universally  tine-lodUint;.  robust  nun.' 
In  critirisiiii;  the  i>erson  of  one  of  that  tribe  'one  was  forcibly  remindid  of 
the  AjxiUo  lielvidere.'  7'(//r;(.s(//(/',s  Suv.,  ])]).  MS,  IIS.  The  Klikatat  "stati.re 
is  low,  with  lieht,  sinewy  limbs.'  hi.,  \).  ITS;  also  pp.  1.")S-I71.  'I  he  Wall  i- 
W'allas  are  ^'.iieratiy  powerful  men,  at  least  six  feet  lii.u'h,  and  the  C'ayuse 
are  still  'stouter  and  more  athletic.'  Ha'trdmr,  in  Lnml.  liiinj.  Snr,  Jmir.,  vol. 
xi  ,  |).  ~~ii\.  'I'lie  lT;ii:itillas  'may  be  a  superior  r.iee  to  the  "Snakes,"  but  I 
doubt  it.'  li'irnliiirl,  in  fud.  .U/.  Hi  pi..  iMi'J.  \i.  •s'\.  The  S.ilish  are  'rather 
beliiw  the  averai;!'  si/c,  but  are  well  knit,  niusruliir.  aii<l  .L,'iiod-lookin^;.'  SI  i- 
fd.s'.  in   III  I.  Atf.   Ii'i/il..   is.")!,  p.  •_>(IH.      •  Well  made  and  active.'    Ihum's  (In  .mi, 

p|).  Mil,  ;!'27.  '  l>e!ow  the  middle  hiL;ht,  with  thiik-set  limbs.'  thmn  mrh'n 
h'srrt.^,  vol.  i.,  J).  SS,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  ^r)-!;.  (11").  The  Contonais  are  above  the 
inediuiii  heittht.  Viry  few  Shushwaps  reach  the  Ik  i;;ht  of  live  feet  nine 
inches.  I'li.f's  A'li'iii..  vol.  ii.,  ])]i.  l"i~).  :i7ll,  vol.  i.,  p.  -Id.  See  also  on  jiliy- 
siipie  (if  the  iidaiid  nations,  Li'irl.i  oml  Clurlxi'.'i  I'rur..  pp.  li'JI,  :i(t),  Ii.'ii;,  ;:.")'.•, 
MSJ,  ."i-jT  S,  ,");");-  7:  llV7.'s'  Snr.,  in  I'.  S.  K.t.  i'.i-..  vol.  iv.,  ji.  )7"):  limni.  in 
''■('.  I'lniur.  A/iril  2(i.  IS(!I;  Sun  Friiiiri.-<ci>  llirnhl,  •Imi',  1H.")S;  Sli  nun.  in  /''/■•. 
I!  H.  Uijil.,  vol  i.,  pp.  .'toil,  111;  \!ri<l(i!/'s  (>.///.  I'lr.,  p.  1.'>1;  /.o/v/.s  A"/, 
v  il.  ii.,  jij).  l(ir)-C,.  mil]  vol.  i,,  frontis]iiece,  cut  of  a  ^'roup  of  Spok.ines. 
Ilf  Siinl,  VniJ.,  )ip.  Ml',  I'.tN;  Pilltiivr'x  ,f<iHr.,  \).  ol;  /,'(/.v.s'  .hlnn.,  pj>.  11.7,  •-',>{; 
i^liiilrl'.i  MmiUiiiii,  ]i.  N'J. 

'^''  The  interior  tribes  have  'lon<,'  faces,  and  bold  features,  thin  lips,  wide 
cheek-bones,  smooth  skins,  and  the  usual  tawny  coiiiphxion  of  the  .\iin  ricaii 
tribes.'      'Features  of  a  less  exagc'erated  harshness'  than  the  coast  tribes. 


256 


COLlMlilANS. 


Tlio  custom  of  licad-llatti'iiiii^.  ii|)i)iirc'ntlv  of  sojiboard 
oriji'iii  uiid  }:;rowtli.  extends,  novortlioU'ss,  iUToss  the  Cas- 
cade barrier,  and  is  i)racticed  to  a  <ircater  or  less  extent 
by  all  the  tribes  of  the  Sahaptin  lai)iil> .  iVnion|i  thcni 
all,  however,  with  the  exception  j)eihjips  of  the  KliUi- 
tats.  the  deloiinitv  consists  only  of  a  verv  sli<iht  com- 
jtression  of  the  forehead,  which  neai'ly  or  (piite  disaji- 
pears  at  matinity.  The  practice  also  extends  inland  up 
t  le  valley  of  the  Fraser,  and  is  found  at  least  in  nearly 
all  the  more  western  tribes  of  the  Shushwaps.  The  Sa- 
l.sh  family  do  not  llatten  the  skull. ''^    Other  methods  of 


Ifite's  Elhnofi.,  in  V.  S.  K.r.  JCr.,  \i>\.  vi.,  p.  ]!»S-;).  'Iluir  mid  tycs  nre 
lilack,  tliiir  clici  k  buiics  lii^jh,  uiul  very  frtMiucntly  tlu  y  liaM'  iuiiiiliiir  iidscs.' 
' 'I'hcy  wear  their  liair  lniij,',  jiait  it  iijimi  tlitiv  foi-fhi  ad,  and  Itt  it  liaii^,' in 
tii'sscs  on  racli  sidr.  ordiiwii  lnhiud.'  -/''(/•/.< /''.s  /.'I'/i/n/'.  'J'n'ir.  \>.  :)!.'■>.  Cuiii- 
jilcxidii  'u  little  faini- than  ntlier  Indians.'  /</.  The  Okana'^aiis  are  'iKtter 
feitnved  and  handsomer  in  their  jiersons,  thoUj^di  darker,  than  the  (liiniK  ks 
<ir  other  Indians  alon;,'  the  sea-coast.'  'Teeth  white  as  ivory,  well  set  and 
I'l'Ltnlar.'  Thi'  voiiMs  of  Walla  Wallas,  Nez  i'erees.  and  Cnyrises.  are  stronj^ 
and  iiiiiscnline.  Ilnss'  .I'/iv,,.,  jip.  2m,  127.  The  Flatheads  i  Nez  Terees  i  aio 
'the  whitest  Indians  1  ever  saw.'  iIusk'  Jmir.,  p.  1H1»,     The  Shiishwa))  'coni- 

iijexion  is  darker,  and  of  a  more  muddy,  cojipery  hue  than  that  of  the  true  Hed 
ndian.'  Millnn  'iml  ('IhikIIi'h  .V.  II'.  J'<iss.,  p.  :(;!•">.  The  Si/.  J'irets  darker 
than  the  'J'lisheipaws.  I)iunitie<l  and  ])leasaiit  features.  Would  havequito 
licavy  beards  if  they  shaved.  Ace-is  mul  I'lufhc'a  'I'ntr.,  \)]k  lilO,  IJ'id,  I)")!!, 
.'>27  S,  .j.")(;  7,  '.i'2\.  The  iidand  natives  are  an  nj,'ly  race,  with  •broad  faces, 
low  foreheads,  and  rout,'li,  cojppery  and  tanned  skins.'  Tlie  Salish  'features 
are  less  re;,'alar,  and  their  complexion  darker'  than  the  Sahaptins.  Jiuik- 
(■  icrli's  />'■>••/•/>•.  vol.  i.,  ]).  SS,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  .">.")  (1.  Tei  th  of  the  river  tribt  s  worn 
down  by  sanded  stdmon.  Aiiih'rsnii,  in  Lnnl'ti  Xiil.,  vol.  ii.,  ]i.  "i'iS;  /kok'.s 
i\'iiifl..  p.  ■27;J.  Nez  I'lrces  and  Cayuses  'art'  almost  iiniveisally  line  look- 
ii,',  robust  ni'ii.  with  strong  aipiiline  features,  and  a  nineh  n 


<•  ist  of  ('onntenan<'e  than  is   usual   anionLtst  the 


Son 


.f  tl 


i-he(  rful 
le  women 


almost  bi 


ille(l  beautiful,  and  none  that   1   have  se 


en  are  lioniilv 


one  verv 


hands 


youni,'  >,'irls  amoiij,'  the  Walla  Wallas.     The  Kliketat 


features  are  '  rcLjular,  tlioui^h  often  devoid  of  exjiression.'  'I'liirnsi  mi's  \iir. 
ji;).  7.S,  IH,  b"»S.  17S.  Fl.itheads  'comparatively  very  fair  in  c()ni|il(\ion, 
...  .with  oval  faces,  and  a  mild,  and  ]>layful  ex|)ressi(>n  of  conntennnce.' 
.I)'niii's  Orf'i'iii.  p.  ;U1.  Till'  Kayuls  had  lonj,'  dark  hair,  and  reeular  features. 
ri/,"'.'<  It'll.!/  ■U'l'ii'l'iii"',  ]).  :ibt.  Cut  and  description  of  a  (  lickitat  skull,  in 
Mirton'n  I'ntiii'i,  y.  211.  ])l.  4S.  'The  l-'latln  ads  are  the  nvjlii  st,  and  most  of 
their  women  are  far  from  beinj,'  beauties.'  Slnarl's  MdnUinii,  p.  ^2. 

I''  'The  Sahaptin  and  Wallawallas  compress  the  head,  but  not  so  much 
us  th"  tribes  near  the  coast.  It  merely  serves  with  them  to  make  the  fore- 
head more  retreating;,  which,  with  the  aquiline  nose  common  t<i  these  natives, 
j,'ives  to  them  oecasioually,  .a  physio^jnomy  similar  to  that  represented  in  the 
liieroi,'lyphical  painting's  of  Central  .AnnTica.'  Ilnh'n  Ktlninii..  in  V.  S.  K.t.  Ex., 
vol.  vi..  ])p.  211,  2t).">.  All  the  Shushwaps  Hatten  the  head  niore  or  less. 
.M'Ujnc'H  Ii.  ('.,  1).  ;i";t.  '  II  (st  h  remar(mer  ((Ue  les  tribus  etablies  au-dessns 
de  111  jonction  de  la  brauche  sud  de  la  C'olond)ie,  et  dt'sij.'ni'es  sous  le  nom  do 
Tetes  I'lates,  out  renonce  depuis  lonf,'temj)s  a  cet  usaj^'e.'  Mnj'riin.  h'.i-j'hir., 
ti>:n.  ii.  ji.  III!).  '  A  roundheatl  Klickatat  woman  woidd  be  a  pariah."  Win- 
tlirop's  Cuii'je  and  Swi'll",  p.  2U4.     Nez  rerces  "  seldom  known  to  llatteu  the 


IIl'.AI)  rLATTKNINc;  IN  TUK  INTKUlOIt. 


:os  nre 

linsl'S.' 

iiiii^'  ill 

Cnlll- 

•liittir 
liiiiK  ks 
set  and 

•('si  aie 

)  '  COlll- 

lUc  IUmI 
(lavktr 
iinito 

:}.v.», 

faces, 

itUl-fH 
Ihilll- 
WdVll 

l(uik- 
t  rlful 

(IIIK'U 

nil  Iv.' 
lik.tut 
\(ir., 
cxioii, 

IlllCt'.' 

itnrcs. 

(ill.  in 

iimst  (if 

much 
ic  I'oic- 
lativis, 

in  the 

•;..•.  i:.f., 

(ir  less, 
•dcssiis 
iKini  do 

l-^Xj'l")-., 

nin- 

ttiu  iLo 


doformin;.!  tin'  |R'rson,  such  us  tiittooinj;'  and  lu'i'loratiu"'' 
the  It'atiiri's  are  as  a  rule  not  eiiiploveil;  thi'  \'akliiias 
and  Kliketats.  liowevei",  with  some  other  lower  Coliiiii- 
l)ia  ti'il)es.  [)iert'e  or  out  away  the  se[)tuin  of  tlie  nose.'"* 
and  the  Xez  I'l-nn's  [)rohahly  deriveil  their  name  I'rom  a 
similai'eiistoin  lormerlv  pnu^titx'd  l)_v  thi-m.  I'aint.  how- 
ever, is  used  hy  all  inland  as  well  as  coast  tiiltes  on 
occasions  when  decoration  is  desired,  hut  apiiliecl  in  less 
prolusion  l)y  the  latter.  The  iavorite  color  is  vermilion. 
a|»plied  as  a  rule  only  to  the  face  and  hair.''"  Mlaliorate 
hair-dressiuii'  is  not  conunon,  and  hoth  si'xes  usually  wi'ar 
the  hair  in  the  same  style,  soaked  in  ji'rease,  often  painted, 
and  han^inu'  in  a  natural  state,  or  in  hr^id. .  plait>^  or 
(pieues.  o\cr  the  shoulders.  Some  of  the  southi-rn  trilu's 
<'ut  the  hair  across  the  forehead,  while  othei's  I'arther 
north  tie  it  up  in  knots  on  the  hack  of  the  head."" 
The  coast  dress — r(jl)es  or  hlankets  of   hark-fihi'e  or 


h-ad. 


.V.  A,,,,  ht'l.. 


id.  ii. 


108. 


/>.i 


iiii'li'.i  f)i's<'rl.i,  \<il.  ii. 

I  nil'. 


\'ir..  )).  17 


in  r.  .s'.  h'y.  /■: 


in  Lnnl'x  .V((/.,  vol.  ii..  jip.  'J:!!  •_'.  2i:t  .")I:  '/'.. 

ii''(/-i/..  p. 'ii;;!;  IikI.  .uj.  Uif,t..  w:,\.  j)].. -jot  .-i:  ii;//,. 


.1. 


..  ii: 


ith  cut.     Widhi  Wall.is.  Skvns 


iinil 


N'fZ  l'(  rcc's  tlattrn  tlir  licid  and  pfrforatc  tlic  nose.   Fitriilntiii's  '/'/ 
/.>ic!-i  ihnl  I'l'irh's  Tnir.,  ]>]>.  IJTl,  It.")'.*;  'iitus'  .hmr.,  \t.  '224 


1' 


'•■*  /'('A  /•!/*/ 's  li(ir:s,in  r.  S.  E.r.  A,'.c.,  vol.  ix.,  j']).  ;t,S-'.);  Lvii-'isiunJ  i'liirl 


V  $ 


I  /•'((•..  )lll 


■m;-i.  ;!N2~:t. 


'I'lir  S.dish  •iivofiisc  in  th<^  nsc  of  jiuint.'  .^7 


hill.  A'f.  I!'i,f. 


Is'A.  ].],.  2117  S,  and  in  /'-/■■.  /.'.  Ii.  i:<id.,  vol.  i..  )>.  :«)'.».     Nr/  INtim's  paintdl 
coli.ri  d  stri]iis.  U'mr's  i"V..  |).  17;t.      '  rour  Indians  (Nc/ I'l  let's  t  stiiakcil 

]]'ii„<l..p.-2'.n.      Walla  W;dla  'filers  iMJntcd 


ill 


ill  iivir  w 


ith  white  nind.'    A' 


ml.'  The  Okanaituii  'voiiiiLjof  both  sexes  always  jiaint  their  faces  w  Ith  red 
and  Mack  liars.'  //"s.s'  Ailrcn,,  pp.  127,  2'.M-'"i.  The  inland  trihes  •a|ipe!ii' 
to  have  less  of  the  propensity  to  adorn  tlieinselves  with  paiiitini,'.  tliau  tl 


iiiili 


it  of  the  iiiouiitains.  lnit  nut   iiiifreoiientlv  vermilion  mixed  wilii 


ri-d  clay,  is  tised  not  only  upon  their  fiu-i  s  but  upon  their  hair.     I'arl.ir'f 
/•.'.i'/i'''.i'.  7''i"/'.  ji.  22',).     Red  clay  for  face  )iaint.  obtaineil  at  Vermilion  I'ork^ 


iif  the  Siinilkaiiieen  Itiver.  iu  (•.  ('.    I'nlh 


II.  C.  I 'a  I 


Ill's,   vol.  11 


,>.  M. 


I'eiid  d'Oriillc  wciiiun  rub  the  face  evei-y  niorniu;^'  with  a  mixture  of  red  and 
brown  powder,  which  is  iimde  to  stick  by  ii  eoiitiii!^  of  tish-oil.  Iir  Sun  I.   T'l//., 


I' 


I'.IN. 


Till'  Oakinaek  '  wo 


men  wea 


r  their  hair  neatlv  clubbed  on  each  side  of 


the  he.iil  b;  hind  t',c  ears,  and  ornamented  with  double  rows  of  tli 


snowv 


:ua.  whic';  ,o'e  ainoie^' the  Oakinackens  calh d  Shet-la-cane;  but  they  kei  p 


II  sh 


■dor 


idcd  in  front.     The  men's  hair  is  i(Ueued 


Ihd 


lip  into  a 


knot  bthiud  the  head,  and  ornamented  like  that  of  the  women;  but  in  front 
it  fall-i  or  liam^'s  down  loosely  before  the  f:ic(s  eoveriiij,'  the  fordiiad  and  tl 


which 
h  mils  to  uncover  tl 


them  everv  now  iind  then  to  shake  the  hi  ad, 


tlr 


leir  eves. 


/.' 


Aih 


V 


■rcis  not  ornamented.  Ia'i 


IT 


,  21U 


The  head  of   the  N.  z 


i/  CliirL  'a  Triir..  pp.  ItU,  321,  ;i7>\.,  377,  .">_», 


i:l2-;i;  C'lL.'s  /,' -.  /,  </  Mis.,  p.  JUl;  Knur's  Wand,  p.  ■271. 


Vol.  I.    1" 


2."J8 


COLIMUIAXfl. 


Hm:ill  skins — U  also  usol  for  sojiio  distiUifc  inliind  on 
the  liuiilxs  of  tlu'  Coliimhiu  ami  Frascr,  jis  juiioii*;'  tlic 
Nicoiitiumicli,  Klikctiits.  and  Wascos;  but  thi'  distinctive 
inland  dri'ss  is  of  dressed  skin  of  deer,  antelope,  or  nionnt- 
ain  sheep:  made  into  a  rnde  fnn^k,  or  shirt,  with  l<M»se 
sleeves:  leiiUMns  reaehinj;  half-way  np  the  thi^ih,  and 
either  h;>nnd  to  the  leg  or  attiushed  by  strinjis  to  a  belt 
abont  the  waist;  nioc(rasins,  and  rarely  a  eaj).  Men's 
fro(!ks  desci'iid  half-way  to  the  knees;  women's  nearly 
to  the  ankles.  Over  this  dress,  or  to  conceal  the  want 
of  some  part  of  it,  a  bnfValo  or  elk  robe  is  worn,  espe- 
cially in  winter.  All  pirments  are  ja'ofusely  and  often 
tastefully  decorated  with  leather  frinjies,  feathers,  shells, 
and  porcupine  (piills;  beads,  trinkets  and  various  bri<;ht- 
colored  cloths  havinu;  been  added  to  Indian  orniunenta- 
tion  since  the  whites  came.  A  new  suit  of  this  niitive 
skin  clothinu;  is  not  Avithout  beauty,  but  by  most  tribes 
the  suit  is  worn  without  chanjiv  till  nearly  ready  to  drop 


oil'  and  becomes  disiiustiimlv  (iltir 


>(>me  tribes  ( 


lean 


and  whiten  their  clothinjj;  occasionallv  Mith  white  earth, 
or  i)ii)e-clav.  The  buffalo  and  most  of  the  other  larjic 
skins  are  obtained  from  the  country  east  of  the  mount- 


ains 


ICl 


""'^  Tho  Ootliislioot  wdnion  wear  '  ti  lmi>»  shiit  of  nkin,  rciicliiiij,'  down  to 
tho  nncli'rt.  !U)(l  tied  round  tho  wiiist.'  Fow  onmnicnts.  'I'lic  Ncz  I'crci's 
woiir  'tli(^  bull'ilo  or  elk-skin  robe  deein'iited  with  ln'iids,  sea-shells,  chietly 
luother-of-peiii'l,  uttuehed  to  ml  otter-skin  eoMiir  iin  1  hnn^'  in  the  hair  ' 
Lei,';,'ins  and  nioeeasins  are  painted;  ii  \rriit  of  twisted  j,'rass  is  worn  MUiid 
the  neck.  The  women  wear  their  I'n-,,'  v.il  i  without  a  ^'irdle,  liut  to  it  'are 
tied  little  pieces  of  brass  and  sheiis,  ui:d  (.llu-r  small  articles.'  'The  dress 
of  the  female  is  indeed  more  modes'  ;..id  more  studitnlsly  so  than  any  W(; 
have  observed,  though  the  other  sr  >;  i^.  c  treless  of  the  indelicacy  of  ex|)osure.' 
'The  Sokulk  females  have  no  other  (loverin^' but  a  truss  or  piece  of  leather 
tied  round  the  hips  and  then  drawn  tij^ht  between  tlu^  lej,'s.'  Three  fourths 
of  the  Pis(juitpa\vs  'have  scarcely  any  robes  at  all.'  The  ('hillnekitte(piaws 
use  skins  of  wolves,  deer,  elk,  and  wild  eats.  'Itound  tlieir  n(H'k  is  put  a 
Htripof  some  skin  with  tlx;  tail  of  the  animal  hiinf.;in),' down  over  the  breast.' 
L-'icisdml  Chtrh's  Tivi\,  pp.  :j'21,  IWO-l.  .T)!,  :r>:»,  IMI,  ;i;7,  r,2.;,  'i2H,  r,M-:\. 
JIany  of  the  Walla  Walla,  Nez  Perce,  and  (.'ayuse  females  wine  robes  '  richly 
garnished  with  l)eads,  hij^ua-S,'  etc.  The  war  chief  wears  as  a  head-dress  the 
whole  skin  of  a  wolf's  head,  with  the  ears  standing?  erect.  The  Okana<,'ans 
wear  in  winter  louj^  detachable  sleeves  or  mittens  of  wolf  or  fox  skin,  also 
wolf  or  bear  skin  caps  when  hnntint^.  Men  and  women  dress  n<'arly  alike, 
and  are  profus(>  in  the  use  of  ornaments.  Vi'ds.-,''  Ailrcn.,  ]>.  1'27,  '2'.)1-H;  /(/., 
Fur  Huntirn.  vol.  i.,  p.  30G.  '''be  Flatheads  often  chaiit,'e  their  elothiiiL;  and 
clean  it  with  pipe-clay.     Thi     hiive  no  regular  hcaJ-dros».     From  the  Ya- 


INLAND  DWELLINGS. 


950 


Tho  inliind  dwcUinjr  is  u  frame  of  i)<)los,  oovortMl  with 
nisii  niiittinij;.  or  witli  tiio  hWuih  of  tiic  biiilUlo  or  oik. 
As  ti  rule  tiio  riciu'st  triln's  uiul  iiidividiials  iiso  skins, 
altiioujiii  inuiiyof  the  finest  Saliiiptin  lionses  are  covered 
with  mats  oidy.  Xotwithstandinji  tliese  nations  are  rich 
in  horses,  J  find  no  mention  tiiat  liorse-hides  are  ever 
employed  for  tiiis  or  any  other  puriM)se.  1'he  I'orm  of 
the  hxljie  is  that  of  a  tent,  conical  or  ohlonjr.  and  nsnalh" 
sharp  at  the  top,  where  an  ojvn  space  is  li'ft  for  lijiht 
and  air  to  enter,  and  smoke  to  esca[K>.  Their  internal 
condition  presents  a  marked  contrast  with  that  of  tlu* 
Ciiinook  and  Xootka  hahitations.  since  they  are  hv  many 
interior  trihes  kept  free  from  vermin  and  filth.  Their 
lijiht  material  and  the  fre([nency  with  which  theii"  loca- 
tion is  chanji'ed  contributes  to  this  result,  'fhe  lodjics 
are  pitched  hv  the  women,  who  ac<|uire  great  skill  and 
celerity  in  the  work.  Holes  are  left  aU)ng  the  sides  for 
entrance,  and  within,  a  lloor  of  sticks  is  laid,  or  more 
fivcjuently  the  ground  is  spread  with  mats,  and  skins 
serye  for  ])eds.  Dwellings  are  often  l)uilt  sullieiently 
large  to  acconnnodate  many  families,  each  of  which  in 
su(!h  case  has  its  own  fireplace  on  a  central  longitudinal 
line,  a  definite  space  ])eing  allotted  for  its  gmxls.  hut  no 
dividing  partitions  are  ever  used.      Tho  dwellings  are 


kima  to  tho  Okanngan  tho  men  go  naked,  niul  tho  woiiion  woiir  oiilj-  a  Ix  It 
with  a  sH[)  passinji  botwccn  the  h'gs.  Cn.r's  .Ulnii.,  vol.  i  ,  ])|i,  ];i;!,  liH, 
21(1  1,  vol.  ii..  J).  144.  Xez  I'eives  better  clad  than  any  others,  CavuseN 
Well  clothed,  Walla  Wullas  naked  and  half  starved,  /'nhm r's  ,l<iiir.,  ]]t.  ol, 
124.  I27~H.  At  tho  l)alles,  wonun  '  f,'o  nearly  naked,  for  they  wear  little 
else  than  what  niav  he  termed  a  hreech-cloth,  of  lau  kskin,  which  is  l)lack 
and  filthy  with  dirt.'  ir;//,«.s'  .\'<ir.,  in  /'.  N.  A>.  J:'.v..  vol.  iv.,  ]ip.  4(i'.»  10, 
42ii,  IT.'t.  The  Kliketat  women  wear  a  short  pine-hark  ]K-tticoiit  tinl  rc;niid 
the  loins.  Toiriisi'iiil's  \iir.,  \t\).  7H,  17H,  14s.  'Their  linfi'alo  ■  rohesaiid  otlii  r 
skins  they  ehietly  procin-o  on  the  Missouri,  when  they  t,'o  over  to  hunt,  as 
there  are  no  biitl'aloe  in  this  part  of  the  conntry  an>l  very  little  other  j^anic.' 
'/■(>•>■'  Juki-.,  pp.  IS!),  '20").  218  lit,  2',l").  Tnsshej)aw  'women  wore  ea|is  of 
wiUow  neatly  worked  and  fi;,'>u-ed.'  //•cijii/'s  Ar<tiiri((,  jip.  IJl"),  ;!17,  lil'J;  Id., 
H'liw  r'llli's  Ailri'ii.,  ]i.  ;M)1.  The  Flathead  wcmieii  wear  straw  hats,  nsed  also 
for  ihinkinf{  and  cookinj;  ])nrposes.  I)i'  Sini-I,  I'"//.,  i)p.  4r)-7,  IKS.  The  Shu- 
sliwaps  Wear  in  wet  weather  capes  of  bark  trinnned  with  fnr,  and  n  aehiiin 
to  the  elbows.  Moccasins  are  more  connnon  than  on  the  coast,  but  they 
often  ride  barefoot.  Mdi/iic's  IS.  ('.,  ji.  ItOl.  I'lirhr's  J:'.vi>lii)\  Timr..  ])p.  '.^lD- 
;i>;  h'diii-'s  ir'//(i/.,  p.  2(i4.  and  cnt;  Fi-oikiuVs  (hjn.  (ivd  t'uL,  \)\i.  lH(i-7;  Sb  r- 
«')is,  in  hid.  AjY.  It'i'l.,  1854,  p.  22'2;  .Ximlay's  U'lv.  Tir.,  p.  U^i:  Fi-iiiirlirri's 
A'(tr..  ]).  '2(iS;"7>i((i(r.s-  Ori'  ;■  »,  p.  IJll;  Cith-'n  Korht)  .l/ts.,p.  304;  lluui,  iu  Mwi- 
vdlm  Aimaks  dts  V«y.,  toni.  x.,  1821,  pp.  74-5,  78. 


200 


COLVMBIANS. 


arranjiod  in  small  villajios  «'vnorall>-  located  in  winter  on 
the  hanks  of  small  streams  a  little  away  from  the  main 
rivers.  For  a  short  distance  np  the  C'olumhia,  houses 
similar  to  those  ol'  the  Chinooks  are  built  of  split  cedar 
iind  ))ark.  The  Walla  Wallas,  livinu'  in  sunnner  in  the 
ordinary  mat  lodne.  often  construct  for  winter  a  subter- 
ranean abode  by  di<i|;ing  a  circular  hole  ten  or  twelve 
I'ei't  deep,  roofing'  it  with  poles  or  split  cedar  covered 
with  jirass  and  mud,  leavinji  a  small  oi)enin«i"  at  the  top 
for  exit  and  entiance  by  means  of  a  notched-lo^  ladder. 
The  Atnahs  on  Fraser  Kiver  s})end  the  winter  in  similar 
structures,  a  simple  slant  roof  of  mats  or  bark  suHicinji' 
for  shade  and  shelter  in  sununer.  The  Okanagans  con- 
stinct  theii'  lodjies  over  an  excavation  in  the  <iround 
s!'vei-al  I'eet  deej).  and  like  many  other  nations,  cover 
their  matting  in  winter  with  grass  and  earth."" 

"'2  The  Sokulk  houses  '  f,'(>iu'rally  (if  a  sciuuro  or  ohldiii;  forin,  vuryiii^;  in 
li'iij,'th  from  tifti'cn  to  sixty  ffit,  niul  sujiiiortcd  in  the  inside  )iy  jiulis  or 
firivs  rtlKHit  six  fci  t  liiijli.'  The  roof  is  nearly  Hat.  'J'lie  iM-lieloot  and  (  liil- 
liiekitt''cjna\v  lions<'s  weic  of  the  Ciiinook  style,  jiartially  snidv  in  the  ^'lonnd. 
Till'  Nez  I'erees  live  in  honses  built  "of  straw  and  luals,  in  the  form  of  tlu* 
roof  of  a  house.'  One  of  these  'was  one  hundred  and  fifty-six  feet  lonj,', 
and  about  fifteen  wide,  elosed  at  the  ends,  and  havini,'  a  number  of  doors  on 
e.ieh  side."  hiris  (lull  Clurl.f 's  Triir.,  I)),  ;M(I,  :ir)l.  :i'(i'.»  7U.  ;i8l-2,  iVKI.  Nez 
I'erce  dwellili;^s  twenty  to  seventy  fett  loni,'  and  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
\\idi':  free  from  vermin.  I'lathead  houses  conical  but  sjiacious  made  of 
buti'alo  and  moose  skins  (iv<r  long  jioles.  Spokane  lodfj;(  s  oblong  or  con- 
iial,  eoveri  (1  with  skins  or  mats.  ('I'.v'n  Ailnii.,  vol.  i.,  |)j>.  i4H,  I'.I'J,  2(10. 
Nez  l'(?-.'  :;:;:'  (ayuse  lodges  '  comjiosed  of  ten  long  Jioles,  the  lower  (luls 
of  vvhieh  are  jiointed  and  driven  into  the  ground;  the  )i]i])er  blunt  and  drawn 
l.>gether  at  the  top  by  thongs'  covered  with  skins.  '  I'niversally  nsed  by 
the  mountain  Indians  while  travelling.'  rnuitill.is  live  in  '  shantys  or  wig- 
V  anis  of  driftwood,  covered  with  bnttido  or  deer  skins.'  Klicatats  'in  mis- 
erable loose  hovels.'  'rmrnsi lid's  .\<ir.,  jiji.  1(14-5,  l.")ii.  174.  Oka'iagan  winter 
liMlges  are  long  and  narrow,  'chietly  of  mats  and  j.oles,  coven  d  over  with 
(.lass  aiul  earth;'  dug  one  or  two  feet  below  the  surface:  look  like  the  n^if 
of  a  common  house  set  on  the  ground.  Hi'ss'  .{dcin.,  jip.  ;!i;l- 4.  On  the 
Yakima  IJiver  'a  small  canojiy,  hardly  snthcient  to  slu  Iter  a  shi^c]).  was 
fo.i'.id  to  contain  four  generations  of  hunam  b(  ings.'  J'irhriini's  Jinirs,  in 
/'.  S.  I-J.e.  A,'.!'.,  vol.  ix.,  ]ii).  ;!4,  ;t7.  On  tin-  Clearwater  'there  are  not  n:orc 
than  four  lodges  in  a  place  or  village,  and  tht  se  small  camjis  or  viilagc  s  are 
eight  or  ten  miles  a]>art.'  ■  Summer  hxlges  are  naide  of  willows  aial  ilags, 
and  their  winter  lodges  of  split  pine.'  U<iss'  Jiiiir.,  pp.  '212,  •.:21,  2.li.  At 
Kettle  Falls,  the  lodges  are  of  rush  mats.'  'A  flooring  is  made  of  stickH, 
raised  three  or  four  feet  from  the  ground,  leaving  the  space  b<  neath  it  en- 
tirely open,  and  forming  a  eool,  airy,  and  shady  place,  ii\  which  to  hang  thiir 
salmon.'  luiin's  Wiiml..  pj).  ItOll,  27"2-;!.  'i'he  I'end  d'Oriilhs  roll  their  tent- 
mats  into  cvlindrical  bundles  for  convenience  in  traveling.  Slirnis.  in  Iml. 
At}:  I!'i>l.,  iK.".4.  )ip.  215,  2;;m,  2.S2.  llitniliiiil,  in  A/.,  \Xi',2,  ]).  •.:71.  The  Slm- 
sliwa)>  (h'U  is  warm  bt;t  '  ni'cessiirily  unwholesome,  and  redohnt.  .  .  .of  ans- 
fliin;^'  but  roses,'  Ait(ki\-ii'ii,  in  Hist.  Miij.,  vol.  vii.,  ji.  77.     Vukimas,  'rude 


FOOD  OF  THE  INLAND  NATIONS. 


2C1 


•  on 
itiiii 
uses 
hIjU' 
the 
)toi-- 


eivd 
!  top 

l(k'V. 

iiilar 


coii- 

l)UU« 


I 


wvcr 


yiu^i  111 
iiilis  or 
1(1  I  hil- 

,f  the 
t  lollj,', 
IIIVS  111! 

I.     Ncz 


11  ft'i't 

lilt'   of 


1)V    I'l'll- 

•2(10. 

lev  flllls 

liawn 


.1  I 


IV 


or  \vij4- 

|in  iiiis- 

wiiitir 

lev  with 

Ihi'  Vrof 
loii  the 


luces.  111 

It  nioif 

4(  s  art' 

ll  llii;;s, 

,;(.    At 

stillvH, 

|h  it  tii- 

tht  ir 

|ir  t.  iit- 

|in  lull- 

If  Shu- 

if  aiis- 

.  '  iiiilv 


Tlio  inlaiid  fiimilios  vnt  fisli  and  ^amo.  uitli  roots  and 
fruit;  no  nation  snhsists  Avitliont  all  tluvo  sn})[)lic's;  hut 
the  jn'oportion  ol'^ach  oonsiniicd  varies  jircatlN'  accordinj; 
to  localitv.  Sonio  ti'ihos  divick'  their  I'ortvs  rejinlarls- 
into  ])iinds,  of  men  to  (ish  and  hunt,  of  Avonion  to  cure 
fish  and  ilcsli.  and  to  "iathcr  roots  and  herrii's.  I  have 
s[tokc'n  of  tho  coast  trihes  as  a  lish-eatinji'.  and  tho  in- 
terior tj'ihos  as  a  Innitin;:'  p*'oj)lo,  iittrihntinii'  in  j^rcat 
dcjirco  tlic'ir  diiferonccs  of  person  and  eiiaracter  to  tht  ii* 
food,  or  rather  to  their  methods  of  ohtaininji'  it;  vet  li>h 
constitutes  an  inijjortant  element  of  inland  suhsistence 
as  well.  Few  trihes  live  altoiiether  without  salmon, 
the  ji'reat  staple  of  the  Northwest;  since  those  dwelling;' 
on  streams  inaccessihle  to  the  salmon  hy  ri'ason  of  iu- 
terveninir  ftdls.  ohtain  their  supply  hy  annual  miiiiations 
to  the  fishinji-jin)unds,  or  hy  trade  with  other  nations. 
The  principal  salmon  fisheries  of  the  C'ohnnhia  aic  at 
the    Dalles,   the   falls  tt'n   miles   ahovo.    and    at  Kettle 


Falls,     Other   productive   stat 


tions  are  on  the  Powder. 
Snake,  Yakima.  Okanaiian.  and  (Marke  rivers.  On  the 
Fraser,  which  has  no  falls  in  its  lower  com-se,  flshinii  is 
carried  on  all  alon^'  the  haid\s  of  the  river  instead  of  at 
reuidar  stations,  as  on  the  ( \)lund)ia.  Xets.  weirs,  hooks, 
spears,  and  all  the  imi)lements  and  methods  hy  which 
ilsh  are  taken  and  cured  have  heen  suiriciently  descrihcd 
in  treatinji  of  the  coast  reuion;  in  the  interior  1  lind  no 
iiupoi'tant  variations  except  in  the  hasket  method  in  u.-c 
at  the  (Miaudiert's  ui-  Kettle  Falls  )>y  the  (^)uiarlpi  trilie. 
ITerc  an  iunncnse  wilknv  ))asket.  olten  ten  I'eet  in  diam- 
eter and  twelve  ieet  deep,  is  susjeuded  at  tin'  falls  iVoni 


hntw  covered  with  mat': 


i;ilil,; 


in 


/■. 


/.'.  /.'.  /.'././. 


.1. 


1' 


1(17 


Shu- 


shwiips  erect  nich'  slants  (if  hark  or  n'attiiii.':  have  no  tents  er  liouses.  MiUi 
■  iii'l  t'lifii'ilr's  .V.  ir.  I'liss.,  )i.  212.     I''.(iiii  the  swanijis  south  of  Flatliow  Lnh 
'th  •  Ki'dtanie  huhaiis  ohtain  the  klus(ii 
iirti( 


thieii   reed,  which  is  tile  only 
tliat  serv( ;;  tli(  ui  in  tlic  construction  of  tli(  ir  h du'is,' and  is  tradi  (| 


vith  otlicr  trilies.  SnHiniii,  in   /'i/W/s' /'s  /•,'.c/i/<i/'.,  p.  ].").     In  winter  tiie  Sali^ti 


riiV(  r  their  luats  witl"  earth.  Hull's  K\li 


'lllinl. 


in  /'.  N.  /•.>.  E. 


V 


r'laL;  liuts  of  tlie  Vvaila  Wallas.   Fiir'iii'Dii's  V'/vn'..  ii.  N.");    yullmi's   Hijit.  ]i] 


■I'.t  ."id:   I'lilimr's  .Iniii-..  |i.  (ii;  Cuh's  l!i),!.i/  Mis. 
Itl.l -..•.. 


//• 


.l.v/" 


U',1:   III.,   himiiirHh  '.v  .\,l, 


).  :(li|.    Ilr    Slli't,    V 


..IM 


hi..    Wiyl. 


.^'.  ]l.  '_SI:    /,(()v/s     .V((/.,   vol.    ii.,   pp.    l(l.>-().     //".(.',    iu    .Smn-illiS    AllllllttI 

'/iM  \'iiij..  toni.  X.,  I)S21,  \>\).  71-5,  7'J. 


2G2 


COLUJIBIAXS. 


stronji;  tiiulu'r.s  fixo;!  in  oivvices  of  tlio  r<M^l\>:.  and  alxn'O 
this  is  ji  iViiine  so  attacliod  that  iho  sahiioii  in  attoiiipt- 
inj^-  to  leap  tlie  fall  strike  tho  sticks  of  the  frame  and  Jire 
thrown  l)ack  into  the  hasket,  in  tlie  laruest  of  which 
naked  men  armed  witli  cUil)s  await  them.  Five  thou- 
sand pounds  of  sahnon  liave  thus  heen  taken  in  a  (hiy 
h_v  means  of  a  si'liile  ])asket.  During  the  fisliing-season 
tlie  Sahnon  Chief  lias  full  authoritv;  his  hasket  is  the 
lari;est,  and  must  l)e  located  a  month  hefore  othi'rs  are 
allowecl  to  fish.  The  small  nets  used  in  the  same  re;jion 
have  also  the  peculiarity  of  a  stick  which  keeps  the 
mouth  o[)en  when  the  net  is  em[)t_v,  l)ut  is  removed  hy 
the  weijiht  of  the  fish,  Resides  the  salmon,  sturgeon  are 
extensively  taken  in  the  Eraser,  and  in  the  Arrow  Lakes, 
while  trout  and  other  varieties  of  small  iish  ahound  in 
most  of  the  streams.  The  fishing-season  is  the  sunmier, 
hetweeu  June  and  September,  varying  a  month  or  more 
a(!cor(ling  to  locality.  This  is  also  the  season  of  trade 
and  festivity,  when  trihes  from  all  directit)ns  assemble 
to  exchange  commodities,  gamble,  dance,  and  in  later 
times  to  drink  and  fight. ^'''' 

"'■i  Niitivps  bc^'in  to  assi'iiible  iit  Kettle  Fulls  iilKint  three  weeks  before  the 
siilmoii  l)i'!^'iu  to  run;  femls  are  laiil  by:  horse-raeiiiL;,  j^Mmbliiii^,  love-nialciii.i,', 
ote.,  occuiiy  ti  iissembly;  ainl  the  laeilieiiie-meii  are  busy  wiirkin;,;  ehariiis 
f  )!•  II  su:'cessfiii  seisiiii.  The  tisli  iin;  cut  open,  dried  ou  poles  over  a  small 
tb'e,  and  p  lekeil  in  b  des.  On  the  Fraser  <'ae)i  family  or  village  iish<'S  for 
iN'lf;  near  the  mouth  laru;e  j^'att'-hooks  are  nsi'd,  hi  .;her  np  a  net  niaiia,i,'ed 
between  two  eaiioes.  All  Mu'  |)rineipal  Indian  tishin'^'-stations  on  the  I'raser 
lire  below  Fort  Hope.  For  stnr'^'i'on  a  spear  seventy  to  eiijhty  feet  loni,'  is 
used.  Cut  of  sturj^'eon-tisliinf,'.  I^nnl's  .V/' ,  vol.  i.,  pp.  71  (>,  bSl,  1st -(!.  The 
i'en<l  d'Oi'iilles  '  annually  eoiistruet  a  feuei' which  reaehes  across  the  stn'am, 
aid  '.,'iiid 's  th  >  fi-^h  into  a  weir  (U*  rack.'  on  Clarke  Kiver.  just  above  the 
like.  The  W:dl:i  Walla  '  lisheiies  at  the  Dalles  and  t!ie  falls,  ten  miles  above, 
lire  the  tinest  ontlu'  river,'  The  Yakima  weirs  constructed  'upon  horizontal 
soars,  and  support. mI  by  tri[)ods  of  str(mL;  })ol(  s  erected  at  sliort  distancis 
apart;  two  of  the  1ol;s  fronting  up  stream,  .and  on  ■  supportiu'^  tin  ni  below;' 
Inline  lifty  or  sixty  yards  lon;^.  The  salmon  of  the  OkanaLtan  were  ■  of  a  small 
s;pecies.  which  had  assumed  a  uniform  red  color.'  'The  fishery  at  the  Ket- 
tle Falls  is  (Uie  of  the  most  im])ortant  on  the  river,  and  the  arraULjenients  of 
tlie  Indians  in  the  shape  of  drvinL,'-sca!l'old-i  ami  store-honsi's  are  on  a  coia'e- 
siondin^' scale.'  In  I.  At}'.  /.'/</'.,  iS.Tt,  pp.  21 1.  2:i;!,  •JU,  2:!S;  ii;',hs,  in  I'ur.  I!. 
I!.  /.'  i>l.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  Iil7  s.  The  sal. noil  eliiif  at  K.ttle  Falls  distribute-^  tli  ■ 
li  h  ainon;^'  the  iieojile,  everyone,  even  tlie  smalli^i  child,  L;ettiii;^' an  eipia! 
share.  Ivhi  's  Wiml.,  pp.  :!li-ll.  On  Des  C'.mtes  Kiver  '  they  spear  th''  ti,-;h 
Willi  barbed  iron  ])  lint;.  litted  loosely  by  sockets  to  the  ends  of  poles  about 
eij;ht  feit  lon^'.'  to  which  they  are  fasten 'd  by  a  thin,'  ab.iiit  tw(dve  feet 
1)11.;.  Aii'inU,  in  /'/■.  It.  a.  /.',>..  vol.vb.p.  '.)')'.  ( )n  the  upper  Columbia  an 
ilu.liau  'cut  uir  a  bit  uf  his  le.Uherii  ijhirt,  iibotit  the  size  of  u  suiali  beau; 


in  xrixa  by  shusiiwaps,  salisii,  and  saiiaptins.    203 

The  larger  varu'ties  of  jiiunc  are  liuutod  l)y  the  natives 
oil  horseback  wherever  the  nature  of  the  eoinitrv  ^vill 
j)eriuit.  IJullalo  are  now  never  found  west  of  the  Uocky 
Mountains,  and  there  are  hut  few  localities  where  lar-ie 
game  has  ever  been  al)undant,  at  least  since  the  country 
became  known  to  white  men.  Conse([ueutly  the  Flat- 
heads.  Xe/  iVrc.'s.  and  Kootenais,  the  distinctiveh'  hunt- 
ing  nations,  as  well  as  bands  from  nearly  every  other  tribe, 
cross  the  mountains  once  or  twice  each  year,  penetrating 
to  the  buffalo-plains  between  the  Yellowstone  iuid  the 
Missouri,  in  the  territory  of  hostile  nations.  The  bow 
and  arrow  was  the  weapon  with  which  bufulo  and  all 
other  gaiue  were  shot.  Xo  peculiar  cunning  seems  to 
have  been  necessary  to  the  native  hunter  of  bulValo;  he 
had  only  to  ride  into  the  hnmense  herds  on  his  well- 
trained  horse,  and  sidect  the  fattest  animals  for  his  ar- 
rows. \';ii'ious  de\ices  are  mentioned  as  being  i)racticed 
in  the  chase  of  deer,  elk,  and  mountain  slu'e[);  suiih  as 
driving'  them  bv  a  circle  of  fire  on  the  i)rairie  towards 
the  concealed  hunters,  or  approaching  within  arrow-shot 


stv 


SUlilll 

for 

i:i;-,'oil 

'rasir 

iiiu;  is 

Th.^ 

nil, 

till! 

llioV<>, 

'.>i\t;il 

allci'H 
■h>\y: 
sMiall 
•  K.t- 

'lltS  llf 
I'OVl'i'- 
■,ir.  II. 
,-,th' 


11  r(lUi 


.1 


Hir  ti;h 

vt'  fci't 
il'iii  all 
i  h.au; 


th^n  piillin:;  ont  two  or  thrc"  liiirs  from  his  horso's  tail  for  a  lln<'.  tied  tho 
bit  of  li'ath  ^r  to  oil','  ciiil  of  it,  ill  plauti  of  a  hook  or  tly.'  /i"S.s'  .1  Irn..  pp. 
|:i2-:!.  At  th''  luputu  of  Fl.itliow  liivi'r  'ii  dike  of  roiuiil  stouts,  whirli 
runs  up  oliliijuily  a^'iiust  t!ic  main  stream,  on  tin;  west  side,  f(U'  moro 
than  ouf  hiiiuliccl  yards  in  U'ii;,'tli,  rt'sumlilinj,'  the  foundiliiui  of  a  wall.' 
similar  rair^'c  on  the  i  ast  side,  sujijuiscd  to  ln'  fiU'  talciii;,'  lisli  at  low  water. 
','  i.ss'  /■'((/■  Ifiitil-  /'s,  vol.  ii.,  ])p.  Ill-")  -fi.  West  of  the  lioeky  Miiiiitaiiis  lluy  tish 
'with  L;reat  siiceess  hy  lueans  of  a  kind  of  ]arL,'e  basket  suspeiuletl  from  t\ 
i  inj,'  lord,'  Ihniii  iifrli's  />•.'<' ris,  vol.  ii.,  pj).  'ilO  1.  On  I'owder  iiiver  they  nsn 
till'  liook  as  a  L,'a11'.  r'.i/.c's  Unrl-ii  Mln.,  ]>.  '.iS:!.  X  Waseo  sjnars  three  or  four 
sdnioiiof  twenty  to  tliirty  iioiinds  e;ieh  in  ten  niiiiutes.  //  mi/ an  I  llrim-lilij/'s 


.1. 


1' 


X, 


o  salnion  ari 


taki 


liove  the  \ 


ll>|)ir  falls  .  f  llu'  (• 


•   ihia,   Tl'iiriidui's  l)<ia.  tinl  Cdl.,  vol.  i.,  p.  ;('.»J.     Walla  W.iUa    tish-weirs 

formed  of   tW(j   <'urta'ns   of   Hiiiall  willow   switches   matted  toj^cthi  r  with 

iviihi'S  of  the  same  ]ilant,  and  extending,'  across  the  river  in  two  paralal  lines, 

^ix  feet  asunder.     These  are  supported  by  several  parcels  of  pdlrs ami 

lither  rolled  up  or  let  down  at  pleasuri'  for  a  few  feet. 


.f  lif- 
leell  or  eiuthteell  feet   ill  len.L;th  is  tliell  (ll'aj,'t,'ed   down   the   rivi  r   iiy  two   per- 
ns, and  the  bottom  drawn  up  a.L,',iinst  the  curtain  of  willows.'   /,  iris  nwl 

' 1>- 

to  a  Ljreat  extent  uiioii 


'/(//•/,•, '.s-  ■/'/■'(r.,  p.  r);i2.     Make  lishini,'-iuts  of  llax.  I'lirh  r't>  Esiilnr.  I'l 


The  Inland,   as  well  as  the  Coast,  trib 


di 


Mni/iii-'s   II.  ('.,  p.  'JIJ;  Xi-iilui/'s  (Jill.   'I'll-.,  pp.   I."ij-:i.      I'alouse 
live  solely  liy  lishiu;,','    Mull'iti's  Jtijil.,  p.  4'.).      Salmon  cannot  ascend  t 


C  letir  d'.Viciie  Lake.    Ilnh's  Kllinoi.,  in  I  .  S.  Kf.  J: 


li]i.  'Jn'.i   Id. 


Oliaiia'^aii  food  "cDnsists  iirincipally  of  salmon  and  a  small  lish  whi.  h  they 
(.ill  cari).'  ir;;/,T.s'  Xnr.,  ill  I'.  S.  Kt'.  A'.r.,  vol.  iv,,  p.  KiJ.     'I'lie  Walla  W.dlaH 


ill 
'  Ula 
p.  8J 


arp 
y  Will  bu  termed  tho  tishermeii  ut  the  Skyu.->e  camp."  laruham's  Tixtv, 


11 


i 


■  !' 


I 


2r,4 


COLUMBIANS. 


by  skillful  manipulations  of  a  donoy  animal;  or  the 
fri-ilitciu'd  (leer  arc  driven  into  an  ainhusli  by  oonveriA- 
inii:  lines  of  brigbt-colored  rairs  so  })la('ed  in  the  ])iisbes 
as  to  represent  men.  Kane  states  that  about  the  Arrcjw 
Ijakes  huntinji  dogs  are  trained  to  follow  the  deer  and 
to  bring  l)aek  the  game  to  their  masters  even  fi-om  very 
long  distances.  Deer  are  also  pursued  in  the  winter  on 
snow-shoes,  and  in  deep  snow  often  knoclved  down  with 
clul)s.  Bear  and  beaver  are  trap})ed  in  some  places;  and. 
especially  about  the  northern  lakes  and  marshes,  wild 
fowl  are  a  v^-  'dMuidar.t,  and  help  materially'  to  eke  out 
the  su|)ply  <         'ive  fi)od.^'"'* 

Their  natui.  improvidence,  or  an  occasicmal  unlucky 
hunting  or  fishing  se.ison,  often  reduces  them  to  want, 
and  in  such  case  the  resort  is  to  roots,  berries,  and  mosses. 
several  varieties  of  which  are  also  gathered  and  laid  up 


"■'1  Tlio  Shusbwaps  formerly  crossed  the  inonntains  to  the  Assiiiuil)i)iiU' 
territory.  '\'\u\  Okiiiiii;^'ans  when  hunting  wear  wolf  or  bear  sbin  caps:  there  is 
no  bird  or  beast  whose  voice  they  cannot  imitate.  War  ami  linntiui;  were  the 
Nez  I'erce  oeeupation;  cross  the  mountains  for  Imfl'alo.  /I'o.ss'  /■'/(/■  llnidrrs,' 
vol.  i.,  pp.  MS,  -il'.l,  -I'.n-H,  ;JII5.  Tlie  chief  game  of  tlu'  X.z  I'erces  is  th<' 
deer,  'ami  whenever  the  ground  will  permit,  the  favourite  linnt  is  on  horse- 
back.' Am'v's  mil  Cliirlr's  Tntr.,  p.  ~h)'t.  Tlie  Salish  live  by  the  chase,  on 
elii,  moose,  deer,  big-horn  and  bears;  make  two  trijis  annually,  spring'  to  fall,' 
and  fall  to  mid-winter,  across  the  mountains,  accompanied  by  other  nation.-i. 
The  I'end  d'Oreilles  hunt  deer  in  thi'  snow  with  clubs;  have  distinct  Ideali- 
ties for  hunting  each  kind  of  game.  Nez  Perc('s,  Flatheads,  (!oeins  d'Alcne,' 
SjK)kanes,  Pcnd  d'()reilles,  etc.,  hunt  togelher.  Vakiuias  formerlv  jiiin(il 
the  Flatheads  in  eastern  hunt.  In-I.  Atf.  It  jtl..  1S.-)1,  pp.  '207  H,  2r2"  in.  'ilH, 
^^^-(i.  "'rwohuntsannually  across  the  mountains — oiu  in  .Vjiril,  for  the  bulls, 
from  which  tley  return  in  June  and  .Tuly ;  and  anotlier,  afdr  about  a  month's 
recruit,  to  kill  cows,  which  have  bv  that  time  become  fat.'  Sin;  us,  (lihhn, 
itirl  SiirU,',/,  in  /',/,•.  /,'.  /.'.  Hid.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  U."),  ilH,  -.ilHl  7,  vol.  xii..  p.  bit. 
Kooli'n:iis  live  by  the  chase  principally,  Ifuli'liins,  in  Iml.  Alf.  l!''i>l.,  lS(il!,' 
p.  l.").").  S]iokanes  r.ither  indolent  in  hunting;  hunting  deer  by  tire.  To.r'.s- 
Ailrcii.,  vol.  i..  pp.  r.i7,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  4('i~7.  The  Koot(  nais  'seldom  hunt;' 
(her(>  is  not  much  to  shoot  except  wild  fowl  in  fall,  Tr.ip  beaver  and  carri- 
■    "     '"  "    " (>,  lo,  7:).' 


Doeut  on  a  tnuurary  ot  tne  ivootanu?  itiver.   rniiisi'i-  n  i:.vj>ui)' 
I'liitheads  'follow  the  butl'ido  ution  the  headwaters  of  I'lar 


pp 


Nez  Pen 


ec  women  aecoMi')an 


id  Salmon 
v  the  men  to  the  btitTalo-hunt ,    /''o7,- 


('(•".s-  E.x'phir.  T'lnr.,  )ip.  107,  311.     Kootenais  cross  the  mountains  for  bulValo 


M  ijlii 


II.  (' 


V 


Coeurs  d'.\len(>  ditto.    M:i'lit,i'slll>l.,]'    I'l,      Half  of 


the  Nez  Perces  '  Usually  m.ake  a  trip  to  the  butl'.do  country  for  three  mmilhs. 
ITiV/r  s'  .V(»'.,in  /^  >'.  l-'.w  Vv.r.,  vol,  iv.,  p.  t'.tl.     Shushwaps  'live  by  huntii 


the  bighorns,  mountain  g()ats,  and  mariuots 


.i/";/'e 


7    I'hrdlr-s    .V.     II' 


i'./.s.s,,  p.  212,     ibitl'ilo  iii'ver  )iass  to  west  of  tin'  liOi'ky  Mountains.    Aon/'.-! 
N'lt.,  vol,  ii.,  p.  17'.);  AV 


Wditil.,  ]).  ;t-H;   l)r  Sunt,  r 


'.'/•-  V 


;!i,  ir.,  141 


In:l.  /:;/'(',  pp.  2:i-l,  ;U-U;  /•V-f/ir/e'/r'.s-  .V'(('.,  pj),  '2I1S-1);  ll'nil,  in  .V.-'dvV/.s 
Aiiii(i!i:-<  (/  ,s'  ro//,,  torn,  X.,  1H21,  ])p.  17 -'<!,  x~;  Shi'trt,  in  /'/.,  tom.  xii,,  jip.. 
26,  35-  i;  Ji'.siV,  iu  Id,,  tom.  cx.\iii.,  181',*,  pp.  UIJl-lO.  '    - 


FOOD  AND  ITS  PEEPARATION. 


2ft5 


as  a  part  of  tlu'lr  rejriilar  winter  supplies.  Cliicf  anionj; 
the  roots  are  the  cainass,  a  sweet,  oiiioii-like  hiilb.  whieh 
grows  ill  moist  prairies,  tlie  couse,  which  llourishes  in 
more  sterik'  and  rockv  spots,  and  tiie  hitter-root,  which 
names  a  valley  and  mountain  range.  To  obtain  thes(> 
roots  the  natives  make  regular  migrations,  as  for  game 
or  fish.  The  varieties  of  roots  and  ))erries  used  for  food 
are  very  numerous;  and  none  seem  to  grow  in  the  country 
which  to  the  native  taste  are  unpalatable  or  injurious, 
though  many  are  both  to  the  European."'' 

^fowards  obtaining  food  the  men  hunt  and  fish;  all 
the  otiier  v,  M-k  of  digging  roots,  picking  berries,  as  well 
as  dressing,  preserving,  and  cooking  all  kinds  of  food  is 
done  )>y  the  women,  with  some  excej)tious  among  the 
Xez  lVrc(''S  and  I'end  d'Oreilles.  IhilValo-meat  is  jerked 
hy  cutting  in  thin  pieces  and  drying  in  liie  sun  and  over 
smouldering  fires  on  scallblds  of  poles.  Fish  is  sun-dried 
on  scallblds,  and  by  some  tribes  on  the  lower  Cc)luml)ia 

if'^  The  KlikotrttH  gather  and  eat  pmhnij,  a  bittor  root  boiled  into  a  ,j<lly; 
ii'jiiiiillli!ii,  uroiui;!  iii;o  rtonr;  nKtimim  iiiul  sc'/.T/cvf,  niiulc  into  Ijittcr  wliite 
cakes;  l.'dii'iss;  ml:,  ii  kind  of  wild  suutiower.  Tulinic.  in  /,"/'(/'s  \<it.,  vol. 
ii.,  [).  217.  The  Fiutheuds  go  every  spring  to  Ctiniiiss  rniirie.  I)r  Snul, 
!''//••  V-  '^''-  The  Kootenais  eat  kainash  and  an  edilih- iiiuss.  Iil.,  Missimix 
<l"  I'Or'-'ioii,  j)p.  7")-'i.  'Tlu!  (Jayooses.  Noz  Perces,  and  otluT  warlike  tribes 
Hssembje  (in  i'akiiua  Valley)  every  spring  to  lav  in  a  stock  of  the  favouiite  ka- 
iiiass  and  pelna.  or  sweet  jiotatoi.'s.'  Ilnss'  /•'";•  llntitrrs,  vol.  i.  ]>.  lit.  t^)naiiiasli, 
round,  ouion-shai)ed,  and  sweet,  oaten  by  the  Nez  Perces.  Liurisaml  I'Inrh 


T, 


;i:!l).     ('(juse  root  di; 


April  or  May;  cani.is  in  .Jun 


d  Juh 


VriirJ.  in  Srhnnlfrtift's  Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  ').')(),     The  Skynses'  'main  subsist- 


however  niKiii  roots.'     Th(!  Nez  Perces  eat  hdmirtli. 


t)li 


it,    jUi'/.Vli. 


•<l>. 


ml,; 


etc.     //■ 


';/'.S    II 


ill. 


.llr 


1' 


1 

:iiil 


tana 'ans  uve  e 


it  ni' 


xtensivelv  on  moss  made  into  bread.     The  \e/  Pen 


iiscnit 
s  also 


Will.': 


X'tr.,   in    r.  S.   K\:.   A>.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.   K;2,    IIM.     P.iid 
d'Oreilles  at  the  last  <'\tr"niitv  live  on  pine-tree  moss;  also  collect  eaniash, 

.sv.cnis.  in  lii'l.  Af.  Rpl..  ls.")l,  p.  21 1,  21 1   15. 


bitter-roots,  aiiil  sugar 


'  I  never  saw  any  berry  in  the  course  of  my  travels  wliieh  the  Indians  scruple 
to  eat.  nor  have  I  seen  any  ill  ett'ect  from  their  doing  so.'  Iviik'h  W'ihI..  p. 
H27.    The  Kootenai  food  in  Septendier  '  apjiears  to  be  almost  entirely  berries; 


uauielv,  th 
of  el 


I  '.-rv. 


sketi 
Iso  i\  swet 


)f  the  Crees,  a  delicious  fruit. 


mil  a  suiall  species 


t  root  which  thev  obtain  to  the  southward.'   A'''//.  i'.-.7n 


/'.(//;. 


'.s  l-J.fjiliir..  ]K  I'.i.     Flatlieads  dig  hninli.  'bitter  root'  in  May.     It 


IS  very  nutritious  a 


nd  V( 


bitt 


itter. 


I'iih 


'isir(ji),  eanias,  or  'water  seego,     is  a 


sweet. 


giimmv 


bulbous  root.  Sht(irt'.-<  M 


XllihKt,  pp.  .)(-«. 


Colvilles  cut  ilown 


liiiies  for  their  moss  (alectorii" 'M.  Kaiiias  also  eaten.  Pii'l.rr'iiif.s  llnrs.h} 
I'.  >'.  h'.f.  l-'.w.  vol.  ix.,  p.  'M.  Th(>  Shushwaps  eat  nio-s  and  lichens,  chietly 
the  black  lii-hen.  or  n-liijc'l.iiir.  Mni/iu's  /<.''.,]).  ;i(ll;  I'arhr'.s  K.qilnr.  '/'•e/,., 
p.  127.  Tile  Salish  in  .March  and  .Vpril  eat  ;)'),)/,'(/(,  an  onion-like  bulb;  in 
May,  sji'il 


a  root  like  vermicelli;  in  June  and  .rulv,  iln'li'i.  like  roasted 


i>Mt/7,s,  vol. 


Its;  in  .Vugust,  wild  fruits;  in  September,  ninninl,  a  grain. 


'i/iiinti:rii  ,s 


u.,  p, 


i 


! 


m 


266 


COLUMBIANS. 


is  ulso  piilvcri/A'd  ])et\vt'C'ii  two  .stoiios  and  packed  in 
baskets  lined  with  fish-skin.  Here,  as  on  the  eoast,  the 
heads  and  olVal  only  arc  eaten  during  the  fishing-season. 
The  Walla  Wallas  are  said  usually  to  eat  fish  without 
cooking.  Roots,  mosses,  and  such  berries  as  are  pre- 
served, are  usually  kept  in  cakes,  which  for  eating  arc 
moistened,  mixed  in  various  proi)ortions  and  C(Joked,  or 
eaten  without  [(reparation.  To  make  the  cakes  simply 
drying,  pulverizing,  moistening,  and  sun-drying  usually 
.suflice;  but  camas  and  pine-moss  are  l)aked  or  fermented 
for  several  days  in  an  underground  kiln  by  means  of  hot 
stones,  coming  out  in  the  form  of  a  dark  gluey  paste  of 
the  pro[)er  consistency  for  moulding.  Many  of  these 
powderc!  roots  may  be  preserved  for  years  without  in- 
jury. ]5oiling  by  means  of  hot  stones  and  roasting  on 
sharp  sticks  fixed  in  the  ground  near  the  fire,  are  the 
universal  methods  of  cooking.  Xo  mention  is  made  of 
l)eculiar  customs  in  eating;  to  eat  often  and  much  is  the 
aim;  the  st\le  of  serving  is  a  secondarv  consideration.''"" 
Life  with  all  these  nations  is  but  a  struggle  for  food, 

1''''  At  tliP  Dalles  'dnriuf;  tho  flshini:;  season,  the  rudians  live  entirely  on 
the  hea^ls,  luiirts  and  ott'al  of  the  salmon,  whieh  tlii'V  strin.L;  on  stiiks,  and 
roast  over  a  small  hie.'  Itesides  iiine-nioss.  the  ()kunaL,'ans  use  the  seed  of 
the  halsaiu  ori/.a  pounded  into  meal,  eaUvd  iiiiilitd.  'To  this  is  added  the 
siiH.Kfs.'  Berries  made  into  calces  by  the  N'e/ I'erees.  Wil/.s'  A''(/'.,  in  ^'.  ,s'. 
A'.r.  A'.i'.,  vol.  iv.,  \i[t.  4.10,  ■l<i2,  -l'J4.  Quamish,  'eaten  either  in  its  natural 
state,  or  hoih'il  into  a  kind  of  soup,  or  made  into  a  cake,  wliieh  is  then  called 
pashecii.'  L-  iris  idi'l  Cl-irh's  Tntr.,  pj).  'SM,  Dot,  .it!."),  3(i.).  Women's  head- 
rlress  servi'S  the  Flatheails  for  eookinj,',  etc.  I)i' Sni  I,  1'"//.,  jip.  17,  IIKJ-'.I; 
.l<l.,  .)/('ss('))/s  (/('  I'Ori'  iDit.  jyp.  7o-().  'The  doL,''s  ton;,'ne  is  the  ouly  dish-<lotli 
known'  to  tile  Okana^'ans.  Pine-moss  cooked,  or  .sv//(i//-'/y»'.  will  keep  for 
years.  'At  their  meals  they  ^'enerally  i.it  separately  and  in  succession — 
man.  woman  and  child.'  Jl'iss'  Adrvii.,  pp.  l:i'2-:i,  •^H-"),  ;U7-1S.  '.Most  of  their 
food  is  roasted,  and  tiny  excel  in  roasting'  lisli.'  /'(//■/.'■/■'.s  J-Jx/ilnr,  Tmir.,  pp. 
2'M,  107.  '  I'ine  moss,  which  they  boil  till  it  is  relnced  to  a  :-ort  of  .L;lue  or 
black  paste,  of  a  sutlicient  consistence  to  take  the  form  of  biscuit.'  Fruiirlii'rv'x 
S'lir.,  p.  'J7'.t.  C'ouse  tastes  like  parsnips,  is  dried  and  pidveii/ed,  and  some- 
times boiled  with  nu'at.  Alroril,  in  SclioolcrniVs  Arih..  vol.  v.,  ]>.  (1")<).  Boot 
bread  on  ihc  Clearwater  tastes  like  that  made  of  ])umpkins.  O'n.ss'  ,lintr.,  i)p. 
'2l)2-:t.  Kamas  after  comiiiL;  from  the  kiln  is  'made  into  lar^,'e  <'akes,  by  be- 
iui,'  mashed,  and  (iressed  to,t,'eth<'r,  and  sli;,'htly  baked  in  the  sun.'  "White- 
root,  pulverized  with  stones,  moistened  and  sun-baked,  tastes  not  unlike  stale 
bisciuts.  Toiriisi'iiir.i  Xnr.,  i)p,  l'2(i-7.  I'amas  an<l  sun-llower  seed  mi.\!  d 
with  s.ilmon-hi'ads  caused  in  the  eater  {,'reat  distension  of  the  stoma<'h. 
Itiiiii/ iiirl  llnn'li'i-i/'s  fluid'.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  OO'.t-ll.  S'lii'ili',  is  the  nauie  of  the 
mixture  last  nannd,  amoni,'  the  I'ayuses.  t'ohr'a  /I'or/, y/  .)//.s-.,  ji.  ;tl(i;  //((/. 
JJ/f,  J).  -11;  Siu'irt's  Mnil'iii'i,  pp.  57-8;  l'!r/,iniii's  linris,  in  /'.  N.  A'.i'.  A'.i'., 
vol.  ix.,  p.  Jl;  Kan  's  Waul.,  pp.  272-3;  Inl.  Aff.  li'pt.,  i8r>l,  pp.  211-15. 


f 


PERSONAL  HABITS  IN  THE  INTERIOR. 


2G7 


and  tlio  poorer  tribes  are  often  retliieed  nearly  to  starva- 
tion: yet  they  never  are  known  to  kill  dogs  or  horses 
for  food.  About  the  missions  and  on  the  reservations 
oattle  h.'ive  been  introdneed  and  the  soil  is  cultivated  by 
the  natives  to  considerable  extent."" 

In  their  personal  habits,  as  well  as  the  care  of  their 
lodges,  the  Cayuses,  Xez  l*erces,  and  Kootenais.  are 
mentioned  as  neat  and  eleanlv;  the  rest,  thouuli  (ilthv, 
are  still  somewhat  sni)erior  to  the  dwellers  on  the  eoast. 
The  Flatheads  wash  themselves  daily,  but  their  dishes 
iunl  utensils  never.  De  Smet  repivsents  the  Tend  d'O- 
reille   women   as    untidj'   even   for   savages.""'^      (jnns, 


llU) 


,  iinil 
scid  of 
.a  the 

r..s. 

i;itm'al 

(MlU'd 
llCiul- 

liKt-'.); 
h-(l(itli 
1 1  for 
ssion — 
if  their 
(/■.,  YV- 
•J\w  nr 
/  7/ '■/•(' ",s 

1   SDllIl'- 

iiiiiit 

liv  1m- 

Whitc- 

kc  stiilf 

1  iiii\'  il 

lllllilcll. 

■  of  the 
(1;   //«/. 

/■;,,•.  z;.!'.. 

11-15. 


"■"  A(l(litii)tial  notes  and  referrneps  on  procnrini,'  food.  The  Okini;if;iuis 
hreak  up  winter  (jUiirters  in  Fehrnary;  wiimier  iihont  in  sniiill  hands  till  June. 
Asscnihle  on  the  river  and  divide  into  two  parties  of  ni(  n  and  two  of  wonun 
for  tishini,'  and  dressini,'  tish,  limiting'  ami  di"4in^'  roots,  until  Oetoher;  hunt 
ill  small  partii'S  in  the  mountains  or  tin 


th 


into  winter  (juarters  < 


>n  th 


lall 


)r  for  four  or  six  week 


tnd 


/.' 


.1./' 


PI).  ;)H-1(1 


Further  south  on  the  Colinuhia  plains  the  natives  collect  and  dry  roofs  until 


Mav;  li-ili  on  the  north  haidc  of  the  river  till  Seotc 


l> 


the  tish 


dii;  cainas  on  the  ])lains  till  snow  falls:  ami  retire  to  the  foot  of  tlu'  mount- 


ins  to  hunt  deer  and  elk  throu'di  the  winter,     i'he  N'e/  Ten 


itch  salmon 


and  di;,' roots  in  sutunier;  hunt  deer  on  snow-shoes  in  winter;  and  cross  the 
mountains  for  hutt'alo  in  sprinj^.  Sokulks  live  on  tish,  roots,  and  antelojjc. 
Eneeshur,  Kcheloots,  ami  (.'hilluckittetjuaw,  on  tish,  berries,  roots  and  nuts. 
l.i'ii-in  till  I  i'lih-h--'x  Tnir.,  pp.  141-5,  ;M(I-1,  li5J,  ;i('i5,  :i7ll.  Spokanes  live  on 
deer,  wild  f.ovi,  salmon,  trout,  carp,  piiu'-moss,  roots  and  wild  fruit.  They 
have  no  reii\iurn:inee  to  horse-tlesh,  but  never  kill  horses  for  food.  The  Sina- 
e  on  salmon,  camas,  and  an  occasional  small  deer.     The  ('handiere 


Mill 


I 

countrv  W( 


stocked  with  L'anie,  tish  and  fruit.  '' 


A'h 


vol.  i.,  p.  2111, 
d  camass  bread.    Ih-  Sunt, 


vol.  ii.,  p.  115.     The  Kayuse  live  on  lish.  eame,  am 

I')'/.,   pp.   UD-l.      'lis  cultivent  avec  succ''S  le  ble,   lis  patates,   les  pois  et 

"         I'end 

p.  -JHt. 


phuii'ur- 


autres  Ic'^UMies  et  fruits.'    Id.,    .l//s.s'.   di-   idr^'iii, 


il'OriilKs:    ti^li.    Kamash,  and  i)ine-tn 


1' 


OSS.     /</.,    Wd.  Mi 


W 


fu 


time  was  occupied  in  providing;  for  their  bellies,  which  were  rarely 


/,-•/.   Atr.  It' III..    IS54 


211.     Yakimas  and  Kliketats;  I'nis  oi' fresh- 


water muscl's,  littli 


'ame,  sa''( 


-fowl 


The  ()!;  in  c'ans  r 


use  sonii'  ]) 


and 

(i'l'ili: 


kamas,  Ixrrus,  salmon 


in  7''/''.  /;.  /.'.  /.'  i>l..  vol.  i.,  pp 


lot,  40S,  li:).    Kootenais;  tish  and  wild  fowl,  beriies  and  jiounded  meat,  hav( 


cows  a'ld  oxen 


/'.(//; 


/•;, 


v 


imals.      I'matiUas;  ti-;h.  sa'^i 


1>1 


).  Ill,  72.     I'alou 


'.l7.    111.")-!', 

Ash, 
sheep,   ah 


prai 


ru'-liares. 


tish,  birds,  and 
■it's  .\(lt..  vol. 


d  sma 


II 


i'u^hepaws  would  not  ptainit  horses  or  il 'i^s  to  be  I'aten.  / 


,  I'P 


p.    ;Ul').      ,\ez   Pere('s;  beaver,   elk,    deer,  white  1 


Uld   I 


mil  I  s 


lountain 


•amed 


its.  /■/.,  /; 


.1./' 


1' 


IMl.     Sah.iiitin;  ''ather 


and  berries  on  Clarke  Itiver.  liuss'  •Imir.,  p.  11):!;  Xic'ilni/'s  (tin.  I'vi'. 


I' 


lliirn'   Vt>!/.,  p.  I(i7;    II 


'■irs  lull.  I 


r( '■'>•,  ])p 


ii-'t'ih.  \v).  (;;!-7I ;  CnUhi's  .V.  Am.  Iml.,  vol.  ii ..  p.  IdS:  Ivi 

/'.(/•/.■■/•'s  l-J.qilni:  T»ii\  pp.  22S-;n,  lit)'.);    Will.-a'  \iir.,  in  f.  >'.  K.r'.  h'.i:,  vol. 


p.  171;  ird'x  KlIiiKij..  /'».,  vol.  vi.,  ]i.  2iili 


1-  /. 
il2;  7'. 


""(S  (hi 


r. 


■nVr/zV.r'.s  7'/vo'.,  i)p.  ;ts:t.  5IS;  I'urhr's  AV/i/oc  7'oer,  ji) 


::fi>. 


p.  Its;  l)i' Siiirt,   To//.,  lip.  1(1-7,  r.is;  (■ 


[.h 


/'.'' 


1.  i.,  p]i.  r.)7-0,  ;!5H,  Vol.  ii.,  pp.  155,  'S!\i,  375j  CuKt's  U'M:kij  JiU.,  p.  i.'Jj; 


I'P 


51.  5s,  51) 


208 


COHMP.IAXS. 


knives  imd  t():.i;ili!nvks  Iwivo  liciu'rally  taki'U  tlic  ]t1;tn» 
ol'  such  iiiitivc  \V('ii|i(»Ms  as  tlicsc  natives  may  liaxc  used 
a;j,iiiMst  tlieir  loes  originally.  Only  the  how  ami  arrow 
have  survived  intiTi^ourse  with  uhite  men,  and  no  other 
native  wcajutn  is  descrilied,  ext'ej)t  one  ])ee,uliar  to  the 
Okanairans.  a  kind  of  Indian  shmji-shot.  'i'his  is  a 
small  eylindrieal  ruler  of  hard  uood.  eovered  Avith  raw 
hide,  which  at  t)ne  end  torms  u  small  haji  and  holds  a 
round  stone  as  larire  as  a  <roose-eji)i' ;  the  other  end  ol' 
the  weapon  is  tied  to  the  wrist.  Arrow-shafts  are  of 
liard  wooil,  carelully  straijA'htened  hy  roUiuL!;  hetween 
two  hlocks,  fitted  hy  means  of  sinews  with  stone  or  Hint 
heads  at  one  end.  ami  pinnated  with  feathers  at  the 
other.  The  most  elasti(^  woods  are  chosen  for  the  how, 
jind  its  force  is  au'j;mented  hy  temlons  glued  to  its 
l)ark.""' 

The  inland  families  cannot  he  called  a  warlike  race, 
liesort  to  arms  lor  the  settlement  of  their  interti'ihal 
disputes  seems  to  have  heen  very  rare.  ^'et  all  are 
l)rave  warriors  -when  fijihting  hecomes  necessar\  for  de- 
fense or  veniivanee  auainst  a  foreign  foe;  notahly  so  the 
(^lyuses.  Xez  Perces,  Flatheads  and  Kootenais.  The 
two  former  waged  hoth  aggressive  and  defensive  war- 
fare against  the  Snakes  of  the  south;  while  the  latter 
joined  their  arms  against  their  connnon  foes,  the  easteiai 
nhu'kfeet,  who.  though  their  inferiors  in  hravery.  nearly 
evteiMuinated  the  Flathead  nation  hy  snperioi'ity  in  num- 
IcM's.  and  hy  heing  the  first  to  ohtain  the  white  man  s 
wi'ajjons.  Departure  on  a  warlike  expedition  is  alwa\s 
pi'eceded  hy  ci'reinonious  preparation,  including  councils 
of  the  wise,  great,  and  old;  snu)king  the  pipe,  harangues 
hy  the  (chiefs,  dances,  and  ii  general  review,  or  display  of 
ei(uesti-ian  feats  and  the  manonivres  of  hattle.     The  war- 


riors are  always  nioi 


niteil ;  in  many  trihes  white 


or  si)eck 


!'■'' TUp  Okiinagan  woapou  is  ciiUod  a  Spnttipt.  Ross'  Adren.,  pp.  .T18-1',); 
f  I.,  Far  HiinliTs,  vol.  i..  pji.  ;tO(j-S.  '  lis.  . .  .fairo  li'Urs  urcs  (I'uu  l)i>is  tr"'s- 
(•I  istinuo,  mi  lie  la  porni>  tin  ccrf.'  De  Sniif,  I'li//.,  j).  IS;  U'/V/.'s'  Xur.,  in  l'.  S. 
/•,'(•.  /'.'i'..  vol.  iv..  p.  ISii;  Slir  ns,  in  I'm'.  II.  l{.  Hrjil.,  vol.  i.,  p.  1  i.'i;  Toir,,- 
s  it's  \'(c.,  j>.  !(8;  Irvhi/a  Asfiir'ni,  \\.  'Ml ;  L  n-'is  iiml  (I'lriys  '/'/'/r.,  ji.  y.'il ; 
J'arL-r's  J-!.qili>r.  Tour,  pp.  100-7,  'I'M;  Cox's  Ailrm.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2h'>. 


Tin;  INLAND  NAI'IONS  AT  WAR. 


iJCl) 


li'l  uMi'-liorsc's  iin-  st'Un'.tod,  iiiiil  Itoth  rider  Jiiid  stt'cd  iii'c 
H'lily  |»iintt';l.  uiid  di'i'ki'il  witli  IriitlnT.-'.  trinket.'.  Jiml 
hri^lit-colored  (cloths.  Tlie  \var-[>iirty  in  most  iiaticiis  is 
under  tlui  <M)iuiii;iiid  of  ii  <^liiel'  lu'riodically  elecU'd  l»y 
tlie  tril»e,  who  liiis  no  iiiitliority  wliiitever  in  pence,  hut 
who  kee[)s  liis  soldiers  in  the  stri(;test  discipline  in  time 
of  war.  Stoaltliy  approach  and  an  unexpected  attack 
ill  the  early  luornin,:;'  (Constitute  thei?'  favorite  tactics. 
They  rush  on  the  enemy  like  a  whiilwind.  with  tt'rrilic 
yells,  discharj^e  their  ^iins  or  arrows,  and  retire  to  pre- 
pare for  another  attack.  The  number  slain  is  rarely 
laruo;  the  fall  of  a  few  men.  or  the  lo.ss  of  a  chief  de- 
cides the  vi(!tory.  When  a  m;in  falls,  a  I'ush  is  made  for 
his  scalp,  which  is  deieiided  hy  his  paity,  and  a  liei'cu 
hand-to-hand  conllict  ensues,  -icni'i-ally  ti'i'minatiuij;  the 
battle.     After  the  (i^ht.  or  before  it  when  either  party 


lacKs  coniiilenco  iii  the  result,  a  peace  is  made  hy  smoK- 
inii'  the  pip*^',  with  the  ino.st  solemn  protestations  of  p)od- 
will.  and  j)roinises  wlTuih  neither  party  has  the  sliiihtest 
intention  of  fiillillinu'.  'I  he  dead  haviii|j;  been  scalped, 
and  prisoners  bound  and  taken  up  behind  the  \i(;tors, 
the  [)arty  starts  homeward.  Torture  of  the  prisoners, 
chielly  perpetrated  by  the  women,  lollows  the  arrival. 
IJy  the  Flatheads  and  northern  nations  (captives  are  gen- 
erally killed  by  their  sulVerinj:s;  amon,n'  the  Sahaptiii;- 


some   survive  and  are  ma 


1 


de   sli 


ives. 


Ill  the  I'lathead 
torture  of  the  Hhuckfeet  are  prac;ticed  all  the  (iendish 
acts  of  cruelty  that  native  cmmiiii!;  van  devise,  all  of 
which  are  borne  with  the  traditional  stoicism  and  taunts 
of  th<'  Xortli  American  Indian.  The  \e/  Perc'  system 
is  a  little  le.ss cruel  in  order  to  save  life  for  future  slavery. 
Day  after  day,  at  a  stated  hour,  the  captives  are  broUL'bt 
out  and  made  to  hold  the  .scalps  of  their  dead  friends 
aloft  on  poles  while  the  steal [ndai ice  is  pei-formed  about 
them,  the  female  p:irti(cij)ators  meanwhili;  exertini:'  all 
their  <levilish  ingenuity  in  tormenting  their  victims.''" 

Tiii'tiirc!  of  Bl;i('kf<M't  pri.siinci's:   l)Ui'niii.i!  with  ii  rtd-lidt  ;^uii-l)iirril, 

;,'  out  till!  iiiiils,  tiikiiii,'  ott'  tiiij,'('rH,   sciK)])iii;,'  out  tlu'  cyis,  scaljiiii^', 

'•u  Itius  I')  fi':ii;il;-  iMptivc's.     'I'lu'  disputr,!  ri  ,'lit  (.f  tin    l'l,iiliia:U 


pulli 


l-'V:llti;i' 

to  hiuil  biUl'.ilo  at  till)  eusturu  lout  uf  tin 


UUtaiuS  is  the  CilUtiU  of    the  loU" 


W' 


i;!?i 


270 


COLUMBIANS. 


Tlio  iritive  s.tMIo  consists  of  a  rndo  woolen  fram". 
uiKliTiiiid  over  which  is  thrown  a  hulViilo-rohc.  juul  which 
is  h;)ini(l  to  the  horse  hy  a  very  narrow  tlion;j;  of  hide 
in  phuie  of  the  Mexican  cluclta.  A  raw-liide  crupper  is 
used;  a  deer-skin  pad  sometimes  takes  the  phice  of  tlie 
ii[)per  robe,  or  the  rohe  and  pad  are  used  without  the 
wooilen  frame.  Stirrups  are  made  by  binding  three 
.straiiiht  pieces  of  wood  or  bone  together  in  ti'ianguhn* 
for!)i,  and  sometimes  covering  all  with  raw-hide  juit  on 
wet;  or  one  sti'aight  piece  is  suspended  from  a  forked 
thong,  and  often  the  simple  thong  passing  round  the  foot 
sullires.  The  bridle  is  a  rope  of  horse-hair  or  of  skin, 
made  fast  with  a  half  hitch  round  the  animal's  lower 
jaw.  The  .same  rope  usually  serves  for  bridle  and  lariat. 
Sharp  l)ones,  at  least  in  later  times,  are  used  I'or  spurs. 
Wool  is  split  for  the  few  native  uses  by  elk-horn  wedges 
driven  by  bottle-sha[)e(l  stone  mallets.  Baskets  and  ves- 
sids  I'or  iiolding  water  and  cooking  are  woven  of  willow, 
bark,  and  grasses.  Hushes,  gnjwing  in  all  swampy  lo- 
calities are  cut  of  uniform  length,  laid  parallel  and  tied 

contiiiui'il  hostility.  The  wisest  and  briivest  is  nnimully  electi'd  wiu'  rhief. 
Till'  war  cliii'f  carries  it  litiii,'  whip  iind  sccurt'S  dis('i})linc  hy  tiiii,'clliiti()ii. 
Except  11  ffW  ffiithcrs  iiiid  i)ie(;cs  of  red  dotli,  both  the  Fliitheiid  iiiid  Ki»i- 
tenai  enter  hattle  i)ei-feetly  naked,  t'o.e's  Ailrcn.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  •2-!"2-l.'),  vol. 
ii.,  p.  Kl'K  The  Caynse  and  S-.ihaptiii  are  the  most  warlike  of  all  the  south- 
ern trihcs.  The  Xez  I'erces  j^ood  wan-iors.  but  do  not  follow  war  us  ii 
]irc)fession.  /f'(.s.s'  Fur  Ilunlirs,  vol.  i.,  pi).  IH")-*!,  HO."),  ;((»8-l"2,  vol.  ii.,  ))p. 
0  J-V),  I.e.).  .Vniouf,'  the  Okanaj^ans  'the  hot  bath,  eouueil,  and  cereiuony  of 
s'.uokiuL,'  the  ircfwt  pi]>i;  before?  war,  is  always  relij^iously  observed.  Their 
laws,  however,  admit  of  no  com|)ulsion,  nor  is  the  chief's  authority  implicitly 
oh^'ved  oil  these  occasions;  (•oiisequeutly,  every  one  judj^es  for  hii'iself,  and 
either  l;ocs  or  stays  as  he  thinks  i)niper.  With  a  view,  liowever,  to  obviate 
this  di'fect  in  their  system,  tliey  have  instituted  the  dance,  which  answers  every 
l)ur[)osr  of  a  recruiting,'  service.'    '  Every  man,  thert'fore,  who  I'Uters  within  this 

rinj,'  and  joins  in  the  dance is  in  honour  bound  to  assist  in  carrying;  on  the 

w.ir.'  /'/.,  A  li-ea.,  pj).  ;Jl'.*-20.  Mock  battles  and  military  display  for  theentei- 
t.iinment  of  white  visitors.  Jliiifs'  I'"//.,  pp.  173-4.  The  Chilluckitte(iuaws  cut 
otl'  the  fori'tiiij^ers  of  a  slain  enemy  as  troi)hies.  Leids  untl  Chirl.f's  'I'lvr.,  \)\\. 
;)7")-(i.  Whenscoutim;,  '  Flathead  chief  would  ride  at  full  gallop  so  near  the  foe 
us  to  Hap  in  their  faces  the  eaj^le's  tail  streaming  behind  (from  his  caj)),  yet 
iio  one  (lari'd  seize  the  tail  or  streamer,  it  beinj.;  considered  Kacrilefj[ious  and 
frauj^ht  with  misfortune  to  touch  it.'  Tiihitle.  in  Lonra  y<it.,  \ol.  ii.,  p.  'I'.is. 
A  thousand  Walla  Wallas  came  to  the  Sacramento  lliver  in  IHi'I,  to  avenge 
the  death  of  a  young  chief  killed  by  an  .American  about  a  year  before,  i'lil- 
tin'x  Tlirif  \'f<irs  in  <'<il..  p.  i>i.  One  Flathead  is  said  to  be  e(pial  to  four 
IJlackfeet  in  battle.  Ih  Sunt.  Voy.,  pp.  :J1.  ,4',);  Dumi's  Ornion,  pp.  ;tl2-W; 
Uroi/'s  Hi.-il.  0 in.,  pp.  171-4;  I'drker's  ExpUir.  Tnur,  pp.  2Hii-7;  St'tiili-ij's  I'lir- 
trtdis,  pp.  (i")-71;  Ind.  Lift,  pp.  2:J-5;  Wilkxx'  Xar.,  iu  U.  S.  Ex.  Ex.,  vol. 
iv.,  jt.  4'J">. 


PUKPAnATIOX  or  SKIN'S.    LIVKR-r.OATS. 


271 


t(|2;i>ilKn'  for  inattiiiLi.  Iliidc  1):)\vls  find  spixms  iiro  sojiic- 
tiincs  (Iul;  out  of  lioni  or  wood,  l)ut  tlic  liM;.:('rs.  witli 
]m'('i's  of  hark  and  small  mats  are  tlic  ordinai-v  tahlc 
riiniitinv.  Skins  arc  divssod  hy  spivadin^'.  scrapiiiu'  ojV 
tilt'  llcsli.  Mild  for  some  purposes  tlie  hair,  with  a  s|iar[t 
j)i('ro  of  l)oiio,  stoiu',  or  iron  attjichod  to  a  short  haudlc, 


and  iisi'd  like  an  ad/e.     The  skin  is  then  sii 


leai'iM 


1  witl 

the  aniin;d  s  hrains,  and  ruhhed  or  pounded  h\  a  very 
tedious  i)i(K'ess  till  it  liecomes  soft  and  white,  some  hides 
hein;4'  picviously  smoked  and  l)leache(l  with  white  clay 


171 


On  the  lower  (Jolumhia  the  \Vas(^os.  Kliketats.  Walla 
Wallas,  and  other  trihes  use  du<i-out  hoats  like  those  of 
the  eoast.  except  that  little  skill  or  lal)or  is  expended  on 
their  ci)nstruction  or  ornamentjition ;  the  only  re(|uisite 
heiu^'  sui)p()rtinjji;  capacity,  as  is  natural  in  a  ct)untr_\' 
wheie  canoes  ])lay  hut  a  small  part  in  the  work  of  |)i'o- 
curinii'  food.  Farther  in  the  interior  the  moimtain  trihes 
of  tlie  Sahaptin  family,  as  the  Cayuses  and  \ez  IVrces. 
make  no  hoats.  hut  use  rude  rafts  or  purc^hase  an  occa- 
sional canoe  IVom  their  neiiihhors,  for  the  rare  cases  when 
it  hccomes  necessary  to  transport  propei'ty  across  an  ini- 
foi'dahje  stream.  The  Flatheads  sew  U])  their  lt)dge-skins 
into  a  tem])orarv  hoat  for  the  same  [)urpose.  On  the 
Fraser  the  Xootka,  duif-out  is  in  use.     Ihit  on  the  noi'th- 


ei'u 


lal 


\es 


nd  rivers  of  the  interior,  the  Fend  d'OreilU 


Flathow.  Arrow,  and  Okanagan,  northward  to  the  Ta- 

'"'  AVliitc  inavl  cliiy  used  to  cleimso  skin  robes.  1)y  iiiiiliiuu'  it  into  a  ]iastp, 
riiM)iii.,'  it  i>ii  til''  liiili'  lunl  IniviiiLC  it  to  diy,  iiftcr  whiih  it  is  riiMxd  otf. 
Si  111!  s  usiiitUy  sit  nnc.isiiy  on  tlii'  iiorsc's  l):iclv.  I'arh'r's  /;'.i'///m;\  'I'diir,  \>\k 
ill),  SMI.  '  S[:ill''t  of  stoiic  curiously  ciirvcil '  mil  111'.,'  the  S  ikulks.  Ncur 
t!i'>  ('iisc:i(li>s  \V;ls  si'On  II  liliMcr  rrscinUlill).,'  those  llsi  il  liy  tlie  wiiitcs  1)0 
I'i-i!l[uiti);i\vs  used  '  11  saddle  or  ])ad  ()f  dressed  skill,  stiiti'.d  with  tjnat  )i;ii:  ' 
/.'■"•/■.s'  ,(„./  i  7f(/'/,i''s  Tnii\.  \i\>.  li"))!.  ;i7().  .'175,  5'2H.  On  tlic  Friisir  u  roiij^'h  kind 
'if  isini^'lass  was  iit  one  time  jireiiared  ainl  traded  to  the  Hudson  l!ay  Cnni- 
im.y.  /,  i/'i/'s  \''i'.,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  177.  'I'lie  Saha|itins  still  make  a  kind  of  vase 
"f  lava,  soniewliat  in  the  sha[ie  of  ii  crucible,  Init  very  widi';  tin  y  use  it  as  ii 
111  irt  ir  for  jMiundiu;,'  the  t^rain.  of  which  they  make  cakes.'  I>niiv  ,(i.-l,'s  Ihsi  ris. 
v  il.  ii.,  ]i[).  lit,  'iCt.     (  rndouhtedly  iin  error.)     I'end  dOreilles;  '  les  feiinii  h 

font  (les  nattes  de  jones,  des  paiiiers,  ot  des  chaiMaux  sans  Imrds." 

{>■  Siiirl,  r.«//.,  ]i.  I'.d).  'Nearly  all  (the  Shushwaps)  use  the  Spanish  woodiii 
sil  11  ■,  whicli  tley  ni.ikc  with"  innch  skill.'  M(ii/)ii''s  />.''.,  pji.  ;(  1-2.  'The 
i;ad  lies  for  uonii'ii  diti'er  in  form,  heiii;^  furnished  with  the  antlers  of  a  deer, 
so  as  to  resemble  the  hii,'h  poniinelled  saddle  of  the  Mexican  ladies.'  l-'niu- 
'•h''ri''s  \'ir..  pp.  ■21!'.) -70;  I'dliii'v's  Jtmr.,  p.  12'J;  J nniifs  Astoria,  p.  317,  'M't; 
V'lx's  Adrm.,  Vol.  i.,  pp.  148-1). 


272 


COLlMlilANS. 


cully  torritorv,  the   niitlvi's  nitiiuifiictm'c  iind  iiiuimito 
Itiirk   CiiiKM's.      Moth  ])\\v]i  and    jtiiif   avc  euiplovcd,  hy 


■<tri'tcl 


II H";  it  ow'V  a  clm 


Iju-  I 


1(MM)-\V 


kork  1 


rUIlK',  Sl'WlM 


'A  t\ 


Hi 


oikIh  with  fliu;  roots,  and  j^iiinmiiij;  the  iseams  and  knots. 
Tlio  loPMi  is  M'i'y  })eculiur;  the  sti'Ui  and  stciii  are 
]M)inted.  hut  tlu'  ))()ints  are  on  a  level  with  the  hottoni 
of  tiie  lioat,  and  the  sloix.'  or  curve  is  n[)Wiu<l  towards 
the  centre.  Travelers  descri))e  them  as  carr\  inu'  a  heavy 
load,  hut  easily  capsized  unless  when  very  skillfully  man- 
aged.'"- 

Horses  constitulo  the  native  wealth,  and  })oor  indeed 
is  the  family  which  has  not  I'or  each  memher,  young  and 
old,  an  animal  to  ride,  as  well  as  others  sullicient  to  trans- 
])ort  all  the  household  goods,  and  to  tiade  lor  the  lew 
foreign  articles  needed.  The  Xez  IVrcrs.  Cayuses  and 
^\'alla  AVallas  have  more  and  hetter  stock  than  other 
nations,  individuals  often  ])ossessing  hands  of  from  one 
thousand  to  three  thousand.  The  Kooti'uais  are  tlu 
most  northern  eiiuestrian  trihes  mentioni'd.  How  the 
natives  oi'iginMll\-  ohtained  horses  is  md\nown,  although 
there  are  some  slight  traditions  in  supi)ort  of  the  natiu'al 
supposition  that  they  were  first  introduced  from  the 
soutii  hy  way  of  the  Shosliones,  The  lattv'r  are  one 
]H'0[)le  with  the  (/onianches.  hy  whom  horses  were  o))- 
tained  diu'ing  the  Spanish  expeditions  to  Xew  Mexico 
in  the  sixteenth  century.     The  horses  of  the  natives  are 

'"-  'Tlio  wliitc-iiinc  liiii-k  is  a  voi-y  good  substitute  forbircli,  but  hiistbc  ilis- 
lulviiiitaHi' (if  bciiiL,'  iiKii'c  bi'ittli' in  I'oltl  wiutlur.'  SiirUii/,  in  /'(/.■,  /,'.  /,'.  lli/il., 
vnl.  i.,  p.  'J'.Mi.  Vakiiuii  bi)iits  iirc  'siiii])l,v  lo^s  hollowfil  i>ut  and  slnjud  iiji 
at  tlic  ('U()s,  without  form  or  tiiush.'  irlhlm,  iu  /</.,  p.  ION.  'I'lu'  I'lailnads 
'  liavc  uo  canoes,  but  iu  ferryiu;^  streauis  use  tluir  lod^,'e  sliins,  ■■vhieh  aro 
ilrawn  up  into  an  >vai  form  by  cords,  and  stretdied  ou  a  few  twin's,  '''use 
they  tow  with  liorsi  s,  ridiuf,'  sometiiues  three  abn  ast.'  Slicrns,  in  Id.,  ji.  -tlo. 
In  the  Kootenai  canoe  'the  upiier  part  is  covered,  txci'pt  ii  spai'e  in  tlie 
niiddh'.'  The  liUL^th  is  twenty-two  ftet,  the  bottom  bein^,'  ii  dead  It  vi  1  from 
end  to  end.  lines'  Fur  //i(//^';>:,  vol.  ii..  pp.  lliU  7(1.  •  The  hiiLjth  of  tlie  bottom 
of  the  (Uie  I  measured  was  twelve  feet,  the  width  bi^tween  tlie  KUnwalcs  only 
siven  and  one  half  feet.'  '  When  iin  Indian  paddles  it,  he  sits  at  the  extreme 
end.  and  thus  sinks  the  conical  point,  which  serves  to  steady  the  caime  liUe 
a  tish's  tail.'  lyDnl's  XaL,  vol.  ii,,  pp.  17H-'.t,  ii."),l-7.  t)n  the  Arrow  Lakes 
'  their  form  is  also  ix'culiar  and  very  l)eautifiil.  These  canoes  run  the  rapids 
with  more  safety  than  thos-j  of  any  other  shape.'  Kane's  Wdwl..  \).  :S2S.  Seu 
!)(' Siiid,  \'i>!/.,  pj).  It.'i,  1^7;  Irrlnii's  Adi)nii,it.'M'^;  Lewis  (tml  ('l(iiio'\i  Triir., 
]>.  :i7."i;  llflor.  in  /'"//(scr'.s  EA'plor.,  p.  27;  Sterens,  in  Ind.  All'.  lUpi.,  1654, 
pj..  -iOrt,  211,  223,  238. 


HOllSKS,  riiOrEUTY,  AND  TUADE. 


273 


ofsiniill  sl/o.  prohiihls  doiioiu'ratod  from  a  siipcridr  stock, 
]>ut  lianly  iiiid  sm't'liMjtcd;  (*iistiiiiiiii<i' lumber  ami  hard 
.usa<ic'  hi'ttcr  than  thoso  of  the  wliitos.  hut  iiili'rior  to  them 
in  I'onn,  ai'tion,  and  endurance.  All  colors  arc  met  with, 
spottt'd  and  mixed  colors  heinjr  es|K'cial!y  pi'ized.'"' 

The  dilVerent  articles  of  food,  skins  and  jii-asses  for 
clothinu,'  and  lodges  and  im|tlements.  shells  and  trinkets 
for  ornamentation  and  cni'rency  are  also  harteri'd  he- 
tween  the  nations,  and  the  ainnial  snnuner  gatherings 
on  the  rivers  serve  as  fairs  for  the  display  and  exchange 
of  connnodities;  some  trihes  even  visit  the  coast  lor 
])m'|)oses  of  trade.  Smoking  the  pi[)e  ofti'n  pi'eccdes  and 
follows  a  trade,  and  some  i)eculiar  connnercial  cnstoms 
jirevail,  iis  for  instance  when  a  horse  dies  soon  after 
jjiirchase,  the  |)rice  may  ho  reclaimed,  'i'he  I'ights  of 
property  are  jealously  defended,  hut  ii  the  Salish  na- 
tions, according  to  Hale,  on  the  di-ath  of  a  father  his 
relatives  seize  the  most  valuahle  property  with  very  lit- 
tle attention  to  the  rights  of  children  too  young  to  look 
out  for  their  own  interests.^'*     huleed,  1  have  heard  of 

'"■'  'The  truditiiiii  is  tliut  horst's  wire  olitaiiii  il  from  tbo  southwiinl,"  not 
lumiy  (,'i'iur.itiiiiis  liiuk.  Tuliiiii,  in  Liinl'x  S>d.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  217,  J77  s.  In- 
dividuals (if  tlif  Wallii  Walliis  liMVO  over  (iiic  tlnmsaiid  liorscs.  Wmrv  iiml 
\'<(fitsiiiir.  ill  Miirliii'a  llniL  H'lji,  p.  SU.  K<i()t('iiais  rich  in  horses  and  cat- 
tli'.  I'lill!.-;!  r's  h'.fjiliir.,  jip.  U,  73.  Klikttat  and  Yakinia  hoists  soiik  liiiits 
tiiu',  but  injured  hy  early  iisa^'e;  deteriorated  from  a  ),'ood  stoek;  vieioiis  and 
lu/.y.  'I'i'Vi.s,  ill  J'ltr.  /,'.  It.  Ill  lit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  •1(15.  'La  riehesse  priluipale  lies 
sauvai^es  de  I'ouest  eonsiste  en  elievaux.'  J>''  Sind,  i'ni/.,  pi>.  47,  rill.  At  an 
assi'mlil,iL,'e  of  Walla  Wallas,  Shahuptains  and  Kyoots,  'the  plains  were  lit- 
erally covered  with  horsis,  of  which  there  could  not  have  lieen  less  than  four 
thousand  in  sii,dit  of  the  camp.'  Iluss'  Aihrn.,  p.  127.  The  Kootanii  s  aliout 
Arrow  Lake,  or  SinatchcLjLjs  have  uo  horses,  as  the  country  i.s  not  suitalile 
for  tlieiu.  /'/.,  /•'"/•  llniiliis,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  171-2.  Of  the  Sjiokaiies  the  'chief 
riches  are  their  horses,  which  they  (generally  olitain  in  liaiter  from  the  Nez 
I'el'ces.'  I'lix's  Ailrni.,  vol.  i..  p.  2(10.  A  Skyuse  is  poor  who  has  lail  lifteeli 
or  twenty  horses.  Tho  horses  are  ii  tine  race,  'as  lai^e  and  of  liilter  form 
ami  more  activity  than  most  of  the  horses  of  the  States.'  Funilnnn's  I'lHi., 
p.  S2.  The  Flatheads  'are  the  most  liorthirn  of  the  eiiuestriaii  trihes.' .N/co- 
lifl's  ii'jn.  Tii\,  p.  I'lil.  ^laiiy  Nez  I'erci's  'have  from  live  to  liftei  n  liuiulnil 
iiead  of  horses.'  J'oliiiir's  .Imir.,  ])]).  12S-;».  Indians  of  the  S|.okaiM'  and 
I'lathead  trilxs  'own  from  oiu)  thousand  to  four  thousand  hi  ad  ot  hois.s 
and  cattle."  >7i'iv'/is'  Aiihiss.  p.  12.  The  Xez  Jerce  horses  '  are  j;riii<i|>ally 
of  till'  iiony  breed;  but  remarkably  stout  iinil  lon^r-wi tided.'  Irriif/'s  liinui'- 
cillv's  Adri'ii  ,  p.  ;t()l;  Hiistiiiiis'  Km.  <juUI<\  p.  5'J;  Jlitifs'  I  «^.,  j).  311;  <i(tss' 
Jour.,  p.  2',)");  /'(//•/.('/•'.s  h'.fpliir.  Tour,  p.  2:it). 

"<  The  I'hilluckitteipiaw  intercourse  seems  to  be  an  intermediate  trade 
with  the  nations  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  The  ('ho])uniii.->li  trade 
for.  as  well  as  hunt  buH'alo-robes  east  of  thu  mouutuiuB.  Coiu'se  of  Uudc  iu 
Vol.  I.    18 


274 


COLUMBIANS. 


deeds  of  similar  import  in  Avhito  races.  Tn  decorative 
art  the  inland  natives  must  he  i)r()n()un('e(l  inl'erior  tu 
those  of  the  coast,  perhaps  only  l)ecuuse  they  have  less 
time  to  devote  to  sueli  un[)rodiictive  lahor.  Sculjjtun^ 
and  painting  are  rare  and  exceedingly  rude.  On  the 
coast  the  ])assi()n  for  ornamentation  linds  vent  in  carv- 
ing and  otherwise  decorating  the  canoe,  house,  and  im- 
})lements:  in  the  interior  it  expends  itself  on  the  capari- 
son ol'  the  horse,  or  in  l)ead  and  fringe  \vork  on  gannents. 
Systems  of  numeration  are  simple,  progressing  h\-  lours, 
fives,  or  tens,  according  to  the  dilVei-ent  languages,  and  is 
sulliciently  extensive  to  include  large  numhers:  hut  the 
native  rarely  has  occasion  to  count  heyond  a  few  hun- 
dred;', eonunoulv  usin.g  his  fingers  ;is  an  aid  to  his  nu- 
meration. Years  are  reckoned  hy  winters,  divided  hy 
moons  into  months,  and  these  months  named  from  the 
ri[)ening  of  some  plant,  the  occurrence  of  a  fishing  or 
hunting  season,  or  some  other  ])eriodicity  in  their  lives, 
or  hy  the  temperature.  Among  the  Salish  the  day  is 
divided  according  to  the  j)osition  of  the  sun  into  nine 
parts,  ]X'  Smet  states  that  maps  are  made  on  l)ark  or 
skin.s  by  which  to  direct  their  course  on  distant  excur- 


the  Suhaptiu  cnniiiy:  The  pliiiii  Iiifliims  (luviiiL;  Uuir  stny  on  the  river  from 
May  to  Si  |it(iiil>,  ;,  liiforc  they  Infill  tisliinj;.  o,,  tlowu  to  the  fulls  with  skins, 
liiiits,  silk-:-;iir<s,  vnshis  iind  chiiiiclill  breiid.  lli  re  tin  y  iiiii  t  llic  liioimtniii 
tribes  from  the  Ivioskooskic!  (C'learwatcr)  and  J^ewis  rivi  -s  who  hriiii,'  liea)- 
f^rass,  horses,  (piaiiiash  and  u  fiw  skins  obtained  by  ImntinL;  or  by  bartei- 
from  tli<'  'riishe|)a\vs.  At  the  falls  are  the  ('hillnekitle(]iia\vs.  Kneesiinrs, 
Kelii'loots  and  Skilloots,  the  latter  beinL;  intermediate  trade  rs  between  the 
ll])]ier  and  lowir  tribes.  These  tribes  have  iioiuhIi  d  lisli  for  sale;  and  the 
Cliiiiooks  brini,'  \va|>|iato,  >  a-tish,  bevvies,  and  timlets  obtained  from  the 
Avhiti'S.  Then  the  trade  benii;s:  the  ('hoimnnish  and  n;onntain  tribes  bny 
waiipato,  jioinehd  lish  luid  beads;  ami  the  i-'ain  Indi:  ns  buy  wa;  ])uto, 
i,,>,.. i.....,K    ..f..     r ,  ,,-;^-  /i,„;  fi,,,'i„'^.  'i',.,,,.     ,,i.    ••.ii    •><■)    lei'-.      n,,,.^,.. 


b 


itc.     f.i  iris  Hull  Cldrkr's   'I'l 


I'M 


HI, 


HI 


Uim 


fair.-i  in  whii'h  the  natives  disjday  tue  (jualities  of  their  steids  with  a  view  ti 


I'll,   /..•/•-r.s-  .V'(/. 


,  ]i|).  !S(')-(.     The  Oakinac  ks  make  trijis  to  the  raeitii 


to  trade  wild  liemp  for  hiaijnn  shells  and  trinki  ts.  I! 


Ailr 


Trade 

.DC. 
Yank 


conducted  in  silence 


Kl 


ikitats  am 


I  Val. 


iiinas 


bet 

■ha 


Veen  a  Flathi  ad  .iml  (' 


l)< 


VV 


■I.    I' 


la,  ;J2;!. 


'become  to  tlie  nc  i'^hborin''  tjibis  what  tin 


ees  Wire  to  the  once  Western  States,  the  tra\c  lin;^  n  tailei's  of  notions." 
r/iV/.s',  in  /'<ir.  I!.  It.  Ill  jit.,  vol.  i..  lip.  4();(.  |i  (1.  Cayiisi  s.  Walla  Wallns,  and 
Nez  I'erces  meet  in  (iramh'  HomU'  Valley  to  traile  with  the  Snakes.  Tlion- 
.liDi'ti  (>  ni,  (iiiil  ('ill  ,  Vol.  i..  p.  2711;  Hull's  FJInm  i.  in  /'.  .s.  Ex.  K.r.,  vol.  vi., 


•2()S;  ('n.\-'s 


A-h 


)1.  ii. 


I'l' 


8S-'.I.  I ;■)(■.:  I'lili, 


]V 


.1:   1)1' 


iiiirdi/'s  (''ii>t.  <ir<n/'s  I'm  .yi.,  p.  100;  Cuke's  llnrky  M(s,,  p.  2U4;  Mii'int's  Ii.  C. 
p.  '2'J'J;  Uass'  Jnur.,  p.  205. 


CHIEFS  AND  THEIR  AUTHORITY. 

sioiif*.  and  that  they  are  guided  at  iiiglit   hy  the  polar 
.star 


ITo 


A\'ar  chiefs  are  elected  for  their  braA'erv  and  past  suc- 
cess, having  full  authority  in  all  expeditions,  marching 
at  the  head  of  their  forces,  and,  especially  among  the 
Flatheads,  maintaining  the  strictest  discipline,  even  to 
the  extent  of  inllicting  ilagellation  on  insul)()rdinates. 
With  the  Avar  their  power  ceases,  yet  they  make  no  elVort 
hv  partiality  during  olHce  to  insure  re-election,  and  sub- 
mit without  com])laint  to  a  successor.  Except  ])y  the 
war  chiefs  no  real  authority  is  exercised.  The  rciiular 
cliieftainship  is  hereditary  so  far  as  any  system  is  ob- 
served, but  chiefs  who  have  raised  themselves  to  their 
position  ))v  their  merits  are  mentioned  among  ni'arly 
all  the  nations.  The  leaders  are  always  men  of  com- 
iM;inding  inthieuce  and  often  of  great  intelligence.  They 
take  tlie  lead  in  haranguing  at  the  councils  of  wise  men, 
wiiich  meet  to  smoke  and  deliberate  on  matters  of  jjublic 
moment.  Tbc^e  councils  decide  the  amor.nt  of  line  ne- 
ce-isary  to  atone  for  nuu'der,  theft,  and  the  few  crimes 
known  to  the  )iative  code:  a  fine,  the  chief's  repriu)and, 
and  rarely  tloggiug,  prol)al)ly  iu)t  of  native  origin,  are 
the  only  punishments;  and  the  criminal  seldom  attempts 
to  es(v;j)e.  As  the  more  warlike  nations  havi»  es[K'cial 
chiels  with  real  power  in  time  of  war.  so  the  lisliing 
triltes.  some  of  theui,  grant  great  authority  to  a  "salmon 
chief  durinix  the  fishing- season.     Ihit  the  reuular  iuland 


'■'  In  oalcnlatiiii.;  tinio  the  Okaniiuraiis  use  tlicir  tiiii,'(rs,  ciicli  fiiii,'('r  staiiil- 
iiii,'  fur  trii:  sonic  will  reckon  to  a  thousand  with  t<ilcral)lc  accuracy,  lint  iiio^-t 


Ailrri,.,   p.   ;):4.     'I'lic  riathcads   'font 
ni'aumoins  avcc  precision,  sur  dcs  ccorccs  d'arlircs  (ju  sur  dcs  ])caii\  Ic  plan 


scarcely  count  to  twcntv.   // 

d 


d.sp 


lys  (J 


u"ils 


>t  jian 


j  iiuui'cs  (Ml  (juarts  dc  journces.'   Iii 


niar(|Uant  Ics  distances  par  journces,  di  nii- 


(/,   i'o//.,  p.  2(i"i.      I'onnt  yi  ars  liv 


snows,  niontlis  liy  innons,  anil  days  by  sleeps.     Have  names  for  each  \; 


h. 


'1' 


to  ten:  then 


ten   to   (acll 


d  then  add 


I'ai-h 


h:.\-),lnr.  Ti 


(I  to  multiply  liy 


iiy. 


uid  Salish  lanj,'uai,'<s  bcj^innii 


p.  L'l 


ith.I: 


if  till'  months  in  the  I'isi 


dd. 


UOllSH 


certain  In  rli.  sn 


^,'onc.  liitter-root.  j^oini,' to  root-|,'round.  caiiiass-root.  hot.  ^'atheriiii,'  lurries, 


exhausted  salmon,  drv,  housc-lmildin;^,  snow.'   llnli's  Kiln 


I 


/■;, 


/.'.I'.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  'Jl  1.     '  Menses  couipulant  Innis,  ex  spkani,  snl  vel  Ihkh  et  dies 
JM  r  fcvias,      Hi  bdomadaiu  nnii'am  per  splcliaskat,  sjitini  il'ns,  jvluns  verii 

'ill  est.  ri.villiiiii  quod  a  duce  maxiliio  ipialibet  die 


heiiil.: 


imadas  inr  s  chaxcus,  n 


olllllUCil  Sllslleni 


Icbati 


l)ics  auteni  in  novem  dividitnr  paites.'   1/. 


iiii'ii'dii. 


(fi-'iiiiiiKili  11  /,i)i;/i(((t'  ,S(7i(«r',  J).  120;  .'<itrijul'ti  Sancs,  p.  i'70;  i.i  iris  (i,al  ilniLtx 
Ti(ir.,  p.  'Ml. 


276 


COLUMBIANS. 


rhiels  never  collect  taxes  nor  presume  to  interfere  with 
the  riglits  or  actions  of  intUvidnals  or  families.'™  Pris- 
oners of  Avar,  not  killed  b>-  torture,  are  made  slaves,  ])nt 
they  are  few  in  numl)er,  and  their  children  are  ado})ted 
into  the  victorious  tribe.  Hereditary  slavery  and  the 
shive-trade  are  uidvnown.  The  Shusliwaps  are  said  to 
have  no  slaves.^" 

In  choosing-  a  helpmate,  or  helpmates,  for  his  bed  and 
])()ard,  the  inland  native  makes  capacity  for  work  the 
standard  of  fcuiide  e.vcellence,  and  having!;  made  a  sekc- 
tion  buys  a  wife  from  her  parents  by  the  ])ayment  of 
an  amount  uf  pro])erty,  generally  hor.ses,  which  anions" 
the  southern  nations  nmst  be  ecpialed  by  the  jiirls  par- 
ents.    Often  a  ])etrothal  is  madj  by  parents  while  both 

'"'■  The  twelve  Oakinack  tribes  '  forvAi,  as  it  were,  so  iimny  states  belonj^'iiif; 
in  th(!  siiiiie  union,  and  are  f^'overned  by  petty  eliiifs.'  Tlie  chieftaiusliip 
(l"siMii(ls  from  father  to  son;  ami  tlioUL,']!  merely  nominal  in  antliority,  the 
chief  is  rarely  ilisobeyeil.  Property  i)ays  for  all  erimes,  liuss'  A-lrm.  j.p. 
'2S'.)  lU,  '.Vll~-:i,  li'JT.  The  ('huali):iys  are  ^ovirned  liy  the  '  ehief  of  the  earth  ' 
and  'chief  of  the  wati'rs,'  the  latter  havini^'  exclusive  authority  in  the  lishinL;- 
seasoii.  h'lnii'n  \\'<iii:l.,  pp.  ;j(i'.»-i;j.  The  Xez  I'erces  ottered  a  Flathead  tho 
juisilion  of  bead  chief,  throiii^h  admiration  of  his  (jualities.  J)i'  Sunt,  I'ni/., 
ji)).  T)!),  171.  Amon^'  the  Kalispels  the  chief  aojioints  bis  successor,  or  if  bo 
fails  to  do  so,  one  is  elected.  Ih'Siidt,  U'lytcrn  ,l/(.'->'.,  J).  i;'.)7.  Thel'lathead  war 
chief  carries  a  lon^,'  whij),  decorated  with  scalps  and  feathers  to  enforce  strict 
diseapline.  The  principal  chief  is  hereditary.  ''".I'.s  Ailroi.,  vol.i.,  ]ij).  'J-ll-'J, 
Vol.  ii.,  p.  88.  The  'camp  chief'  of  the  I'latheads  as  well  as  the  war  ( hi<  f 
w:is  chosen  for  his  nu^rits.  Iml.  Lit'f,  jip.  '2H-',t.  Anioiij,'  the  Nez  I'erces  and 
W'ascos  'the  form  of  •,'overniuent  is  patriarchal.  'J'hey  acknowled^'e  the  he- 
reditary princi])le — Mood  generally  decides  who  shall  be  the  chit  f."  Alrnnl,  in 
S  ■hoiilcriij't's  Ardi..  vol.  v..  pp.  Vi')2-  \.  No  rei;ularly  recoj^nized  chief  ana)n^,' 
tlie  Si>okanes,  but  an  intellii^ent  and  rich  man  ofti  ii  controls  the  tribe  by  bis 
intlueuee.  ll'iV/.'s'  \itr.,  in  ('.  S.  K,f.  J-'.v.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  4To-('i.  'The  Salish 
c;ui  hardly  be  said  to  h.ave  any  rej^ularform  of  government.'  Hdli  ',s  h'lliiiini..  in 
/'.  S.  K.v.  h'.f.,  vol.  vi.,  )ip.  '2ii7  8.  Every  winter  the  Cayuses  go  d<iwn  to  the 
Italics  to  hold  a  council  over  tin-  Chinooks  '  to  ascertain  tin  '.r  misdenieanois 
luul  punish  them  therefor  1)y  whiiiiiinu'' I  F<iriili'iiii'f<  Trur..  ]).81-'2.  Among 
the  Salish  "  criminals  are  sonutinns  jiunishedby  buidshnienl  from  their  trilic.' 
'  Fralernal  union  anil  the  obedience  to  thi'  chii  fs  aie  tndy  adndrable..'  J/nm- 
V  ic  li's  Drsi  c/.s,  vol.  ii.,  pj).  'M'.i-i ;  Ilims'  I'ui/.,  ]>.  ir)7;  .^hml'  !/'.■<  I'Drlniiln.  p.  (l.'i; 
iiniiii'tt  Oriii'iii,  111).  ;il  l-l'J:  Wliili's  OrKidu.v.  IM);  l''irhi  ninfs  ]!ii(is,  in  /'.  i^'. 


/•.'.I'.  Ivx.,  vol.  ix.,  p.  108;  Jii!<it,  in  Xoitnllis  Aioinks  ilis  i'l'ij.,  toni.  i-xxiii,  181'.i, 


1' 


;!:)l-ll>. 

-7  '  Sli 


iverv  IS  common 


with  all  the  tribes.'    TIi 


itnv  tnitl  ]'(tr(is(nir,  in 


Mil 


I'li's  I  Iml.  11..  p.  81).     Sahaptins  ahv.iys  make  slaves  of  pri'  ■  icrsof  war.    'I  h 
Cayuses  have  many.  Alrnnl.  in  .^ildnilrriij'l'.t  Arrh..  vol.  a.,  p.  tl54;  J'liltn 


p.  ")('>.    Among  the  Okanag.ms  •  there  are  but  few  slave  s 


mdth 


•  few 


iiro  adopted  as  children,  and  treated  inall  rcNpeets  asnn  ndit>rs  of  the  family.' 
/iV'.ss'  Ailrni.,  )i.  It'JO.  The  inlaial  tribes  formerly  praellee  el  sl.eve  rv,  but  leing 
si,ie'(!  abeilishe'd  it.  J'ltrhi  v's  Kxjil'ir.  'I'lmr,  p.  247.  'Neit  prae'tised  iu  the  in- 
f  lior.'  M"i/i'i'n  Ii.  '■.,  J).  i'{\.  Xot  practiceel  by  the  Shushwaps.  Ani'a:svn, 
in  IJisl.  Mu'j..  vol.  vii.,  p.  78. 


FAMILY  RELATIONS. 


277 


parties  are  yot  rliildrcn,  and  such  a  contract,  frnarantccd 
])v  an  intcrchan^uo  of  presents,  is  rarely  broken.  To 
iiive  away  a  wife  witliont  a  })rice  is  in  the  hij^hest  ilegi'ee 
disgraceful  to  her  family.  IVsides  payment  of  the  price, 
gvnendly  made  for  the  suitor  by  his  friends.  courtslTn) 
in  some  nations  includes  certain  visits  to  the  hride  before 
marriage;  and  the  ^^pokane  suitt)r  nmst  consult  both  the 
cliief  and  the  young  lady,  as  well  as  her  parents;  indeed 
the  latter  may  herself  propose  if  she  wishes.  Runaway 
matches  are  not  uid\nown,  l)ut  bv  the  Xez  Terci's  the 
woman  is  in  such  cases  considered  a  ])rostitute,  and  the 
bride's  parents  may  seize  upon  the  man's  property.  ^lany 
tribes  seem  to  recjuire  no  marriage  ceremony,  but  in  others 
an  assemblage  of  friends  for  smokinu'  and  feastinu'  is 
called  for  on  such  occiisions;  and  amonu'  the  Flatheads 
more  complicated  ceremonies  arc  mentioned,  of  which 
long  lectures  to  the  couple,  baths,  change  of  clothing, 
torch-light  processions,  and  dancing  form  apart.  In  tln! 
married  state  the  wife  nnist  do  all  the  heavy  work  and 
drudgery,  l)ut  is  not  otherwise  ill  treated,  and  in  mo>t 
tribes  her  rights  are  e(pially  respected  with  those  of  the 
husl)and. 

When  there  are  several  wives  each  occupies  a  se[)arate 
lodge,  or  at  least  has  a  separate  lire.  Among  the  S[h>- 
kanes  a  man  marr\ing  out  of  his  own  tribe  ioins  that  of 
his  wife,  because  she  can  work  In'tter  in  a.  country  to 
which  she  is  accustomed;  and  in  the  same  nation  all 
household  goods  are  considered  as  the  wife's  property. 
Tlie  \i'.:\\\  who  marries  the  eldest  daughter  is  entitled  to 
all  the  rest,  and  parents  make  no  oltjection  to  his  turn- 
ing olV  one  in  iuiother's  fa\(H-.  l"]ither  party  may  dis- 
solve the  marriage  at  will,  but  ])roperty  nuist  be  e<[nita- 
bl\-  di\ided,  the  children  going  with  the  mother.  Dis- 
carded wives  are  often  reinstate(l.  If  a  Kliketat  wife 
di(  soon  after  marriage,  the  husband  may  reclaim  her 
piice;  the  Xez  Perce  may  not  marry  i'or  a  year  after  her 
death,  but  he  is  careful  to  avoid  the  inconvenience  of 
this  regulation  by  marrying  just  before  that  event.  The 
?Salish  widow  nuist  remain  a  widow  for  about  two  years, 


278 


COLlTMIilANS. 


nnd  then  must  innrrv  nLLrcoainy  to  licr  motlier-iu-law's 
tiistc  or  fbrll'it  her  husbiuid'.s  pro[)ertv.^'**  '^Fhe  uoiiuii 
iiiiil^e  iaithi'iih  obedient  ^vives  und  idVeetionate  mothers. 
Incontinence  in  either  girls  or  married  women  is  ex- 
tremely rare,  and  prostitution  almost  uidoiown,  heing 
severely  [)unished.  esj)ecially  uuiong  the  Xe/  lVrc('s.  In 
this  respect  the  iidand  triltes  present  a  marked  conti'ast 
to  their  coast  neighhors.^'-*  At  the  lirst  appearance  of 
the  menses  the  woman  must  retire  from  the  sight  of  all, 

'^■^  E;i(li  ()liiinaf,'iin  '  fiiuiily  is  riili'd  by  the  jniiit  will  or  milhority  (if  tlio 
hr.sliiiul  :iii(l  \vit\-,  Imt  iimi'i;  ]iiuti(iilarly  liy  the  hittir.'  Wives  live  iit  dil'- 
firciit  ('iiiii]is  iiiiiiiiii;  tli<ir  relatives;  one  <ii-  two  Ixiiij,'  constantly  with  the 
husliunil.  Brawls  constantly  oeeur  when  sevi  lal  wives  meet,  i  he  woni(  u 
are  chaste,  and  attaeheil  to  husliaiid  and  ehildicn.  At  the  iii,'e  of  foul  tec  n 
or  tifteeii  the  younj,'  man  i)ays  his  addresses  in  jierson  to  the  ohjeet  of  nis 
love,  a;_!ed  eleven  or  t\V(  Ivt!.  After  the  old  folks  are  in  In  d.  he  j;oes  to  her 
wii,'wani,  builds  a  tire,  and  if  welcome  the  mother  ](ermits  the  ^irl  to  come 
and  sit  with  him  for  a  short  time.  These  visits  are  several  linu  w  repealc  d, 
and  lie  finally  ^'oes  in  tlie  day-time  \\ith  friends  and  his  purchase  money. 
/i''i.>;.s'  Ailrvii.,  ]t]>.  iU'>-'M)'2.  The  Spokane  husband  joins  his  wife's  tribe; 
women  are  ludd  in  ^I'Lut  res]iect;  and  much  atl'ection  is  sliowu  for  chil- 
(b'en.  Amon^'  tlie  S'ez  Perces  both  nun  and  women  liav(,'  tlie  jjower  of 
tlissolvini^  the  marria;,'*!  tie  at  ph^asnre.  ll'iVAi.s'  Xar.,  in  /'.  S.  K,f.  K.i'.,  vol. 
iv.,  jip.  lit),  IT.j'd,  i'SO,  ■I'J").  Tlie  Coeurs  d'Alcne  'liave  abandonxl  jkj- 
lyLtaniy.'  !<lin),s.  in  I'nr..  1!.  I!.  Hipt.,  vol.  i.,  jip.  11!),  ;!t););  dihhs,  in  J'ar. 
li.  li.  lirjit..  vol.  i.,  p.  4(  (').  I'end  d'Or  ille  women  less  enslaved  than  in 
the  mountains,  but  yet  liave  much  heavy  work,  paddle  canoes,  etc.  (ii  ii- 
erally  no  marria;j:e  amonf,' savai,'es.  I>i' Sunt,  I'c//.,  pp.  ll»s  ',1,  2U'.  Tlie  Xez 
I'erces  j^eiierally  conline  themselves  to  two  wives,  and  rarely  marry  cousins. 
No  weddiiif,'  ceremony.  Alranl,  in  Schnnlfnijl'n  Anh.,  vol.  v.,  j).  ('>')'>.  I'o- 
lyLjamy  not  Ljeneral  on  the  I'raser;  and  unknown  to  Ivootenais.  ('dj-'st  Ailrai., 
vol.  ii.,  PI),  lo."*,  ;!7It,  vol.  i.,  pp.  2u<j-',).  Xez  I'trccs  have  abandoned  jiolyLj- 
aniy.  I'dhiar's  .li'iir..  pp.  1'21),  "jli.  Flathead  women  d.o  everythiiif,'  but  hunt 
and  tii,'ht.  Iml.  AiYc.  p.  II.  Flathead  women  'by  no  means  treated  as  slaver., 
but.  on  the  contrary,  have  much  consiileiation  and  authority.'  Hull's  FAlninii., 
in  /'.  >'.  I'.x.  /•.'.!■..  vol.  vi..  J).  '2n7.  '  Itan  ly  marry  out  of  tlieir  own  nalioii.' 
and  do  not  like  tlieir  women  to  marry  whites,  llnnu's  Unijnii,  pp.  DIo-ll. 
The  Sokulk  men  'are  said  to  content  themselvi  s  with  a  siiii^le  wife,  with 
whom  .  .  .  the  husband  shares  the  labours  of  ]  rocurinj,'  subsistence  much  iiioi'e 
than  is  usual  aniouj,' sava^tes.'  I, i  if 'is  uml  Clnii.i's  Trur..  p.  Ii.")!;  hniiiiiiriij/'s 
Cii/it.  (inii/'s  Ciiinii.,  p.  l()l;  (I'nii/'s  llisl.  (i,ii..  ]).  171;  'I'lilmii'  ami  Ainhrsnii, 
in  l.iiViVs  Xiit..  vol.  ii.,  pp.  -rji-r,;  Jml.  A(}'.  Jlipt.,  1S'){,  p.  '2()H;  JJv  Siml's 
ir-.s/.  ^fiss.,  p.  -iH'.l. 

I'-'  The  wifi'  of  a  youn^'  Kootenai  left  him  foranotlier,  whereupon  he  shot 
himself.  Ilnss'  Fur  llmilirs,  vol.  ii.,  j).  I'i'.t.  Anion^'  the  Flatheads  'coiijiiual 
inlidelity  is  scarcely  known.'  Ihiim's  Oriijnn,  p.  lill.  The  Sahaptins  'do  not 
exlnbit  those  loose  fei  line's  of  carnal  disire,  nor  aopear  addicted  to  the  coni- 
niMii  customs  of  prostitution.'  d'uss'  Jimr.,  p.  ■275.  Inland  tribes  havi-  a 
reoiltatioii  for  chastity,  ]irobably  due  to  circumstances  rather  tluiu  to  ti\(  d 
Jiriliciples.  Mni/iii's  II,  ('..  p.  ;{ii(l.  Sjokanes  '  free  frol'i  liie  vice  of  incoll- 
tiience.'  Aiuoiil;  tlie  V.dla  Wallas  pr  ^litution  is  unknown,  'and  1  bi  lie  ve 
no  inducement  would  li.npt  them  to  couiiii;[  a  bri  aeh  of  clinstity.'  rroslilu- 
ti(Ui  common  on  the  Fiaser.  Cn.y's  .\ilnii.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  14.'),  ID'.t-'Jdii.  Nez 
Pi  rc<'  women  rtinarkable  for  their  chastity.  Alrunl,  in  SiluiulcivjVxAiili., 
vol.  v.,  Jl.  Cio-"). 


WO-MEN  AND  CHILDREN. 


279 


In'iiig 


itv  of  tho 
vo  iit  dil'- 
■  Willi  tli(! 

11'     WDlUIll 

i     fdllltci   11 

ift  of  iiis 
lis  to  li<r 

1    to  tollK! 

rt'pcali  (1, 

St>   IIIOIKV. 

fc's  tiilir; 
1  for  cliil- 
jiiiwii'  of 
.  /•>..  vol. 
dolH  il  Jio- 
,s,  in  /'("'. 
|il  tliiiii  in 

tc.       (1(11- 

Tli.'  X./ 
(•(Hisiiis. 
')•'),  I'li- 
A'lrti,., 
(1  jioIvl;- 

l!!t    llllllt 

s  slavi  i;, 

iiiilioii.' 
;)i:;-il. 

wife,  with 

llfll  IIIOI'I' 

iiiiiiii'iii/  s 
Ill  Siiiit's 
"11  111'  shot 

■  l-cllljllLIill 

IS   '  (111  not 

the  ciuii- 

I'S    ililVC    II 

n  to  t'lM  il 
if  iiudii- 

I     llrlil   VC 

I'rostitii- 
•2(10.     N(  / 

iVs  Airli.. 


espeoially  iikmi.  for  ii  period  viin  iup;  from  ten  days  to  a 
inoutli,  iind  on  viU']\.  ,siil)se([iient  occasion  i'or  two  oi' tlnvo 
days,  and  nnist  bo  purilied  hy  re[)oated  ablutions  beibro 
.^be  may  rt'siimo  ber  [)laee  in  tiie  lioiisobold.  Al.^o  at  tbo 
time  ol'  lier  conlinement  .sbo  is  deemed  inielean.  and  nuist 
remain  for  a  lew  weeks  in  a  se[)ara-te  lodoc,  attt'iided 
oenerally  by  an  old  woman.  Tbe  inland  woman  is  not 
prolilic.  and  iibortions  are  not  nneonnnon,  wbieb  may 
probably  be  attribiitetl  in  jireat  nieasnre  to  ber  lii'e  of 
labor  and  exjiosiire.  Cbildren  are  not  ueaned  till  be- 
tween one  iuid  two  years  of  aiie;  stjmetimes  not  until 
tliey  abandon  tbe  bivast  of  tlieir  own  accord  or  are  siip- 
i)lanti'd  by  anew  tirrival;  vet  tboimb  siibsistinu'  on  tbo 
motber's  milk  alone,  and  ex}X)sed  witb  sliobt  elotbiiio'  to 
all  extremes  of  weatlier,  tbey  arc  betdtby  and  robust, 
beino-  carried  about  in  a  rude  cnidle  on  tbe  motber's 
back,  or  moimted  on  colts  Jind  strai)[)ed  to  tbe  saddle 
tbat  tbey  may  not  fall  off  wben  tisleei).  After  beinjj; 
weaned  tbe  cbild  is  named  after  some  iuiinuil,  but  tbo 
name  is  cbanocd  fre([uently  later  in  life^"  Altboiidi 
cbildren  ttnd  old  j)eople  are  as  ji  rule  kindly  cared  foi-, 
yet  so  great  tbe  straits  to  ubicli  tbe  tribes  are  reduced 
by  circiunstances,  tbat  both  are  someiinies  abandoned  if 
not  put  to  deatb.'^^ 


'■*"  In  tlu>  Salisli  fmuily  on  tho  liirth  of  a  eliild  wcaltliy  rflativcs  iiiuko 
liri'Ki'Uts  of  food  and  clothiiiij.  Tlu^  Ncz  l*crc('  iiiDthcr  Liivis  picsi  iits  Imt 
rcecivfS  none  on  such  an  occasion.  'I  Lc  t'latluads  and  I'ciid  d'l  )nillt'S 
liaiidai,'('  the  waist  iiiul  Icj^'s  of  infants  willi  a  view  to  producing,'  ludad-slKiiil- 
dd'cd,  siiiall-waistcd  and  strai|_;lit-liiii1)('d  adults.  Tulinii'  nn'l  Amh  rsmi,  in 
Liinl'.t  .\(iL,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  'l'M-\i.  Anioii^' the  Walla  Wallas  '  when  tvavi-linf^ 
a  liiiop,  bent  over  thi'  luad  of  the  child,  inolicts  it  fruui  iiijury.'  'J'lii-  con- 
tiiicmcnt  after  child-liiith  contiiincs  forty  days.  .Vt  the  first  iiuiisiriiatiou 
the  SiMikaiic  woiiiaii  must  conceal  herself  two  days  in  the  finest;  fur  a  man 
to  See  her  Would  he  fatal;  she  must  then  be  coiiliiied  for  twenty  days  loii^^'er 
ill  a  si'iiaratc  lodj^'e.  H'/Y/.'s"  \'(tr.,  in  I'.  S.  h\v.  /','.r.,  vol.  iv..  iip.  I'Jd-IS,  18."). 
The  Okaiiaijan  iiiother  is  not  allowed  to  |)rei(are  her  iinboru  infant's  swad- 
dliiiL!  clothes,  whicli  cmi^ist  of  a  piece  of  board,  a  bit  of  sldu,  a  bunch  of 
moss,  and  a  striiiL,'.  /^^l.^.^'  Ailrin..  ]>p.  ^'Jl-oii.  'Small  childicii,  not  more 
than  three  yisirs  old,  are  iiiouiited  .alone  and  i,'eiier,dly  ;ipiiii  colls.'  V(iuii^,'er 
ones  are  carried  (111  the  inolher's  back  ■  or  suspenih  d  from  a  liiuh  kimb  upun 
the  fiirepart  (pf  tin  ir  saddles.'  l'(irl,ir's  F.x\il"i\  Tmir,  p.  lis.  lluusis  aninii;,' 
the  Cliiipuniiish  'appropriated  for  women  who  arc  uiKhr^'iiiii;^  the  (ip(  ra- 
tion of  the  menses.'  '  When  anylhin;,'  is  to  be  conveyed  to  these  deserted 
females,  th'  ])ersiin  throws  it  to  them  forty  or  fifty  paces  nib  and  then  re- 
tires.' /,  11-]^  iiirl  r/((/7,"'.s  7  iir..  p.  ijit'.);  T'lii-iisi  ii'l's  .\<ir.,  [i.  IH;  Alrm-il,  in 
Srlinnli-viifl's  Ar-li.,  viil,  v.,  ]i.  >'}'>'). 

'■"'  With  the  IVud  d'Orcillcb  'it  was  not  uncommon  fur  them  to  Vmry  the 


280 


COLUMBIANS. 


The  annual  summer  •iatlioring  on  tlio  river  hanks  for 
fishiiiii;  and  trade,  and,  amoim'  the  mountain  nations,  the 
return  from  a  successful  raid  in  tlie  enemy's  country,  are 
the  favorite  jieriods  for  native  diversions."^-  To  gaml)- 
ling  they  are  no  less  passionately  addicted  in  the  interior 
than  on  the  coast/*^  hut  even  in  this  universal  Indian 
vice,  their  preference  for  horse-racini:'.  the  noldest  form 
of  <iamin<2;,  raises  them  ahove  their  stick-shuniin<i;  ))i"eth- 
ren  of  the  Pacific.  On  the  speed  of  his  hoi-se  the  native 
stakes  all  he  owns,  and  is  discouraued  oidy  when  his 
animal  is  lost,  and  Avith  it  the  op})ortimity  to  make  up 
past  losses  in  another  race.  Foot-racing  and  target- 
shooting',  in  which  men,  women  and  chikh-en  })artici})ate, 
also  aiford  them  indul'_'"uce  in  their  gauililing  jiropensi- 
ties  and  at  the  same  time  develop  their  bodies  hy  exer- 
cise, and  perfect  their  skill  in  the  use  of  their  native 
weapon.^*^*     The  Colvilles  have  a  game,  alkoHork^  played 

very  old  ami  tlit>  vory  yonnc;  alivo,  befansc,  thoy  said,  "  tliosc  eaniint  take  onvo 

of  thcinsi  Ives,  and  we  cannot  take  care  (jf  tlieni,  an<l  tliev  liad  betUr  die." 

Sli'vciia,  in  //"/.  .1;/'.  Hi  III.,  i.s.'il,  p.  -ill:  Surl.lii/,  in  /'m-.  /.'.  /,'.  Hipl.,  vol.  i., 

p.  2'.)7;  Ddiiinirch.'.'i  Iksert;^,  vol.  ii.,  p.  32S;  H'/kVc'.s  Oiih,,  p.  'Ji);  Cox's  Advcu., 

vol.  i.,  PIS  MS-',). 

'''-In  the  Yakima  Valley  'we  visited  every  street,  alley,  hole  and  corner 

of  the  camp. ..  .Here  was  gandjlinji;.  there  scalii-dancim,':  lanj^liter  in  one 

place,  numrnin^' in  another.    Crowds  were  pashin^;  to  and  tro.  whuupiiij^.  yell- 

iiiL,',  daiuinL,',  drnniniiii'^'.  sini^'ini,'.    Men,  women,  and  cliildren  wive  hnddled 

to^'i'ther;   llat;s  Jiving',  horses  iieij,'hinf,',  doj,'s  howlint,',  cliained  hears,   tied 

wolves,  t^Tiintin^,'  and  griAvlini,',  all  tK'H-mell  aiiionL;  the  tents.'    Joi.ss'  Fur 

Jfunlrrs,  vol.  i.,  p.  28.     At  Kettle  Falls  'whilst  awaiting' the  cominj,' salmon, 
i.1 : t   1.   1 , ; i.i;...,    i.....    i.: i ; 


_    .      ..^    --    ....    * — --.         .  .. ..  —  ....^  ...  — ..^ .., 

the  scene  is  one  s^nat  revel:  horse-racing,',  t^amlilin^'.  lovc -makint;.  dancinf,', 
and  divrvsions  of  all  sorts,  occupy  the  sin^^'ular  assiiiilily:  for  at  tin  se  an- 
nual L;atherini,'s.  . .  .feuds  and  dislikes  are  for  the  time  laid  hy.'  l.nril's  Xnt., 
vol.  i.,  ])!!.  72  -;i. 

'^' The  ]>rinci)>al  aniTisement  of  the  OkanaL;ans  is  f;aiidiliuL;.  'at  which 
thoy  are  not  so  (piarrelsome  as  the  Spokans  and  other  tribes, '  disputes  lie- 
inj,'  settled  i)y  arlntratiou.  I'n.t'.-i  Adfin.,  vol.  ii.,  ]>,  xs.  A  ycaiiij^-  man 
at  Kettle  Falls  committid  suicide,  havintj  lost  everytliiic.;  at  i,'a;iil>lini,'. 
Ivdii'a  W'diid.,  ])\>.  ;i();i-ll).  '  Les  In<liens  de  la  Coloiuliie  out  ]ior*  '  les  j<  ux 
do.  hasard  au  dernier  exc"'S.  Apres  avoir  perdu  tout  ee  ([u'ils  out.  ils  se  niet- 
tent  eux-memes  sur  le  tapis,  d'ahord  nne  n)ain.  i  iisiiite  Tautre;  sils  h  s 
perdent,  les  bras,  et  aiiisi  de  suite  tons  les  nu'udires  du  eor|)s;  la  tete  suit, 
et  s'ils  la  perdent,  ils  deviiinu^nt  eselaves  pour  la  vie  avec  leurs  femines  ( t 
leurs  enfants.'  />■  Sincl,  I'o//.,  pp.  'ID-oO.  Many  Kooteia  ais  have  ahandoned 
},'aml)lin%'.  Di'Simt,  ll'.s/,  .l/i'.ss.,  p.  UtM).  '  Whatever  the  ]io(ir  Indian  can  call 
his  own.  is  ruthlessly  sacrilieed  to  this  Moloch  of  human  wiakniss.'  Jnd. 
JJ/k,  p.  12;   //•(•(■/ij/'.s  ItDiiwrilli's  Afinn,,  p.  102-3. 

I'*' Sp:)kanes:  'one  of  their  f,'reat  amusements  is  horse-raeini,'.'  ir/7/.(.s' 
N'lr.,  in  l'.  S.  Ex.  Ex.,  vol.  iv.,  ]i.  IS".  Kliketats  and  Yakimas;  •  the  lacint,' 
■ason  is  the  yrand  annual  occasion  of  these  trilies.  ,V  liorseof  jiroved  re  ]iu- 
"       ■    a  source  of  wealth  or  ruin  to  his  owner,     (-)n  his  sliced  he  stakes  his 


HI 

tiition  i 


f 


GAMES  IX  THE  INTERIOR. 


281 


(1110 

vcll- 
'.Urd 
tied 
Fur 
111(111, 
iciiij^, 

lUl- 

\iit., 

vliich 
1)1- 

llltlU 

jdix 

iiut- 

1(S 

suit, 

UfS  (t 

(lulled 

111  Cilll 

hid. 

■Uhes' 
liiciiiti 
rcjiu- 
LS  Lis 


uitli  spears.  A  wooden  riii<>;  8ome  three  iiielies  in  diam- 
eter is  rolled  over  ii  U'vel  space  between  two  slight  stick 
iKiri'iers  altout  forty  feet  apurt;  when  the  rin;j,'  strikes  tlu' 
harrier  the  s[)ear  is  hurled  so  that  the  rin^j;  will  fall  over 
its  head ;  and  the  nmnlvr  scored  hj  the  throw  de[)ends 
on  which  of  six  colored  heads,  attached  to  the  hoop's 
iinier  circumference,  falls  over  the  spear's  head."^''  The 
almost  universal  (\)himhian  game  of  guessing  which  hand 
contains  a  small  polished  hit  of  bone  or  wood  is  also  a 
favorite  here,  and  indeed  the  only  game  of  the  kind 
mentioned;  it  is  played,  to  the  accompaniment  of  songs 
and  drumming,  by  parties  sitting  in  a  circk'  on  mats,  the 
slmlller's  hands  being  often  wrapped  in  fiu'.  the  better  to 
deceive  the  players."^"  All  ai'e  e.Kcessively  fond  of  danc- 
ing and  singing;  but  their  songs  and  dances,  practiced 
oil  all  possible  occasions,  have  not  been,  if  indeed  they 
vim  be,  descrii)ed.  They  seem  merely  a  succession  of 
sounds  and  motions  without  any  fixed  system,  round- 
ing on  rude  drums  of  hide  accompanies  the  songs,  which 
are  sung  without  words,  and  in  which  some  listeners  have 
detected  a  certain  savage  melody.  Scalp-dances  are  ])er- 
formed  by  women  hideously  painted,  who  execute  their 
diabolical  antics  in  the  centre  of  a  circle  formed  by  the 
rest  of  the  tribe  who  furnish  nuisic  to  the  dancers.'**'' 

wlii)l(>  stud,  lii-i  lii>ns(dii>ld  floods,  clothos,  nnd  finiilly  his  wives;  niid  ;\  siii<,'lt' 
li(;it  (liinl)ics  hirt  foi'tuiu',  or  sends  liiiii  forth  an  inipuvi  rislud  lulveiitun  r. 
The  interest,  however  is  not  conrnied  to  the  individual  din ctly  eoiiceriK  d; 
the  trihe  share  it  with  him,  mid  ii  coniiiiDU  jiilc  of  j;oods,  of  niiith  y  di  serip- 
tioii,  iipiiortioued  aeeordiiiL;  to  their  ideas  of  value,  is  put  up  liy  either  party, 
to  1)1'  (livided  iiiiioiii,'  the  li;iel;(  rs  of  the  winner.'  SI'  rms.  in  /'ce.  _//.  //.  Ii'  ft., 
vol.  i.,  p[).  Kit.  Ail.  'Itiiiinini^  horses  and  foot-r.iees  liy  nieii,  wouk  n  and 
ehildi'eii.  and  thi  y  havi'  eaiiies  of  chance  played  with  sticks  or  iKJiies;'  do 
not  driuli  to  excess.  I'lirhir's  K.fiihir.  I'mn;  pp.  '2ol,  le(i.  l.i  n-'is  iiml  Chtrh's 
Tnir.  ])p.  .").")7;  Frniwhen'a  Xnr.,  p.  2(i'J. 

1^'  ivhir's  w.iihI.,  PI).  ;uo-ii. 

'■*''  Tile  ]iiiiieij):d  ()k;Uii.;.iii  aiiiusenieiit  's  a  crair.e  railed  liy  the  voya;.^'eurs 
'jell  de  main,'  liki;  our  odd  and  even.  ''  '  .'  V<(/'..  in  I'.  S.  K(.  E,v.,  p.  le.'t. 
It  soiiielinies  tales  a  week  to  deeid(!  tln^  ^aiiie.  The  los(  r  uever  r(  pines. 
Riiss'  A'Iri'ii.,  p]).  ;{(IS-li;   Slidirl's  MiiiliUiil,  p.  71. 

'^'  .Vuioiii,'  tli(^  Wahowpunis  'the  sjiectators  formed  a  circle  round  the 
dancers,  wliu.  with  their  rohcs  drawn  tii^htly  round  the  shoulder.;,  and  di- 
vided into  parties  of  tivi>  or  six  men,  jierform  hy  crossiii;,;  in  a  line  from  one 
side  of  the  cireh^  ti_)  thu  other.  .VII  the  jiarties,  perfonuers  as  will  as  sp( c- 
tat  iiN,  i  \'^.  and  after  proceeding,'  in  this  way  for  soiiie  time,  the  siieetators 
join,  and  the  whole  concludes  liy  a  iiroiiiisciums  dance  and  soir^.'  'Ili' 
V\alla  NVallas   '  wero  fornicd  into  a  solid  culunin,  round  u  kind  of  hollow 


282 


COLUMBIANS. 


AD  ;uv  li;il)itu;il  smokri's,  alwiiys  iiiliiiliii;;'  tlic  smoke  in- 
.stc'iid  of  pulling  it  out  {il'ter  tlio  iiiaiiiu'r  of  more  ciNili/.c'd 
devotees  of  the  weed.  To  obtain  tolwiceo  the  native  will 
part  witli  ahiiost  any  other  i)ropei'ty,  hut  no  mention  i.s 
niaile  of  any  substitute  used  in  tliis  reiiion  licfore  th(? 
wliite  man  came.  IJesides  his  constant  use  of  the  [)ij)e 
as  an  amusement  or  habit,  the  inland  native  employs  it 
reji'ularly  to  elear  his  brain  for  the  transaction  of  im- 
portant business.  \\'ithont  the  [)ipe  no  war  is  di-elared, 
no  [)ea('e  ollieially  ratified;  in  all  promises  and  contracts 
it  serves  as  the  native  })led«ic  of  honor;  with  ceremonial 
whills  to  the  cardinal  points  the  wise  men  open  and 
close  the  (lelil)erations  of  their  councils;  a  commercial 
smoke  clinches  a  bargain,  as  it  also  opens  neiiotiations  of 
trade."*'^ 

The  use  of  the  horse  has  doul)tless  been  a  most 
powei'ful  aji'ent  in  molding  inland  customs;  and  yet  the 
introduction  of  the  horse  nnist  have  lieen  of  compara- 
tively recent  date.  A\'hat  were  the  customs  and  chai-ac- 
tei"  of  these  jn'ople,  even  when  America  was  (Irst  discov- 
ered l)v  the  Si)aniards.  must  ever  be  unknown.  It  is  bv 
no  means  certain  that  the  j)ossessi()n  of  tin'  horse  has  ma- 
terially bettered  their  condition.  Indeed,  by  facilitating 
the  ca[)ture  of  buiValo,  previously  taken  perhaps  ))y  strat- 
agem, by  introducing  a  medimn  with  which  at  least  the 
wealthy  may  always  purchase  supplies,  as  well  as  by  ren- 
dering practicable  long  migrations  for  ibod  and  trade,  the 


wiUiUV,  stood  on  tlic  saiui'  place,  and  luovcly  jninpod  \^^  at  intc  ivals,  to  kcc]) 
time  to  the  iLinsic'  Lrn-is  iiinl  ('lirrl,i''f<  Tnir.,  pji.  52(1.  it'M.  Xcz  J'cnM's 
dance  round  a  polr  on  Sundays,  and  the  chiefs  exhort  duiinj,'  tlie  panses. 
Irrimi'n  rxiiiinrUlr's  Ailr(H.,  pp.  101-2,  'M'l.  In  siiiLjin;^  'IIk  y  nsv  hi,  tih,  in 
constant  I'tpctition, .  .  .  .and  instead  of  several  jiarts  harinonizin^',  they  only 
take  lif^htlis  one  aliovu  another,  never  exciidini,'  thnc"  I''iil,  r's  L'.i'pinr. 
7'"")'.  p|i.  ■ii'J-li.  'The  soni.;  was  a  simple  exjiression  of  a  few  sonnds.  no 
iutelli_;ilile  words  Lein;.,' ntti'rfd.  It  resend)l<Ml  the  words  li<)-li<(-hii-hit-liii-li<i- 
h'l-liii,  eonniitiiein^'  in  a  low  tone,  and  ^^radiialiy  swellinf,'  to  a  full,  round, 
and  heautifully  modulated  chorus.'  V'lC/i.s'/x/'.s  .V(//'.,  j).  lOil.  Chualjay 
scidp-danee.  Kiim's  Watnl.,  p.  315.  llelij^ious  songs.  JJiinn's  O/'c/o/i,  pp. 
;)38-ll);    ''.iliiiir's  .low.,  y.  124:. 

isH  jj,i  Kuiet  thinks  iidialint;  toliaceo  smoke  may  prevent  its  iiij\irions 
effects.  \'iii/.,  p.  '2l»7.  In  all  religious  ceremonies  the  ]ii]ic  of  peace  is  smcikeil. 
7»'-<.ss'  A'lrin.,  pp.  '2SS-',t.  /'-(/•/,•  V'.s  Exjilnr.  Tour,  ]).  'JHi;;  //;,^.'.s'  ['oi/.,  p.  IS}. 
'The  medicinc-i)ipe  is  a  sacred  pledge  of  friindship  among  all  tin;  north- 
westci-u  Irilics.'  ,Si:iyiifi,  in  Iiul.  .1^'.  li  i>t.,  IH.Jl,  p.  220. 


TREATMENT  OF  HOUSES. 


283 


liorso  intiy  have  rontribiitcil  soinowliat  to  tluMi'  present 
spirit  of  iini)r()vi(leiu'e.     The  horses  ieed  in  liu^e  (h'oves, 
each  marki'd  witli  some  siiiii  of  ownersliii),  r*'"^''''illy  '*3' 
clij)pin,i:  the  ears,  and  when  recpiired  tor  nse  aiv  taken  hy 
tlie  lariat,  in  thi;  nse  of  wliieh  all  the  natives  have  some 
skill.  tliou,L:h  far  inferior  to  the  Mexiean  vaqiicros.     Tlie 
method  of  hreakin:;'  and  ti'aininji  liorses  is  a  (jiilck  and 
an  eilectiial  one.     It  consists  of  catching;'  and  tvin;^  the 
animal;  then  ))nnalo-skins  and  other  objects  ai't;  tlirown 
at  and  ni)()n  the  trendjlin^'  heast.  nntil   all   its   fear  is 
Iriijilitened    out  of    it.      AVhen  willing  to   he   handled, 
horses  are  treated  witli   irri'at   kindness,   hnt  when   re- 
fractoi-y,  the  harshest  measnres  are  ado[)te(l.     Thev  are 
well  trained  to  the  saddle,  and  accnstomed  to  he  monnt- 
ed  iVom  either  side.     They  are  never  shod  and   never 
tiuii:ht  to  trot.     The  natives  are  skillfnl  riders,  so  I'ar  as 
the  ability  to  keep  their  seat  at  <:reat  >-p,'ed  o\-er  a  rongh 
country  is  concei'ned,  l)ut  they  nevei'  ride  j:racefidly,  and 
rarely  if  ever  peri()rin  the  wonderful  feats  of  horsi'uian- 
ship  so  often  attributed  to  the  western  Indians.     A  loose 
«iirth  is  used  nnder  which  to  insert  the  knees  wlien  rid- 
inii  a  wild  horse.     They  are  hard  riders,  and  horses  in 
use  always  have  sore  Ixicks  and  mouths.      Women  I'ide 
astride,    and   <|uite   as   well   as   the  men;  children  also 


Iciii'n  to  ri(U>  about  as  earlv  as  to  walk 


IHl) 


I'^ach  nation 


bus  its  su[)erstitions;  by  ea(di  individual  is  I'e'oiiiii/ed 
the  iulluence  of  unseen  powers,  exercised  usually  throuLih 
the  medium  of  his  medicine  animal  chosen  early  in  life. 
Tlie  ])eculiar  customs  arising'  from  this  belit'l'  in  the 
sui)ernatui'al  are  not  very  numerous  or  comjiliciited.  iuid 
Ik'Iouu'  rather  to  the  ivligion  ol' these  })eo[)k'  treated  else- 
wliei'e.     The  IVnd  dOreille,  on  approaching;'  lUMnliood, 


'"'   [ll  llKlviU'^.    til 


iris  iiiKl  sinii 


illl.. 


.dr  til 


irci'  or  lour  nn  ;\  liorsi 


witli 


thrir  iii(itlu'l> 


lilc  tlu'  null  iliivc  the  In  nls  of  liurscs  tint  nm  I'msc  alicad. 


)1. 


I'l 


ll 


:iii(i.    H. 


ll  ft    for    lllOlltllS  Willlollt  !l 


11(1  rarely  stray  far.     Tiny  call  this  '  cai^iiiL; '  tlirii-..   j)eSiiiil,    I'"//.,  jip.  1>>7, 
liahii's  of    fifti'i'ii  iiionths  oM.  jiackic'.  in  ii  slMitn^'  posture,   n 


•17 

iiloui;  without  fear,  |,'rasiiiiii,'  thu  riiiis  with  tin  ir  tiny  hands.'  ,v 

/.'.  /.'.  /;././.,  vol.  xii.,  i)t.  ii.,  p.  1:10,  with  jijatc;  '•' ■      •      - 


;'//;.• 


/'. 


■  I-  I'l 

r'A's     I) 


11).    liH- 


J'dllisfr's  111  III.,  ]^.  T.'i:  I-'iriiliiiiii's  Trur.,  pji.  M-  ;   /;o', 


)1.  ii.,  p.  (U;  / 


2U'J  71;  L'ox's  Adnu.,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  110-11. 


rrhi  I's  .\.itiiri((,  p.  1,03;  rrumlu.n's  S'fr.,  j  p. 


2S1 


COLUJIBIAXS. 


Wiis  sent  by  liis  fatlicr  to  a  hljili  moinitiiin  and  oljlluod 
to  rciiiain  until  lie  (Ircaincd  of  some  iin'mial,  bird,  oi'  lisli, 
tlK'icaftt'r  to  Ik!  his  nu'dicinc,  whoso  claw,  tooth,  or  R'athcr 
was  worn  as  a  chanii,  Tho  howlin^ti'  of  tho  iiU'diciiR'-wolf 
and  soujc  other  Ix-asts  f'oivhoiu's  calainity,  hut  hy  the 
Okanapms  the  whitc-wolt'  skin  is  held  as  an  emblem  of 
ro\alty,  and  its  possession  pi'otoets  the  horses  of  the 
tribe  from  evil-minded  wolves.  A  rani's  Ikjimis  left  in 
the  trunk  of  a  tree  where  they  were  fixed  hy  the  mis- 
directed zeal  of  their  owner  in  attackin;::  a  native,  were 
nnich  venerated  by  the  Flatheads,  and  <>;ave  them  power 
over  all  animals  so  long  as  they  made  freijueiit  oll'erinj^s 
at  the  foot  of  the  tree.  The  Xez  lVrc('s  had  a  jHculiai* 
custom  of  overcoming  the  m<nr!i<h  or  s[)irit  of  fatigue, 
and  therehy  {ic(iuiring  remarkahle  powers  of  endurance, 
'riie  ceremony  is  perfoi-med  annually  from  the  age  of 
eighteen  to  fort\'.  lasts  each  time  from  three  to  seven 
(lavs,  and  consists  of  thrustin-j;  willow  sticks  down  the 
throat  into  the  stomach,  a  succession  of  hot  and  cold 
haths,  and  abstinence  fn^n  food.  Medicine-men  ac(juire 
or  renew  their  wonderful  ])owers  hy  retiring  to  the 
mountains  to  confer  with  tlie  wolf  They  are  then  in- 
vulnerable; a  bullet  fn-ed  at  them  llattens  on  their  breast. 
To  allowing  their  portraits  to  he  taken,  or  to  the  opera- 

'        '       '    vo  the  same  aversion 


app 


noy 


that  has  been  noted  on  the  coiist 


I'.K) 


,^tc 


am  ))aths  are 


universally  used,  not  for  motives  of  cleanliness,  hut  some- 
times for  medical  })ur[M)ses,  and  chietlj-  in  their  su|  ersti- 
tious  ceremonies  of  purification.  The  l)ath-house  is  a 
hole  dug  in  the  groimd  from  three  to  eight  leet  deep, 
and  sometimes  fifteen  feet  in  diameter,  in  some  localitv 
where  wood  and  water  are  at  hand,  often  in  the  river 
Ixmk.  It  is  also  huilt  aljove  ground  of  willow  branches 
covered  with  grass  and  earth.     Only  a  small  hole  is  left 


it 

1 


'''"  'L'rtisl'*-  ■  •  •''st  If  tjrand  nisniin  fin  m<'(locino.'  Dp  Sunt,  T"//..  pp.  .j(!, 
20.");  W'iU.Ts'  Xur..  in  ['.  S.  Hx.  Ex.,  vol.  iv.,  \i\i.  4'.)i--ri;  Slcniis.  in  Jnd.  Ati'. 
li<i)l.,  isr>|,  p.  212,  iiiid  ill  />'  Siiiifs  Wcsl.  Mis^..  pp. 'i.^")-*!;  Siir/Jn/,  in  /',"-•. 
Ji.  It.  It'll'..  ■^■"'-  '•'  P-  -'•'":  //"''''■•''  h^llitiiui.,  ill  I'.  ,S'.  AV.  /'.v.,  vol.  vi.,'  ]>.  •JOS-!); 
A'(w.s''  Far  llaid'fs,  vol.  i.,  p.  (Jl,  vol.  ii.,  p.  I'J;  Kane's  Wand.,  pp.  207,  i8'J- 
1,  318. 


MISCELLANEOUS  CUSTOMS. 


2S- 


the 
in- 

KTil- 

siou 

!*  lire 

uno- 

rsti- 

is  a 

•ality 
liviT 
m'lics 

is  k"l"t 


ii„i.  At). 

ill   /V-. 

I.  ■.•t;s-',i: 
CI,  •.«'J- 


jor  cntrimcc.  and  this  is  eloserl  nj)  aftci'  tlic  batlicr  fil- 
ters. Stones  an>  licatcd  by  u  (ire  in  tlie  hatli  itseli".  or 
ari"  tlirown  in  after  heinjji,'  heated  outside.  In  this  oven, 
heated  to  a  siiiVocatinji'  tei literature,  the  naked  native 
i-evels  for  a  Ion*;'  time  in  the  steam  and  nind.  nieaii- 
Avliile  sinuinii',  liowlin;:'.  prayinii'.  and  linally  rushes  out 
(h'iiipin^'  uith  j)ersj)irati<)n,  to  i)hin<ie  into  tlie  nearest 
stream.'''  livery  lodj>e  is  snrroimded  ])y  a  pack  of  wortli- 
less  coyote-lookinji  cnrs.  Tlie.se  ar<!  sometimes  maiU'  to 
carry  small  hiirdens  on  tlieir  hjwks  Avhen  the  tril)e  is 
movinji':  otherwise  no  n.se  is  made  of  them,  as  they  are 
never  eaten,  and.  with  iiei'liajis  the  exception  of  a  breed 
owned  b\-  the  Okanauans.  are  never  trained  to  hunt.  1 
}:ive  in  a  note  a  few  miscellaneous  customs  noticed  by 
travelers.*''" 

Th(>se  natives  of  the  interior  are  a  liealthy  lint  not  a 
very  lonu-lived  race.  Ophthalmia,  of  which  the  sand, 
smoke  of  the  lod,^•es,  and  retlection  of  the  sun's  rays  on 
tlie  lakes  are  suiiiicsted  as  the  cau.ses,  is  more  or  less 
prevalent  throu.iihout  the  territory;  scrofulous  com))laints 
and  skin-eruptions  are  of  frecjuent  occurrence,  especially 
in  the  Saha[)tin  family.  Other  disea.ses  are  conij)ara- 
tlvely  rare,  exeeptinj.^  of  cours(>  epidemic  disorders  like 

i''i  Lrir'is  aii'l  C'liirhr's  Tntv.,  jip.  3^l{-4;  J'firhtr's  Krjilnr.  Tour,  j)}). 'ill-'J: 
l:n:<!<'  A, Inn.,  y],.  lill-Vi. 

'''-'  'I'lic  Walla  Wallas  I'tctivf  bad  news  with  a  howl.  'I'lic  Spokaiits  •  caclu' ' 
lliiir  s  ilmnii.  'I'lu  V  arc  williiij,'  to  cliaiii^'c  nanus  with  any  oiic  tin  y  isici  in. 
'  Sui.iijc  I  111  vails  nnirc  anion^,'  the  Indians  of  the  Colnniliia  i;ivi  !■  than  in  any 
1 4 her  ]i(ntion  of  the  continent  w.iich  1  have  visited.'  /uiiu's  Wiiml..  ]i]i.  '.iSiI  ;i, 
:i  7  III.  ■  rnscrvc  pai'ticnlarordir  in  thrir  niovtnicnts.  'i'lic  lirst  chic  f  leads 
tile  way,  the  next  chiefs  follow,  then  the  common  men.  and  after  these  the 
wonieii  and  ciiildron.'     They  arranije  themselves  in  similar  order  in  coiiiint; 


f.  <v\\i 


d  to  receive  visitors.     Do  not  nsuallv  1; 


tl 


icn'  own  an'e 


v. 


n;  pp.  .S(, 


l:!:!-4,  -lil 


Distance  is  calculated  liv  tin 


de  is  soventv  miles  on  horseback,  tliirtv-tive  miles  on  foot,    /c 


11  day's 
Ailri  II., 


]).  'M'.K     Natives  can  tell  by  examinin 


Dwstowhat  trilic' thevbrjonL;.  /c 


I'lir  lliiiil. 
their  name 


d.  ii. 


bl7.     Kliketats  and   ^'akinias  oftili  nnwillini;  to  tell 


(Jihh: 


J'lw.  /.'.  /.'.  Unit.,  v.d.  i..  11.  jr.". 


'D' 


aj.n 


touteS   h 


observations  cpie.  j'ai  faites,  lenr  joiirnee  I'lpiivaut  a  inn  jiris  a  cincpiante  ou 
soixante  niilles  an;;lais  lors([u'ils  voya.L!ent  senls,  et  a  (inin/.e  on  vine!  milhs 

ur  camps.'   />i  Snul,    I'ni/.,  \k  'i(l"i.     Aiiioni;-  Ih 


s.iilement  lorsiin'ils  levent  le 


Nez   1 


erces   eV( 


rvtl 


lin;.,'  WHS  proniul;.,'ated  by  criers. 


■iierallv  tilled  by  some  old  man,  who  is 


Th^ 
id  for  little  els 


It^   olllee   o 


f  crier  is 
A  vilhc'e  has 


•nerallv  s   ver: 


I, 


rriii;l  . 


II 


(iniii'niii'  s 


Ih' 


if  the  Flatheads  in  the  missions.  J)unn's  Oroijim,  ])p.  lUo-O 


li/ci/i.,  j).  'iSf!,     Habits  of  wiirsliii 


ired 

vol.  i.,  pp.  71-3. 


ily  ta 


•d 


praine  wolves,  always  m 


l>i 


kof 


ck- 


uttt'udancc'  LnnVs  .\al. 


286 


COU'MHIANS. 


wiiiill-jtox  iinil  mi'ii.-U's  ('(intractcd  from  tlic  Avliitcs.  uliich 
have  ciiiiscd  jiroat  liavcut  in  iioarly  all  the  trilics.  Hot 
and  cold  liatlis  aro  the  favorite  native  remcdv  foi'  all 
their  ills,  hut  other  Miiii[)le  s})e('i(i('s,  harks,  herhs.  and 
jiiiius  are  employed  as  well.  Indivd,  so  eilicacioiis  is 
theii-  treatment,  or  rather,  jH'rhaps,  so  jM)\verrid  with 
them  is  nature  in  resisting'  disease,  that  >vlien  the  lo- 
cality or  eause  of  irrejiularity  is  manifest,  as  in  the  ease 
of  wounds.  I'raetures,  or  snake-hites,  remai-kahle  cures 
are  asctiihed  to  these  pi'ople.  lint  here  as  elsewhere,  the 
si(!knes,s  hecominji"  at  all  serious  or  invsterious.  medical 
treatment  i)ro[»er  is  altojiether  uhandoned.  and  the  pa- 
tient (M)nnnitted  to  the  magic  [nnvers  of  the  na'dicine- 
man.  In  his  power  either  to  cause  or  cinv  disease  at 
will  im|)licit  conlidence  is  i'elt,  and  failure  to  heal  indi- 
cates no  la(;k  of  skill;  conseciuently  the  doc.tor  is  respon- 
sihle  for  his  patient's  ivcovery,  and  in  case  of  death  is 
liahle  to.  and  often  does,  answer  vith  his  life,  so  that  a 
natural  death  anion,!];'  the  medical  fn'^ernity  is  extremely 
rare.  His  oidy  chance  of  escape  is  to  persuade  ri'latives 
of  the  dead  that  his  ill  success  is  attrihutahle  to  the  evil 
iulluence  of  a  rival  physician,  who  is  the  one  to  die:  or 
in  some  cases  a  heavy  ransom  soothes  the  <irief  of  moui'ii- 
inu'  friends  and  avengers.  One  motive  of  the  ( 'ayuses 
in  till'  massacre  of  the  Whitman  family  is  su^njosed  to 
have  heen  the  missionary's  failure  to  cure  the  nu'asles  in 
the  tribe,  lie  had  done  his  hest  to  relieve  the  sick.  an<l 
his  j)()wi'r  to  elt'ect  in  all  cases  a  complete  cure  was  un- 
((uestioiied  by  the  natives.  The  methods  by  whicdi  the 
medicine-man  practices  his  art  are  very  uniform  in  all 
the  nations.  The  patient  is  stretched  on  his  back  in  *'ie 
ci'utie  of  a  hu'ge  lodge,  and  his  friends  few  or  <  '»  >it 
about  him  in  a  circle,  each  provided  with  st  uere- 

with  to  drum.  The  sorcerer,  often  grotescpie.  painted, 
enters  the  ring,  chants  a  song,  and  proceeds  to  Ituce  ^^e 
evil  si)irit  from  the  sick  man  by  pressing  both  clenclicd 
lists  with  all  his  might  in  the  pit  of  his  stomach,  knead- 
ing and  pounding  also  other  parts  of  the  body,  blowing 
occasionally  through  his  own  lingers,  and  sucking  blood 


MEDICAL  rnACTirE, 


287 


from  tlic  ]);n't  su|)|)<)s(>(l  to  be  alVi'ctcd.  Tiic  spcctiitors 
])oiiiiil  with  tlifii'  .sticU.s.  iind  .'ill.  iucliitlin,:^'  doctof.  and 
ol'tcii  tl'.c  jLiticiit  in  spite  of  liimsclf.  Is(t|)  up  a  coiitimiiil 
m)m;:  or  veil.  TluTi;  is,  liowcwr,  sonic  nictliod  in  this 
madness,  and  when  tlie  I'ontine  is  eoinpleted  it  is  a,iiain 
]n'j:un.  and  thus  repeated  for  sevi'i'al  hours  I'ach  (hiv  un- 
til the  ('as(>  is  decided.  In  many  nations  the  doetor 
finally  extracts  the  s[)irit.  in  the  form  of  a  small  hone  or 
other  ol)lect.  from  thc^  itatient's  bodv  or  mouth   hv  some 

t'  I  L  • 

trick  of  le,u<'i'di'main.  and  this  once  eifected.  he  assures 
the  surrounding  friends  that  the  tormentor  having  heen 
thu.M  rem(»ved,  recovery  ninst  soon  lollow.'"' 


'•'^  The  N'l'.'.  I'lTci'-*  '  nro  pciifviilly  liPiilthy,  \]\r  <iiily  disunli  rs  wliidi  we 


luivc  liiid  iicciisiuu  til  rciimik  Iniii^,'  cif  scrii|pliiili)us  k 


ha.l 


SCM'I'IIISS    II 


f  th 


fVI  S    IS    il    MVV    I'llMlIIKI 


U    lli 


lir 


With  tllr  Siiklllk: 

Itiiil  tilth  III 


viiT  j,'i!iiTul,"  Tlif  (  liillnckittiMiM.iws'  tlisi'iiscs  live  siii'i'  I  yi's,  ilrcayiil  tiitli, 
iiiiil  tmimis.  The  Wallu  Wallas  li  ivc  lUc'i  rs  ami  cniiitiniis  nf  tlic  sl;iii,  luul 
ijccasidii.illy  vhi'iuil  ilisiii.  The  (,'iii)|iilliliish  had  '  srlcit'iila,  l  hi  iiinatisiii,  and 
Kiirc  cvis,'  ami  a  ft  w  have  »iitin  Iv   lust  the   usr  (if  thi  ir  liiiilis.    /,■  c-i.s  dml 


Chirl.-' 
h; 


iflili 


:ill,:r.j,  ;tsj,  ."i.U.  •■ill».    Tin' imilirin  -mini  n 


'■'''■■•  . 
ics  ill  Ins  im'aiitatiiiiis. 


SIS  a  llirilirilir- 


I'lirh 


/•;..•/./../•.  v. 


nil.  2KI   1.     'I'hcOkaii- 


ii'^aii  iiirijiciiir-miii  arc  calliil  lldiiiiillnii'ilis.  nni\  'iiiflniii  t;i'iiirall\  past  the 


niiridiaii  of  lif<';  in  thi  ir  lialiits  I'vavc 


id  sidal( 


ki 


■A'f  of  lifilis  and  I'Diiis,  and  thi'ir  virtiii 


i'hi  y  1 


MISSI'SS    a    HIHM 


1 

I  Live  iificn  ■  st'cii  liiin 
thi'iiw  nut  whnlf  lunutlifiils  nf  111 1,  mid  yi't  lint  tlir  Irast  mark  wnuld  appiar 


iiitl 


II'  ^iklll. 


[i 


law  an  Indian  wlin  had  luiu  in  arlv  drMinnd  li 


zly  hear,  and  had  liis  skull  split  npcli  in  several  pla 


ind 


sivi-ral  pi 


•f 


liiiiii'  talccii  mil  Jiist  alinvr  the  lii'aiii,  and  ineasniin,'  thret  -fuuitlis  nf  an  inch 


in  len 'th.  I'lired  so  etl'''tilally  hy  one  nf  these  jil;. 


that 


•ss  than  two 


iiiiiitlis  after  he  was  ridiiiL,'  mi  his  linrse  ii^'aiii  at  the  chas:'.     1  have  also  seen 


tlieiii  cut  lip'  11  the  I 


■  w 


inside 


ith  a  knife,  extraet  a  lar^,'e  ipiaiitity  nf  fat  flMiii  the 


sew  lip  the  part  a'_;ain,  and  the  patii  lit  snm 


11  alli  r  piifectly  nenvi  n 


d. 


'I'lie  iiinst   ficipielit  diseasi  s  are  '  illdiijestinli,  IlllXes,  asthmas,  and  enlisump- 
timis  '      Il|st:nieesnf  lnli,'ivity  rare.   /i'".ss'  .I'/i'' /<.,  ]ip,  ;1  lU    S.      A  desperate  easo 

•  if  eniisumptinn  cni'd  hy  killing,'  a  iIhl;  eaeh  day  fnr  thiity-twn  da 


1!  iipi'ii  and  pi  u'iu'4  tile  J 


ripinni,' 
atieiit's  lei,'s  in  the  warm  iiilrstines,  admiiiisteriiii,' 

smile  harks  mi'anwhile.      The  Flatheads  sulijeet  tn  few  diseases;   splints  n--eij 

fnr  frai'tiu'es.  Iilrediie.,'  with  sharp  tliiits  fur  enntusiuns.  iei-enld  liaths  fur  nrdi- 
II  iiy  rhiiuiiatism,  and  vapnr  bath  witli  euhl  |ilnn;_;e  fur  ehruiiie  ihi  iimatisni. 


.// 


vnl.  ii  ,  jip.  111)-;!,  v 


il. 


•2  is --.I. 


AmuiiL;  the  Walla  Wallas 


ciilivalesei  lits  are  direeted  fn  siiii;  sniiie  huiirs  eai 


h  dav.      T 


limn 


dl 


;arments.   eti 


le  Spi 


it  the   death-bed  tn  be   buried   with  the   bnilv. 


liellee  few  enmfurts  fur  the  siek.   ll'iV/.r.s'  .\Wc.,  ill  r.S.  F..\\  K, 


A. 


I'l' 


'IJO  7.  IS.").  The  l'"latheads  say  their  wniinds  cure  themselves.  IhSmrt.  I'u//., 
I'l).  I'.IS  •_'()(»,  'l"he  Wasciis  envi'  iMttlesnake  bites  by  salt  applied  tn  the  wuiind 
nr  by  whisky  taken  internally.    Iviiks   'A'hikL 


I'l' 


mile  dnetnr's  thrnat  ent  bv  tlie  father  (it  il  patient  she   had  faili-d   t 


'■iieralh 


!'■ 
I  "//..   p.    Ill  '.     The  ufttee  nf   lliedieine-ineli  aiming;   the 


A   fe 

tn  cure 


haptins 


■dit 


Klaiii 


iry. 


Jlell  (iften   (lie   fruili  fear  nf    a    niedieille-mairs   e\il 


liival  dneturs  work  on  the  feiirsnf  patients  tu  L;et  eaeh  ntlnr  killed. 


Murders  nf  diietnrs  sniiiewhat  rare  iiiann''  the  Nez  I'er 


Alrnril,  in  .^''  Imi'l- 


ci'dfl's  Arrh,,  vnl.  v..  ]i|).  Vi^>'l~''i,  (!.").').      Sniall-pnx  seems  tn  have  cniiie  iininli}^ 
tlio  Yakimas  uud  Kliketats  before  direct  iutercoursu  with  whites.  Gibhn,  in 


288 


COLUMBIANS. 


Grief  at  tlic  death  of  a  relative  is  manifested  hy  cut- 
ting the  hair  ai^d  smearing  tlie  face  with  black.     I'he 
women  also  howl  at  intervals  for  a  period  of  weeks  or 
*'ven  months;  hut  the  men  on  ordinary  occasions  rarely 
make  o[)en  demonstrations  of  soi'row,  though  they  some- 
times shed  tears  at  the  death  of  a  son.     Several  instances 
of  suicide  in  mournint:;  are  recorded;  a  Walla  A\'alla 
chieftain  caused  himself  to  be  Ijuried  alive  in  the  grave 
with  the  last  of  iiis  five  sons,     '^fhe  death  of  a  wile  or 
daughter  is  deemed  of  comparatively  little  consc((uence. 
In  case  of  a  tribal  disaster,  as  the  death  of  a  prominent 
<'hief,  or  the  killing  of  a  band  of  warriors  by  a  hostile 
ti'ibe,   ;dl  indulge  in  the  most   frantic   demonstrations, 
tearing  the  hair,  lacerating  the  llesh  with  Hints,  often  in- 
Jlicting  serious  injury.    The  sacrifice  of  human  life,  gen- 
erally that  of  a  slave,  was  practiced,  but  apparently  no- 
where as  a  regular  part  of  the  funeral  rites.    Among  the 
Flatheads  the  bravest  of  the  men  and  women  ceremo- 
nially bewail  the  loss  of  a  warrior  by  cutting  out  pieces 
of  their  own  tlesh  and  casting  them  with  roots  and  other 
articles  into  the  fire.     A  long  time  })asses  before  a  dead 
])erson's  name   is  willingly  s[)oken  in  the   tribe.     I'he 
corjise   is  counuonly   disposed   of   by   wrapping    in    or- 
ilinary  clothing  and  burying  in  the  ground  without  a 
collin.     The  northern   tribes   sometimes   suspentled  the 
body  in  a  canoe  from  a  tree,  while  those  in  the  south 
Ibrmerly  [)iled  their  dead  in  wooden  sheds  or  sepulchres 
above  ground.     The  Okanagans  often  bound  the  body 
upright   to  the  trunk  of  a  tree.      Property  was  in  all 
cases  sacrilieed;   horses  usually,  and  slaves   sometimes, 
killed  on  the  grave.    The  more  valuable  articles  of  wealth 
were  de[)osite(l  with  the  body;   thy  r(\st  sus[)ended  on 
poles  over  and  about  the  grave  or  left  on  the  surface  of 
the  gi'ouud  ;  a'ways  previously  dauiaged  in  such  mauner 
as  not  to  tem[)t  the  sacrilegious  thief,  for  their  places  of 


I'll:  /?.  n.  U<i<l..  vol.  i.,  pp.  40.'),  4ns.  A  Noz  Pored  (locti.v  Idll-.i  by  ii 
lir.iUicr  (if  ii  111, 111  who  liml  shot  hhiisclf  in  ii',>Miniiii,L!  for  his  dtiul  irl.itivc; 
)!i  ■  liroMii'v  ill  tnrii  killuil,  uiul  scvirul  othui-  lives  lost.  Hohs'  i'nr  Ihinkrs, 
vol.  i.,  p.  2J"J 


CII.VllACTER  OF  THE  INLAND  TIUCES. 


289 


I'.ii 


Iniriul  arc  liold  most  sacred.  Moiniils  of  stoiios  snr- 
luoiiutod  with  crosses  indicate  in  later  times  the  conver- 
sion of  the  natives  to  a  foreijiii  religion 

\n  character  and  in  morals/''"'  as  \vell  as  in  physiijue,  the 

''"  Till"  Siikiilks  wrap  tho  di'iid  in  skins,  1)ury  thorn  in  ^'ivivcs,  cover  with 
earth,  ami  iiiiirk  tlie  f,'ruv('  liy  liltlc  pickets  (if  wood  stnuK  over  and  altoiit  it. 
On  lie  C'liluniljia  helow  the  Snake  was  a  slied-tond)  sixty  hy  tw(  Ive  feet,  open 
at  *ne  ends,  staiidin'^'  cast  and  west,  liecently  diad  lioi'ies  wrajiped  in  hallu'r 
and  ai'!anL,'ed  on  boards  at  the  west  end.  .Vhont  tlie  centre  a  i  roniiscr.ons 
hi'a|i  of  parti.illy  (h'cayed  eorjises;  and  at  eastern  end  a  mat  with  twenty-ono 


•nded  nn  tlie  insid 


o 


ski'.ils  an'an^'ed  in  il  circle.     jVrtieles  vif  pro]!erty 

anil  ^>lvrl 't.ins  of  horses  seatten-d  outside,     .\liout  the  Dalles  ei-ht  vaults  of 

Imards  ei\;lit  fict  s(piari'.  and  six  f(  et  hi„'h,  and  all  the  walls  decorati  d  with 


pieturi 


md 


earvin'''s.    Tln' bodies  were  laid  east  and  west.  />  irisi'i.-l  ('lnrl.v'.i 


Trar..  jip,  :ut-.'),  ;i.')'.i-(;o,  :;7'.i--sii.  or,!- 


()k:ina''ans  olisia've  sili  iiee  a 


liont 


the  (lath-lied,  but  the  n 


t  the  jierson  dies  the  ho 


is  abandnued,  arid 


sil, 


is  niourninj,' is  joined  in  by  all  the  cani]i  for  some  lloln^  .  then  (had 


while  the  bodv  i- 


lodire  torn  (h 
1)1 


Th 


wr;iiipe( 


I  in 


a  new  L;a!'ii 


It.  !• 


;ht  (lit,  and  the 


len  alt(  iiiate  liKHtrnini,'  and  silence,  and  the  (lec(ased  i.n 
1  hole.     Widows  must  mourn  two  vcars. 


juried  111  a  sittiiiL,'  posture  m  a  rouni 
iucess.mtb'  for  some  months,  then  onlv  mornin''  and  eveniii''.    Hans'  Ailroi. 


pp 


Frantic  lnonrniiiL;.  cnttini;  the  llesh,  etc.,  by  Xi  /,   1' 


/;. 


Fur  Ihud  rs',  vol.  i..  pji.  '2  ;l-"i,  -iiiS-'.l,  vol    ii.,  p.  l:i!).     Destrncti 


if  h 


and  olh'T 


pri 


■rty  by  Spokaiies.   ro,i''.s  Ailnn.,  vol,  i,,  )ip.  linO-l.     A  sliusli 


wap  widow  insti;_'ati-;  the  murder  of  a  victim  as  a  s.icriliee  to  iKi'lnbbaiid. 


The  liorst  s  of  a  Walla  W.dla  chief  not  used  after  his  death.   Iv 


\Vii,„l. 


pp.   J7S~'.),   -iCil-."),    -rr,,  2h'.).      ilnndr.  (Is  of  Was 


bod 


muse  on  an  island,  just  below  the  Dalles.     .\  Walla  \V 


leS    (111 


(1 


11 


i!la  ( 


hief 


ciiused  liim 


Self  to    be    buried   alive    in    the    u'rave  of   his    last    son.    linns'    \'<ii/.,   ])p.    ],')'.), 

IfSl  -'*.     ,Vnioiii4  the  Yakimas  and  Kliketats  the  women  do  the  nioiirninu',  liv- 
ing,' a|i.ut  fur  a  few  days,  and  then  biithiiiL,'.     Okanaj^'an  bodies  strap[ cd  to  a 


Stone  mounds  over  Spokane  f,'rav( 


es.   (ii'ilis  <ii(( 


I  SI 


!■> 


H.  II 


l!<jit.,  vol.  i  ,  jip.-lor),  4i;{,  vol.  xii.,  lit.  i.,  p.  1.");).     Tend  d'On  ilh  s  buried  old 
and  yoiini,' alive  when  uiiabl,'  to  take  c;ire  of  theni.  hnl.  .U)'.  Jlipl.,  l^.")!,  pp. 


2.;s. 


7i 


ili^th 


lical  stacks  of  drift- 


id  '   ov(>r  A\'alla  \\  alia  u'lav 


7'.s'  .Vi(/'.,  i>.  1")7.     Shushwaiis  often  deposit  dead  in  tre 


If  in  th 


f^'roiind.  always  cover  j^Tiive  with  stones.  Mui/ir's  11.  ('.,  p.  liiil.     KilliiiL!  a 
slave  liy  Wascos.    W'Idl  's  0  i)i.,   jip.  'ii'.O-:!.     J)ances  and  pray(  rs  for  thn  o 


(lavs  fit  \e/  l'erc('  chief's  burial.    / 


mini  . 


iniiii'  rilii' 


,/iv 


i.  -s:;.    J! 


ill,' infant  with  jiareiits  by  Flatheads.    I)r  Smrt.    I'd//.,  p.  IT.i.     Lit^'ht  wooih  n 


I'ali, 
Tuin 


,'iiili.iut  Sliusluvap  L;ra\ 
'  /.  ill  SrIiirilrrdiVs  Ar  A.. 


.1/; 


II, nl  rlirilill    'S     Xnrtlitr.    /  i 


in  n.  r.  I'll 


in  L'lrd's  Xnl.,  vol.  ii 


pi.  ill.,  ji.  Ml 


1> 


/■.'.171A 


'/• 


Jl'.l;    //I'/.  I.in 


pp.  U.l 


-s,  2r,i)-l. 


1>.  b  I; 
.  p.  Ti."); 


'■'' Sokulks  'of  a  mild  and  ]ieaceable  d  sp,.>in,:ii 
t'hilliiekittiMpiaws  'unusually  aos]i'talile  and  eood  b 


-;]ieetful    to  old 


( 


th. 


st  amiable  we  h.ive  seen.     'J'heir  charai 


ived  into  )iass 


Tl 


lacid  and  ''eiill 


ijopuni.h  It 


iiidei  il  sellish  and  avaricious. 


Will 


small  articles.   J.rirls  mvl  t'lurh 


Tl 


V.  ;j:!s,  ,111,  ;i."i],  :i7<i 


e.  r;il(  IV 


1  1 1  1  r 


The  Flit  heads  'so  distinu'uont  ]iar  la  (■i\ilit(',  riionni'ti'ti',  et  la 


.].b 


He 


I,  I' 


I'P 


;w-lii,  17 


ill,  ic.i; 


L(l.-1.      Flatheads   •  ll 


lians  of  the  mountains  and  tlu!  jilains,— hoin  st,  brave,  and  dc 


if, 


r.ais  •  men  of  j-'reat  docilitv  and  artles-iiess  of  character.'  .^7' 


./  11,.,,/. 


ill  1), 


.isW'rst.    .l/ks„  iji. -isl,  2S1,2'.).I,  ;tOi.     C 


d'  \r  lie  selti.-,h  and 


lirited.  Jh  Sill.  I,   ]r:ss.  ih   ri)r.'.ii,ii.  p.  :'•■!'.).     In  the  W: 


mil 


I'll    Ulisuspectin 


illlideni 


'  natural  ]i'  litei 


W.alh: 
ibt 


10  ohtnisive  la 


an 

fa 


iarity.     Flatlieads    'frank  and  L(JSi)itable.'      Except  eruilty 


caiitivos 


Vol.  I.    IS) 


11 


290 


COLUMBIANS. 


iiilund  native  is  almost  unanimously  jn'onouncod  supo- 
rior  to  the  dwcllor  on  tlu;  coast.  Tho  excitement  t)t'  the 
chase,  of  wai',  and  of  athletic  sports  ennohles  the  mind 
as  it  develops  the  l)ody ;  and  although  proljahly  not  hy 
nature  l<.'ss  indolent  than  theii'  uest'  rn  neijihbors,  yet 
are  tiicse  natives  of  the  interior  driven  hy  circumstances 
to  habits  of  industry,  and  have  nuich  less  leisure  time 
for  the  cultivation  of .  the  lower  I'orms  of  vice.  As  a 
race,  and  compared  with  the  average  American  aborigi- 
nes, they  are  honest,  intellijicnt,  and  pure  in  morals. 
Travelei's  ;u'e  liable  to  form  their  estimate  of  national 
character  from  a  \iew.  ])erha[)s  unfair  and  prejudiced, 
ol'  the  actions  of  a  lew  individuals  encountered;  conse- 
(pieuily  (pialities  the  best  and  the  worst  have  been  ^iven 
b\  some  to  each  of  the  nations  now  under  consideration. 
lM»r  the  best  reputation  the  Xe/  Perci's.  Flalheads  and 
Kooteiiiiis  have  always  been  rivals;  their  jzood  (jualiries 
have  been  })raise(l  by  all.  ])riest.  trader  and  touiist. 
Honest,  just,  and  olh'ii  charitable:  ordinarily  cold  and 
reserved,  but  on  occasions  social  and  almost  ,i:;\\':  (juick- 
teui[)cred  and  revenuei'ul  under  what  they  consider  in- 

li;ivc  'fiwcv  failing's  tliiiii  any  of  the  trilics  I  fvcv  met.'     Ilravf,  (jnirt,  ami 

iiiMiiiahli' til  tli(  ir  cliii'fs.     Sjinkains  '(^uiil,  lininh.t,  iiuill'i  lisivi  .'  l.ut  vath(  r 

i'ld'il.'iit.     ' 'I'lKHV^litlcss  a!i(l  inijii'i  ■vidiit.'     Cikaii,iL;iiiis  '  liiiluli  lit  rascals;' 

'  an  limii'st  ami  qiiiit  tril)f.'     Saiisjioils  diiiy.  sidlhlul,  dislioiicst.  ijuarrclMHiic, 

etc.  t'(M  iirs  d'Al'iK'  ■  uiufiinulv  linmst;'  'hkh-c  suvaj;c  than  iIk  ii'  m  iL;h- 
1,. .„,...  •     i,-,,..f..,,.,;^- i...,.,.^f  1,. ..'   ;.,,,i.,.,..   «..,,(i,f,,i      I.'.,,, ,1, ....,..>  ti,;...-;,,., .',..,) 


to  I'l  c  ivc  iiistnictiiiii.  ■  JjVuilc  scarce  IV  Km iwii.  jurnn's  /..vplnr.  li,i<i\  ]i|i, 
!)7,  l'"i,  -I'-Vl,  'J:!'.!,  ;!lKi-4,  ;i'll-'l2.  Of 'the  Niriitcimiclis  'the  lialiitnal  viii- 
(liclivciicss  (if  tlicir  character  is  f.istcrcd  liy  the  ceaseless  fdids.'  "  N(  arly 
eV' ry  f;inily  has  a  luimir  veiuh'ttii  (if  itsewii.'  '  I  he  races  that  (h]'elid  (  ii- 
li:-  ly  iir  chielle  on  tisliiiig,  are  iiaiiiea.Mii:,My  iiil(  ricir  t(i  th(is(;  trihes  who, 
with   lervi--'  and  siiicws  hracid  bv  e\eii  ise,  and  minds  c(im|iarativ(  Iv  eii- 


li.   .,.     - ^. 

with  lervi--'  and  simws  hraci  d  by  e\(  ii  isi ,  and  minds  c(imiiarativ(  ly  eii- 
ivi'.iled  liy  frei|nent  "Xciteiiieiit.  live  cull  taiitly  amid  war  and  the  chase' 
Aiil'rfoii  in  llisl.  Mi'i.,  \o\.  vii.,  ii[).  Ti-Si).  lii'.aml  tribes  of  l>ritisli  Cn- 
l',i;iibia  K'ss  industrials  and  less  provident  th.in  tlie  iiiere  se(h  ntary  cdast 
'  "  .Udi/ni'H  Ii.  ('.,  \i\).  ;iiil,  21)7.  Sahai  tins  'cdld,  tacitninj  hii^li- 
■   '■■''      '  ■  '     '  ' '"      .     1,  .  .-  ,  .  ■    ,f 


Ii 


iali> 


t.'  11  (I'd,  WHrhke,  fond  of  liuiitiii!,'.'  Pahiiise,  Vakiinas,  Kliketats,  etc.,  ot 
a  'I  '~is  ha"dy  and  active  teiinieranieiit '  than  the  Xe/.  I'erci's.  Unit's  Klliiinii., 
iu  U.  S.  A'.i-.  J:\\,  vol.  vi.,  ini.  r.i'J,  21U-l.'t.     Cayuscs  '  drea(h  d  by  their  neigh- 


INLAND  MOKALITY. 


201 


justico,  ]):il:  iv.ilily  appeastMl  l»y  kin;l  troatnicnt;  crtiol 
only  to  captive  t'lieuru's,  stoical  in  the  eiiduraiice  of  tor- 
ture; devotedly  attached  to  home  and  i'amily;  these 
natives  pi*oI)ahly  come  as  near  as  it  is  permitted  to  llesii- 
and-hlood  savaues  to  the  traditional  noble  red  man  of 
the  forest,  s(Mnetimes  met  in  romance.  It  is  the  pride 
and  hoast  of  the  Flathead  that  his  tribe  has  never  she(l 
llie  blood  of  a  Avhite  man.  Yet  none,  uliatever  their 
tribe,  amid  altogether  resist  the  tem[)tation  to  steal 
hoi'scs  from  their  neijiliboi's  of  a  dilVerent  tribe,  or  in 
foi'nier  times,  to  pilfer  small  articles,  wonderinl  to  the 


;i\:iu.e  e\e.  introduced  hv  Europe; 


uis. 


M 


niv  have  lieen 


nominally  converted  by  the  zealous  labors  of  the  .Jesuit 
leathers,  or  Protestant  missionaries:  and  several  nations 
liave  gi'catly  improved,  in  material  condition  as  avcU 
as  in  character,  niider  their  clianu'c  of  i'aitli.    As  ^Ir 


Al 


exam 


ler  1 


toss  remarks 


^tli 


lerc  is  less  crime  in  an 


Indian  camp  of  live  hundred  souls  than  there  is  iu  a 
civilized  villai^e  of  but  half  that  number.  Let  the 
lawyer  or  moralist  jioint  out  the  cause." 


!'t.  ami 
nithi  r 

i.M-als,' 
Millie, 
IK  ii;h- 

iiinaiiil 

i.  ;iii. 

IS.   n - 

Ski'tu 

lliali 

r.  H'l.. 

pidiid 
to  I  acli 

illxinUM 

■.  I'l'- 
\al  vili- 
Nt  ally 
i\(l  1  11- 
s  wliii, 
•(  ly  (11- 
I'liasi'.' 
ish  (•'- 
I'V  (Miaht 
i;  hi!-;li- 
itc,  "f 
■'Al.iii'n-s 
,r  miuli- 


111  iicconut  of  tlii'ir  cimvu'j 


1(1  warlike  siiirit.'     Walla  "NValliis  'iiotori- 


uiis  as 
stitious,  ( 


tliiivi 


tlirir  tiist  iiiti  rciiursf  with  whitis. 


'  Illilwlcllt,    sill  01'- 


Iniukcu  ami  (l(l>ancheil.     I'liaiactrr  nf  Flatlic  ads,  1".  ud  il'Or.  illcs. 


r.ualiUas.  l.nl.AjY.  1!  pi.,  \h:,\.-[<i 


).  2U(- 


!11,  2;.s.  ■l■^^^.  2S'J,  l^'il.  lip.  If  I 


kiiu  is  aiu 


1  KlikVtats  'iiiui-h  sir.irior  to  tlm  rivir  Indians.'  Sli- 


l'> 


li.  /,'.  //••/ii'.,  vol.i.,  ii|>.(n.".. -ills,  |(i:i,  lU;,  vul.  xii.,  i  t.i  ,  i 


i:i'.).    Wi 


iliu^ly  vicious. 


// 


r.-//.,  lip.  i.")ii,  ii 


Till'  Xi/  I'l  re  s  '  iiic,  !•<  it.iinh  , 


nation  of  siiiits  tliaii  a  lioi-di'  of  sava'. 


Skvn- 


:'S.  Walla  Wi.lla^ 


ll-'-i:i  I  ■ 


A<l^ 

Vh-b 


B' 


in  I,  ji. 


llr 


T 


Aih-iii.,  iiji.  Uil,  ■is7,  --SK-'.)!,  :!()'•.     'I'lishrpaws;  // 


o»/  ••,• 


irm 


To'm 


lompsoii  ilivir  Indians  vatlu'i'  a  superior  and  clc  v(  r  race. 

.s/.  Oct..  iSHi.     •  Indians  from  the  Itocky  nionntaiiis  to  tlie  falls 


if  CoIuuiImi,  are  an  honest,  inueiiiioiis,  an 


1  well 


.1 


l'"t 


lie.'   liut 


dsl) 'low  tli;>  falls.  «i'((.s.s'  ,l,iiir..  p.  :iOl.     riatlie.id  '  lieiceiuss  ami  liailmiity  il 


w  ii 


Uld   11  >t   !):■   eXC"ed<d.'    .V 


".'/ 


0:1" 


Tir.,  ]K  ir.:i.      Flatla  ads,  Walla 


W.dliH  and  Nez  I'erc 


'".'/  • 


//'■.^^  V';//i..  pp.  171.  'Jl'.).     Kooteiiais;  / 


>\.  ii. 
11.   171.     W, 

h    :eb.   \</.  V 


.,  -U,  ?:!.     Salisii.  Walla  Wall.i.;  I)'K 

p.  t;i.     W.dla  Wallas,  Cayusis,  and  X  •/.  1 


/('.s'   pisirh,  Vol.  i..  ]) 


I17,,7.- 


Walki 


•tviiais; 


Lnnfs   .\al. 


I'l' 


ITS. 


I). I, 


It 


('I  /('((, 


W.dl  1 


Ji 


.|,H.   /„  /.,  vol.  ii..  11.  lit'.i:    /•' 


iiji.  ;ni.  lii'i,  ;tj(i-s.   n.v.  reives;  ( 


Tmri 


r. 

IlilnlhiilK 


E 


V 


Sd 


S'ty..   1 


'CM. 


■iiids    Ii 


1  iplin 


II';;/,' 


Jihi.  (> 


Wall.i 

loi;. 


1' 


.Vt   Dill 


ir 


.V-(( 


/-•,  ji.  .V.I.      Flatlieads;  Inil.  I.[  '<■,  j  p   ix 


111 


/' 


A', 


.1. 


IV.,  p 


h- 

II,  H 


,j,r.s  llr  ,1,1 1>  ( 'ID,  lip.  '2S.s-:tilt,  :i;:t.     At  Palles;  //-'///,  in  A 

/■s'  V'li/.,  I'^iJI.  toni.  X.,  p.  SJ;  Shcirt.  in  /'/..   !■<   1,  toiii.  xii.,  i-  lit. 


reiidd'Oivilles;  Jnsit,  in  M.,  l^iJ,  toiu.  cxxiii.,  pp.  o31-l.) 


292 


COLUMniANS. 


TRIBAL      B  O  t'  N  n  A  U  I  K  S  . 

Tlio  rolninliiiinOronii  foinprisoH  tht>  tribes  inhiibilin^  thotrmtory  iiiimo- 
(liiitily  south  of  tlmt  of  tlii'  llyix'rliorciius,  exteiuliiij^  from  tho  lifty-fifth  to 
tin.'  fdi-ty-third  piaulK'l  of  north  hititiulc. 

In  thk  Haidah  Family,  I  indudc  till  tho  const  iiud  island  niitions  of 
Uritish  t'olund)ia,  from  i'tii'  to  52  ,  iind  cxtciidin','  inland  aliout  one  hundred 
mill's  til  tho  iHirdcrs  of  the  Chilcotcn  I'lain,  tho  llniddh  7»(/ioH  propor  hav- 
iiiL;  thiir  home  on  tho  (^uoon  Charlotte  Islands.  '  The  Haidah  tribes  of  tho 
Mortheni  Family  inhabit  t^ueen  Charlotte's  Island.'  'The  Massettes,  Skitte- 
{jfiis,  Cuiushawas,  and  other  (Haidah)  tribes  inhabiting'  tho  eastern  shores  of 
Quoeii  Charlotte's  Island.'  Sniiilir,  in  L<iiiil.  (leoij.  Snr.  Jnur.,  vol.  xi.,  j).  2I!I. 
'The  principal  tribes  uiion  it  (ii.  Char.  Isl.)  an'  the  Sl<eti^,'ets,  ^Massets,  and 
Comshewars.'  Dunn's  Orcijun,  p.  21>2.  'Tribal  nanus  of  tho  princijial  tribes 
inliabitinj,'   tho    islands: — Kluo,    Skiihlan,  Ninsteiieo    or   Capo  St.  James, 

Skida;_,'ato,  Skida^'atoes,    (lold-Harbour,  Cumshowas,  and  four  others 

Hyilah  is  tho  <,'en<rie  name  for  tho  wholi'.'  I'milc'si^K  ('li<ii\  Isl.,  p.  ',W,K  'Tho 
<'uiiishe\var,  JIassit,  Skittaiceets,  Keesarn,  and  Ki^'arnee,  are  monti<ined 
as  livinu;  on  tho  island.'  Lndfirij,  Ah.  I.nnj.,  \>.  ir»7.  The  folloiviiif,'  bands, 
viz.:  L-.ilann.i.  (or  Siilannal,  Ni^litan,  Massotta,  (orMosetto),  Xeeoon,  .\so- 
{^uauf,'.  I  (ir  .VseipiMUL;  1,  Skittdot,'utos,  Cunishawas,  Skoedans,  (^ueoah,  Cioo, 
Kishawin,  Kow.veltli,  (or  Kawwelth),  and  Too,  eompose  the  tiueen  Char- 
lotto  Island  Indians,  '  beL;innin^'  at  X.  island,  north  end,  and  passing,'  round  by 
tho  eastward.'  SrlnKilcnn't's  Arfh.,  vol.  v.,  p.  ISl);  and  /vmr's  H'dinl.,  end  of  vol. 
'  The  Hydah  nation  which  is  divided  into  numerous  tribes  inhabitiii},'  tho 
island  and  tho  mainland  oiiposito.'  livcil's  X<ir.  '  tiuoon  Charlotte's  Island 
und  Frinco  of  Wales  .Vrchipola^o  are  tho  country  of  tho  Ilaiduhs;.  . .  .includ- 
ing' tho  IvvfJiany,  Jlassett,  Sldtte^ctts,  Hancj^a,  Cumshowas,  and  other  septs.' 
Anderson,  in  iH-it.  Mi(i.,  vol.  vii.,  p.  74.  'Los  Indions  Koiuhchaonas,  Ilai- 
das,  ?*Iasscttes,  ot  Skidoj,'ats,  do  I'ilo  do  la  Koine  Charlotte.'  Mn/ros,  Ei'iihn-., 
torn,  ii.,  p.  ;t;{7.  My  Haidali  Family  is  called  by  Warro  and  Vavasour  (iun- 
eoll,  who  with  tho  Xewetto  and  twenty-seven  other  tribes  live,  '  from  Lat. 
51  to  Lat.  .■>()  ,  induihii^,'  (^ueeii  Charlotte's  Island;  North  end  of  Vancouver's 
Island,  ^lillbank  Sound  and  Island,  and  tho  Main  shoro.'  Maiiin's  lliulson's 
llitij,  p.  NO. 

Tlio  Massets  and  tliirtoen  other  tribes  bosid(>s  tln^  Qnacott  tribes  oc  .i,..v 
Quoin  Charlotte  Islands.    \V(trrv  mnl  Variismr,  in  Martin's  Und.  liny,  p.  80. 

The  Ninstcuco  tribe  inhabits  'the  southerumost  portions  of  Moresby  Isl- 
and.'  r<.<'l''s(l  CInn:  As/.,  pp.  122,  iilt-I.-). 

The  Crosswcr  Indians  Uve  on  Skiddeyato  Channel.  Doirnif,  in  U.  C'd. 
Vapirs,  vol.  iii.,  p.  72. 

Tho  Kit\ij(tn'v  s  inhabit  the  southern  j'art  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  Archipela- 
go, ami  th(!  iiorthovn  part  oi  liueen  Charlotte  Island.  Tho  Ky^art,'eys  or 
Kyyc.rneys  are  divided  by  Schoolcraft  and  Kane  into  the  Youahuoe,  (  lictass 
lor  Clictars\  (iuiahanles,   Houayuaii,  (or  Wonagan),  Shouagan,  (or  Show- 


THE  IIAIDMI  FAIIILY. 


293 


t^ixn),  riiiitclH''ni(\  (or  Cliiilclniiii).  Arrhir  s,  vol.  v.,  ji.  ■I'-;',);  }\'iiii  I  r'm  la, 
<M(1  iif  vol.  'I'lic  Kv^'Mi.'i  'have  tli(  ir  luud-cinnrti  is  dii  (^ikm  ii  Cliai  l"lli's 
Aii'liipilii'^o,  Imt  lInTc  lire  ii  fi'W  villiittcs  cm  the  cxtrciiii'  soutliiiii  |i;iit  nf 
J'l-iliiM'  iif  Wales  ArrliilK'laj^o.'  IhiH's  Alxshl,  y>.  -IW.  A  coldny  of  tin  Ily- 
(lalis  '  liavf  s('ttl('<l  at  the  si)iitln'lii  cxtniiiit  v  (if  I'lilicc  (jf  Wales's  Aicliiinla- 
^':i,  aiiil  ill  the  Niii'ilicrii  Island.'  Sroaltr,  in  Lmrl.  (Imi.  Sur.  .Imir..  vol.  \i., 
p.  'Jl'.i.  '  Die  Kai,i,'aiu  ( Ki^^'arnics,  Ki^anicc,  Ky;_,',"in:<'s  dir  i;iii.'l,inilii)  Ik  unji- 
iii'n  (I'll  sinlliclicii  'I'licil  dcr  Iiisdii  ( Arcliiiicis)  dcs  I'lin/cn  vdii  Wales.' 
It'i'lliiff,  Sjn-iiflii'  ilir  h'di'idiicn, in  MilniijfH  Uiiss'n,  toiii.iii.,  livrais.  v.,  ]).  iiCi'.K 
'  Till'  Ke;,'ariiie  tril)i\  also  in  tlio  llnssiaii  territory,  live  on  an  ininieiise  island, 
called  North  Island.'  Dmiii's  Orc'ian,  p.  2H7.  'I'lie  Ilydalis  of  the  s(Piith- 
eai^lern  Alexander  Aridii])ela;4(>  ilielude  'the  Kassaails,  the  (  hatela  i  iiees, 
and  the  KaiLjaiices.'  I'timlil's  Ab.f.  Arili.,  ]i.  \IS,  'Called  Kai'_;anies  and 
J'wliaViilians;  the  foniier  beiii'^' near  Kai:4an  llarhor,  and  the  lattei'  near  llu! 
(riilf  of  Kliavakan  scattered  aloie^  the  shore  from  (drdova  to  'Idiivel's  l!ay.' 
Il.ilhrl.-ilirl  Sr,,tl,  in  /,,/.  Ajf.  //(/-/.,  ISC',),  p.  oC-J  I.  '  A  hiaiich  of  this  trihe, 
the  Kyi^'aiiies  (Kij^arnies)  live  in  the  southern  jiart  of  the  ArcliiiK  I  of  th(! 
I'rilice  of  Wales.'    Lmli  irij,  Ah.   hlii'l.,  p.  HO. 

•  I'll  the  west  and  south  of  I'riiii  of  Wales  Island  is  an  ot^'-slioot  of  th(! 
llydali,'  Indians,  called  Aiii'i^'a  or  llcnne^^'as.    MdlKuiij,  in  ///'/.  .1//'.  /.''y//.,  Isil',*, 

The  Chhiiaynns  inhalat  the  coiist  and  islands  about  Fort  Simpson.  T( n 
tribes  of  (!hynisyaus  ut  '  Chathain  Sound,  I'ortland  Canal,  Port  l^ssini^ton, 
ttiid  the  neij^hbouriiifi  Islands."  W'trri'  Kml  I'linifnur,  in  Mniliii's  Ihdlsrm's 
111!/,  ]i.  HO.  'Th(i  Chiiiisians  or  Fort  Simpson  Indians.'  Tdlinii',  in  l.unl's 
X'lL,  vol.  ii.,  J).  'I'M.  'Indians  iiihabitin;^'  the  coast  and  river  mouth  known 
by  tint  name  of  Cliyniseyan-i.'  //*•/.  /.'./''',  ]).  D^t.  The  Tsimsheeans  live  ■  in 
tile  Fort  Sini|)si'n  section  on  the  main  land.'  J'onlr's  (J.  Cldir.  I.sl.,  p.  •l'>7 . 
Chimps.-iins,  '  livini,' on  Cliiiiiiisain  Feiiinsula.'  .S'i'o//,  in  Id'l.  AlL  II  />l.,  IHC",), 
ji.  .")  .IJ.     'J.'lie  Chiiniiiesyaiis  inhabit  'the  coast  of  the  main   l.-iiid   from   'i~>' 

:il)     N'.,  down  to  i)',i'  'M'  N.'    tSriHlJlT,  in  Lnill.  (ifnij.  Sue.  .find-.,    vol.  xi.,  |l.  'JO.'; 

Lidl<  iri  I,  A'l.  Lnii  I.,  p.  40.  The  Chimseeaiis  '  occupy  the  country  from  iJouu;- 
las'  Canal  to  .\ass  Uiver.'  S'niijis'di's  Onrldiul  .lnnrii..  vol.  i.,  p.  linii,  \)\. 
vided  into  the  billowing'  bands:  Kispaehalaidy,  Kithiii  (or  Ketlaiie)  ,  K.e- 
ches  (or  Keeellis),  Kecuatlitoix,  KitwiUeoits,  Kitcliaelalth,  Kelntsah  'orKet- 
ut-,ah),  K('U(^b(MV  Kicg,  Ketandoii,  Ketwilkcijia,  who  inhabit  'Chatham's 
Sound,  fioiii  I'ortlund  Canal  to  Fort  KssiiiL;toii  (into  wideh  Skeeiia  llivir 


discliitr^es)    both   main    land    and    the   iiei;.,diboriii^'    isl 


Srl„„,lr 


vfr. 


Arrli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  -IST;    Ivim's  Wdiul.,  end  of  vol.     The  Cliyiusyan  eonia  ction 
'  exteiidiiii,' from  Milbaiik  Sound  to  Observatory  Inlet,  iiicludiii;^'  tiie  Sebas- 


dow'es,   NasH,  luul  other  ott'setn 


Ad  If 


in  Hist.  .]/< 


71.     Mr.  Umiean  divides  t 


le  natives  spi 


iiiiL,'  the  Tsi 


msliea 


'./..  voi.  vii. 
u  laneuiejc 


into  four  parts  at  F(ut  Simpson,  Nass  liiver,  Sk^ciia  Uiver,  and  the  islands  of 
Milbank  Sound. '  .1/'(////('.'<  //.  ',,  p.  i>.'p(i. 


The  Keeihratkdi  liv(,   '  near  Fori  Siiai 


m.'  /./. 


1' 


'21',). 


The  .\'d!in  1  nation  lives  on  I  lie  banks  of  the  Nass  Uiver.  but  the  name  is  oft  i 


iplied  ti  all   the  maiiil.ind  tiilies  of  uh  it  1  term  the  Ilaiilah  l" 


aion   consists  of   the    Kithati 


Kit;i 


K(  ti 


Ki 


iiiiily.     The 
nawalax  jor 


i 


'^ 


204 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Kiudvoaliix),  Idojitf'd  ill  that  order  frfun  the  month  upward,  .'^rhonlird/t'ii 
Ari'h.,  vol.  v.,  11.487:  A''//(»'',s'  H''//((/.,  end  of  vol.  Fotir  tribes,  'Xiissllivir 
on  tlie  ^Fiin  land.'  K'n-zv  nml  Vdnis'itr,  in  Murtin's  Ilnilsnii's  [iai/,  ]>.  HO. 
'On  Obsi  rvat.iry  Inlet,  lat.  55  .'  liri/ant,  in  Am.  Autiq.  Soc.  I'l'unsitit,  vol.  ii  , 
]).  3:>2.  Adjoin  the  Seb^'ssa  tribe.  I'lmiie'iUls'  .V.  Elihiroil),  p.  107.  .\l)ont 
Fort  Simpson.  Dunn' ,  <>n'\iim,  p.  279.  The  llailtsa.  Haeelt/nk,  Billechoola, 
and  Chinunesyan"  are  Nass  tribes.  Lwkwhj,  Ah.  Lnnij.,  p.  KiO.  See  litixih- 
HKinn,  lirit.  ynriliimi');  pji.  ;j',)8-l()l). 

'There  is  a  tribe  of  about  200  souls  now  living,'  on  a  westerly  branch  f>f 
the  Naas  near  Stikeen  Itiver;  they  are  called  "  L.aekweips  "  and  formerly 
lived  on  Portland  Channel.'  Smtl,  in  Ind.  Aft'.  lii-j>l.,  IHOi),  p.  5(;3. 

The  Sli''i-iitis  are  on  tli(^  river  of  the  same  name,  '  at  the  month  of  the 
Skeeiia  River.'  Wdtrf  itrnl  I'crasfur,  in  M(tiiiii'n  lliul.fDii's  lUni,  p.  HO.  They 
are  the  '  Kitsalas,  Kitswiiigahs,  Kitsi<,'uehs,  Kitspayuehs,  Ilayulgets,  Kitsag- 
lis,  and  Kitswinseolds.'   Smit,  in  Iial.  Aff.  Tii'iit.,  iHl!!),  p.  ."nl;}. 

Keeehumakarlo  (or  Keechumakailo)  situated  'on  the  lower  part  of  the 
Skeeua  River.'  SckoolcrajT s  Ari'h.,  vol.  v.,  p.  187;  Kdm's  Wand.,  end  of 
vol. 

The  Kitswinseolds  live  'between  the  Xass  and  theSkeena.'  Srott,  in  /;/(/. 
Aff.  R  pi.,  1809,  p.  5(J3.  The  Kilatels  live  'on  the  islands  in  Ogdeu's  Chan- 
nel, about  sixty  miles  below  Fort  Simpson.'    hi. 

The  SiliassKs  occupy  the  shores  of  (laiduer  Channi  1  and  the  opposite 
islands.  Inhabit  Banks  Island,  ^hiijisim'n  (Jn'rlaml  Jmini.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2(J(). 
The  Labass.is  in  live  tribes  are  situated  on  'Gardner's  Canal,  Canal  de  Trin- 
cipe,  Canal  de  la  Reida.'  WdrreKml  Vdraseitr,  in  Mitrlin's  IliKhon'n  Bmj,  p.  80. 
Keekheatla  (or  Keetheatla),  (Jli  Canal  de  Principe;  Kileatah,  at  the  entrance 
of  Gardner  Canal;  Kittamaat  (or  Kittamuat),  on  the  north  arm  of  Gard- 
ner Canal;  Kitlopo  on  the  south  arm;  Neeslous  on  Canal  de  la  Reido 
(Reina).  .'^^7/o()/(•yv//7's  .Ice/*.,  vol.  v.,  ]>.  187;  Ivnic's  ir'/o/.,  end  of  vol.  'In 
the  neighbourhood  of  Seal  Harbour  dwell  the  Sebassa  tril)e.'  <'(iniinilHft'  X. 
Eldomilii,  p.  lOfi.  'The  Shebasha,  a  powerful  tribe  inhabiting  the  numerous 
islands  of  Pitfs  Archipelago.'  Bryant,  in  Am.  .\uiiii.  Site.  Tniiisdcl.,  vol.  ii., 
p.  302. 

The  MUlhank  Snnnd  tribes  are  the  Onieletoch,  Weitletoch  (or  Weetletoch), 
and  Kokwaiytoch,  on  !Millbank  Sound;  Eesteytoch,  on  Cascade*  Canal;  Kui- 
muchquitoch,  on  Dean  Canal;  Bellahoola,  at  entrance  of  Salmon  River  of 
Mackenzie;  Guashilla,  on  River  Canal;  Nalalsemoch,  at  Smith  Inlet,  and 
AVeikemoch  on  Calvert  Island.  Sclninlrnn't's  Arch.,  vol.  v..  pj).  487-8;  Kiim's 
Wdiid.,  end  of  vol.  'The  Millbank  Indians  on  ilillbiadc  Sound.'  l'>rij<nd,  in 
Am.  A)iti(j.  Soi'.  Trdn.'idrl.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  .'t(l2. 

The  litlldrootds  live  about  the  mouth  of  Salmon  Rivi  r. 


'Bentick'sArms 


^inhabited  by  a  tribe  of  Indians  — the  Bellaghchoolas.     Their  village  is  near 
Salmon  River.'    Dnini's  Or>'[ii>n,  p.  2(')7.     The  Billechoolas  live  on  Salmon 

'unUimi  r.,  ji.  1^81.     Tht*  liella- 
y,i(/v/'.s  A''(^.  vol.  ii.,  !>.  '258. 


River  in  latitude  SiC  \W .   liuscln 


ISrit.  ^ 


hoolas   'on  the  banks  of  tln>  Salmon  river.'    J.n, 

'The  Indians  at  !Milbank  Sound  called  lulbillahs.'   Iiinm'ti  Onijon,  p.  271. 


'  Siiread  along  the  margins  of  the  i 


iunii  rous  ca 


n:ds  or  inlets  with  which  lliis 


part  of  the  coast  abounds.'  ticuubv.  in  Lmnl.  (I'lmj. 


Ji.tir.,  vol.  xi.,  II 


THE  NOOTKA  FAMILY. 


205 


'III  tlic  n(i,L,'lil)oni'lio()(l  of  the  Fovt  (McLonf,'hliii)  was  a  vill  ii^o  of  about  tivo 
liiiuili'fd  l!allal)ollas.'  Siiiijison's  Orvrl'iiid  Jimni.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2li2. 

The  l/dilh'is,  llailt/nks,  or  llat'd/nks  'dwell  to  the  ioiitli  of  the  r>illi>- 
cliiiola,  ami  iiilialiit  lioth  t\u;  iiiaiiilaiid  and  tlu^  noi'thcrn  cntraiict'  of  \'nii- 
(•ointr's  Island  from  latitude  ."i.'t  30'  N.  to  ")((  3(1'  N.'  .Sfunlir,  in  LodiI.  (Icmi, 
,s'.<i'.  ,/((»)•.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  '224.  'The  Ilailtsacoinnicucin^'inaliout  latitude  •")l  N., 
and  exteiidiii},'  tliroULjli  tliti  rainitieations  of  Fit/lu)j,'li  and  Milliaidi  i-ounds.' 
Aiiii'-rsiiii.  ill  Ilhl.  Miiij.,  vol.  vii.,  p.  7-1.  '  An  dieseni  Sunde  (llilbank)  woli- 
iieii  die  llailtsa-Indianer.'  liunrlunann,  Brit.  Xonldincr.,  p.  383;  Tolniic,  iu 
J.nnl's  Xiil.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '230. 

TiiK  XooTKA  Family  dwells  south  of  the  Haidah,  ocrupyiiif,'  tli(>  coast  of 
I')iitish  ('oliinil)ia,  from  Hentinek  .\rms  to  the  mouth  of  the  Fiaser,  and  the 
wliole  of  Vanconvor  Island.  l?y  other  authors  (he  name  haslieen  i  iiqiloyed 
to  desiujiiate  a  tribe  at  Nootka  Sound,  or  aiijilied  to  nearly  all  (he  Coast  tiila  s 
of  tile  Columbian  (Jroup.  ''I'he  native  po|)Ulation  of  Vaneouver  Island.  . .  . 
is  chiefly  coiuposfd  of  the  follow! iii;  tribes:— North  and  East  coasts  i  in  order 
in  which  they  stand  from  North  to  South) — Qiiackolls,  Newittees,  Coniuxes, 
Yukletas,  Suanaimuchs,  Cowitchins,  Sanetehs,  otlier  smaller  tribes;-  South 
Coast  ( .  .   from  East  to  West )  — Tsomass,  Tsclalliims,  Sokes,  I'atcheena,  Seii- 

natuch;— AVest  Coast (from   South  to  North)  — Nitte(>nats,   Chadukutl, 

diatnch,  Totpiatiix,  Schissadlch.  I'patsesatuch,  Cojuklesatuch,  l'(jlu\latuch, 
Clayoipiots,  Nootkas,  Nespods,  Koskeeinos,  otlier  small  tribes."  Hi'imt,  in 
f.diuL  (Icdij.  Sor.  Jnur.,  vol.  xxvii.,  p.  2'.)3.  'In  Barclay  Sound:  I'acheenett, 
Nittinat,  Ohiat,  Ouchuchlisit,  Opecluset,  Shechart,  Tocpiart,  T^letah,  Tso- 
juass; — Clayoquot  Sound:  Clayocpiot,  Kilsaniat,  .Vhimset,  iraniiawousiit,  Ish- 
(|uat; — Notitka  Sound:  Matchdats,  Jloachet,  Neuchallet,  Ehateset.'  Mniiuv'n 
H.  ('.,  p.  2.")1.  'About  Queen  Charlotte  Sound;— Nawoetee,  Quucolth,  Quee- 
havuacolt  (or  Queeha(placoll),  Marmalillacalla,  Clowetsus  (or  Cla\V(tsus), 
^lurtilpar  ((U'  !Martilpar),  Nimkisli,  AVi'warlika,  'Wew.irkkuni,  Clalbu  is  (or 
Clalluiis),  Cumqnekis,  Laek<pu'libla,  Clehuse  (or  Clehure),  Soiitinu  (or 
Soiiknu).  (^uicksutinnt  (or  (^iiicksulinut),  A(iuamish,  Clelikitte,  Narkoek- 
tau,  Qiiainu,  Exenimuth.  (or  Cexeninuth),  'I'enuckttau.  Oiclela.'  Srhfinlcrni'l'n 
-l/v/(,.  vol.  v.,  p.  488; /linie'.s  ir<ni(/,,  end  of  vol.  On  the  seabord,  snidi  (f 
Nidiiaht  Sound,  and  on  the  Nitiiiaht  Kiver,  the  I'acheeiiaht  and  Nili- 
iiiiht  tribes;  on  IJari'lay,  otherwise  Nitiiiaht  Sound,  tlii^  Ohyalit,  llowchu- 
klisaht,  Opechisaht,  Seshaht,  Youclulalit,  and  Tocpialit  tribes;  on  Klalioli- 
•  piaht  Sound,  the  Klaholi(piaht,  Killsinaht,  Alioiisaht  and  .Manolisaht 
t;ibis;  on  Nootkali  Sound,  tlie  IIishi|Uayah(.  .Miulilaht,  .Moouchat  (tli(> 
M'-(;illi.(l  Nootkahs),  ,\yhuttisaht  and  Noocliahlaht :  north  of  Nootkah 
Siiuiid,  the  Kyolupiaht,  Cliaykisaht,  and  Klahosaht  tribes,  .'^jirnal's  Snn/.y, 
]'.  3  18.  Alphabetical  list  of  lam,'u,ai,'es  on  N'anciuiver  inland:  .\lei\vzar(s, 
Aiti/.zarts,  .Vytcharts,  Cayuquets,  EsJKjuales  i  or  Escpiiate^i.  Klahars.  Klaiz- 
/arts,  KlaocKpiates  (or  Tlaoipiatch),  Michlaits,  Mowateliits,  Neiicliadlils.  Neit- 
witties,  Niwcheniiiss,  (Nuchimas),  Saviniiars,  Schoomadifs,  Siitlisi  (is,  'I'lao- 
quatcli,  AVicaiianish.  JIiisi-IhikDhi,  llrit,  .Xnriliini'  i\,  ji.  .ill).  '.Viuoiil;  (hose 
from  the  nordi  wer(^  the  .Vid-varts.  Schoiniiadits,  Neuwi((i(  s,  Sasiiiiiars, 
-Miowzarts,  Mowatchiis,  Sudisetts,  Neucliadli(s,  Michlails.  ami  (■aym|Ue(s; 
\hv  most  of  whom  were  considered  as  tribiitarv  to  Nootka.     irom  du-  Suudi 


2r)G 


TRIBAL  BOUXDAIUES. 


the  Aylcliiii'tM,  aiul  Esciuiiitcs  also  trilmtiivy,  with  tlio  Kl  loniinatcs  and  tlio 
'Wickaiiiiiiiish,  !i  lartjc  iind  ])()\v('i'fnl  trilic,  alunit  two  Inuidrid  niili  s  distant.' 
Jrii-JH's  .\'(ir.,  \)\).  ;i('>-7.  'Tiihi's  situated  bcfwiiu  NaiiaiiiHi  and  I'dvt  liupcrt, 
(in  till'  north  of  Vancouvc'V  Island,  and  the  mainland  Indians  lutwccu 
the  sanii'  jii lints.  ..  .ai'u  divided  into  several  trihes,  the  Niinoose,  ('ciinunx, 
Ts'iniiikish,  (^naw^nmlt,  iVc,  on  the  Island;  and  the  Scinawniisht,  Seehelt, 
ClahiMise,  Ueletah,  Manialilaeulla,  Arc,  on  the  coast,  and  anion^'  the  small 
islundH  oflf  it.'  .V(ii/ii<''s  li.  ('.,  p.  21:).  List  of  trihes  on  Vancouver  Island; 
'  Soni,'es,  Saneteh,  Kawitchiii,  Uchulta,  Nimkis,  (^uaijuiolts,  Ne\v(>itir,  (^uack- 
too,  Nodtka,  Nitinat,  Klay(juoit,  Soke.'  I"niill<ii/'s  Dinrltini,  jiji.  li'.ll  "J.  The 
proper  niime  of  the  Vancouver  Island  Trihes  is  Yucnatl.  Lmkirlj,  Ah.  Jmikj., 
J),  liii").  The  Xootka  Territory  '  exteiuls  to  the  Northward  as  fur  as  Cape  Saint 
Jiinies,  in  the  latitude  of  5-2  20'  N. .  .and  to  th<'  Southward  to  the  Islanils.  .  . 
of  the  Wicananish.'  Mcurrs'  Voji.,  \>.  2'2H.  '  The  Cawitehaus,  Ucaltas,  and  Co- 
(juilths,  who  are  I  believe  of  the  same  family,  occupy  the  shores  of  the  (Julf 
of  (ieor.Ljia  and  Johnston's  Straits.'  Amhrsuti,  in  11  ist.  Md'i.,  vol.  vii.,  p.  74. 
'Twenty-four  tribes  speaking;  the  f'hallani  and  Cowaitzchim  lanjj;n;if,'es,  from 
latitude  .")0  aloni,'  the  Coast  S(juth  to  Wliilby  Island  in  latituile  is  ;  part  of 
Vancouver's  Island,  and  the  moutli  of  Franc's  Itiver.'  Also  on  tlie  Strait  of 
Juan  de  Fuca  and  Vancouver  Islands,  tlu!  Saneteh.  three  tribes;  llallams, 
eleven  tribes;  Sinahomish;  ^katcat;  Cowitchici,  seven  tribes;  S<ike;  Cowit- 
ciher.  three  tribes.  M'avn'dnil  \'iiri(siHr,  in  Miirlin'.i  Iluilsan's  /)"//.  p.  81;  also 
in  llirjill'!<  li.  ('.,  pji.  (i(U7.  Five  tribes  at  Fort  Ilupert; — (^uakars,  (jual- 
(piilths,  Kumcutes,  Wanlish,  Lockqualillas.  I.urd's  Xnl.,  vol.  i.,  p.  KSu. 
'The  Chicklezats  and  Alia/.ats,  iidiabitinf,'  districts  in  close  proximity  on  tlu; 
West  coast  of  Vanconvir.'  Duvv't-LimuiviVx  7'/-((c.,  p.  II.  'North  of  the  dis- 
trict occupied  by  the  I'cletahs  come  the  Nimkish,  !XIamalilacula,  Mateljiy 
and  two  or  three  other  smaller  tribes.  The  JIamalilaculas  live  on  the  main- 
land.' Mdipic'x  B.  ('.,  p.  '21'.).  The  population  of  Vancouver  Island  'is  di- 
vidi'd  into  twelve  tribes;  of  these  the  Kawitchen,  (^uaiiuidts  and  Nootka  are 
the  lari;<st.'  ('tirnirnllix'  X.  Eldnntilo,  p.  31).  '  Ouakichs,  (irande  ile  de 
(Quadra  ct  Van  Couvcr.'  Mofras,  E.vplnr.,  fom.  ii.,  p.  ;j:i."). 

In  naming'  the  following  tribes  and  nations  I  will  be^n'n  at  tlu^  north  and 
follow  the  west  coast  of  the  island  smithward,  then  the  east  coast  and  main 
land  northward  to  the  startiuf^'-point. 

'ihe  rrloiiis  inhabit  Scott  Island.  Schookraft's  Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  488; 
KdHv's  W'diul.,  end  of  vol. 

The  (^icOKS  dwell  at  Cape  Scott.   /(/. 

The  Qiincliif  arc  found  in  the  '  woody  part  N.AV.  coast  of  the  island.'  /•'(/((/- 
1(1)/' s  Dinrtori/.  p.  ;{'.»1. 

The  lvisl,iciiii)n  and  Qnnl/ino.'i  live  on  'the  two  Sounds  beaiint;  those 
names.'  .!/"//»' '.s  II.  ('..  p.  2")1.  Kuskema,  and  (juatsinu,  'outside  Van- 
I'luvcr's  Island  smith  of  C.  Scott.'  SrliodlrrnjTs  Anh.,  vol.  v.,  p.  4SS;  /vim's 
W'tiiiil..  end  of  vol. 

The  h'l/i'Kriit,  'north  of  Nootka  Sound,  i.s  the  largest  tribe  of  the  West 
coast.'   M<i!pir'.-<  li.  ('.,  p.  251. 

The  Ailiizdit.-i  are  'a  people  living,'  about  thiity  or  forty  miles  to  the  North- 
ward '  of  Noiitka  Sound.  ./<  irlll's  .S'ar.,  pp.  tili,  77. 


NATIONS  INIIAinXINfl  VANCOUVER  ISLAND. 


21)7 


is  lU- 
a  avi- 
de 

mill 
iiiiiiu 

488; 


Finil- 

tliosi' 
Viiu- 

West 
iNorth- 


Tlic  Ahts  live  OH  the  west  cimsi  of  the  island.  'The  localities  iidiiiliitcd 
liy  till'  .\lit  friln'S  ai'i'.  cliictly,  the  three  larj,'e  SoiiiidH  on  the  west  coast  of 
\'aiiciinvei'  Island,  <'alled  Nitinaht  (or  IJarclay)  KlaholKiuuht,  and  Nootkah.' 
Sjirmd's  Si'ini'ft,  j).  Id. 

The  Cli'ii-hli'-iihln  and  Alcizdlfi  inhabit  districts  in  close  i)roxiniity  on  tho 
west  coast  of  Vancouver.    Iiiirrill-I,''iiiiiirir.i  Tnir.,  )>.  11. 

The  Cliii/iiiiiiiits,  or  Klaholuiuahts,  live  at  Clayoiiuot  Sound,  and  the  ^loo- 
uchats  at  Nootka  Sotnid.  Sin'ixit's  .Set /«■.•(,  pp.  22,  25.  North  of  the  Wiek- 
iuinish.  .liiriU'n  Xnr.,  \k  7<>. 

'J'he  'ri>i/iiiil,t.i  arc  a  jieojile  'whoso  villaf;(i  is  in  iv  dreary,  reinoto  piirt  of 
Nitinalit  (or  Harclay)  Sound.'  Siirmit'x  Sci'ui's,  p.  104. 

The  S'sliuls  live  at  .Vlberni,  IJarclay  Sound.  Siirniit's  Srcnon,  ji.  .t. 
The  I'drlmwis,  or  '  l'aclieen(tts,  which  I  have  included  in  ISarclay  Sound, 
nlso  inhabit  I'ort  San  Juan.'   Mui/in's  Ji.  ('.,  ]>.  251. 

The  Tliiiiiinnlch  occupy  the  south-western  part  of  Vancouver.  'Den  Siid- 
westen  d(  r  (^uadra-und  Vancouver-lnsel  nehnien  <lie  Tlao(|uateh  ein  deren 
Spraehe  niit  der  voni  Nutka-Sunde  vi'rwandt  ist.'  liiisihiiiiimi,  llril.  .Xnriliiiin  r., 
]>.  :!72.  Tlaoc|uatch,  orTlo(piateh,  on  '  the  south-western  coast  of  Vaneouvers 
l.sland.'   l.iKh'inj,  Ah.  I/iii'i..  p.  I'^'^. 

The  Snhs  dwell  'Intween  Victoria  and  Harclay  Souial.'  Min/w's  II.  ('.,  ji. 
2.'')1.  'East  point  of  San  Juan  to  the  Sonijes  territory.'  Fimll'ii/'s  ll'mrUirj, 
]).  :t'.)2. 

The  U'ii-l/uiiiinish  live  abotlt  two  hundred  miles  south  of  Nootka.  J(  iritt's 
X(ir..  p.  7(!. 

The  Sdii  ih!c:<  an^  '  a  tribe  collected  at  and  around  Victoria.'  Mhi/ik  's  I!.  I'., 
p.  21;!.  'The  SonLjliish  tribe,  resident  near  Victoria.'  Mm-jic's  \'ttiir.  Isl.,  p. 
4:Jl(.     Son^'es,  'S.E.  ]>art  of  the  island.'   F'lh'lhn/a  hirci'lnri/,  ji.  Ii',11. 

The  Sitiiiirh  dwell  'sixty  miles  N.W.  of  Jlount  Douylas.'  Fimllai/'n  Dinrt- 
ori/.  p.  ;f',(l. 

The  '  'oir'irhhin  live  '  in  the  harboiu'  and  vall(>v  of  Cowitchen,  about  tO  miles 
north  of  Victoria.'  Mni/nf's  Ji.  ('.,  p.  24:t.  'Cowichin  river,  wliieh  falls  into 
that  (Ilaro)  canal  about  20  miles  N.  of  Cowichin  Head,  and  derives  its 
name  from  the  tribe  of  Indians  which  inhabits  the  iieii,ddionrin^,'  country.' 
I >nuil(ts,  in  Loml.  (Ivinj.  Sor.  ,/o»;',,  vol.  xxiv.,  p.  24(i.  Kawitehin,  ■  eomitry 
N  ".»'.  of  Sanetch  territory  to  the  entrane<'  of  .Folinson's  Stri'its.'  Fimlliij/'s 
Jtinrtnri/,  p.  li'.H.  'North  of  I'rasi  r's  Itivir,  and  on  the  opposite  shores  of 
Vancouver's  Island.'  .S'ox/ic,  in  J^nml.  lliiKf.  Snr.  Jimr.,  vol.  xi..  p.  '_2I. 
'  North  of  Eraser's  Itiver,  on  the  north-west  coast.'  Lmhtrhi,  Ah.  Ijoni.,  p.  111. 
The  Ciiiiiii.i',  t)r  Kt)niux,  'live  on  the  east  coast  between  the  Kowitehan 
and  the  (^luocpioulth  tribes.'  SjiriKil'n  Sciins.  p.  ;ill.  Comoux.  south  of  John- 
ston Straits.  Srlitinlcrn/rs  .lee/*.,  vol.  v..  ]).  4MS;  Kiiin's  W'dml,,  end  of  vol. 
The  Conioux  'extend  as  far  as  Cape  ^lud^e.'   Mm/iic'.-i  I!.  ('.,  p.  213. 

The  Kirii  nil  mils  dwell  about  the  ..lonth  of  tlie  l''raser.  '  .\t  and  about  the 
entrance  of  the  Eraser  liiveristhe  Kuantlun  tribe:  they  live  in  villa^'es  which 
eitend  aloni^'  tho  banks  of  the  river  as  far  as  Langley.'  Alai/ni'.'i  Ji.  ('.,  jip. 
2 in,  211."). 

The  Tills  live  on  the  lower  Frazer  THver.  '  Eroni  the  falls  (of  the  Eraser) 
downward  to  the  seucoast,  the  buuks  of  the  river  are  inhabited  by  several 


208 


TIUr.AL  IJOrNDAKIES. 


I 


T. 


liriuiclifM  nf  tlif  H^iitlin  or  Ti'it  trilir.'  Ainhrsim,  in  Tflsl.  Mikj.,  vol.  vii.,  p. 
7H.  'Exti'iidiii'^'  fruiii  Laii^jlty  to  Yuli',  iin  the  Siiicss,  Cliillwiiyhook.  l*al- 
liilts,  mill  'I'latcs  .  .  .Till-  Siiiiss  JtuliMiis  occiiiiy  the  Snicss  Itivcr  mid  lake, 
mill  the  I 'liilhvMvliiioks  the  river  ainl  lake  nf  tliat  iiaiiif.'  MiiijHi'n  It.  C,  p. 
2'.)").     'I'cali'    Indians.   St-e   Ilrnirmt't's   Map  nf  I'ur.  Stulis. 

The  \(ii('iiiiin.i  tin-  '<,'atliin  d  al)iait  tlic  nioiith  nf  tlic  Frnscr.'  Mnjiin'n 
li.t'.,  \i.  "Jl !.— Cl.icHy  on  a  river  named  tlic  Nanainio,  which  falls  into  W'vn- 
tuhuysen  Inht.   Ihnvjldn,  in  Loud,  tieoij.  Sur.  ,/iiitr.,  vol.  xxiv.,  jt.  217. 

The  Sf/ii'iiriiiislil-i  'live  in  Howe  Sound.'   Mhijik'x  IS.  ('.,  ji.  243. 

The  ,s'  rl.ills  live  on  .Fervis  Inlet.   Maipu's  II.  <\,  pii.  21;M. 

The  I'l'iliiii/.tf,  or  Kluhous,  'live  iu  Desolation  Sound.'  Mai/ne's  Jl.  ('.,  pp. 
2-13-4. 

The  Xdiiii'i.ti-  '  inhabit  the  harbour  and  district  of  that  name,  which  lies  50 
miles  noitji  of  Nanainio.'   .I/'///;e  '.s  II.  ('.,  p.  213. 

The  'I'liridtus.  or  Talicnltahs,  live  at  I'oint  Mud!,'o  on  Valdes  Island.  Lord's 
Ned.,  vol.  i..  i>.  ]."».">. 

The  Crhlns  are  found  'at  and  heyond  Cape  Mudgc'  'They  hold  ]iom- 
fipssion  of  the  co'intry  on  both  sides  of  Johnstone  Straits  until  nut  ".0  or 
3t(  miles  south  of  Fort  Iti'inrt  by  the  Ninijikish  and  Manuililacullas.' 
Mdi/iii's  II.  I'..  J).  214.  Youj,'letats — '  I'ne  partie  eampe  sur  I'ile  Vancouver 
flle-iiicnie,  le  restc  liabite  sur  le  continent,  an  nord  de  la  llivicre  Fiasir.' 
l)e  .Sunt.  .l/(,s-.s.  de  /'0;'i'</"»,  p.  340.  Yonj^letats,  both  on  Vancouver  Island, 
and  on  the  mainland  above  the  I'laser  llivcr.  lUdihir,  in  yiuvalkn  Auiadis 
dc.-i   i'lii/.,  \Hi'>.  tinii.  cviii..  pp.  iid!;-?. 

The  Xiiid.isli  are  '  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ninipkish  river,  about  15  miles  be- 
low Fort  l!up'  rt.'  Miii/m's,  It.  ('.,  p.  24'.»;  Lord's  Sat.,  vol.  i.,  p.  158. 

The  .S'friiJIds  and  (Jioddtiiirnlttis  dwell  at  the  entrance  of  Johnston  Straits. 
Schoiilrnij'l'ri  Anh.,  vol.  v.,  p.  488;  Juan's  Witnd.,  end  of  vol. 

The  (^''(/■■l."lls  and  "  two  smaller  tribes,  live  at  Fort  liUjiert.'  Muyia'.i  B.  ('., 
pp.  244.  21'.*.  'On  the  north-east  side  of  Vancouver's  Island,  are  to  be 
found  the  ("ocpiilths."  Corinridlis'  .X.  Eldoritdo,  \^.  [)8.  Coijuilths,  a  nnnier- 
oiis  tribe  livinL,'  at  the  north-east  end.  f)nnn's  ()rt'(ii)n,  p.  2l>i).  The  C'ogwi  11 
Indians  live  around  Fort  llupert.  Jldrrd-fA'UKard'.^  Tn(r.,  p.  (18. 

The  .\nrUteis  '  east  of  Cape  Scott. ..  .meet  th(^  (iJuaWHUults  at  Fort  I!u- 
pert.'  Miiijiie's  li.  C,  p.  251.  Neweet},',  'at  N.W.  entrance  of  Johnson's 
Straits."  F'lndhiii's  iJirertori/,  p.  3'.)1.  'At  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
island  the  Ni  wette  tribe.'  i'oniii-'dHt'  X.  Kldnrada,  \>.  118.  Newcheiiiass  came 
to  Xootka  ■  from  a  great  way  to  the  Northward,  and  from  some  distance  in- 
land.'   diir'iU's  Xili\,  J).  77. 

The  Siiiil,iiiiliiliicl,s  inhabit  the  intirior  of  the  northern  end  of  Vancouver 
Island.  Liirl's  X<ii..  vol.  i.,  p.  158.  'At  the  back  of  ISarclay  Sound,.... 
nboni  two  days'  journey  into  the  intirior,  live  the  only  inland  tribe.... 
They  are  called  the  I'patse  Satuch,  and  consist  only  of  four  families.'  O'ruid, 
in  Liiiid.  <-'<oj.  .S<i;.  Juc.r.,  vol.  xxvii.,  p.  2b7. 

Thk  Sorxn  F.\mii,v  includes  all  the  trib(  s  about  Puget  Sound  and  Ad- 
mil-alty  Inlet,  occnpying  all  of  AVashington  west  of  the  Cascade  llange,  ex- 
cept a  narrow  strip  along  the  north  bank  of  the  Columbia.  In  locating  tlie 
nations  of  this  family  I  bigin  with  the  extreme  north-east,  follow  the  eastern 


THE  SOUND  FAMILY. 


29!) 


Bliorfs  of  tho  Hoimil  soiitlnviird,  the  wostcrn  hIkhts  northwnnl,  nml  i\ oust 

(if  till'  racilic  simtlnviinl  to  (Jruy  lliulinr.  List  of  Iriliis  lictwic  ii  ()lyiii|iiii 
1111(1  Nawaiikuiii  IJivcr.  '  Stiiktiiiuisli,  S(jiiiil\H'iianiisli,  Sclu  liwamisli,  S(|iiiil- 
liaiuinli,  l'n,vulln|<uiiiish,  K'hoiiianii.^li,  Si)(|imniish,  Siiiahoinisti,  Siioijuiil- 
iiuMik,  Sinaaliiiiisli,  Nnokliunmi.'  Tnliiiif,  in  ///(/.  Aff.  Ilijil.,  lhr)4,  ]>.  '2.">1; 
,V'ii'((i.s,  in  /■'('■.  It.  11.  Hii't.,  vol.  i.,  p.  liit.  A  raiiadiiin  traiiju'r  found  tlui 
followins,' trilifs  Ixtwccn  Fort  Nisciuallv  and  Frascr  IJivtr;  •  Sukw.'nics,  Sii- 
iiahi'iincs,  Tshikatstiit,  Piii.ih',  and  Kaw.tshin.'  link's  KUnimi.,  in  /'.  >'.  /•.>. 
7i.i'.,  vol.  vi.,  1)1).  'J'iO-l.  C'hi'J'Uuli's,  wfst;  Cowlitz,  sontli.  and  Nisijiially, 
lii.st  of  Pu^'ct  Sound.  Srhodlt-nnTs  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  2(10.  iimp. 


'I'll.'  .'^Vo 


'liiiKdIiiiiiiiifi  occupy 


th 


'coast  towards  Fra/cr's  river. 


I'm  t\ 


liiuunii  Point  and  Frazcr's  llivcr.'  Sterp))s,  in  Iml.  Aff.  Hij,!.,  1M.")1,  ]ip.  'JIT, 
'J.")  I.  'Most  northern  tribe  on  the  .Vuierican  side  of  tiie  line.'  (ilhhs,  in  I'dc. 
J!.  11.  II  i>t.,  vol.  i.,  p.  4;t:i;  SrlmnlrrinTs  Arrli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  i'.ll. 


The    1. 


niiiiiii.-i  'a 


ro  divided  into  three  liands     a  band  for  eacli  nioutli  of 


the  riUiiinii  Itiver.'  Fit-Jnuili,  in  linl.Afl'.  Hrj)!.,  IH.")?.  p.  1)27.     'On  the  north- 


ern shore  of  r>elliii''liani  l>av.'  .^V' 


in  Iwl.Aff.  AVy>/.,  lh.")t,  p.  Lll.     'L 


mi  river,  and  peninsula.'  IL,  p.  "250.  'On  a  river  ('niptyin;,'  into  tlie  north- 
ern part  of  IJellin^hani  Imy  and  on  the  peninsula.'  /</.,  p.  lilT,  and  in  I'lu:. 
J!.  /.'.  l!ift.,  vol.  i.,  p.  i'.i.i. 

The  .V(io/,,s(//.,s'  are  '  on  tho  south  fork  of  the  Luinnii  River.'  Slvnus.  in  Iml. 
A'/.  Hii'l.,  l)S.">t,  p.  2.")().  Nooksahk,  '  on  the  niiiin  fork  of  the  river.'  /i/.,p."217. 
Nociks'dik,  'above  tht^  Luuniii,  on  the  main  fork  of  the  river'  h'i'ihs.  in  I'nr. 
I!,  a.  I!  I't.,  vol.  i.,  p.  ■i'.i'.i.  'South  fork  Lunnni  rivi'r.'  I'l.  p.  -4.!").  Xoot- 
s.iks  'occupy  the  territory  from  the  base  of  Jlount  IJaki'rdown  to  within  live 
miles  of  the  mouth  of  the  Luninii.'  ('nk'nKiti,  in  llarpiT's  Mh'J.,  vol.  xxxix.,  p. 
T'.i'.l.  N'euksacks  'principally  aroinid  the  foot  of  Mount  IJaker."  FilJui'Ji.  in 
//'•/.  .1;/'.  Ill pt.,  lis.")?,  p.  ii'J^i.  'J'Ik'  Neukwi  rs  and  Siamanas,  or  Sti<'k  Indians 
'  live  on  lakes  back  of  Whatcom  and  Sianumu  Likes  and  their  tributaries.'  /i/., 
p.  '.Vl'.l.  Three  trilxs  at  ]!ellin;,'ham  l>ay,  Neiiksack,  Samish,  and  Lumniis, 
with  some  Neukwers  and  Mamanas  who  live  in  the  back  country.  /(/  ,  p.  li'JCi. 
Ncuksacks,  a  tribe  inhabiting,'  ii  country  drained  by  the  riv.r  of  the  same 
name.  . .  .takin;,'  the  name  Liuiiiui  before  enq  tyin;.;  into  the  (iulf  of  (ieor^'ia. 


in  lirl.Atr.  Unit 


.\iii.  (JiKir.  Hi 


,>7. 


.1.  lii 


p.  l^N.    Nookliinimie,  'around  llelHnxhiinrs 


1' 


iS'.l;    .Si-lii,iilcrii:'l's  Arrh.,  vol. 


1' 


■11. 


11 


le  >'(///iis// live  on  Saniisii  j;iv(r  and  southern  jiart  of  ]>ellin!,'hani  liay. 


Str 


ill   /(/(/.  Afl'.  Hipl..  bs."il,  ]ip.  217, 


Thev  have  si  V(  iiil  islands 


tl 


lev  claim  as 


th 


iheritii 


ther  with  a  liu' 


4 


if  tli 


main  land.'    Fililntih,  in  Ind.  Aff.  Ilipt..  KS.')7,  j).  .'527. 

Tlie  Shiifils  'live  on  the  main  around  the  mouth  of  Skaj,'it  river,  and  own 
tiie  iiiitral  parts  of  Whidby's  island,  their  [.rincijial  t,'round  beinj,'  the  nt  i;^h- 


biiihind  of  Penn's  covi 


N/i' 


in  I'nr.  J!.  /.'.  /.■,/,/ 


il.  i. 


1' 


l: ;!. 


/../.  ,1/?'.  lirjit.,  1«.")4,  p.  21i'i.     Whidby's  Island  '  is  in  the  possession  uf  llie  Sa- 
ihittribe.'  'riiiiriilun'sOiin.  ((Ill  I '<il.,  \i>\.  i..  p.  1,(10.    The  Sachets  inhabit  \\  hid- 


livs  Island.   Will,! 


r.  N.  i:.v.  j:.i 


ll. 


1' 


ilO. 


[■hits 


ibout 


Possession  Sound.'   Xiculni/'.'s  Oiju.  Vw.,  p.  IKl.     Skadjets, 


111  th  sidi  s  of 


til'    Sk;iiljet  riv(  r,  and  on  the  north  end  of  Whidby's  Island.'   .^i-hnnlrnijT.f 


■  ll. 


ll.  v.,  p.  7oI;  Am.  (Jiuir.  Ji'rji.-iti-r,  vol,  iii.,  p.  I.h8.     'The  Skiiyit, 


oil 


I 


i 


3(J() 


TUir.AL  UOrNDAIilKS. 


\ 


SUiii,'it  liMr,  mill  rcnirs  cdvc,'  the  N'lHiiicliiiiiii'^h,  SnmlMilin,  ^Ii^.klli^vll1l, 
Siiiiinii'liii,  oil  tlif  liniiii'lics  of  tlic  HiiJiic  ii\(r.  >/i  n/is,  in  hid.  A[)'.  I!  I'l., 
]H.")|,  p.  'J,")(|;  /',(,'.  /,',  /,'.  /;.y)^,  vol.  i.,  ji.  l:!."!.  SiK  kaiiiiikc,  '  In  iidwuti  is  of 
KUiii^it  liivir,'  Ni'iitiilivii,',  'iioitli  end  of  \\lii(lliy'K  IsImikI,  iiml  county  )»'- 
fwrrii  SkM^^it's  river  iiiul  l5eilin^liuiii'H  1)ii\.'  Cowewaeliin,  Noothiini,  Mie- 
iiiissdukH,  north  to  Fnizer  Uiver.  Si'liunli'm/rn  Arrh,,  vol.  iv,,  ]>.  TiIiH. 

'I'he  KihhiU'iH  oecnpy  the  Imiiks  of  'KiluMlIis  rivi  r  iiiul  Whitliy's  island.' 
ShrniH,  in  Iml.  .[tf.  Itij)!.,  iM.'it,  j,p.  'Jlf.,  'jr.lt. 

The  Sl.ii/'<il,iiiiiisli  {\\\fl\  in  the  'coiuitrv  aloiw^' tlu' SkevHelminish  river  and 
the  north  hruiich  of  tlm  Sinuheniish.'  Srlnnilcrd/t's  Arcli.,  vol.  v..  i>,  7(11 ;  Am. 
l^itiir.  lliii'istn;  vol.  iii.,  p.  ItMH. 

'Vhv  Siiii/iniiiish  resiile  on  'the  Honthern  end  of  Whidliy's  island,  and 
the  eoiintry  on  and  near  the  mouth  of  tiii'  Siiiahoiiiish  river.'  Slmn^', 
ill  l''i<\  I!.  I!.  H'lit.,  vol.  i.,  jip.  -l.'(.',  I:)').  'The  Sinaiieiiiish  'live  on  tlie 
Siiialieiiiish  river  ; falling,'  into  I'ossession  Soinidi.'  Silii'iilcrniTs  Arch.,  vol.  v., 
]i.  7oi ;  Am.  i^mir.  Itr  ii.-.lir,  vol.  iii,,  p.  ',WH.  '  Sinahoiinii  /.  i  en  \Z  triliiis)  de  hi 
rivi''re  l''raser  a  In  haie  d(^  PiiLfi't.'  .Mni'ms,  A'.i'/i'n/'.,  toni.  ii.,  ])^l.!"i.  'N'i|iint]- 
iiiaiuish,  Skywhamish,  Sktuhlejiini,  ujijier  hranches,  nortii  side.  Sinahoiiiish 
l-iver.'   Slfriii.t,    in    Iml.    Aff.    Hipt.,    18.-)4,    Jip.    'JlTi.  'i")!!.       Neewalliisll,    •  Nee- 

waiiiish  river,  hay  and  vicinity;'  Sahnimiiish,  'on  a  lalic  lutween  Neewaniisli 
and  Snohomish  river;'  Snohomish,  'South  end  of  Whitney's  Island,  Sno- 
liomish  river.  Imy  and  vicinity,'  Skeawamish,  'north  fork  of  the  Snohomish 
river,  ealliMl  Ski'awamish  river;'  Skiiekstaiiaiumiis.  ■  Skiickstanajumi  s  river, 
H  hranch  of  Skeawamish  ri-er;'  Stiilu'iuaniish,  '  Stilliuiuaiiiish  river  and  vi- 
cinity;' Kickuallis,  'mouth  of  Kii'kualiis  river  and  vicinity.'  >ifliii(ilrifij'r.^ 
Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  "j'.iH.  Stoluchwamish,  on  Stoluchwaniish  river,  also  calhd 
Hteilaijuamisli.  Slrrcn.^,  in  I'dc.  It.  U.  Jlipl.,  vol.  i..  pp.  V-i'l,  4;iri,  also  iii 
//'(/.  A.()'.  llijit.,  lMi")4,  pp.  '24i!,  '250.  Sqniiiamish,  Swodainish,  Sinaahmish, 
'north  end  of  AVhithy's  island,  canoe  passau'e,  and  Sinamish  river.'  Iil  , 
])]).  '147,  "^r)!).  'Southern  end  of  Whidliy's  island  and  Sinahomish  river.' 
Slrrnis.  in  /''/''.  7i.  II.  Ii'i/il.,  vol.  i.,  \)\>.  -IWl-'-i. 

The  SiKiiiiKihiKiii/.s  '  reside  on  the  south  fork,  north  side  of  the  Sinahomish 
river.'  Stcrciis,  in  ]'<(c.  It.  R.  Jl'iil.,  vol.  i.,  p.Kiii.  and  in  Iml.  .U/.  Hi  jit.,  I.s."i|, 
p.  'JoO.  Smxpialimich,  '  Siio(jualiniich  river  and  the  south  hranch  of  the 
Siiiahemish.'  llitrkij,  iu  Schoolcnij't'.s  Arch.,  vol.  v..  p.  7(11;  Am.  (Jm(r.  lin/- 
islt  r,  vol.  iii.,  j).  IWH. 

The  Diriimish  are  'living  on  nnd  ehiimins;  the  lands  on  the  D'^amish 
river.'  I'dUir,  in  Iml.  A.ff.  lt< [iL,  1857,  p.  tti'.l.  Dwamish  Uiver  and  Lake, 
AVhife  and  (Jreeii  Itivers.  ScliunlcvdjTs  Arch  .  >.!  v.,  ji.  i'.H.  On  D'wamish 
laki!  etc. . .  reside  the  Samainish  and  S'Kitehlmish  tnhes.  'The  l)'\vaniisli 
trihe  have  their  home  on  Lake  Fork,  D'\\'aniish  river.'  >7('i(;/.s,  in  I'dc,  /,'.  /,'. 
Ili2,  4:.(i.     Dwamish,   'Lake  Fork.  l)vv,imish  Uiver;'  i-aiiia- 


<•/-/. 


1'1> 


mish,  SK«'ti'lilmisli.  'Dwamish  I.,ake;'  Snnlki'miah,  'He. id  of  AVliite  Live 


Sk 


'I" 


'ihiiiish.  'Head  of  (Jreen  Uiver;' Stkaiiiish,  'maiuAVhite  Uiver.' ^^  t- 


rns,  in  Jml.  A(f.  liejit.,  1854,  p.  '250. 

The  Shiijiidhmi.'ih  h;kve  their  home  at  the  'head  of  (Jreen  river.'  Sti  rrna, 
in  /''('•.  li.  It.  Itcjit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  4IM.  Till'  Sikamish  hand  "on  the  miiiu  \\  hito 
river;'  the  Sniulkumish  tribe  'at  the  head  of  White  river.'  Jh. 


fJOI'N'D  r-.DIANS. 


noi 


lake, 
liuish 

in.  /;. 

laina- 
ivir.' 

Sti  r- 

IVhitc 


Till   .^f  allh'n,  n  tvibo  of  tlic  Siiuwliciiiiisli  iiatinn,  nnMiiiicil  as  tin  ir  |irinci|'al 

Ki'ttl.iui'llt,   "11  Hlij,'ht   clllilirlirr    llrar  till'  lli'lld  of   wllllt  JM  IKiW  klluWIl  as  I'lUt 

MiidisiPii  lliiy.'  Orirliniil  Munllih/,  ls7(l,  vol.  iv.,  \>.  -lUl. 

'i'lir  .s'/(f/i(((»ii.s/i  '  claim  nil  flic  latnl  lyiii),'  on  tlic  west  siilc  of  tlic  Sdiiiid,  lic- 
tvvccii  Aiiplc  Tree  covi  OH  the  iiortli,  and  (ti^,'  Imrlioroii  the  south.'  I'tii'ji',  in 
///-/.  .1;/'.  Ill  jit.,  lH.'i7,  ]).  :i21t.  So(|naiiiisli,  '  cotuitry  iiliout  Port  Orelmrd  iitid 
nciu'liliHiuhuoil,  iiiid  the  Wist  sidi'of  Widliy's  Island.'  Ilmlii/.  in  Srl,i,nl,'i;iiV.i 
Aiih.,  Vol.  v.,  p.  7(11);  Am,  (jiKir.  /i'(;;i>7M',  vol.  iii,.  ]>.  ;1>H.  '  I'cninsiila  hc- 
twccn  Hood's  ciinal  and  Admiralty  inlet.'  Stiniix,  in  Iml.  At}'.  Uijil.,  IN.1I, 
]).  V!.">!i,  and  in  /'<»(•.  It.  I!.  II' i>l.,  vol.  i.,  ji.  M)').  Sno(|Uaiiiish,  '  I'ort  Onliaid, 
l'',lliott's  May,  nnd  their  vicinity.'  SrlnKilrrn/t'n  Ari'h..  vol.  v.,  ji.  "('.IN.  Shoiiia- 
iiiish.  'on  Vashon's  Island.'  /'/.  'Vashon's  Island.'  Sim  us.  in  Iml.  Ajl", 
l!>pl.,  lN."il,  p.  'JoO.  S'sloniaiiiish,  •  N'aston's  island.'  Slii-ms,  in  I'm'.  It.  It. 
]l' III..  \i>].  i..   p.  ■l:\ri.     'The  Inclians  frcipicntiii^'  tlii.H  jiort   (Orchard)   c.iU 


themselves  the. leachtiic  trihe.'    ii'ilh 


l\S.  lu:  K. 


vol.  IV.,  J) 


111). 


The  l'iii/iilhijiiniii.<li  live  '  iit  the  month  of  Puyallnp  river:'  T'qmKiiiiimish. 


at  the  heads  of  I'liyallllp  river.'  .S'/i' 


in  Iml.  .\tr.  Itijil..  IHTA.  p.  -J'.O.  ami 


ill  I'lir.  It.  It.  Iti'pl..  vol.  i..  p.  4:{">.  Siinallyamish  and  rut,'allip.iniisli.  'in 
the  country  aliont  Nes([iially,  I'n|,'allipi,  and  Sinnoiiiish  rivers.'  Ilurlii/.  in 
,Si-li<iiilrriij'l\i  Arch.,  vol.  v..  p.  7(>1;  .[in.  (Jnnr.  Jtiyi.itir.  vol.  iii.,  p.  '.'hh.  I'lial- 
li|ia\vmisli  or  Pualliss,  'cm  Piialliss  river,  liay,  and  vicinity.'  .^'■hiiiilcrnn'.i 
Arrli..    vol.   iv.,   J).   rvj.S.      I'liyyallapamisli,    '  Pnyallop  lliver.'    Si-lionlcrnj't'.i 


Arrli. 


.1.  v.,  p.  VJl. 


The  .VisiiniiUh's,  or  Skwall,  'inhabit  the  shores  of   Pu|,'et's  Sound.'  Ilnh 


Kill 


'livi'l. 


r.  s.  K 


Vol.  vi.,  )i.  '211. 


Nes(iiiallis,  de  la  liaie  de  i'lli'et 


,'i  la  poinli    .Martinez.'   Mu/rns.  K.i-iilnr.,  toin.  ii.,  [i.  'M't.      Xas(jnally  trihes, 
•  Nas(p'ally  lliver  and    I'liLjet's    Sound.'     ]\'iirir  iiml    \'iirii.-iiiir,  in 


Jlnil.'^ 


/<'»//,  p.  HI.     Scjiiallyamish,  'at  Pu|4et  Sound.'  J.iiiliii-iii, 


.Miirti 


iii'i. 


]i.  177.     The  Squalliahniish  are  coniposed  of  six  hands,  iind  have  their  n 


(lilice    on 


Xis(pially  lliver  and  vicinity.  SIf 


in  I 'dr.  It.  It.  Itijil.,  vol. 


j>.  i:i.").  Sipiallyamish  or  Nisciually,  Nis([ually  Itiver  and  vicinity.  Si-hnnl- 
rni/ls  Arrli.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  oD.S.  I-'ort  Nis(|ually  isfre(|uented  by  the  '  S<pialliis, 
the  ("lallams,  the  Paaylaps,  the  Scat<'lietts,  the  Cheeaylis,'  und  other  trilics. 
iS'i»;i/<.v<)/r.s-  Dverhtml  Jniinii'i/.  vol.  i.,  p.  IMl. 

The  SliUdriiiiiiiifih  dwell  on  '  Stahiconi  Creek;'  Ijoijuaniish,  '  Hood's  Iteef.' 
.'^'  ■hiioln-iiffii  Arrli.,  vol.  v..  p.  IDl.    Stitcheosawmi.  li,  '  liiidd's  inlet  and  South 
tho  vicinity  of  Olyiiipia.   /'/.,  vol.  iv.,   p.  'y'.iX.      Stt  ilacooniaiiiish, 

,  ill  Iml.  Aff.  Itijit.,  inrA,  p.  'inn,  an<l 


hay,'   ill 

'Steilucoom  creek  and  vicinitv 


.s7' 


ill  l''ir.  It.  It.  Iti'pl.,  vol.  i.,  p.  4;)."i. 

'\\w  SiiieiDidsh  have  their  residence  on  'Totten's  inlet.'  Sti- 
lt. It.  Iti'jil..  vol.  i. 


in 


,  i:!.").    Savl 


1,'ivmaii 


lisli,  'Tottell  inlet.'  Srliiiiili'i-illVs  Arch. 


viil.  iv.,p.r)l),S.  '  Srootleniamish,  Quackeiiaiiiish  at  Case's  inlet.'  I h.  (^u.'ik- 
s'liaiiiish,  '  Case's iulet:'  S'llotlcinamish,  '  Carr's  inlet;'  Salieliwaiuish,  '  Jlaiu- 
iiiersly's  inlet;'  Sivwainish,  'Totten's  iiiht;'  Sipiaitiitl,  'Kid's  inlet;'  Slt'li- 
I'lias.'iinish,  'ISndd's  inlet;'  Noosehchatl,  'South  buy.'  Slvi:e>i.%  in  lial.  .1^/'. 
/.'/.',  1.S.-.4,  p.  '250. 

The   Shik'Diiiish   live   at   the   upjior  end   of    Hood   Canal.    SrliixihrittT!^ 
Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  o'J8;  Stcvai.<,  in  Jnd.  Aff.  ItvjU.,  1854,  pp.  '244,  2oO.     Tiiau- 


i 


il  I 


3C3 


TRIBAL  BOX'XDAIUES. 


hooch  ".nil  Sli(i\nniish  on  Hood's  Canal.  Srh'iulcritfl'n  Avli.,  \o\.  v.,  p. 
4!)1  fila'ioh  and  Skokoniish  'reside  aliin;^  tlie  shores  of  Hood's  Canal.' 
A. II  (^■uir.  Iti'ii!<l<'r,  vol.  iii.,  p.  1{S8.  Toankooch,  'western,  shore  of  Hood's 
canal.  They  are  a  liraneh  of  tlie  Niscpially  nation.'  <V(i'r»/.s,  in  I  ml.  .1.;/', 
L'^l>t.,  1S.",1,  p.  •Jl);  tiihhs,  in  I'lw.  1!.  II.  Ilipl.,  vol.  i.,  p.  i:)!.  Tnanooeh. 
'mouth  of  Hood's  Canal.'  SrliDnliriifl's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  oils.  'The  retjion 
iit  the  head  of  Pnp;et  Sound  is  inhahiti  d  by  a  trihe  called  the  Toandos.' 
iVilhr.<'  X'ir.,  in  U.  S.  E.v.  A'.c.,  vol.  v..  p.  140.  Honianiish.  Hotlinianiish, 
S(piahsina\vniisli,  Sayhaywamish,  Stitehassaniish,  'reside  in  tbe  country 
from  the  Narrows  alon;^  the  western  sh^re  of  I'uLtet's  Sound  to  New  Mark- 
et.'  Mil  -lii'll  Kiiil  llnrhi/,  in  .!//(.  IJnur.  Ili'i'istrr,  \ol.  iii.,  ]i.  IJSS. 

The  Xoos'liiliDii.'i,  or  Nilsdalunis,  "dwell  on  Hood's  Channel.'  Lmlpivl'j, 
All.  1,'tii  I..  ]i.  l;)").  '  Die  Noosdalum,  wolinen  am  Hoods-Canal;'  fJii.^rliiii'iini. 
liiit.  Xiiriliiiiiir.,  p.  :!7:i.  '  Noostlalnnis.  consist  of  eleven  tribes  or  septs  liv- 
ing; about  the  entrance  of  Hood's  canal.  I 'uiii^'eness,  I'ort  Discovery,  and  the 
coast  to  the  Westward.'  Am.  (^mtr.  Jii:ji.'<ti r,  vol.  iii.,  p.  liSS;  .s'cAoo/rjv^/'r.s 
Arrli..  vol.  v.,  ]).  TllO. 

The  Cliimitkiim,  or  Cbinakuni,  'territory  seems  to  have  end)raced  the 
sliore  from  I'ort  Townsend  to  I'oit  I^tidlow.'  .sVciv j/.s',  in  Iml.  All'.  Jtijit.,  bS.")t, 
jip.  "Jl'J-'JU.  •  Cn  I'ort  Townsend  Day.'  /</  ,  in  J'ar.  Jl.  Ji.  Jii pi.,  vol.  i.,  pji. 
J.'il,  II!");  Scliiiiilcrii/t'.-<  .\ri-li.,  vol.  iv..  p.  "I'.iS. 

The  ('lnHitms.  orClalams.  are  "abont  Port  Discovery.'  \ir<i'iii/'s  Oiiii.Trr..  ]\. 
1  |:l.  '  Their  country  >.tr'tehes  alon;,'  tlie  wlioji'  southern  shore  of  the  Sti'aits 
to  between  I'ort  liiscovt  ry  and  I'ort  Townsend.'  <ii!ili.<:,  in  I'ltc  I!.  H,  l!i pt.,  vol. 
j.,  p.  42;»;  .S7r  '■cii.s'.  in  Iml.  Af.  Hipl.,  Is"  I,  pp.  2»-J,  241.  Southern  sIkuc  of  the 
Straits  of  Fuea  east  of  the  ('[assets.  //■^A's /•,'///;!'!./.,  in  ['..'<,  h'.r.  A'.i'..  vol.  \ !..  jp. 
'2i(l.  At  l'(U-t  l)is<'overy.  Wi/hs'  Xnr.,  in  I'.  N.  /v.r.  /•;.i'.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  :11'.».  Sklal- 
ln:u,  '  between  Los  .Vni^elos  and  Port  Townsend.'  .s'c/fnn/e/v^/'/'s  Arrh.,  v<il.  i\-., 
J).  r)',)S.  Sklallams,  'at  Cajie  Flattery.'  /'/..  vol.  v.,  p.4;H.  -Si'attered  aloii;^ 
(he  strait  and  aiouixl  the  bays  and  bi:.;hts  of  .Vdninally  lidet.  upon  a  shore- 
line of  more  than  a  hundred  miles.'  S.-niiimnn.  in  (in  rhimi  )l,ii,llilii,  \s~\,  vol. 
\ii..  )i.  '27S.  '  S'K'idlams.  <'hemakuni.  'L'oaidiooeh.  Skolioiiiisli.  and  li.iuils  of 
the  same,  takini,'  names  f-'om  theii'  viliaL'es. .  .  .    and  all  residinj,'  cui  the  shores 


t)f  the  straits  of  l''uea  and  lii 


(anal 


irf'-.-A/.  in  ///■/    AjY.  lojil..  bsCii' 


]).  I  n .  Jvahlai,  Ivatpiaith.  and  Stelillum.  at  I'ort  Town-iend.  Port  Discov- 
ery, and  N'c'W  DuiiLfent  ss.  Si-linnlmtfl'.t  Ar'h ..  \.il.  v..  p.  llll;  .s'/in  ,<>■,  in  Iml. 
AjJ.  llu'l.,  lsM,  Jl.  -SV.K  Stenthuus  at  N.  w  ]>ui.  -eness.  /■/..  in  ]'<ii\  1!.  /,'. 
!!■  jil..  vol.  i.,  p.  4.>"). 

The  '.luhilis.  or  <'lnssil:i.  dwell  about  Cipe  Flat  ery.  Macaw,  •('.■i]ie  I'lat- 
t<'ry  to  Niali  Pay."  Silinnlrrni't'.'i  Arrli..  vnl.  i\-..  p.  .!is.  Pisteliin.  '  Neali  Hay 
to  Los  .\n:4elos  Point.'  //..  'Countrv  abo\it  Ca  le  Flattery,  ,iiid  thi'  coast 
f(U'  some  (list  nice  to  tl'.e  soutliw:;ril.  ,and  lastw;  1  to  the  boundary  of  tlie 
JIalam  or  Xoostl.ilum  lands.'  /./..  vi4  v..  p  70(1;  .s7mv  c.v.  in  /;)(/.  .UJ'.  I!ij<l., 
]s.".|,  p[i,  '.ill.  21'.t;  //"/..  in  hi..  iMiJ.  p.  ;t',Mi:  .^Irrnis.  in  I'ur.  II.  It.  I.'ijil.. 
vol.  i.,  pp.  42t>,  4:i">.  ■  .\t  Ne:di  Day  nr  Waadda.  aiid  its  vicinity.'  .^liinmiiif, 
in  liil.AjJ.  U  jit..  bSoS.  p. 'j;!!.  'rat(.U(he,a  tribe  of  the  (  la.^s.ts.  Wiil.is 
Xiu\.  in  /'.  .s'.  /•,',i'.  /•,'.!•.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  "iKl.     Classets  MMside  on  the  south  side 


of  till!  Straits  of  Fuea.'  Jlali's  JJIii'mj.,  in   L'.  >    A'.r.  /, 


J'.,    vol.    V 


p 


'2-10 : 


TN'DI.VXS  OF  THE  CO.VST  OF  WASIIIXiVrOX. 


303 


M'ikUll  (t)iiJ  [fiirlii/.  ill  Am.  (Jmir.  J!r  I'lsl  r,  vnl.  iii..  ]).  USS.  Tiitoncli(>  or 
f'l.'issi'ts,  'l)ft\vcrii  tlic  Ci..  Miiliia  imd  tlic  striiit  of  Fiica."  yiri,!iii)'s  Oiju.  I'lr,, 
]).  l|:t.  'Clatsft  tviht'.'  ('iincnrlUs'  X.  Klilnniila,  ]>.  117.  '  Classcts.  ou  tho 
StiMit  of  Fiicii.'  (irvcnhoir's  Hist.  O,,)),,  j).  ;}();  Slirnis'  .jIiIi-is.<.  |i.  10.  Mii- 
kalis,  '  iiihahitin^,'  a  wild  brukcii  luuinsulu  cinuiiisciilK  d  liy  llic  river  ^\'^•- 
atcli.  till'  waters  (if  tlie  Strait  aiiil  the  raeitic.'  Sriiiiiiiinii.  in  I  in  i-'imj  Mnull,!//, 
1^71.  vdl,  vii..  p.  '277.  Kl.ii/zarts.  'liviiii,'  nearly  three  luiii'ired  miles  to  llie 
Smith  '  "f  Nootkit  Sound.  Jciritl'.i  \iir.,  p.  75.  The  Klkwhali.N  liave  a  viliaiio 
on  the  strait,  .'"■/(/•na/'.s  Sccitis,  ]>.  l."i;i. 

List  of  tribes  between  Colnnibiii  IJivei;  ,tnd  Cape  Flattery  i  n  the  Coast' 
Calasthoele,  Cliillates,  Chilt/,  CiaMioctc  .,1,  hs.  Kiilaxthoel,  s,  Pailsh,  Foto- 
a^hs.  (juii'ctsos.  (^uinneehart.  (i)ni]iiiilts.    .i /-./•>■' '.<  U'jil,  p.  :!71. 

The  yi'/''/(7ii(/(' and  (^"I'/'i"//.  or  (i>uenaielt.  'ix'cnpy  (lie  sea-eoast  lietwi^en 
O/.elt  or  old  Cape  Flattery,  on  the  noith.  and  (,)ninaieit  river  on  the  south  ' 
S'liiiiiii'iis.  in  Iml.  At}'.  Hi  III.,  ISdli.  p.  !'.».").  (^hiinaii  it,  (,inillehuli'.  l^Mieets.  and 
TI  ih,  live  on  tlie  t^Miinaielt  river  and  ocean.  Sin'.l/f.  in  /"'/.  .1,;''.  H'/'l..  I><70, 
\i  '.il.  The  (jiueniull  live  'at  I'oint  (irenville,'  .s^r, ,,,'>•  A'.  IT.  <•"/>/,  p.  '.jlo. 
■  On  t'le  banks  <if  a  river  of  Ihe  same  name.'  /■/.,]>.  7><.  'I'he  \\'il,M]ialis  ■  on 
the  Wiiapaii  Kiver.'  /</.,  j).  -11.  Tlie  Co|iilis  'on  tiie  Copabs  IJiver, 
ei^htei  n  miles  north  of  (ira  's  Harbor.'  /(/.,  p.  'Jlu.  tjininaitle,  noiih  of 
Ci'.iy'^  Harbor.  .s7  i-r/i.s-,  in  ///'/.  .1;/'.  /e/i/.,  ls."i|.  p,  •2{'.>.  (^tuinaik.  '(-(.ast  trom 
(ir.iy's  liirbor  northward.'  >/(  rw/s.  in  I'nr,  /,'.  /,'.  /////.,  vol.  i  .  \>.  I:l").  I'.jii- 
h.iHs.  (^luinailee,  (111  y's  Harbor  and  north  '•■. /e.  'cru/t's  .\rcli..  toI.  v..  )i.  I'.'l). 
South  if  ihe  Classcts  aioUL;  tlie  enast  come  llie  (^  ■.iiiiieehants,  Cala-thortes, 
Cliillates,  t^uinults,  I'ailsk,  etc.  l.i  iri.-<  iiinl  (  i'lrl.' 's  'I'nn-..  p.  I'_.s.  'I'Ik'  Ka- 
liouehes  and  Konnichtchates,  spol;eii  of  as  dwi  lliie_;  on  1  )i  slriictiiai  Inland 
aiul  the  nri'.'hborin>,'  main,    'in  ni  hi  nor,  in  .No-nv //,  .s-  .iiunili's  ilr.t  ]'iii/..  \s2',i, 

tolll.   \\.,   p.  iiiili,  et  se(|. 

Till'  '  'III  liiiH>.  or  Chickeeles.  '  inhabit  the  cniintry  around  ( Iray's  li.i.bour.' 
ir;//,  >■'  .V".-..  in  r.  N.  /■,'.!■.  l-.'.w.  vol.  v..  p.  IKt.  On  tlie  «  hehall^,  livir. 
S'.siiiili..   in     /(((/,    .!;/'.    /eyi/.,    |s  J,   ]i.    S.     l'rei|nent    also  ."^lioaUvater    l>ay. 

,^'. /i,-s.  in  //I /.    I,.'      li'ijil..  is'il.   pp    'Jli.  -ir.i.     (In  the  t'owi  Ills.     •  .\ iil; 

the  Tsihailish  are  included  the  Kwaiantl  and  Kwenaivvitl  ....  who  live 
111  ar  th.'  Coast,  thirty  or  forty  miles  south  of  »'a))e  l-'latteiy.'  'lili'.i 
Ivlnni..  in  !'.  S.  /;.,•.  /•,'.,■.,  vol,  vi.,  ]ip.  'Jll  \-l.  'ill  the  vicinity  of  the 
lUiilllh  of  the  Columbia  '  I'ul'in'.^  .\.  Ar  .  in!..  \ol.  ii..  ]i  l|:l.  ■  ('111  M- 
li--,  it  (jliiinayat.  I'r's  dii  ii.ivrc  de  ( liay  el  la  ri\i' r.- (In  Kih■^.'  lA;  /•(•.,  /.',r- 
/i  ■;',.  toui.  ii..  ]i.  :!:!.">:  .s'c-im's  .\ .  H".  I'mi^l,  p.  uln;  Sii -i  ,,<,  in  /'wc.  /,'.  /,'. 
/,';•'..  \o|.  i..  |i.  ['■>')■,  SliiiTnni,  ill  .^i-hiK.lcrn jVn  Arrh..  vil.  iv,,  ]i.  "I'.i'.i.  '  .V. 
i|Ual:ili|e  mill,  s  ell  iiord,  (from  tlie  Columbia  1  Ic  loni,'  ilc  la  ente,  habili  lit     I  s 

Ti   l-ili.llS.'     .^Iiinrt.    ill      .V..-/r«//iN    .\i,„illi.'i  ,/l.-<    1"..//..     IS'JI,    lelll.    \..    ]1.    '.III.        Tri! 

\Vlii-,|;kah  and  Wviiooehe  tribes  on  llie  u. irth'-rn   branches  of  tie    i  hihailis. 


in   /(-./.  Ajr.  Ill  lit.,  bs.-.p  p.  •210,     S, 


icli.ils      I'eSl 


le  iduuil    llie    lake    nt 


lie  same   naiui 


and  aloiiL?  tilt    ''isi  r  Chickeeles.'    ir)'i7,(,s'  .\iir..  in  ('.  S.  K.i 


/.'.I'..  Mil.  \..   p.    1  III. 

Till    I'nii-i'il    h\e  oil  the  u)i]ier  Cowlit/    liivi  r.     Oeciijiy  the  niid.Ue  of  the 
1"  11  insula  w  hich  lies  west  of  I'uoet  Snuiid  and  iiorlh  of  the  ( '.iliimbia.  //"/c  s 


:i 


'•n 


I  mm 


:   'Sill 


U 


^  w» 


;.', 


"/.,  Ill 


r.  N.   /-.'.r.   /•>.,   vol.   \i.,  p.  'ill.     On  ll 


le  (  owlit/.    'liver. 


■.llie 


■iMh 


804 


TrjBAL  BOrXDAEIES. 


Taitinnpiinis  liuvc  their  iihudc  iit  the  biisc  of  the  nionntiiiiis  on  the  T'owlitz. 
»S7cr('/i.s',  ill  /'(((•.  /.'.  /.'.  liijil.,  vol.  i..  ]>.  -Hi");  and  in  hid.  Aff.  Jlcjit.,  1.S51,  j)]). 
240,  21!);  .Srlii,oli-r<i/l's  Arfli.,  vol.  iv.,  ]i.  .")'.)',»,  vol.  v.,  p.  41)0.  Cowlitsick,  •  uu 
Cciluiiil)i:i  river,  02  mills  from  its  month.'  Murm's  /.'(///.,  p.  liiH.  There  are 
threi'  siiiiill  tribes  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Cowlitz  Farm,  Mhe  Ciiwlitz,  the  Clie- 
eaylis  and  the  Scinally.'  .'^iinjismi's  DnrUiuil  Jauni.,  vol.  i..  p.  17'J.  The  i-tak- 
tomisli  live  '  1)(  tween  Nisijually  \•'.'.^^  <'o\vlit/.  and  the  liead  waters  of  Chehuylis 
river.'  Am.  (Jitnr.  Itdjisti'i',  vol.  iii..  [i.  .'W.I;  Jhoitij,  in  .SrhnuliTinT.i  Arrh.,  vol. 
v.,  p.  7ol. 

TiiK  r'niNooK  Famit.y  includes,  aecording  to  my  division,  all  the  tribes 
of  ()re;,'on  west  of  the  Cascade  Itaiiji'.  t'i,L,'i  tlier  with  those  on  Die  north  hank 
of  the  Colniidiia  river.  'Y\\r  name  h.is  usually  liceii  apiijicd  only  to  tin  tribes 
of  the  Columbia  \'alle,'\  \\\>  to  the  Dalles,  and  belon;^cd  oiij^inaUy  to  a  small 
tribe  on  tlie  north  bank  near  the  month,  'The  nation,  or  rather  family,  to 
which  the  <j;eneric  name  of  Chinook  h;is  attached,  fornii'rly  iiihaliiled  both 
l)anksi>f  the  Columbia  Itiver,  from  its  mouth  to  the  (irand  Dalles,  a  distance 
of  about  a  liundred  and  seventy  miles.'  •  On  the  north  side  of  the  river,  tir.■^t 
the  Chinooks  projici'  (Tchi-nuk  ).  whose  ti-rritory  exti  mlcd  from  Caj.e  Disap- 
jaiintnient  nji  the  C'ohnnbia  to  lije  iici-ldjorhood  of  (iray's  I'kiji  ,  not  (trays 
JIuHior.  which  is  on  the  I'acitiei,  and  back  to  the  northern  vi<'iuity  of  Shoal- 
water  ]iav.  where  tliev  interloekid  with  the  (hihalisof  the  coast.'  'iihlis'  (  l,'i- 


-/,■  r 


,  i»;i.  iii.,  iv.    The  najiie  ^Vatlalas  or  rp])er  Chinook^  '  inoji'rly  b 


loni^'S  to  the  Judians  at  the  Casiadi  s. '  btit  is  aj'plii  d  to  all  '  from  the  Multno- 


la  Ishmd  to  the  Falls  of  the  Columbia."  //'//• '.■.■  Ktl, 


'liiiiii.,  m 


r 


I-:. 


I'p 


>A\ 


The  principal  tribes  or  baiads  were  the  \Vaka  kam  i  known  as 
.  the  Katl/.uiat  (  Cathlaniet  >,  the  Tshinnk  (('hin<iok),  and  rlus 
.itives,  who  dwell  about  the  lower  parts  ('  ilio 


the  AVahkyekiiiii 
'J'lat.sap  (Cl.it^op 
Columbia,  may  be  ilivided  into  foiu'  tribis — the  (  l(itsii[is, 


//.. 


Till 


I'oint  .Vilams.  on  lL<'  <*outh  sid( 


the 


Chinooks:  ^\ Mk 


miets 


th 


e  nortli  -~i 


th 


other  inlet  ,  /^'. 
Clatsop-.  Catlilaii 
liiiinx.  .MoltnoiLnn,  t'Uicki  lis.'  /e 


lie  of  the  river,  i 

111.     The  tribes  mav  1 


I  reside  .iround 

ums;  and  theCath-' 

iroinid  l'>ak(  r's  Jiav  and 


>e  el,i.-,>.e( 


1:  -Chinook 


Wi 


IS,  Wacalaiiius.  ( 'atth  tiin  I.  s,  Clat 


.Ih 


p.  SI. 


1' 
Tril 


)es  on  iioitii  han 


Hi    (.'oluiuliia  fr   n  «»'>!ith:  (hilts,  Chinnook,  Cathlamah.  Walil 


viaKume 


kof 
Skil- 


lute,  Qnatldapotl 


((/((/  '  /'//•/,' 


.)A 


-Ml  tl 


le  natives  inhabitini'  lli 


sontliern  shon  of  the  >*traits  of  Fuea),  and  the  dci  [ily  indented  territory  as 
far  as  and  indudiiif^  th"'  tide-waters  of  the  Columbia,  may  be  <  oiii|  lehendid 
under  the  j^'ciic  r.d  term  of  Chinooks.'  I'h'h rin<i'if  U<ins.  in  '  .  .v.  /-.'.r.  Ex.,  \cL 
i.\.,  p.  2.").  •  1  he  ( 'henook  nation  resides  .dnim  n|M>ii  the  ( '.ilnmbia  ri\cr,  from 
the  Cascades  to  its  conilnenee  with  the  oee«ii.  i'iiff,ir's  K.fphif,  'I'mtr.  p.  '.(11. 
'  InhabitiiiL,' the  hjwer  parts  of  the  Columbia,'  i'iitli,''t  .V.  Am.  Jml..  vol.  ii., 


1> 


nil. 


1  l.iiits-Tehinouli 


11.  s 


iscadeH  (111    Ui(»  Colom 


T. 


ouks  d'lU  bas,  des  Cascades   juscpr.'i   la  Hut.  Hi'k- f  eliiiiouks."     )/ 


jiliiv.,  toiii.  ii..  pp 


"•':;, 


.1/-.  /,' 


>,  ;!."■)!  1  I. 

)).   40.     Th.'  (  h 


,  /.'.,■- 

On  till.  ri.  lit  Uink.  ..f  'ho  4     tnmbia.'   t.n'l-- 

iks   ami   Ki  lnHsuviiH.   4  trilxK,  Hvt-  at 


I'iUar  i; 


();i 


F'liiit,   the    Dall.is,   the  (• 


ides,  rp.  ,ti.  ]{tvei',  Tiikama 


liiver,  on  the  Coiiimliia,'     '(  lueiiooks,  (  latsops  and  -      ra)  ■'.n'l 


les  near  th 


THE  CHINOOK  FAMILY. 


305 


^ntviiriff  rif  t\io  rnliimhiiv  Rivrr.'  Witire  mid  ]'iriisi  ui\  in  .lArr//  /'s  //'"/.  77. , 
]i.  M .  I'lpir  and  Liiwcr  Cliinooks  on  tli((  (Olnniliia  Kivcr.  Lowi  r  (  liinnokrt 
at  Sli(iahv:itii'  Hay.  SclnKilcrdj'I's  Arcli.,  Vdl.  v.,  j).  I'.Hl.  CliiiKKiks,  •n'>illi  of 
till' ('(liunil)ia.'  /</.,  p.  r.lJ.  '  rpinT  Cliiniioks,  livi'  bands,  Colniuliia  Kivcv, 
«l)MVi'  till'  Cowlitz.  Lower  f'liinoolis.  (iiluiiiliia  Ivivcr  below  the  ('owlit/, 
and  fiuir  olli'i'  bands  f)n  Slioidwatev  Hay.'  >7i-C'),s.  in  /(/.,  ]i  Tn:!.  'Month 
of  Colmnbia  rivrr.  north  side,  including  sonic  "jO  miles  inli  rior.'  l-.n'im  cs, 
in  /'/.,  vol.  iii..  II.  "ittl.  The  Cliinnooks  'reside  ehietly  ulon;,'  the  baidis  of  ,i 
river,  to  wliiih  wc  j^iive  the  same  name;  and  which,  running,'  parallel  to  th« 
nea  coast  ...em;ities  itself  into  Ilahy's  l>ay.'  Lrn-'is  ninl  t'hirh's  VV'n-..  p. 
41'),  and  map:  Irrinj's  Ast'^riii.  \)  :i:i").  '  To  the  sonth  of  tic  iiiouth  of  the 
Columbia  '  linmoii'i-h's  Ili'srrls.  vol.  ii.,  ]>.  b").  '  Cheiiooks  on  the  Coliunliia.' 
Sii-(ii('n  X.  ir.  Const,  \^.  2M.  North  side  of  the  Colnmliia.  \!frsi's  /c/""■^ 
p.  IJllS;  (n-'inlmir's  Jl'tst.  Oipi.,  p.  'JSI).  Tshiliiik  sonth  of  the  Coliiinbia  at 
mouth.  AVatlala  oji  both  sides  of  the  rivir  fidm  the  Willamette  to  I)alles. 
'J'hey  pi-opi'ily  iiclon^' to  the  Indians  iit  the  Cascades.  Ilii!.'s  FJInn'i..  in  T.  >' 
AV.  /•,',i'..  Vol.  vi.,  pp.  'ii)  ■■"),  and  niaji.  j).  JUT.  Hanks  of  tie  ( Hhnnbia  fioni 
Dalles  to  the  month,  i'dnilnttn's  'rnn\,  p.  ts.").  The  I'piK  r  Chinooks  were 
the  Shalala  and  Lchtdoots  of  Lewis  and  Clarke.  il'iUUs.  in  I'lif.  It.  I!.  1!' i>t.. 
Vol  i.,  p.  117.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  mouth  of  the  Ci  ilnmbia,  th'  le  ari',  Ix-- 
siih  s  tie-  Chinooks,  the  Klitdi.atacks,  Cheehaylas,  Naas,  and  many  other 
trilxs.   (''i<"iii's  .V,  .\iii.  Lid.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ]l;{. 

'  The  l-'l.ithead  Indians  are  mil  wiili  on  the  banks  of  the  ( 'obimbia  IJiver, 
from  its  I  'outh  eastward  to  the  Cascades,  a  diNtanee  of  about  l.")^l  mill  s;  they 
extend  up  the  Walhanu'ttc  Eivi  I's  mouth  about  thirty  or  forty  mih  s,  and 
through  the  district  between  the  Walhamettc  and  I'ort  .Vsloiia.'  A'Kk '.-i 
l\'iiii'l.,  ]i.  i7;!.  'The  Flatlieads  are  a  vi  ry  niuuerous  people,  iidiabitiiii,'  the 
shores  oi'  the  ('olnnd)ia  Itivi f,  and  a  vast  tract  of  country  l>i'ie  td  the  south 
of  it.'  Cii'.'i.i's  \.  .lid.  //e/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  lllS.  ■ 'J'he  Cathie-'i'on  irilies,  which 
iidiabit  the  Colundiia  Kivcr.'  .sc/i/i  ,•,  in  Lntiil.  (ii'u;/.  .Snc,  .hmr  ,  \ol,  xi.,  p. 
■-'■Jj.  (  .itlilascos  (Ui  the  t'olinuliia  liiver,  S.  side  "i'iU  mih  s  from  its  mouth. 
V  .c.sc'.s  Ii  jil.,  ]>.  iiliS. 

Shoatvv.iUT  l!ay  Indians:  ^\'!al,lpah  mi  Whilapah  rivi  r;  Ni  coinanchee,  or 
Vickonnii.  on  Nickoinin  river.  tlowiie_;  into  llie  ea>t  side  of  tlie  bay;  (jim  lap- 
tiiiiiilt.  at  the  mouth  of  Whilapah  river;  Wliarhoots,  at  Ihe  |m.  -cut  site  of 
l!ru  |.ii;-t:  'Jiii -npn  Itin,  at  the  ne  'illi  of  a  creek;  Palux,  ou  Cojialux  or 
I'aliiN  rivi  )■;  .Marhoo,  Nasal,  on  the  I'liiin^ula.  Sirmi'.-!  .V.  IT,  C,„^^^.  ],.  -jIi. 
'  K.irwei  Wee,  or  .\rtsmilsh,  the  name  of  thi  Slioalwater  iSay  tiiiies.'  hi.,  p. 
'210.  .MoUl,'  the  coast  north  of  the  Columliia  arr  the  Cliinnooks.  I\illa\- 
tliockle,  (  hills,  ClaUloitoniish.  I'nto.i^hees.  etc.  I.i  ii'.s  ,i  ifl  ( 'hi  rl.-  's  I'l-'ir.,  p. 
(."'>.  (^  I'.il.ipieiupias  at  Shoalwali  r  Hay.  .lA'/i  in  .^rliuiilcriij'l's  An'li.,  vid.  ili., 
|i  2'HI.  K.wilhioipia.  Uorliiof  the  Columbia  near  the  mouth.  Iliil  's  l\lhii'"j, 
ill  I'.S.  /:.,■.  h'.i\.  \ol.  vi.,  p.  2iil,  and  map,  p.  I'.i7.  Klatska  lai,  'on  (he 
uplier  waters  of  the  N<  h  '!■  iii,  a  stream  running,'  into  the  raciiic.  on  those  of 
Young's  l.ivrr,  and  one  !/■  irinj^  their  own  name,  which  enters  the  Coliiinbiii 
at  Oik  I'oint.'  'li/i'-.s'  C/,;,riw./r  lo  k'i.,  p.  iv.  Willopahs,  'on  the  \\  iilopah 
Kivcr,  and  the  heaii  of  the  Chilialis.'    I'l. 

The  Cliilts  inliabii   the  "coast  to  the  noithward  of  Cape  Dii^ai  pointiiient. 
Vol,.  I.    'JO 


ii 


01 


'Iliil 


nor, 


TRIBAL  r.OUN'DAP.IES. 


TfLv's  .1  /'■;(..  vol.  i.,  ?,02.  '  Xortli  of  tho  mouth  of  tlio  fVjluiiihiii  and  riifulis 
rivers.'  I'liil.-r'n  Explar.  Tnur,  p.  "JOl,  iiiid  map.  'On  tho  sea-coast  mar 
I'oiiif  Ijiwis.'    fjinndml  ('hirl.r'ti  Trav  ,  p.  101. 

i\Iisi'('llaii('oiis  haiulH  on  the  ("ohiml)ia;  Alois,  on  tho  north  siclo  of  tho 
Colunihia.  '/'/ss'  Jaitr.,  p.  '2S5.  Cathlacniiinps  '  t)n  the  main  short'  S.AV.  of 
AVa;>))at(io  Isl."  .lAic.sv's  Itijit..  p.  'Ml.  Catlilakaiiiaps,  'at  the  mouth  of  tlie 
'Wall.iuiiiut.'  /</..)).  IJf>8.  Cathlanaiiienauiens,  '  On  the  island  in  the  moutli 
of  the  Wallaiiiiiut.'  III.,  p.  ;)(;>S.  Cathhtmupiiahs,  'On  tlie  S.W.  side  of 
A\'a]i]i,itiHi  Isl.'  III.,  p.  ;i71.  Cathlapootle,  ei<,'htv  miles  from  mouth  of  the 
CdliiMiliia  opjiosite  the  mouth  of  tlie  AViilainette.  /(/  ,  ji.  :;(1S.  Cathlathlas, 
'at  (lie  i-apids,  S.  side.'  III.,  p.  liCS.  Clahelellah,  'below  the  r;  pids.'  Mnisi's 
liijil..  |).  iiTO.  ('laiinaniiiiiiiamuiis,  '  S.W.  side  of  AViip]:atoo  Isl.'  Id.,  ji.  liTl. 
( '1,-iiiiaiatas,  'S.W.  side  of  Wappatoo  Isl'  Ih.  ('lodestar,  '  S.J-',.  side  of 
Wa-'paltoi)  Isl."  fh.  Cooniaes,  'of  Oak  IViiiit  {  Kahiiyak  or  Kukhuyak.  the 
Ki'eluits  of  I'ranchoi'P  and  Skilloots  of  Lewis  and  Clarki').'  '//' '<.v'  I'li'iimuk 
Vdi-h'i  ,  p.  iv.  Ilellwits,  'S.  side  I'.'.t  luih^s  from  mouth.'  Muvsi's  lli'id.,  \,.  :i(lH. 
Katlii'^akya.  '  from  th(>  Caseaih'S  to  Vancouver.'  Vniml<i'i.'<i\  in  T.itnil.  ii'i'ii;/.  Snr. 
.Iniir..  vol.  xi..  ]).  '2."i.").  Katlaniinimim,  on  ^Multnomah  Island.  Hi.  Katla- 
Iioril,  river  of  same  name,  and  ri,L;lit  hank  of  Columhia  for  live  miles  iihovo 
its  iiidiitli.  Ih.  Ketlakaniaks,  at  Oak  I'oint,  formerly  united  v.iih  Ko'.nit. 
//'.  Klakal.i!iia.  lietwfcn  Kathlaiiortle  and  Towalitch  rivirs.  ///.  !Maiiiiiit, 
'  Multiioiiiidi  \-i\.'  III.  Xech.ikok",  'S.  side,  near  {'nicksaiid  river,  opixisito 
l)iamoiid  Isl.'  .l/i)/>c',s  Jlijit.,  p.  liTll.  \eerchokioon,  souih  side  aliove  '.he 
Wa'dauinut  river.  I h.  Shalala  at  the  j.;r,iiid  ra;  iils  down  to  the  Willaiiiet.  I li. 
(^iliiilila',iolle,  liitweeu  the  Cowlits  and  (  haliwalniahiliook''  (Cath'aliootle  'i) 
river.   I.' !i-h  lUiil  diirl:-! 's  Mi:ji.     Seamysty.  'at  the  luoulh  of  the  'J'owalitch 


livi-r.'  i-'riiiiiliii'isc 


in  1.1  mil.  liiiij,  Si'i\  Ji 


inir.,  vol.  XI.,  1).  -•<•) 


Shoto,  W.  side 


hack  of  a  ])ond  and  lU'arly  ()p]!Osite  the  entrance  of  the  Wihamut.    Mi.rsr's 


U.  ).i 


/■'•■I' 


;i. lutes,  '  about  junction  of  t'owlit/.'  ./.< 


,■/,■■  '.s'  .i; 


'/'• 


Skiloots  on  the  t'ol 


uiiiiiia  on  eacli  salt 


from  the  lo\V(  r  jiart  of  the  (.  olumhi.i 


Yal. 
Mil,: 


low  as  Stiirueon  Island,  and.  iPli  both  sidisof  the  Cowiliskee  It 


/; 


/''.]' 


■'luockslioi 


III. 


V 


;i7().     'i'rd(   Kalels,  n 


Fort  Vi 


iiivc'r.    W'lirii' iiii'l  r((r(/.vr)(/'.  in  Murliii'.'i  Jlml.  U.,  \>.>^\.     A\'alielellah.  '  lieh 


all  the  1  ii'ids 


Mil 


Uilii 


jiL,  p 


liraiH-h  of  the  Wallamat.'   Frniiil. 
AVya'iipaiiis.  iit   the  narrows.   Iv 


m.     Wakam 

.'  .  ill  l.i'llil.  li 


Deer's    Isle  to  111 


,/. 


"/■..  vol  .  XI.,  1>.  '.•)■) 


.!'/( 


pp.   117   lit.     'I'diilouits  on  th 


C'olumliia,   south  hank,  helow  the  Cowlit/.   ytiiitrl,  in    .V' 


.\llllilJiS    ill 


I'e//.,   IS'21.  toiii.   X.,  JI.  Il'i,     Catlilakaheckits  and   Cathlathlalas  in  vicinity 
of  till'  Cascades.    Id.,  tom.  xii.,  iM'Ji,  ]i.  'J:!. 

The  I'l'ilsiiji^  live  on  Point  .\daliis.  Il'iiuft'  In//.,  !S8.  'South  side  of  the 
(f'oliuiilpia  I  river  at  its  mouth.'  Uri'  nhmr's  Hist,  (iijii..  jip.liO,  LMl.  'Soulheiii 
■lior<'of  the  li:iv  at  till' mouth  of  the  Columliia.  and  aloii'j  the  seacoiist  oil 


holh 


■  f  I'oiiit    Adii 


,1/e,-/.. 


t'niiiiii,    p.  "Jll:   1,1  iris  iiinl  Cliirl.i' 


pji.    1:1,   I'Ji'i,  and  map.     1'2  miles  from  iiKUith,  south  side.    .Mn 


h'llil..  p.  :''iS.     'South  sid(>  of  the  river.'  (luss'  Jimr..  \).  'Hi.     '  I'rom  mar 

'rni.ii k    lli.id  to  I'oint  Adams  ami  up  the  river  to 'I'oiieiie   I'oinl.'   0'/'i'/'..s' 


I'liimiiih-  1 '("■(//<.,  i>.  iv.     Klakhelnk,  '  on  (latsoii  I'oint,  cm 


1 
Kops.'   l-'riDii'iiisi',  in  I.iiml.  '/" 

vul.  iii.,  ]i.  2111.  vol.  V  ,  p.  1U2. 


niiiioHlv  ea 


died  Clat- 


.;/.  Si,i: 


vol.  xi.,  p.  2ii>;  I'^rliuvlfiv/t's  .inli. 


COAST  TUIBES  OF  OREGON. 


n)7 


:;(iH. 


|l.'  (if   thr 

vuillu  III 

Iciiast   I'll 

r/,(/'/.i's 

|iim  111  111' 

(,;;,/..-■• 

Jl,  ,1  Clat- 
Ir.s  .1/v/,., 


Tlio  'Wiilialnnii,  or  'Wiikaiknm,  live  on  the  rij^'lit  Imiik  of  Uh'  Coluniliiu; 
nn  11  siniill  strcani.  called  Ciuli't  IJiviT.'  I'\'iiiii'iiiisi'.  in  Lnutl.  (ii-mi.  S<-<:.  •Jinir,, 
vol.  xi..  J).  'J^jo.  \Vukiakunis  (  Wakaiakiuii  i  "  tiiwiinls  Oak  ruiiiv.'  liih'is'  I'ld- 
Tiiiiik-  Wfiiii.,  ]).  iv.  Wahkiacuiiis,  luljoinin^' th*.'  C'litlilanialis  on  tlic  smith- 
cast  and  the  Skilliints  on  the  north-west.  J.iiris  dml  t'litrhv's  Maii.  AX'aiiki- 
ciuiis,  thirty  miles  from  the  uumth  of  the  Coluiubirt,  north  side,  .l/urs-'s 
y.'V-/  .  ]).  ;i(i.S. 

The  C'ltlildini'ts  extend  from  Ton<,'ue  Point  to  Fiu^'ct's  Island,  (iihhs'  <''li\- 
U'lnh'  \'i)ca').,  p.  iv.  '  Oiijiositc  the  lower  villii„'e  of  the  Wahkiaciims.'  Ir''i"/s 
Astoria,  J).  33  i.  'ISO  miles  from  the  month  of  Colnmliia.'  I/^im's  Ui/iI,,  ji. 
lii'iS.  '  t)n  a  river  of  same  name.'  Frniiihui'ie,  in  Load.  ikuj.  Sar.  Juur.,  vol. 
xi..  p.  2.")");   I.i'ii-is  (t)iil  f'lKfhe'a  Map. 

'Aloni,'  the  const  south  of  the  Colnmliia  river  ari'  the  Tlatsops,  Killa- 
niiiiks.  TiUektons,  Kahiiiikle,  Liekiiwis,  Voiikon-'.  Nec'-eto,  I'lseah,  Voiiitts, 
Shiasiiickle,  Killiiwats,  I'ookoose,  Shuliilahs,  Lnckasos,  Hiinuukalals.'  Lnri-i 
itirl  '7.(/7,-  's  Trar..  jip.  127-8.  'Alon;.^'the  coast  S.  of  Colnniliia  river,  and 
siieak  till'  Killamncks  lanf.;iia.u-e,'  Yoiiicone,  Niekeetoos,  I'lseahs,  Yuiiitts, 
Slicastiikles,  Killawats,  Cookkoooos  ■,  Shallidah.  Luck'carso.  Haniiak.illal. 
.1/' '/■.■-•' ',s  l!>'iit..  II.  371.  Naeli:;i,  'on  a  river  on  the  sea-coas;,  .3.)  miles  S.  cv 
ClatMi',  J'oint,'  and  the  folic I'viui,'  tribes  iiroceedin;,'  sonthwanl  Nikaas, 
K'.wai,  N'eselitch.'l'ac  'ii'n,  Alc.va,  Sayon.stla.  Kiliwatsal,  Ivamis.  (iodaii.'voii  (  I), 
Stotoiiia,  at  the  month  of  Cdnuin  rivei-.  I''r(iii:hi/isi',  in  L^nd.  ili:nii,  >i,i\  ,'i/nr., 
vol.  xi..  pp.  ■i."i.")-ii. 

'I'lir  /r;,'/(n/e«//..s- dwell  alonf.;  the  coast  Honthward  from  the  month  ot  the 
Colu'.iiliia.  '  Xcar  the  month  ot  the  Colnmliia.'  I'<ir/,(r's  l-^xfUir.  'Iniir,  ]i.  -.'Vi-Jt. 
Calliuiix,  '  l  I  miles  S.  of  Colnmliia.'  M'H'sf's  Hipl.,  p.  ils.  Killamncks, 
'  .iliiiii.;  the  S  I!,  coast  for  many  miles.'  hi.,  ji.  .371.  rillaiiiooks,  'alon'.;  tie 
cM.ist  fi'om  riiipiiua  liiver  to  the  Neachesna,  a  distance  of  one  hiiiidred  and 


twciitv   miles. 


I'kIh 


i..ii.  M.  Hjit.,  \yr,\ 


p[i.   '..."iri.  2."i'.».     Kilaiiiiik 


d  cast  of  iiioiitli  of  the  Colnmliia,  extiiiclinu  to  the  coast.'  Kiniimjis, 
/■■i.Ts  Aril.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  2tll.     Nsietshawus.  or  Kill.ii'Miks,  •mi  ihi 


st  s mth  of  the  Colnmliia.'    Il'th'.-i   EHin  "i  .  in  T.  .s'.  Ex.  A', 


vol. 


]i.  211.  and  map,  p.  r.)7.  '  Hetween  the  rivcr  ("liimliia  and  the  Cmiiiina  ' 
W'.uri'  (III  I  \'iiciis  itr,  in  Mdrlin'.f  llml.  IS.,  p.  ^1.  'Country  about  (ape 
Loi'ko-.it.'  ruhiifr's  Jiinr.,  ]i.  Id.").  'On  ciiinprc ml  sous  |c  uoiu  ;_;('iii'ral  de 
Killiiiiiiiis.  Ics  Indiens  (111  slid  dii  llio  (J(  loiiiliia,  tcls  (jiie  les  Nalii  lems,  les 
Nik.i-,  1  ;  Kaonais,  les  .Vlsiias,  les  I'liKiuas.  I.  s  'r.iutoiinisct  les  Sast.'s.  Ces 
dciix  d'l'ni.'res  penphules  se  sunt  jns(pra  p(('s<iit  nioiitrees  Imstilcs  aux  car- 
avaiics  (Us  blancs.'  .Mo/rils,  /•-'.r/i/o/'.    tmii.  ii..  |ip.  33-'),  .3."i7.     Killimucks,  niixt 


t'l  tlie  Clatso|i! 


is.    l.fll'IS  (III 


I  I'htrh's  'I'riir..  p.  I2li.      'Cull 


cmeiix  nation,    '/i/.s 


./'"'/•..  11.  2i'ill.     I'allcmax  on  the  coast   fcilN  lc.i;4U(  s  south  'if  the  C(.luni!iia. 
Stu'^'l.  in  .Voi/rc'/cs  ,l;i)i'(/i''' "'i.s  '".'/.,  torn,  x.,  p.  '.'it. 

The  La  ktons  iiri'  found  'adjoinini,'  Uic  Killaniucks   and  in  a  dir'cli'iii  S 


S.E.    /. 


'./ c/,.t/,'  •.■••  7 


/•'((•.,  p 


I- 


Tb  ■  .lakon.  or  Yakones,  dwell  south  of  the  Killamooks  on  the  ooast.  //■'/■  'i 
:?liii'"i..  ill  r.  .S.  J-'x.  K.e.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  21H,  aid  map,  \<.  I'.l7. 

'riir 'Ilatvkaniii  are  farther  inland  than  the  Killamooks.    '(/.,  ]i.  •2(M. 

Tii'-  r    /'./((((.s  live  '  on  a  river  of  that  naiin  .'  Erniiihui-ir,  in  Luinl.  licnij,  ,s'yc. 


808 


TKTBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Jour.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  2r>C).  'In  a  vjilloy  ni  tho  same  nnnin.  Tlmy  nrc  divided 
iiitn  six  tribes;  tho  Sconta,  Chalnla,  I'idakiilm,  (iniittaiiiya,  and  Cbnstii.' 
J'lin'.tr's  h^xjilnr.  Tow;  p.  '2(J'2.  Uniljaquas.  /</.,  {>.  202.  '  Unipqnas  (U  tiibus) 
Kiir  la  rivii'rt!  de  ce  nom,  et  do  la  riviere  anx  Vaelics.'  l/ij/'ms,  Krjilar.,  toni. 
ii.,  [1.  :!ll'».  'Tlie  I'ndvwa  inhabit  the  ujiper  jiart  <if  the  river  (if  that  name, 
haviiii,'  the  Kalapnya  on  the  north,  the  Lutuami  (Clamets),  on  the  oast,  and 
the  Saijistkia  between  tliiin  and  the  sea.'  J/nlc's  Kllinnfi.,  in  U.  S.  Kx.  Ex., 
vol.  vi.,  p.  204,  and  map,  j).  1!)7.  Two  hundred  and  tweiity-tive  miles  south 
of  the  Columbia.  Hiw's'  Voy.,  p.  04.  '  Tho  country  of  the  I'nqxpias  isboimd- 
(mI  ( ast  by  the  Cascade  mountains,  west  liy  the  Unijiijua  mountains  and  the 
oceiiii,  north  by  the  Calipooia  mountains  and  south  by  'Irave  Creek  and 
]{o),'iic  liiver  mountains.'  I'lthiur,  in  liul.  Aff.  Uijd.,  1854,  p.  25:");  Eiiniiii)i.'<, 
in  SfloKilrrnft's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  j).  2lil,  vol.  v.,  p.  4'.)2. 

'J"he  Saiu.-itkla  reside  'u]ion  a  small  stream  which  falls  into  the  sea  just 
south  of  the  fuKpia  IJiver.'  link's  HIIiiuki.,  in  l'.  S.  h'.r.  h'.r.,  vol.  vi.,  ]>.  2:^1, 
map,  J).  I!t7.  Sipselaw,  'on  the  banks  of  Jie  Sinselaw  river.'  llnrn  i/,  in  Iml. 
Aff.  liejil.,  18013,  p.  H(t.  Sayousla,  'near  the  mouth  of  Snyoushi  bay.'  lUnn/.n, 
in  1(1.,  1Si'p2,  ]).  2'.lO.  Saliutla,  '  at  the  nioiith  of  tin,'  Umbacjua  river."  J'ur/ai'ti 
Exjilor.  Tiiiir,  p.  2(12. 

Tho  Kathiwotsetts  iui^lude  the  Siuslaw  and  Alsea  bauds  on  Siuslaw  liiver; 
the  Scottsburf,',  Lower  ("mpijua,  and  Kowes  TJay  bands  on  I'mjuiua  liivi  r. 
./>/•(•((■,  in  lull.  Aff.  lliiiL,  1S.".7,  p.  liolt.  Kiliw.'itshat,  'at  the  mouth  of  tho 
ITmiKpia.'    Il'ih'-i   /•.'//, I" «;.,  in  /'.  .'^'.  h'.r.  />.,  vol.  vi.,  ji.  221. 

Till'  Alsiiis,  or  .Ms.yas,  live  on  Alsea  Bay.  /i/ooA.s-,  in  ind.  Aff.  Ixcpl., 
1H(;2,  p.  2".)',);  linn-' I/,  in  A/.,  180:!,  p.  80.  (^loereleatan,  'at  the  forks  of  tho 
Co<piille  river.'  (^uahtnmahs,  betwe(Mi  Co(piill(!  ];iv(>r  and  Port  Orfoid. 
Nasoniah.  'nearthv  mouth  of  the  Cixpiille  liiver.'  J'ftrrlf'li,  in  //*(/.  .1/^  Ji'l't-, 
18.")4.  J..  287. 

Willamette  Valley  Niitions:  'The  nations  who  inhabit  this  fertile  iieif,'ii- 
bc)Urhood  are  very  uuiuerius.  The  Wappatoo  inlet  extends  three  hund- 
red yards  wide,  foi'  ten  or  twelve  miles  to  th(^  south,  as  far  as  the  hills  near 
•which  it  receives  tlie  waters  of  a  small  creek,  whose  s<iurcesare  not  far  from 
those  of  the  Killamuck  river.  On  tluit  creek  resides  thi>  Clackstar  natio:i,  a 
uunienius  pt  (iple  of  twelve  hundred  souls,  who  subsist  on  tish  and  wappatoo, 
and  who  tradi'  by  nieaus  of  the  Killamuck  river,  with  the  nation  of  that 
namt-  on  the  sea-coast,  Lower  down  the  inlet,  towards  iIk;  Columbia,  is  the 
tribe  I  alli  il  Cuthlacniiiiip.  On  the  sluice  which  connects  the  inlet  with  the 
Multnomah,  aic  the  trilies  Cathlanahi|niidi  and  Cathlacomatup;  and  on  Wap- 
patoo island,  the  tribes  of  (  la'iuidniiiuahinn  and  Clahiiacpiah.  Iinin<(li- 
alelv  (pp|iosite.  Hear  the  Towahmdiioolts,  are  tlie  (^)uathlapolli  s,  and  hiLsla  r 
up,  nil  the  side  of  the  Ccilumbia,  the  Sliotos.  All  tliesi'  tribes,  ,is  well  as 
the  Calhlahaws,  who  live  somewhat  lower  on  the  rivt  r,  and  1  ave  an  (Id  vil- 
laj,'e  (III  1)(  (  r  island,  iii.iy  be  considered  as  parts  of  the  greai.  INIiiitiioiiaili 
nation,  wlii.  h  has  its  iniiicipal  residence  on  Wappatoo  island,  near  the  nidiitli 
of  the  larj^e  river  to  which  they  ^ive  their  iianu'  Forty  miles  above  its  jiu 
tion  with  the  Columbia,  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  (,'lackamos,  a  riv^  r  which 
may  be  traced  throu^'h  a  woody  and  fertil(>  country  to  its  sources  in  Mount 
Jetlcrsou,  almost  to  the  foot  of  which  it  is  navigable  for  cauocs.     A  nation 


NATIVES  OF  THE  "WILLAMETTE  VALLEY. 


:509 


li\Ilnl- 

uUs  111  :ir 

far  fitiiii 

liiiitiiiii.  ii 

of  tliat 
[ill,  is  lliii 
with  tli<' 
(111  Wiip- 
liiniutli- 
l.l  hii^l'.i  r 
Will   lis 
1  (hi   vil- 
li,tllolUilll 

ic  uKinih 
its  jiii"- 
I  which 
u  Miiuiit 
A  uiUiiiu 


(if  till'  sii'Tio  iiiinio  resides  in  eleven  villiiL;es  aloiif,'  its  l.cirders:  tlieylivc  cliiclly 
(III  tish  iiud  nidts,  wliicli  alioniid  in  the  Claelianins  and  alnii^  its  hanks,  thdiiyh 
they  sdiiietinies  descend  tci  the  Coliiniliia  to  ),'athel' wajipatdn,  where  thevcan- 


imt    he   ( 


listini^nished  by  dri  ss  or  nmnners,  or  lanL;nat,'e,  from   the  t 


rihr-,  of 


Multiioniahs.  Two  days'  journey  frnni  the  ('olnnd)ia,  or  ahout  t\v(  nty  iinh  s 
hrvolid  the  entrance  of  the  Clackainos.  are  the  falls  of  the  .Mnltiioiuidi.  .\t 
this  I'lace  are  the  iierniancnt  residences  of  the  ('nshool;s  and  Cliaheowahs, 
two  trilies  who  are  attracted  to  that  jilace  hy  the  tish.  and  hy  the  eonvciiii  hch 
of  trading' across  the  mountains  and  down  Killaniuek  river,  with  the  nation 
of  Kiihi'.iiucks,  from  whom  they  jirocure  train  oil.  Tlusc  falls  were  occa- 
sioned liy  the  jiassa;j;e  of  ii  hi^'h  rani,'i'  of  moiintains;  lieyond  which  the 
country  stretches  into  a  vast  h  vel  jilain,  wholly  destitute  of  tinihei.  .\s  far 
as  the  Indians,  with  whom  W(t  conversed,  had  ever  ]h  iietrated  that  country, 
il  was  in 
wjidse  villa; 


liatiiteil  liv  il  nation  called  Calal 


Hioewah,  a  V(  ry  numerous  ]«  ople, 
/es.  IK  arly  fnrty  in  nunilM  r,  are  scatlered  aloii;,'  each  side  of  th<! 
Multnomah,  which  furnish  them  with  tin  ii-  (•lii(  f  suhsistence.  lisli.  and   the. 


ilsaloii;^'  its  lianks.'  /,iiris  (ii,il  ( 'hirKi's  7V'(/'.,  jip.  .')ii7  H.    ('ala|  ooyas.  Mi 


ill. 


d  Clackamas  ia  the  Willamette  \al 


I   V.   Srl,,,nlrni!Ts  ArrI,. 


.1 


t  the  moiUh  of  llie  ( )iiallaniat :    Catlilaooulles 


iiiooi  s  on 


[I   'jni),  maji.     (':itlilaka)iia;'S  a 

(i]i])ositc;  Cathlan.aminimins  on  an  island  a  little  hiL;lier  nii;  Matlil; 

till'  Uliper   Jiart  of   the  same   island;   CathlajKHiyi  as   just  ahove   the   falls:   the 

Catlilacklas  on  an  eastci'n  hranch  faither  uii;  and  still  hit^her  tlie  Cle  'chuiiis. 

Slii'irt.  in  \iiiii- His  Aiiiiiilis  i!i:i  yni/.,  1^21.  tom.  x..  pji.  11"),  117. 

Tin    Cathlathlas  live  'tJO  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  AVallaumiit.'  ,l/"^.->i 's 
/.'./-/.,  p.  :i(i.s. 

The  t'lonj^'hewallhah  are  '  ii  little  hclow  the  falls.'  I'arkcr's  E^-plor.  Tour, 

177. 

The  Kitlawcwalhi  live  'at  the  falls  of  the  ^Vallamat.'  Frnmhdisi ,  in  Lond. 


\'i 


,/., 


vol.  xi.,  p.  'iiVi. 


riie  Leeslitehjsh  occupy   the  'headwaters  of  the  Multnomah.'   lltub 


at  uiiiier  (  nd  of  the  island  ii 


('iijiHrili/,  p.  7:5. 

The  Multnoniahs  for  Jlathlanohs)  dw 
llie  miuitli  of  the  Wallauniut.'   Mnrsi'ti  Ji'i/il.,  ji.  'MM. 

The  Nemahpiinnir  lands  are  'N'.Fi.  side  of  the  NN'.dlaunmt  river,  ;J  miles 
iihove  its  mouth.'  .)/(ii'S''s  li^ pi.,  p.  :i70. 

The  Newaskees  extend  eastward  of  tin  headwaters  of  the  ^lultnomah,  on 
a  lariie  lake.    Ilnnhr's  Cuiilirili/^  p.  7li. 

The  Vauikallies  dwell  '  towards  the  sources  of  the  Wallamut  Kivi  r.'  Sroti- 


/'  <'.  in  IjiihiI.  (ifMij.  Sue.  ./(>((/'.,  vol.  xi..  \i   'l-i>. 

'llie   )'(l}iljiiHiiitis   live   in   the   n]i]ier  Will.-imette  Valli  y.      ('alli]>ooya, 

il.  v..  p.  4'.fJ.  vol.  iii..  p.  2iil. 
I'lyi,  'aliove  the  falls.'   Hull's  Klliiimi.,  in  T.  .*<'.  E.^'.    I'.w.   vol.   \i.,   ]) 
1   illawiiohveaa.i.  Willamette   tiilies  sixti  (  11   in    niimln  r.     /,' 


'Wi 


hinii  tte   N'allcv. 


Svli'^iili-ni'Ts   A,:  I,. 


r.ir  lh>,.h 


i.,  p.  1'<S.    ('alapooah,  sev.  nt(  in  triln  s  on  tlie  Willamette  and  its  hiaicii- 


is,    /',/,'/,. 


/■;,i'/./o;-.  v. 


p.  'ii'ij.     (  allapi 


ass  nation  coUhIsIs  oI   \\  i 


loai.app,  Nawniooit,  Chillychandi/.  .  Mim  K  iiiy,  (  oiip,'  Slu  Ini  s,  l.oiie- 
ti'iii,»U('liun'.  Lamalle.  and  !'>  e\  < 'U  tiilns.  I,''i.ss'  Ailrni.,  p)i  tlilli  II,  Ivdapoo- 
>   Us,  •on  the  shoii       •   i||.    (>ri';-;on.'    Mnrlmt's  ''ooiei,   p.   •Ji:(.     ■  Willamat 


310 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


riiiins.'  Smnln;  in  T.nnd.  Geori.  Sdc.  Jmir.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  225.  KulMiinvfiH, 
'al)<)Vt)  tho  fulls  of  the  CVjliunbiii.'  Donivin'rh's  Jksirh,  vol.  ii.,  p.  Ii<>.  '•")() 
iiiiU'S  from  tin-  mouth  of  tin'  NViiUiinniut,  W,  siilo.'  Morse's  llijil.,  p.  'M\H. 
Villi!  Puyas,  Valley  of  tlu;  Willamt'ttL'.  Wctm  and  Varasvnr,  in  Martin's 
llml.  «.,'p.  HI. 

Tlio  Clnrkinitns  air  on  the  '  riackama  Rivor.'  Srhonlrrnft's  An-li.,  vol.  v., 
p.  'llt'2.  'Claktiiias  ct  Kaoulis,  sur  If  Oiiallamct  (t  la  livii'rc  Kamilis.' 
Moj'nts,  Exiihir.,  torn,  li.,  ji.  .'!:!.").  'Valley  of  the  riakaniiis  and  the  ^\'iHa- 
niiila  Falls.'  Il'/;';v'  uml  VnrasfKr,  in  Mitrlin's  Ilnil.  11.,  p.  81.  Klachanias, 
*  thri'o  mill's  below  the  falls.'  Iflins'  l')^.,  p.  141.  Clackamis.  Pnliurr's  .Imtr., 
}).  HI.  Clarkami'i's.  Marsr's  llrpt.,  p.  372.  C'laekamus.  Lfn-'ts  and  I'htrli'  s 
.1/"/.. 

The  MiUalrs  are  found  in  '  Willamcttee  Valley.'  Srhnolrra/t's  An-li.,  vol. 
v..  p.  4'.)'2.  '  At  the  mouth  of  the  AVallimet,  aiiil  the  Wapatoo  Islands.  Tinl,-- 
cr's  Orfl'/di),  J).  71.  '  Upon  the  west  side  of  the  Willumottu  and  opposite  Oie- 
^"in  City.'  ]\tb)ur's  Jmir.,  i>.  84. 


mi 


Thk  Suushwap  Famii.v  comprises  all  the  inland  tribes  of  British  Cu- 
Inndiia,  south  of  lat.  r>2    'Ml'. 

The  Aliiiilis,  Strant,'ers,  Xiecoutamuch,  or  Shushwaps  proper,  inhabit  the! 


Tracer  and  Thompsim  valleys.    '  At  Spuz/ui 


habits 


d   li 


ini'Uai'e   is  tonne 


id.     Th 


a  raee  very  difl'erent  both  in 

th<!  Nieiiiitaniuch,  or  Nieouia- 


I'liis,  a  branehof  a  widely-extended  tribi'.     They,  with  tin  ir 


nate  sejits, 


the   .Vtnaks,   or  Sliuswai)mueh 


ipy  the  Ura/.er  River  from  Spuzzum  to 


llie  frontier  of  that  part  of  the  eonntry  ealhd  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
New  Caledonia,  which  is  within  u  few  miles  of  Fort  Alexandria.'  M-iym's 
It.  ('..  p.  200.  'Shushwaps  of  the  Rocky  Jloiintaiiis  inhabit  the  country  in 
the  neij^'hbourhood  of  Jasper  Hoiisi',  and  as  far  as  Tete  Jaune  Caelu-  on  tlit^ 
Western  slope.  They  are  a  branch  of  the  great  Shnshwap  nation  who  dw(  11 
near  the  Shnshwap  Lake  and  grand  fork  of  the  Thompson  River  in  Ihiti.sh 


Columb 


Tliomp.son  liiver  and   Lake  Kamloops.     Milh' 


ind  ('liiiolh 


\(irlliii\  I'ass.,  jip.  241,  335.     '  On  the  Pacific  side,  but  near  the  Rocky  'Sh 


uiit- 


is,  are  the  Shoushwai)s  who,  iidiabiting  tlie  upper  jiart  of  Frazer's  Rivi 


illd  the 
Tlie  Sh 


rth  fork  of  the  t!olumbia.'   lllal.i.'itoii,  'ui  J'allisti 
)s  live  below  till'  Siiiijauelish  Indians.'  I'arLi 


K.tphir.,  p.  11. 


1' 


iishapi 

Tlie  Shushwaiis  pos 


/•;, 


v. 


th 


luntry  bordering  on  the  lower  part 


(if  Frazer's  River,  and  its  branches.'  I  laic's  JCIImoij.,  in  /'.  .S.  /,'.<'.  /.',»'.,  v 
vi.,  p.  '.O.").  Tlie  .\tnahs  or  Sousliwap,  'live  in  (he  country  on  the  Frasi 
and  Tliouipson's  Rivers 


They  wire  termed  by  Macki  nzie  the  (  hin  tribe.' 
(See  p.  li.ol,  note  141  of  this  vol.)    I'ri^liard's  I!'  sian  Ins,  vol.  v.,  p.  427;  JJiisdi- 


llril.  .V'l/v/inm'C,  p.  321).    SI 


^haps,  south  of  the  Sinpavi  list.  !>• 


'".'/•I  I'l'-  '"'"^l-  '  l  he  Atnali,  or  Chin  Indian  cianitry  extends  almut  olio 
hundred  miles,'  from  Fort  Alexander.  I'n.v's  .I'/rm.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ;1('>1.  Shoo- 
shew.ips  inhabit  the  region  of  the  north  bend  of  the  Columbia,  in.")-  .  At- 
iialis,  in  the  region  of  the  Fraser  and  Thompson  riv(r^ 


Mn 


ail's  l.'itv 


II 


p.    li   ;    //  rhir,    ill    I'dllis'  r's     L.fj'. 


(.Uiialis  of    ^lackelizii 


ilpy    tie 


ink 


if   Thoi 


Till    Shi  \\ha[iiiiil(  li 
li 


oiupsou  s    111 


idong  Frazer's  liiver  fuim  lln   Kapid  village,  t\\'  iily  inilt;^  In  imv  Ah.\iauh 


THE  SIICSIIWAl'  r.VMII.Y. 


811 


to  thn  confliionrc  nf  tlipso  t>v(>  stvciiins.     Tliciicc  tn  iicir  tlu'  f;'.lls  tlir  tribo 


liciirs  the  iiiimc  of  Nicutcmiirh.'  Amli 


in  y/is/.  M'lj.,  vol,  vii.,  i>.7i 


'I'lic  Stt;v  Llimiili,  iiiitivcs  of  AiuliTsoii  Liikr,  spiiik  ii  dialect  of  tlic  Slic- 


8\va[i  liiii;,'uaL;> 
Vol.  ii.,  i».  Ii2. 


Tho  Li 


([111 


SUiiwliouiish,  ill  tlir  saiiiii  vifiuity.  MK'ij,  in  IS.  ' '.  P'/jicrs, 

It  liiiliiuis  liavc  tlicir  lnnnr  in  the  wintcf  on  Lake  .\nili  rsnn, 

^t   in  .liivis 


111  tlic  sinTDundin''  di.strii-t,   win  iici'  tluv  dcsiTiul  to    thr 


i|is  dwiU  alxiiit  one  hnndi'cd  and  tifty  miles  nmtli-west  of 


Inlet  in  the  summer.'   M'tijii:  '.s  Ii.  ('.,  \i 

The    Ka 
Okana;^an.  ''im''.s  Adnu.,  Vol.  ii.,  p.  VA'k 

The   Clnnsiis  arc  east  of  I'raser   Itiver,  lutwein  Yule  and  latitude  50  ; 
Skowtous,  nn  the  fiftieth  ]iaral!el  south  of  Lake  Kaiidoojis  and  west  of   Lako 


01 


lianu^an;  Sockatclieeinuu,  eas; 


st  oi  Fraser  aiul  north  of  oi'.  Ui 


iTs  Miijt 


jf  I'' 


Sin  I 


'I'iie  K'inti iKi'm  livi'  in  the  s]iace  Ixumded  liy  the  ("olumliia  Itiver 


>I 


onntains,  and  I'larkc  Kivt 


The  Kituiiah.i,  Coutanies,  or  I'iatl 


Koek, 
w.inde 


in  the  ru;.,"4ed  and  mountainous  tract  enclosed  lietween  the  two  northei-n  fork.s 


if  the  Columl) 


The  Flat  l)o\v  Kiver  and  L 


dso  lielmi''  toll 


lem. 


link's 


Elh 


ilirl. 


,iu  r.s.j-y.K 


,1. 


vv 


.(M 


niap,  \) 


•21)7 


'  Inhaliit  Ihecountrv 


cxtcndin}'  aloui'  tlio  foot  of  the  lio 


ountains,  north  of  the  I'lalheads,  for 


verv  consid  'raldc  distan 


id  are  about  c(iuiilly  in  Amerii  an  aiul  in  Usit- 


i.sh  territory.'  il'thh.-^,  in  }'(('•.  Ii.  U.  Ilipt.,  vol.  i.,  p.  110.     Kooti 


Gillivr 
Ih, !.  I!.,  1 
tonic 


n  s  liivi 


the  Flat  15ow  Luke,  etc'  \\'<ir 


id   I 


(iriisi  iir.  111 


'on  .Ale 
MKrtin' 


..  N;] 


Kootonais,  on  '  ov  about  the  fiftieth  paralh  1  at  Foit  Koi 


>t  of  Fort  Colville.'  >>iiiipsnn's  Uv rlninl  Jmini.,  vol.  i.,  ji.  ]: 


•l!e. 


t\v< 


the  liocky  Mountains,  the  Fpiier  t  olundua  and  its  tributary  the  Kil- 


Ir 


usiiciiu  or 


rend'orei!lc,  and  wati  red  by  an  intermediate  str 


dl.  d  th. 


Kootanais  liiver  is  an  ani^ular  piece  (  f  country  peoph d  by  a  small,  isolated 
triiie  bearin'4  the  same  name  as   the   last-mentioned  rivi  r,  on   ihe  banks  of 


V  hich  they  principally  Ii 


.1/r- 


I/" 


's  J!.  <\,  p.  '-1)7.     Thu  lands  of  the  C'ot- 


tdUois 

.l./r.„ 


•li( 


(liately  nortliof  those  of  the  Flatheads.'    Irrin-i's  Jli 


nil's 


p.  7t'.     Ivutanao,  Ki'itani,  Kiiunaha.  Kutucha,  Coutaiiiis,   Flath 


'  near  the  sources  of  the  Marv  llivi 


st  of  the  liockv  Mounta 


/.. 


Ah.  Ludj.,  p.'J8.     'Inhabit  a  seilion  of  country  to  thf  nortliof  the  Fonder 


"''■"t.l. 


M, 


iiloii;4  iFdillivray's  river.'   I'lirli 
rVrcs-llats,  Fr.'^sdufort  et  dii  lac  d 


i:. 


e  cc  nom. 


7' 

l/e 


1' 


voutaiiii  s  oil 


In  tile  Kootauie  \'allev.'  /.' 


•,/■, 


■IIS.  A.',!'/)'!//-.,  tijiii.  ii..  [ . ;;;!."). 

\'it..  \A.  ii.,  p.  17^<.     Kootniiays,  south  of 


the  Shushwa 


ruUi 


!■:.>■  nl' 


I' 


■u. 


■  i.reat  lomii 


itiidi 


valle 


if  tl 


Kootanic  river,  lln-lur,  in  // 


p. -r 


Tob; 


riains  form  tl 


w 

le  colllltlV 


(if  the  Ivootanii 


UhlkU';,,    in    /./. 


'About  the  nnrll 


II  111   lil.iiu  In  s 


if  the  Columbia.'  (irnnhiiir's  Hist.  Ojn.,  p.  OH.     Kootanais,  'an^le  bituitii 


the  Saeliss  lands 


id  the  eastern  lie.ids  of  the  Columb' 


.l)|.A 


in  IHst. 


.1/. 


'/..   Vo 


p.  7'.(.     Abiiiit   the  river  of  tlu'  same  name,  betweiu  il.e((. 


luuilii: 
Sinatcln-jj 


d  1! 


iv  Mountain 


ll/'s    (J  ,11 


Tl 


'i'l 


111    the    upper 
h 


ie  iMiuteiiais  Were  iieiliaps  tin 


iw  Lake,    /e 
Tusliepaw 


,  p.  1 1: 

//r(e^/ 


A  b 


111! 

il.  ii  , 


p.  lUd, 


if  L 


d  (lark 


Tiie     l-llsh 


'i  jiiiir.' 


are 


I  numerous  people  of  four  huiiilred  and  lil'ly  t(  nts, 


residiu''  on  the  luads  of  the  ilissouri  and  ('olumljiii  rivers,  and  some  of 


; 


; 


Hi 


•  '■i'l 


1, 


812 


TKir.AL  JiOL'NDAllIi:S. 


thf'in  Ii)\v-r  <1  >wn  th"  latt.r  river.'  f/n-i^  uml  Clnrl.T'^  Tfir.,  \).  !IJ1,  mid 
jiiii;.;  l!ii"rhirl,'.s  ",».,  p.  V.il.  'On  u  N.  fnik  of  ('Iiirki;"s  liivcr.'  Mdrxin 
7i''7>'..  11.  IfTJ.  Ootlaslioots,  'Micksiiclis,  iltoii  i  rcn.I  d'On  illi  ,V),  IldliiliioH 
(  Fiiitlii  .iiU?  I,  liriiiiilns  iif  tliu  'riislii|iii\vs.  /'/.,  mill  Li'n-ia  inci  Clarhi's  Mnji. 
The  'rilship.iw  uatiiiii  iiii.;!it  as  cditi  rtly  1m'  iiiclililcd  ill  the  Salisli  family  or 
(>:iiittc  I  alfiiLii-tln'r.  .Vccoriliii;^  to ',;'//,,s,  iu  l'<tr.  II.  II,  I!  pi.,  vnl,,  i.,  [<.  117, 
till  y  were  the  Kiiiitciiais. 

'I'll.  o/,'(/(r/,/r(/,.s,  (ir  Dkinakaiiis,  '  cumiirisc  the  liaiids  IvIiil;  on  thirivir 
(»f  that  lialiii-,  as  far  iKirtli  as  tin-  fiKit  of  the  threat  lake,  lln'y  nrv  hi.\  in 
nunilur,  viz:  thi-  'I'l  kmiratuiu  at  thi;  mouth;  Koutkoiup,  on  tho  crick  of 
that  iiaiiic;  Kliickhaitkwic,  at  the  falls;  Kinakaiu's,  near  tlio  forks;  mid  ili- 
lakcllain,  oii  tin-  wc-t  fdik.  Willi  thriu  may  lie  I'hisscd  the  N'lV  ikjr.  or  Sans 
I'licUc  s.  (Ill  the  Colmiilpi.i  rivtr,  tlioii^'h  tlusc  are  also  ilaiuud  liy  the  Spo- 
k.aiKs.  'I'lii- two  liaiid-.  on  the  forks  ari>  moic  nearly  conueetc d  with  tho 
SehAd;;el|,i  than  with  tin/  ones  first  named.'  Xi  r. /is,  in  Iml.  .UJ.  Uiid.,  Ib.Jl, 
p.  2:17.  and  in  /"'('■.  /•'.  /.'.  /.'i/</.,  vol.  i.,  ji.  1 IJ.  Oakiiiackeiis,  I'riests'  Kajiids, 
norihwaid  iivi  1- ."(Oil  luil.s,  and  Id)  miles  in  width,  to  the  Sh'whaijs,  lii.iiieh- 
iiii,'  out  into  \1  trili'S.  as  follows,  he^innin^'  willi  the  soiitli:  'Skamoynu- 
iiiaehs,  K'  wauv;hti  In  iiiinaiiL;lis,  Pisscows,  Ineomeeaiietook,  Tsillani  ,  Jnti- 
I'took,  liattli  leiiiiileeliiaueh,  or  Meiitwho,  llisiielluni,  bililioheili  ehaell,  Sili- 
whoyeljiiictook.  Samil:.aliui,i,di  and  Oakinackeu,  wliieh  is  ik  ar'i_s  in  the  eeiitie.' 
llmis'  A'lnii.,  IPJ).  2^'.»  !*0.  '  ( )n  Imtli  sides  the  Dkaliaj^'all  Itiver  flolu  its  niolltli 
up  to  Ih'itish  Coluiiiliia,  iueliidin^,'  the  Seuni'lkmnceu  Kiver.'  Ji'i'.--s,  in  Iml,  .[{1'. 
//-;</.,  l><7n,  p.-i'J.  '  I'ri-sdu  fort  de  ee  nom.'  Mofnts,  Ki'iilnr.  toni.  ii.,  p.  U;i.">. 
'  Oil  the  Oiiaiiai^'an  and  I'iseour  Itivers.'  Warre  iiiul  \'(trits<iii',  in  Martin's 
Jliul.  Ii..  p.  sj.  •  ( 'oiiiposfd  (jf  several  small  bands  liviii)^  along  the  Okiiia- 
kano  riv<r.  from  its  c-ontluence  with  the  Columbia  to  I-uke  Okinakmie.  . .  .A 
majority  of  the  tribe  live  north  of  the  boundary  line.'  I'uhjv,  iu  lud.  AxY.  U(}d., 
18(i.j,  p.  'J'.).  'Columbia  Valley.'  .^rlKiiiliTuffs  Anh.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  IIKI.  North- 
east and  \vi  st  of  the  Shoopshajis.  />'■  Siik  t,  I'l'//.,  J).  51.  Junction  of  the  Ukan- 
ie.;aii  and  Columbia.  I'drl.rr's  Maji.  '  Upper  part  of  Fnvser's  Kivirand  its 
tributarii  s.'  .^i-aiiji r,  iu  Lmnl.  H'oij,  Sec.  Jaiir.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  2'25.  I'lincijial 
family  called  Coucouulps  about  II  miles  up  stri  am  of  the  same  name,  //"xs" 
..li/i'  «..  pp.  '->i.l-'JiK  The  Simill^ameeii  live  on  S.  river,  and  'area  poitimi 
tif  the  Uivaiue^'aii  tribe.'  I'tdimr,  in  Ii.  '  "l.  I'ltin  rs,  voL  iii.,  p.  h").  The  Okaii- 
le^ans,  called  Catsaiiini  by  Lewis  and  Clarke,  (iilih.i,  in  J'(t<:,  Ii.  It.  It' pi.,  vol. 
i..  p.  1 17.  Cutsahnini,  on  the  Columbia  aliove  the  SokiUks,  and  on  tlu'  north- 
ern liraliehes  of  the  Taptul.   MmSi's  Uipt.,  p.  ;i7"2. 

Thk  Salish  F.\mily  includes  nil  the  inland  tribes  between  49  and  -17  . 
The  ^ali--ll.  Saalis,  St  lish,  or  Flathi  ads,  'inhabit  the  country  about  the  uji- 
])i  r  ]i:iit  of  the  Columliia  and  its  tributary  streams,  the  Flatlu  ad,  Sjiokaii, 
and  il,iaua:,'au  llivers.  The  name  includes  several  iudi  pt  luU  nt  tribts  or 
biiuils,  of  which  till'  most  important  are  the  Salish  proper,  the  KulU  sj  t  Im, 
the  Soayalpi,  the  Tsakaitsitlin,  and  the  Okiniikaii.'  IIiih''.'i  EUimni..  in  I  .  >. 
K,r.  A,',!'..  Vol.  vi..  !>.  'h-C).  'The  Saeliss  or  Shewhapmueh  race,  whose  limi'.s 
may  be  detiiied  by  the  Kocky  Jlountains  eastward;  on  the  west  the  line  of 
Fra/.er's  riVer  from  below  Alexaudria  to  Keipieluose,  near  the  i  alls,  in  abiui 


THE  SALISII  FAMILY. 


nir} 


lul  17  . 

|llic  \\[<- 

poliiiU, 

I'ilx  s   <■!• 

1  s)  clu], 

In  r.  >. 

|i'  liuiii- 

lilH    ■1 
111  ulx'Ul 


liitituilt'  40  ."n";  iiovtliwiinl  liy  tlio  rnrviir  nffHct  of  tho  riKpiiowyniis;  (iml 
SMiilli  liv  till' Saliupliiis  (If  N'cz  I'lTci's  of  ()if^,'on.'  An'lirsnn,  in  llisl.  Mn'i., 
V"\.  vii.,  [1.  71!.  •  I'rniii  'riioiiijison's  l!iv(  r  <itlitr  septs  of  lliis  liicr  tin? 
Sliuswiips,  SkowtiMis,  Oliiiiiii^^aiis,  Si>iik.ilis,  Skuic  Ijmi  (of  Colvillti.  I'l  liiTo- 
rcilUs,  1111(1  Coi'iirs  d'Alfiucs  occupy  the  country  us  far  as  llie  I'lalhcail 
Passes  of  llic  Iiocky  JFountains.  wlicrc  tlic  Sai  liis  or  Flalluads  fcim  tlm 
eastern  ji'iitioii  of  llie  race'    l/'(//(c '.s  li,  ('.,  pp.  2'.M>-7.     'Alioiil  the  northern 

lil'anehes  of   the  CiillUliliia.'  Iir>  iiddnr's    llt^l.  Oi/n.,  ii,  llll;    l)niiii  n'  rli' .•.   I)isn'ls, 


vol.  n  .  p 


Trilies  nientu)ne(l  in  l.i 


III-.  l> 
ilCliirl.r's  7 


nil-.,  ami  map: 


])a\v  I  Kootenai  1,    lIo|iilpo    (  Fhitliead  l.   MicksncksealtoMl    1  l'(  till    do 
W'hei  Ipo,  I  (  Imalpays  ),  Siiilisto  and  Skctsoinish  (  S])okani  s  .  IL 


Tnshe- 

reilies), 


liiulieiumnio 


(S.ins  I'oilst,  iiccordinj,'  to  '/ 


■',/,,- 


I'llr.    U.    I!.    Li  III..    Mil. 


Ill 


See 


Mufsi's    /e/|^,  p.  '.\~2;    lliiiiiniirli's    llisnls.   Mil.    ii.,  p.  .",."».       '  III  twei  n  the  two 

(;reat  lir.anches  of  the  Colninliia   and   tlie   Itia'ky   Mountains  are  only   livo 


tlv  trilie^:    tile    Kootanais  and  Silish.    or    I'lalliiads,   at    the  foot    n(  th 


iiiMiuitains,  and  the  I'ointed  Hearts.  Tend  d'()rei!les,  and  S 


down.'  1,'iis.-.'  i'lir  //■//. /r/s,   vol,  ii.,  p,  P.M).     'I»i\iiled  into  si  viral  tiilns,  tin 
most  important  of   wliirh  are  the  Selislies,  the   Knlles|  elms,  the   Snayalpis 

ii..  pp.  .").")  II 


the  'rsa'iail.-itlins,  and  the  Okinakai 


r7('.S   III  SI  r/s,    Vol. 


'The  I'/'illiiiiils.  or  Siilish  proper,  reside  on  the  river,  valhy.  and  l.ike  of 
the  s.inie  name.  'Inhaliit  St.  Mary's  or  the  Flathead  Valhy  and  the  ni  i;^li- 
lioihood  of  the  lake  of  the  .same  niiuie.'  .'^tinns,  iu  /''/''.  //.  /,'.  /.''///.,  vol.  i., 
p.  II."),  and  in  Iml.  AiJ'.  ]lij)t.,  1851,  p.  21)7.     '  Occiipyinj,'  the  valhys  In  i  ween 


the  liitter  Koot  and   Uiu'kv  mounta 


7'/c 


IHIISIIII.    Ill 


lull.  Air.  Unil.,  l.S.Vl, 


p.  -Jsj.     'S  aith  of  the  Flathead  Valley  on  the  liitter  Koot.'  Sulli/.  in   /-/., 
IsTil.  p.  i'.U.     St.  .'.lary's  Itiver.  Srh,,i,lrnifrs  An'li.,  vol.  v.,  p.  !'.(  ).     'Fast 


1  south-east  (of  the  Coeurs  d'Al-ne  i  and  extends  to  the  Hock  v  Moiinlains 


I'lirbr's    !■:. 


fpiiir,   hiiir,  p 


311,  and  imi]).   I>i  .^nul,   .I//.*,  i/i   /"/• 


S.ialis  on   faux  Tctes-I'lates.       Slir  la   livii're  de  ee   liolil  an   liii 


'/"".  p.  ' 
.1  d.  s  .M, 


II. 


ta^'lles    ItoeheUSeS.    Mo/nis,    lu'/ilnr.,    t 


oni.  11.,   p 


;{;.").    '  Aioii-  iiie  fi.ui  (,f 


the  nioiintains.'  Itus.i'  Ailrm.,  p.  2V.i.  'In  New  C'liledonia.  W .  of  llii-  Itucl.y 
Miiiiitains.'  .}firsi's  U  [il.,  p.  1171.  IJitter  Hoot  vail.,,',  llnhliins.  in  Iml. 
Alt',  /cyi/.,  psi;;),  p.  l."),"i,  i.sil.'),  p.  210;  .V('v//io/".s'  <i;iii.  I'lr..  \<.  l^/A.  llopilpo, 
of  Lewis  and  Clarke.  ti'ibUa,  in  I'lU'.  I!.  I!.  Hi jil  .  vol.  i.,  p.  117.     •  lis  oeeupi  nt 


Ii    pii.vs  compris  I 


litre  le  Lewis  Itiver   et  la  liraiiche  uord-onest   on  la  (o- 


luniliia,  et  1)  iriie  en  arriere  par  les  Monts-liocailh  ux.    .Staurl.  in   A'l'an/'i.s 
Aiiinili's  il's  \'<i>j.,  1.S2I,  toin.  xii.,  p.  l:!. 

The  I'idI  irorc'illi'^  occupy  (he  vicinity  of  the  lake  of  the  same  name. 
'  ()ii  the  Flathead  or  (,'larke  liiver.'  W'urri  anl  \'(iritsi;nr,iu  Miiriin's  llml.  II..  |). 
1  'At  ('lar'.c's  Fork.'  .^rh.H.lrrujTs  .{rrli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  I'.MI.  Lower  I'eml  d  '()- 
reilies,  '  in  the  vicinity  of  the  St.  lL;ii:itius  Mis>ii)ii.'  I'lii  i<-,  in  ///'/.  -1.//'.  lo  jil., 
\'>\\'),  p.  ;)S.  •  The  Kalispilnis  or  I'l  u.l  d(  iri  illes  of  the  Lower  Lake,  inhahit 
the  ciiuuti'v  north  of  the  Coeur  d'.Vli  ni  s  and  around  the   K 


illspeliii    lake 


'"■'(/as,  in  /',(.•.  11.  Ii,  llifil.,  vol.  i.,  p.  ll.'i.  ralisjiels.  or  Calispi  Hum.  •on 
I'linl's  I'rairie  iit  the  head  of  Colville  Valley,  and  on  both  sidi  s  of  tiie  I'eiid 
d'l  )r.  ill'  lti\er,  from  its  nuaitli  to  the  Idaho  line,  hut  principally  at  lie   (  ainan 


1' 


II 


mil  11.1,  111 


Iml.   Atr.   Unit. 


iNili.  \\\i.   -l-l.  2.), 


1112.     Situated   tu  )h 


st  of  Fort  Colville,  adjoining  the  Kootonais  ou  their  eastern  holder,  .^inq)' 


-.•iu 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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TRIBAL  BOrXDARIES. 


ft'Di's  Overland  Jnurii.,  vnl.  i.,  p.  Hrt.  '  rrnd'oroillos  on  Kfllfspcm.  An- 
<lcss(piis  (111  fort  ('dlvillc'  Mn/ras,  Kj-jilnr.,  tmn.  ii.,  p.  3^15.  Sliatkinlsclii,  or 
I'l'ud  d'OrcillfS  (»f  the  iipju'r  lakf.  A  tribe  who,  V>y  the  eon st  lit  nf  thi'  Sc- 
lisli,  oceiipy  jointly  with  theiii  the  country  of  the  hitter,  liihlis,  in  /''/'■.  //.  11. 
Iti'iil.,  vol.  '..,  p.  •tl'i.  KiilliiH-ritluH,  'on  the  Fliithead  or  Clarke  liiver.' 
II 
(1 


'nrre   awl    \'<irnsiitr,    in    }f<irti)i's    Ihiil.    Ii.,  p.  H2.     Pondtras,   'north  of 


ariic  s  river 


and  ' 


hike  which  takes  its  uiinie  from  the  trilie.'   I'urhr's 


K.rjiU'r.  T'li'r,  ]>.  ;<l'2and  map;  hi' Sunt.  !'«//.,  j).  :t'2.     The  Peiid'on  illt  s  wen 


irolial>lv  the  Micksiicksealtoni  of  Lewis  and  Clarke,  (i'thhs,  in  I'm-.  It.  11 


Jlv/.t.,  vol.  i.,  J).  417. 

Trilies  baptized  by  De  Smet:  Thlishatlvmnche,  Stietshoi,  ZiiiLjomenes, 
Shaistche,  Shnyelpi,  Tschilsulomi,  Siur  Toils,  Tinabsoti,  Yinkaceons,  Yej- 
ak-onn,  all  of  same  stock. 

Tribes  mentioned  by  Morse  as  living  in  the  vicinity  of  Clarke  River: 
Coopspellar,  Lahama,  Lartielo,  Ilihij^heiiimmo,  Wheelpo,  Skeetsomish.  ll'iil., 
p.  ;!72. 

The  f'iiruvx  iVAlciie  'live  about  the  lake  which  takes  its  ii  me  from  thcni.' 
Iftilc's  FJliiioii;  in  U.  S.  Ex.  Ex.,  vol.  vi.,  j).  '2()!i.  East  of  he  Spolvam  s,  at 
headwaters  of  the  Sp(d{ane  l{iver.  Vm-hir'n  K.rjihir.  Tour,  p.  310,  and  map. 
'The  Skitswish  or  Coenr  dWlenes,  live  upon  the  ujiptr  jmrt  of  the  ('o<nr 
d'Alene  river,  above  the  Spokanes,  and  around  the  lake  of  the  same  name.' 


<l\hhf 


111 


/•'/<•.  y;.  /,'.  itii>t 


A.  i.,  p.  4i.- 


Tl 


leir  mission  is  c 


>ii  th 


ten  miles  above  the  lake  and  thirty  miles  from  the  mountains.  Siinnx.  in 
Jiiil.  .Uf.  II' lit.,  1)S."H,  p.  -21(1.  Stietshoi,  or  Coeur  d'.Aleiies  on  the  river,  and 
about  the  liii  I'.  Srli(ii>lrrii/t's  Arrh.,  vol.  iii..  j>.  'iOd,  map,  vol.  v.,  p.  V.O. 
I'oiiited  Hearts,  '  shores  of  a  lake  about  fifty  miles  to  the  eastward  of  S]io- 
kan  House.'  Co.r'.s'  .\ilirn.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1")((;  .Mriildi/'n  thm.  Tir..  p.  143:  I>p 
Stwt,  Ml.1.1.  il  t'Ori'ijiiu,  p.  31.     'St.  Joseph's  river.'   MkIIhh's  It'ijit.,  p.  4!'. 

The  I'ulrilivs  include  the  tribes  about  Kettle  Falls,  and  the  banks  of  the 
Columbia  uj)  to  the  .\rrow  Lakes.  'Colville  valley  and  that  of  the  Colum- 
bia river  from  Kettle  Falls  to  a  jioint  thirty  niilt's  below.'  I'ni  le.  in  Iml.  Aff. 
liifit.,  \Hi\'i,  i>.  !)M.  'The  Colvilles,  whose  tribal  name  is  Swielpree.  are  lo- 
cated in  the  Colville  Valhy.  on  the  Kettle  River,  and  on  both  sides  f)f  tho 
Columbia  River,  from  Kettle  Falls  down  to  the  mouth  of  the  Spokane.' 
iri/"//(.s,  in  lih,  1870,  p.  22.     Colvilles  and  Spokanes,  'near  Fort  Colville.' 


ir, 


d  v 


in  Mitrthi's  llwl.  Ii.,  p.  82 


The  Lakes,  '  whose  tribal  name  is  Senijextee,  ar<>  located  on  both  sides  of 


the  Columbia  River,  from  Kettle  Falls  novth  to  British  Columbia 


ir 


in  //"/.  Aff.  tt'i'l.,  1K7(»,  p.  22.  'So  named  from  tin  ir  place  of  nsidt  m  e, 
which  is  about  the  .Vrrow  Lakes.'  I'urh'r'x  E.fpUir.  T'nir,  p.  .'!12.  'Lis  saii- 
va};es  des  Lacs  .  .  .resident  sur  le  Lac-aux-tleches.'   l)f  .^nnt.   l'"//.,  \i.  'A). 

The  Chaudicrcs,  or  Kettle  Falls,  reside  'about  Colville.'  I'lirhr's  /•,>- 
phir.  Tiiur,  p.  3l:(.  The  village  of  Les  Chaudicres  'is  situated  on  the  north 
bide  just  below  the  fall.'  I'n.v's  Ailrcn.,  vol.  i.,  p.  ;t5H.  Chaudi.'res  '  live  south 
of  the  Lake  Lldialis."  Ih'  Sniii,  I'ny.,  p.  ."lO.  'Fort  Colville  is  the  rimipal 
ground  of  the  Schwoyi'liii  or  Kettle  Falls  tribe.'  liihiix.  in  /'</'■.  /,'.  /,'.  //•/./., 
vol.  i.,  p.  413.  'The  tribe  in  the  vicinity  (of  Fort  Colvillel  is  known  as  iIim 
Chaudi 'rO,  whose  territory  reaches  us  far  up  as  the  Cidumbia  Lakis."  .'^iiiqi- 


THE  SPOKANE  NATION. 


315 


ftnn's  OvrrUtnl  Journ.,  vol.  i.,  p.  lol.  '  Gtiis  dcs  rhnn(lit''n'S.  Pn's  dn  Inc 
Ht'ljinichonai)  (lU-dt-hsouH  d«'H  Dalles.'  Mn/nis,  A'.iyi//)/-..  torn,  ii.,  j).  3:)5. 
'{'idled  in  their  own  langiia^'e,  ChualiJayK.'  haiic's  Wmnl.,  ji]!.  3IIN-!). 
'Callid  Quiurlpi  (Basket  People).'  Wilhs'  Xnr.,  in  l'.  S.  AV.  h\r.,  vol.  iv., 
p.  472.  The  Chunlpays  culled  Whe<  Ipo  by  EewiH  and  Claike,  and  by 
Morse,  ilihhs,  in  I'ur.  h.  Jl.  Il.pl..  vol.  i.,  p.  417. 

The  Siiiil.-tnii's  live  on  the  Spokan(-  river  and  plateau,  alonj,'  the  banks  of 
the  Columbia  from  below  Kettle  Falls,  nearly  to  thi'  Ukanapm.  'The  Spo- 
kihnish,  or  Spokanes,  lie  south  of  the  Selirooyelpi,  and  ehietly  upon  or 
near  the  Spokane  river.  The  name  a])plied  by  the  whites  to  a  nundur  of 
small  bands,  is  that  f,'iven  by  the  Coeur  d'.Vlciie  to  the  one  liviiij^  a»  t.'ie 
forks.  They  are  also  called  Sinkoman,  by  the  Kootoni«'s.  These  bands 
are  eij;ht  iu  number:  the  Sinslihhooish,  on  the  f,Teat  plain  above  the  cross- 
in(,'s  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river;  the  Sintootoolish,  on  the  liver  above-  the 
forks;  the  Smahoomenaish  (Spokehnish ',  at  the  forks,  the  Skaisehilfnish, 
at  the  old  Chemakane  mission;  the  Skeeheraniouse,  abov(!  them  on  tho 
Colville  trail;  the  Seheeetstish,  the  Sinpoijschne,  and  Sinspeelish,  on  th« 
Columbia  river;  the  last-named  baml  is  nearly  extinct.  The  Sinpoilseline 
(N'poehle,  or  Sans  Puelles)  have  always  been  ineluded  amonj^  the  Okin- 
akaues,  thou^jh,  as  well  as  the  Siiispeelish  below  them,  they  are  claimed  by 
the  Spokanes.  The  three  bands  on  the  Columbia  all  sjieak  a  ditl'ereut 
lant;uat,'e  from  the  rest.'  ,'<t'rms,  in  lial.  Aff.  Ii'}>l.,  1H.")4,  pp.  2J),  2li(i;  and 
liihlis,  in  /''('•.  //.  It.  Itfjii.,  vol.  i.,  ]>p.  414  15.  'This  tribe  claim  as  their 
tirritory  the  country  c<inimencin),'  on  the  lar.Lje  plain  at  the  head  of  the  Slawn- 
tehus— the  stream  enteriti^'  the  Colundiia  at  Tort  Colville:  thence  down  tho 
Spokane  to  the  Columbiu,  down  the  Cobunbia  half  way  to  Port  Okina- 
kane,  and  up  the  Spokane  and  Coeur  d'Alene,  to  sonie  point  between  the 
falls  and  the  lake,  on  the  latter.'  /</.,  p.  414.  'Inhabit  tlii'  country  on  tho 
Sjiokane  river,  from  its  mouth  to  the  boundary  of  Idaho.'  I'nl  ,i\  in  Intl.  Aft', 
licpl.,  1805,  p.  1H(.  'At  tinus  on  the  Spokane,  at  times  on  the  S|  okano 
plains.'  ^fulllln's  Ili'i't.,  \t\>.  IH,  4;».  •  Principally  on  the  plains.'  [.unl's  .\iit., 
vol.  ii.,  p.  157.  'North-east  of  the  Palooses  are  th(>  Spokein  n.itinn.'  Viiil,- 
er's  E,riil<ir.  Tonr,  p.  IllO,  and  map.  '.Vu-dessous  du  fort  Okana.^Mui  .i  I'Est.' 
Mifritri,  /iV/i/'ir.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  X\~t.  '  ,Vu  nord-ouest  dcs  Palooses  se  trou..'  la 
nation  des  Spokanes.'  Ih' Siml,  V"ij..  p.  •'!!.  'Have  a  small  vill.e^e  at  tho 
entrance  of  their  river,  but  their  chiet  and  jiermanent  place  of  n  sich  mo 
is  about  forty  miles  hii^her  up  ....  where  the  Pointed-heart  I'liver  Joins 
the  S[iokan  from  the  south-ciist.'  Cri.i''.v  A<lrni.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  II".  '  TIk  Spo- 
kanes, whose  tribal  names  are  Sinceiiiuimenach,  or  l'p|  <  r.  Sintnotoo,  or 
Middle  S;iokamish,  ancl  ('hekasschee,  or  Liiwer  Spokanes.  liviiiL;  on  tho 
Spokane  Uiver,  from  the  bhdio  line  fo  its  mouth.'  Wimiiis.  in  //"/.  .\j[y.  It'iii.. 
IHTit,  p.  'IW.  Sjiokane,  the  Sarlilso  and  Si.etnomish  of  Lewis  and  t  larke. 
(/;/<'..s'.  in  Viw.  It.  It.  It' 1,1.,  vol.  i..  p.  117. 

The  Sfin.i  I'liils  (Hairless*,  or  '  Sanpoils.  whi<'h  includes  the  Ni  speeliini 
Indians,  are  located  on  the  Colmiibia.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Siiolxime  down 
to  (Iraiid  Coul.'e  iim  the  south  of  tli  ■  Columlii  1 1,  und  from  a  point  opposilu 
the  mouth  uf  the  Spokane  down  to  the  mouth  of  the  ()kant<.L;an  on  tln'  north 
side  of   the  Columbia,  iuclmlin.;  the  country  drained  by  the  Suiipoil,  and 


316 


TllIBAL  nOl'NnAIUES. 


Nc'six'clii'u  (':• 'cks.'    Wimiiii,   in    In  I.   .['}'.   Ivi<t.,  IsTO,  p. 


Piniioilish, 


W'St  of  tlu'  ('oliiiiil)iii  lictwi'cii  I'rii'st  luipiils  mul  ()kaiiii;.Mii.  SiIkihIi'i-iiiTh 
Ari-h..  Vol.  iii.,  p.' 'idd,  limp.  Silipiiili  lisli.  west  of  tlii'  Kittli'  Falls  lliiliiiii.s. 
P'lrhr's  Kx/ihir.  Tour,  p.  ;tlU.  '  SiiiiponMls.  I'K'S  tics  i,'raiiils  riipidcs  «ln  ]['ut 
('iil(Hiilpia.'  M'l/nis,  A'.r/i/oc.,  toiii.  ii.,  ji.  ;{ !."i.  Siiipavc  list,  west  of  tin'  (  liau- 
ili'i-fS.  IhSiiil,  I'll//.,  p.  ")((.  Sinapdils,  •  ociMipy  ii  ilistrict  nu  tlu- imrlhi  rn 
1)  iiilis  of  the  ('.)iiuii1>iii,  l)('t\v('<'!i  tin-  Siiokiin  mul  Oakiiia^'aii  rivers."  Tui-'s 
Alrcii.,  vol.  ii.,  p,  145.  Hi'lii^'lu'iiiiJinio  of  Lewis  aii<l  Chirkf.  (iihhs,  in  J'tii\ 
Ji.  U.  J{<i>l.,  vf.l.  i.,  p.  417. 

The  /'i.sY//c  ff.sp  inlmltit  the  west  bunk  of  the  ('olunibia  betwefn  thn  Okaii- 


a:^'an  anil  Triest  I{a|iii1s.      riskvvav 


I'iscons;  'nanif  ivroptrly  licldU'^s 


to  till'  triln'  who  live  on  the  small  river  which  falls  into  the  Coliinihia  on  tire 
west  side,  ahout  forty  miles  helow  Fort  Okana^^an.  IJut  it  is  lure  extemlen 
to  all  the  trilies  as  f.ir  down  as  Priest's  llai.ids.'  Tiie  niap  extends  their  ter- 
ritory across  the  ("oliinihia.  Hull's  Elliiinii..  in  I'.  S.  E.e.  K.e.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  I'lli, 
and  map,  ]>.  I'.lT.  l*is<piousi',  '  immediately  north  of  that  of  the  \akanias.' 
'  On  the  Columliia  between  the  Priest's  and  lioss  llapids.'  Slvi-ms,  in  lul.  .[(}. 
II  i>l.,  is.'.l.  ]).  •i:i;;  and  Hi'ilis,  in  J'ur.  I!.  /.'.  /•'"/»/..  vol.  i..  p.  4l'i.     '  I'iscnuiis. 


S;i 


■hi 


I  jictite  rivicro  dt;  ce  nom  a  I'Oiiest  de  la  ('olond)ie.'   Mn/nis,  l-Jxii 


tom.  ii.,  ]).  'Xi'>. 

The  Sk.'imoynumacks  live  on  the  banks  of  the  Colnmliia,  at'Piiest 
llapids,  near  tlu^  mouth  of  the  I'matilla.  'I'hirty  miles  distant  up  the  river 
are  the  Kewanjilitohenemaehs.   Huss'  Ailnn.,  pp.  134,  l:i7. 

'The  Mithouies  are  located  on  the  wi'st  side  of  the  Columbia  Kiver.  from 
the  mcuth  of  the  Okana^'an  down  to  tlie  Wonatchee,  and  includes  the 
country  drained  by  the  Mithouie,  Lake  Chelan,  and  Enteeatook  IJivers.' 
U'uKttix.  in  liul.  Aff.  llipl.,  1«70,  p.  2;J. 

'Till'  Isle  <b'  Pierres,  whose  tribal  name  is  Linkinse,  are  located  on  the 
east  and  south  side  of  tlie  Col.  Kiv.  froni  (Irand  Cimlee  down  to  Priests' 
Kapids,  which  includes  the  peuiiisuU  made  liy  theyi'eat  bend  of  the  Col.'   Jh. 

Thk  Sahai'TIx  Family  is  situated  immediately  south  of  the  Salish.  Only 
six  of  the  ei'^dit  nations  mentioned  below  have  been  included  in  the  Family 
by  other  authors.  '  The  country  occupied  by  them  i  xteiids  from  the  J)alles 
of  th<'  Columbia  to  the  liitter-Uoot  nioinitains,  lyinj,'  on  both  sides  of  the 
Columbia  and  upon  the  Kooskooskie  and  halmon  Forksof  Lewis'  and  Snake 
liiver,  between  that  of  the  Selish  family  on  the  north,  and  of  the  Snakes  on 
the  south.'  'i'lh'is,  in  I'ttnilosi/'s  (intiii.,  p.  vii.  'The  first  and  more  nortln'ru 
Indians  of  the  interior  may  bt'  denominated  the  Shahaptan  F;imily,  and  com- 
jirehends  three  tribes;  the  Shahapt;in,  or  Nez  Perec's  of  the  Canailians;  the 
Kliketat,  a  scion  from  thi;  Shaliaptans  wlio  now  ihvell  near  Mount  liainier, 
and  have  advanced  toward  tlie  falls  of  the  Columbia;  and  the  Okaiia^'aii, 
who  inhabit  the  upper  part  of  Fraser's  IJiver  and  its  tributaries.'  Sronlir.  in 
L<nul.  (I'vo  I.  Sue.  Joitr.,  vol.  xi.,  j).  '2\1'>.  Hale's  map,  in  /'.  .s'.  A'.r.  /•.'.(•.,  vol.  vi., 
p.  11*7,  divides  the  territory  amoii'.,'  the  Nez  Perci's,  Walla-Wallas,  Waiila])tu, 
and  Molele.  '  The  Indians  in  thisdistiict  i  of  the  l)alles;  are  1)ol;  It^vrr,  \\  as- 
eos,  Tyicks,  Des  Chutes,  .lolin  l>ay,  I'tilla,  Cayuses,  Walla-Waha,  Xiz  Perees, 
Muuutaiu  Snakes  and  Uannacks.'  JJcHnisnn,  in  Jml.  A^fi'.  Itijil.,  ItS.j'.t,  p.  -l;jj. 


ii 


RAIIAPTIX  FAMILY. 


317 


Only 

iiiiiily 

Jilll.H 

)f  the 
Siiiiku 
kc  s  (III 

itllflU 
colll- 
is;  tilt; 
ailil)  r, 
ii;i^'aii, 

ihr.  ill 
lol.  vi., 
iil:il)fn, 
Wus- 
['(■rci's, 

II.  435. 


'Til''  (lifforrnt  tri1)oa  nttaolii'il  ti>  Fort  Ntz  Pcn-t's,  imd  whf>  fomn  riy  wont  bj 
th.'it  ni<{iiiim('ii,  iirethii  ShitiiKioiimn^h,  Skanitiiiininaii^'li,  K'ynckiniah,  Ih(  jpt-- 
wlniiiiiiii^')i.  and  Inaspi'tsiini.  These  tribes  iiiliahit  tlic  main  nnrtli  branch 
abcivc  tile  Forks.  On  the  south  braiieli  are  the  I'aMetto  Faliiis,  Slm\vliaa|iteti 
<ir  N'e/  I'eri'ert  proper,  Pawluch,  and  ("osispa  tribes.  On  the  main  Coliiinbia, 
bi'„'iiiiiinv(  at  th<!  Hallas,  are  the  Xecootiiiiei(,'li,  Wisscojiam,  Wisswlianm, 
Wayyaiiijias,  Lowhiin,  Sa\V|ia\v,  and  Yoiiniatalla  bands.'  Ilnss'  Fur  Ilnnl-rs, 
vol.  i.,  p.  l!Sr>-ti.  Calhlakaliikits,  at  the  riij-ids  of  Cohinibiii  river.  N.  side; 
Cliippaiii'liickehieks,  '  X.  side  of  (.'olunibia  river,  in  the  lonj;  narrows,  u  lit- 
tle below  the  falls.'  Hellwits,  'at  the  falls  of  i.'(iluiiibi.i  river;'  Ithkyenia- 
iiiits,  'on  <'()lniiibia  river,  N.  side  near  t.'liippaui'hickehii-ks;' Yehah,  "abovo 
the  rapids.'   Morse's  lli/tt.,  pp.  :i(i.S-70. 

The  Xrz  Perri'n  '  jiossess  the  country  on  each  side  of  thf  Lewis  or  Snake 
lliver.  from  the  Peloosetothe  Waptieacoes,  about  a  hundred  mili  s— to^'ether 
with  the  tributary  .streams,  extendin;,'.  on  the  east,  to  the  foot  of  the  Uocky 
Mountains,'  Ilik'ti  Kthivii.,  in  l'.  S.  Kx.  /■,>.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  '212;  Srhiiulirii/t'H 
Ar'h..  vol.  iv,,  p.  r».")l.  '  On  both  sides  of  the  Kooskooskia  and  imi-th  fork  of 
Snake  river.'  <rV)l>s,  in  Pur.  11.  It.  Hrfit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  4  Hi;  and  Sli  nu.-i,  in  IikI. 
AjJ.  Hi  lit.,  1H.")4,  ]).  '217.  'A  few  bauds  of  the  \e/  Perc  s  Indians  occupy  the 
Saliiiiiii  river  and  th(^  Clearwater.'  Tlinmiison.  in  /(/.,p.2H2.  '  The  Ni/ Perces 
country  is  bounded  west  by  the  Palouse  river  and  the  Tucaniioii;  on  tho 
iiuiih  by  the  rani^e  of  niountains  between  Clear  Watir  ami  the  Coeur  d'.V- 
leiie;  east  by  the  Hitter  Koot  nioiiiitaiiis;  on  the  south  they  are  boundid 
near  the  line  dividing;  the  two  Territories.'  >'nthj,  in  /(/.,  IH.'iT,  p.  'X>.\.  Tliu 
HuH'alo.  a  tribe  of  the  Nez  Pt.'i'ces,  winter  in  the  Bitter  lioot  Yalley.  (tinn,  iu 
A/.,  ]H.")1>,  p.  421.  '  rpp(>r  waters  and  mountainous  parts  of  the  Columbia.' 
I'dtlin's  \.  Am.  Iml.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1I),S.  '  Country  lyinj,' alon^;  L  wis  river  and 
its  tributaries  from  tho  eastern  base  of  the  151ue  Mo"'<tiiins  to  the  Colunibiii.' 
I'lihiiir's  Jintr.,  p.  "),■».  Nez  Perees  (jr  S.ihaptins,  'on  the  bau'ns  of  the  Lewis 
I'nrk  or  Serpent  lliver.'  Ihiini'm'rli'n  Iksirtn,  vol.  ii.,  p.  51.  '  Chohoptins, 
or  X.  z-l't  rces, .  .  .  .on  the  banks  of  Lewis  River.'  ('<i.v's  Ailnn.,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
li:t.  'Itove  tlirou;^h  till!  re;^ioiis  of  the  Lewis  branch.'  'r/vf /i/ckc'.s  Hist. 
O'jii.,  p. :!().  'The  Lower  Xez  Perci's  raii.ne  upon  the  ^VayIeeway,  Inimahah, 
Yiii;;hies,  and  othi'r  of  the  streams  west  of  the  mountains.'  Iriimi's  llmi- 
)i<r'(lli's  ,b/ci')i.,  J).  oOl.  Some  Flatheiids  live  aloUf^  the  Clearwater  Pivtr 
<l.iuii  to  below  its  junction  with  the  Snake,  dtisn'  .four.,  ]i.  212.  Country 
'draimd  by  the  Kooskooskie,  wistward  from  the  Plackfoot  country,  and 
across  till' Uocky  Mountains."  lir<'ifii' ll's  Iml.  /i''('',.s-,  p.  ,'):);!.  •  I'li's  du  fort 
dc  ce  nom,  a  la  jonction  di  s  ileiix  branches  du  fleiive.'  Mfij'rns,  Ki-jilcr.,  torn, 
ii..  ]i.  n  I.").  Junction  of  Snake  and  (  harwater.  I'drhr'sK.yplar.  'I'fur,  Mni,. 
< 'lio|.uiinish.  Liiris  inol  Cliui.i's  Tnir.,  p.  ;i:il,  and  map.  Copuniiish.  //.//- 
/'/i./.'s'  (h-'ijim,  J).  114.  'The  Nez-Perces  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the 
Ni/-Perci's  proper,  who  inhabit  the  iiinuntains.  mid  the  Polonches,  who  in- 
habit the  plain  country  about  tlic  mouth  of  the  Snake  lliver.'  linirdinr,  in 
l.'iinl.  lii'D'f.  Sor.  •Jiiur.,  vil.  xi.,  p.  25i').  Chopunnish,  '  on  Lewis  river  below 
till  entrance  of  the  Kooskouskee,  rin  both  sides.'  'On  the  Kooskooskea 
nvi-r  liclow  the  forks,  and  on  Cotter's  creek.'  Bands  of  the  Chopunnish: 
Pi  Uoatpallah,  Kiiuuiooenim,  YiK tpoo,  Willewah,  Soyennom.  Mursv's  It'i't., 
p.  M\). 


818 


TRTI5AL  noUNDARIES. 


The  r((liiusr,  or  'tlio  Piiltis,  usniiUy  written  Pnloosp,  livo  between  llio 
Ci)lniii1>iii  and  the  Snuke.'  <l\hhs.  in  Vnwlusi/x  tirutii,,  p.  vi.  'The  PehxiKo 
tribe  hiis  i\  streiiui  eiilled  afti  r  it  which  enii)tieH  into  Lewis  Itiver.'  Uah'K 
Jillinoj.,  in  r.  S.  A'.r.  A>.,  vi'l.  vi.,  p.  213.  I'pon  the  Pehxtse  Uiver.  '  En- 
trHiifo  of  Great  Simke  River  and  KurrotindinK  oountry.'  Tulmie,  in  Lord's 
.Y'/^,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  l(»r»,  'il'*.  '  Properly  a  part  of  the  Nez  Perees.  Their  resi- 
tlrtiee  is  alon^'  the  Xez  Peree  river  an<l  up  the  Pavilion.'  hirh-fr's  ICrpUf. 
Tiiiir,  p.  310.  In  three  bands;  at  the  month  of  the  Pelonse  River;  on  the 
north  bank  of  Snake  River,  thirty  miles  below  the  I'elouse;  and  at  the  month 
of  the  Snake  River.  SU'rnis,  in  /»'/.  Afi'.  liipt.,  1K54,  pp.  22'2-3,  and  in  /W- . 
It.  II.  /I'l/i/..  vid.  i..  pp.  I'tli-l.  Pulonse,  or  I'elouse,  'reside  on  the  banks 
of  tlie  Palouse  and  Snake  rivers,'  Midlmi's  llijit.,  pp.  IS,  4!).  '  La  tribu 
I'aloose  nppartient  ii  la  nation  des  Nez-Perees  ..  elle  habite  les  bords  d(  s 
dfux  rivi,"'res  des  Nez-perees  «'t  dn  Pavilion.'  !><•  Sunt,  I'"//.,  jt.  lU.  Selloat- 
l)allah,  north  of  the  Snake,  near  its  eontlnenee  with  the  Columbia.  /,»■('•;.* 
Kinl  ('l(irl,r's  M'lp.  Same  as  the  Sewatpalla.  <iililjs,  in  I'ai'.  Ii.  1!.  H'pl.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  417. 

The  ir(///(/-Tr(//^(.s  '  oeeujiy  the  country  south  of  the  C'olund)ia  and  about 
the  I'iver  of  that  name.'  Uihh.i,  in  l'<iiiili>si/'!<  lirnm.,  p.  vii.  'A  nund)er<.f 
1>ands  living,'  tisually  on  tlu^  south  side  of  the  Columbia,  and  on  the  Snako 

river  to  a  littl ist  of  the  I'eluse."  <,;W/.s,  in  J'xr.  ]t.  It.  Itijit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  4(12. 

'Are  on  a  small  str(>am  wliieh  falls  into  the  Columbia  near  Fort  Xez-perees.' 
Jl ilf'x  Htliiioii.,  in  r.  .S.  A'.f.  /,',r.,  vid.  vi.,  p.  213.  'lidiabit  the  country  about 
the  river  of  the  same  nam<>,  and  ran^'e  some  distance  below  alonj,'  the  Co- 
I'.nnbia.'  J'/irLrr'n  Efiilnr.  Timr,  ]).  :il().  '  I'pon  the  banks  of  the  Colund>ia, 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Lewis  Fork  an-  found  the  Walla-wallas.'  Ilnnfiiiirn 
Jnd.  Ititci's,  p.  .").'J.J.  '  Oualla-Ouallii.  au-dessus  dn  fort  des  Xez  I'erces."  lA.- 
/■/vw,  E,r]iii>r.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  335,  "ruder  this  tirm  are  end)raced  a  nuiidier  of 
bands  livinj^  usually  on  the  soutii  side  of  the  Cohnnbia,  and  on  the  Snake 
river,  to  a  little  east  of  the  Pelouse;  as  also  the  Klikatats  and  Yakainas, 
nortli  of  the  former.'  Sli-rnis,  in  //«/.  Ajf.  11' pt.,  1S5I,  p.  223.  'On  both 
sides  of  the  Columbia  river  betw( en  Snake  river  and  Hudson  Ray  fort.  Wal- 
la-Walla.' J>ninis<m,  in  //.</.  ,1/.  /^7'^,  l>i"»7,  j).  .'ITl.  Walla  Waljaiium. 
Tiiliiiii',  in  Lord's  Aot.,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  244  7.  'Les  Walla-walla  habitent.  snr  la 
rivi.'Te  du  menie  nom,  I'un  des  tributaires  de  la  Colondae,  »'t  liin*  pays 
K'etelid  aiissi  le  hnv^  de  ce  tleuve.'  J>c  >'//»'■/,  I'c//.,  J).  30.  Wollaw  Wollidi. 
South  side  of  the  Snake,  at  j\inction  with  the  Columbia.  L<  iris  ninl  I'lnrkv's 
Mdj).  Wollaolla  and  Wollawalla,  'on  both  sides  of  Col.,  as  low  as  the  Mus- 
eleshell  rafiid,  and  in  winter  jiass  over  to  the  Tajitul  river.'  Mursf's  It'jil., 
pp.  3  ;!)-70.  'Country  south  of  the  Columbia  and  about  ihe  river  of  that 
name.'  liUilis,  in  /'i/)i(/(i.s//'s  Unan.,  p.  vii.  Walawaltz  nation  about  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Snake  and  Columbia,  On  Walla  Walle  River,  tinss'  Jour.,  )>p, 
2'.H  H.  'On  both  banks  of  the  Columbia,  from  the  Rlue  ^lountains  to  the 
Dalles.'  I'(in)liiiiii'n  V'/'/i'.,  p.  l.'tl.  Wallah  Wallah.  Cim-'s  .b/i-oi..  vol.  ii..  ji. 
14-'.  'About  the  river  of  that  name.'  .Mrulm/'s  (tjn.  Tir..  ]ip.  143,  l.")l. 
AVallawallahs,  'reside  alon^'  the  lower  jiart  of  the  Walla  Walla,  the  low  bot- 
tom  of  the  Umatilla  and  the  Cobimbiii,  from  the  mouth  of  Lewis  River  fcir 
one  hundred  miles  south.'  J'ulitn'r's  Jour.,  pp.  08,  124.     'On  the  borders  ipf 


THE  CAYUSES  AND  WASCOS. 


319 


til.' ^Val^lh^vl\^ah  nn<l  r<)lniiil)iii.'  Putitniirh's  Jks'rt.i,  vol.  ii..  p.fil;  Slmtrt, 
ill  \iiiirillis  Aiiiiiili's  ili'K   I'll/.,  1M21,  toiu.  xii.,  ]>.  ;t.">. 

TIk'  Sciiitit^'iis  ami  TonHfthipHs  live  on  x'unof  Kivir  (Tiiknnoii  ?),  nnd  the 
EiiotiiUii  (Touclict  ?),  tlio  Akiiitrliis  '  sur  1(>  liit,'-riv('r.'  (('(iluiiiMa).  Jlnnt,  in 
Xiiiir  llvs  AiiiKths  ill's  I'k//.,  IS-Jl,  toni,  x.,  pji.  71-H.  Tlic  Scialni^as  'jhissi dc  lo 
]ia\>i  lionir  an  siiil-rst  ]mv  la  (iniuih-l'laiiic;  uu  nord,  jiar  \v  Lv\\\s-ll]vir;  ii 
I'diirst  par  la  ('oliiiiil)ia;  uu  sml  par  rOualamat.'   Iil.,  \H-2\,  turn,  xii.,  ]i.  ■i2. 

Tlie  (iii/iisc.-t  extend  fnini  John  Day  IJiver  eastward  to  (Irande  lionde 
Valli.v.  'I'lii'  (ayuKe,  Cailloiix,  Muiilatpu,  'cunntry  south  of  the  Saliaptiii 
and  Wallawalla.     Their  head-ijuarters  are  on  the  upper  part  of  WuUawalhi 


i: 


//.(/  '.s'  iUhniiij.,  in  V.  S.  Kv.  Kr.,  vol.  vi..  j).  "Jil, 


map,  p 


i: 


'Iho 


eiiuiitrv  hilouLtiuL,'  to  the  Cavuse  is  to   the  south  of  and  lietweeu  the  Xi  z 


V 


md  Walla-Wallas,  extending,'  from  the  l)<s  Cliutes,  or  Wanwaiiwi,  to 


till'  eastern  side  of  tho  nine  mountains.'  Xirrns,  in  /;"/.  .\ij.  L'ljiL,  l^")l,  ji. 
•Jis:  ',;7w,  in  /'<('•.  /,'.  /,'.  Il-jil..  vol.  i..]).4U!.  'On  the  west  side  of  the  lUuo 
inotiiitains  and  south  of  the  Coluiuhi.i  liver.'   Tlnniiiisuu.  in  Iml.  AjT.  I.'ijil., 


is:, I.  ]..'.H2. 


'  Oecupy  a  portion  of  the  Wulhi- Walla  valli  y.'  /.'  iih 


.  in  /./. 


IS'iT.  p.  :t7l;    Ciliil,  in   /(/.,   IS.V.),  Jip.  41lt-H.       'A   I'oUest  des  N<Z-perees  sunt 

lis  Kiiynses.'  />'■  Sunt,  I'",'/--  l'>  •'•*•  1'"'  Kayouse  dw<sl  upon  the  I'tallii 
nr  Iviinutilly  Uiver.  Tmrtisiiiirs  .\<ir..  j).  122.  'West  (pf  the  Ne/  Penes.' 
l''irL- r's  Exfil'ir.  Tour,  ]>.  It: !»,  and  map.  '  JJovi'  thro^iijh  the  re),'ions  of 
the  Tjewis  hralieh.'  l!rmih<»r's  //i.s/.  Oju.,  p.  IJI).  '  Kayouses.  I'n  s  dii  t;raiul 
(1  'tun-  de  la  Coloiuliie.'  Mn/rim,  ExjiUir.,  torn,  ii.,  ji.  ■V.i't.  W  aiilatpu.  Molele, 
e.dlid  also  WiUetpoos,  Cayiise,  'western  Oregon,  south  of  the  Coluinhiii 
livi  r.'   I.iiihii-i',  .1''.  I.'iini.,  ]>.  1!''.';  liiilif,  in  I'kc.  II.  I!.  Ilijit.,  vol.  i.,  ji.  -liT. 


('a:i',':ias 


inhahit  the  eountrv  hoideriiif.,'  on  Wallawalla  river  and  its  trih 


t.lVli 


Ihr 


I'dl 


mountains   and  drand   ronnt 


;<1 


,d.'    7'. 


I'P 


cou 


ntrv  to  the  soutli  of  Walla  Walla.    Tnln 


\' :'..  V  il    ii..  i)p.  2lt  ").     The  Skynses  'dwell  alioiit  the  w.iters  of  tb  ■  Way- 
I  fUay  and  the  adjacent  country.'    frrini's   lUnininlh  's  Ailnu.,  y.  :  NS. 

Till'  Willewah  'reside  on  the  Willewah  river,  whirh  falls  into  the  Lewis 

M.irsi's   H'jil  ,  p.  ::(;'.!.     in  (if.inde 


i;..;,d.'  Vall( 


1    the    S.W.  side,  lielow  the    fori 


/.• 


id  CUirhi's  Miiii;  Oihl.s,  in  J'lif.  Ii.  ]!.  1,'ij'l..  vol.  i. 


r 


I'lnatillas  'live   near   the    jiinetioTi  of  the  Tniatilla  and    Coluiidiia 
l.'inl's  .\iil-,  vol.  ii.,  ]i.  '.l7.     I'liiatallow  Jiivei-  ,;i.d  enniitry  (  xti  iidii:^' 


lie  lie  •  Westward   to    Dalles.     Tnliiiir,  ill    Id.,  ]i.  •_'!.") 

c'liiatiy  a'oii.;  the  river  heariii^;  that  name.'   ]>■ 
i'^'ii.  p. :."  I. 


The  Iiill 


IS  oeeii 


py  tl 


in   Ihil.   Ai}'.  l.n.t. 


h  ■  WahiiWiium   live   'on   the   X.   liraiiidi   of  the  ('(pliimliia.    in  dillVn  nt 


hill  I  i  fiiiiii  the  I'ishipiitpahs:  a 


s  low  as  the  ri". i 


J. 


li- 


the ditlereiit  hands 


I'f  this  nation  winter  on  tlu' waters  of    Taptiil  and  i  ataraet  iiver> 


.lA. 


dill,! 


tl 

/,'   ■'..  p.  :)7il:   /.rici'.s'  (()((/  Chirh'a  Mnji.     On  .hdin  Day's  Kiver. 
/,'  /;.  /r/p/.,  vol.  i.,  p.  417. 

Tiie  H'(s''''.s  include  all  the  trihes  between  the  Cascade  Itaiii'e  and  .luhn 


I  lav  Kiver,  south  of  tho  Colunihia. 


'i'hey  are   known   hv  the  name  of 


Wa^fo  Indians,  and  they  call  their  country  around  the  Dallas,  Wasi'(p]pam. 
J  11'  y  claim  the  country  extending  from  the  cascaihs  up  to  the  falls  of  the 


320 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Ci»lurn1)ia,  tlio  distanpc  of  nbout  fifty  miles.'  Jfinfn'  V'ly.,  p.  IHO.  'The 
WiiHwtH  occupy  a  Hiimll  triict  of  country  iioiir  to  and  a<1j<iinin}{  the  DuIIch.' 
Drnni.'iiiii,  in  Iml.  Aff.  liipt.,  1H.")7,  p.  372.  On  both  sidcH  of  tht;  Coliuuliia 
about  tilt'  Dalles  arc  the  Wuseopuius.  M'lp,  in  Srltoulrra/t's  Arrlt.,  vol.  iii.,  ji. 
200.  Eiiesliur,  Echeloots,  Chillukkitccpiaw  and  Hinacshop  occni>y  *'"'  terri- 
'ory,  on  ljiir'i>i  mxl  (larh-'K  Ma/r,  Mursf's  IU])(.,  p.  370.  The  Tchipantcliick- 
tchick,  Cathl.issis,  Ilttekaiiiiuiiiits,  and  Tchelouits  about  the  Dalles.  Slmirt, 
in  S'niirillis  AiiiiiiU's  des  Voy.,  1821,  torn,  xii.,  p.  '2C;  (Jihbs,  in  I'm:  Ji.  Jl. 
i.V/j<  ,  vol.  i.,  p.  417. 

'The  residence  of  the  Molele  is  (or  was"!  in  the  broken  and  wooded 
country  about  Mounts  Hood  and  Vancouver.'  llulv's  El.hnoij.,  in  ('.  S.  ]'.\\ 
K.r.,  vol.  vi.,  J).  211.  The  Mollales  have  their  home  in  the  ^Villanlette  Val- 
ley. Sfliiiiilcyii/t's  Airh.,  vol.  v.,  p.  4'J2, 

'The  Tuirtla,  usually  called  Taigli,  Vielong. . .  .to  the  environs  of  the  l)es- 
Chutes  llivcr.'  (liUhn,  in  Vniulosy'a  O'min.,  i>.  vii. 

'The  Des  Chutes. ..  .formerly  occupied  that  section  of  cimntry  between 
the  Dalles  and  the  Tyich  river.'  Di'iinixdn,  in  Jwl.  Aff.  Jli'iil.,  l.s:,7,  p.  37:!. 

'Thi'  Tyichs  ..  .formerly  occupied  the  Tyich  valley  and  the  country  in 
its  vicinity,  which  lies  abnut  30  miles  south  of  Fort  Dalles.'  Jh. 

'  Tli(^  John  Day  llivers  occupy  the  country  iu  tho  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  river  bearing;  that  name.'  Ih. 

'Tlie  Do:^  llivcr,  or  Cascade  Indians  reside  on  a  small  stream  i  ailed  Dog 
river,  which  empties  into  the  Columbia  river,  about  half  way  between  the 
Cascades  and  Dalles.'  LI.,  p.  371.  Tho  Cascades  dwell  'on  the  river  of  that 
name.'  .Mftilny's  Oijii,  Tcr.,  p.  143. 

The  ruLiiii'is  oceujiy  the  valley  of  the  Yakima  Kiver  and  its  bnnichi  s. 
'The  upper  Yakimas  occujjy  the  country  upon  the  M'eiiass  and  main  bianili 
of  the  Yakima,  above  the  forks;  the  Lower  upon  the  Yakima  and  its  tribu- 
taries, below  the  forks  and  alon^  the  Columbia  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yaki- 
ma to  a  puint  three  miles  below  the  Dalles.'  littbh,  in  //('/.  Aff.  Ili/it.,  1S.">7,  ' 
]i.  3.10.  Three  bands,  Wishhams,  Clickahut,  and  Skien,  nlonj,'  the  Co- 
lumbia. /'/.,  ]).  3')2.  'Tho  I'shwauwappim  bands,  usually  called  Yakamas, 
iiili:diit  the  Yakama  River.'  di'-'s,  in  /'(//k/o.sv/'s  lirtiin.,  p.  vii.  Lewis  and 
Clarki"s  Clianwai>pan,  Shaltatt.  ;,  Stpiamaross,  Skaddals,  and  Chinniahjium, 
on  the  Yakima  River,  (lihlisi,  in  Pitr.  II.  Ji.  IhpL,  vol.  i.,  p.  417.  The  Yakimas 
'  are  divided  into  two  principal  bands,  each  made  up  of  a  nund>er  of  villat,'es, 
and  very  closely  connectt'd;  one  owning  the  country  on  the  Nnhchess  and  Low- 
er Yakima,  the  other  are  upon  the  Weuass  and  main  branch  above  the  forks.' 
]il.,  p.  407.  Yaekamans,  niU'thern  banks  of  the  Columbia  and  on  the  Yaek- 
amans  river.  Cn^-'it  Atlviu.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  143.  On  the  Yakima.  Ihilv's  Etlimni.. 
U.  S.  J-Jj.'.  A'.r.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  213.  '  South  of  the  Lonj,'  Rapids,  to  the  eontlu- 
ence  of  Lewis'  river  with  the  Colun'.iii',  are  the  Yookoomans.'  J'lirl.cf's  AV- 
plor.  Tiiiir,  J).  313.  I'ishwanwapun'  (YakiiiuO,  in  Yakimaw  or  Eyakenia  Val- 
ley. Tiiliiii-,  in  J.onl'.-^  .\<tt.,  vol.  u.,  jip.  '244-7.  Called  Stobshaddat  by  the 
hound  Indians.   /(/.,  p.  245. 

The  Chimnapums  are  '  on  the  N.W.  side  of  Col.  river,  both  above  and 
below  the  entrance  of  Lewis'  r.  and  the  Taptul  r.'  J/ocsc'.s  llciil.,  p.  370;  l.inis 
and  Cl'irkv's  M'lp.     Tho  '  Chunuapuus  and  Chauwappans  are  beUveen  the 


THE  KLIKETATS. 


321 


('iiscixilc  Riinfjo  and  the  north  branch  of  the  Cdhiinbia.'  Xlvnlay'i^  0<in.  Tii., 
]..  14:t. 

The  Pis((uiti>iih!<,  'on  the  MuscU'shill  rnpids,  anil  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Coliiiuliiii,  to  the  eoninienci'iiicut  of  the  liigh  eDiuitry;  this  nation  winter  on 
tlif  wiitiTsof  til''  Tajitul  and  Cataract  rivers.'  JAi/rvc's  llrfil.,  ji.  ;{"(>. 

Tile  Solviilk-t  dwell  north  of  the  eontliiencp  of  the  Snake  and  C'ohunbia. 
//■ir/s  (»))'/ (7((/-A>',s  7V((i'.,  p.  U")!,  and  niai);  Mursp's  Hipt.,  it.'MW).  At  I'riest 
Uapids.  <li',hs,  in  /'««<•.  Ji.  11.  Jivi>t.,  vol.  i.,  p.  417. 

Tiie  KliLcldls  live  in  thi!  mountainous  country  north  of  the  Cuscadi's,  on 
]in\h  sidisof  the  Cascade  llanvje,  and  south  of  the  Yakinias.  Klikatats  '  in- 
}ial>it,  ])roi)ei'ly,  the  valleys  lyin^{  between  Mounts  St.  Helens  and  .\ilanis,  but 
they  have  spread  over  districts  belon(,'ing  to  other  tribes,  and  a  band  of  them 
is  now  located  as  far  south  as  the  Umpipia.'  liihhs,  in  I'uf.  II.  It.  li'fil.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  lit;!.  '  Itoilroilpam  is  the  Klikatat  country,  situated  in  the  Cascade 
mountains  north  of  the  Cobunbia  and  west  of  the  Yakanias.'  <illil'H,  in  I'un- 
(/■••.'/".s  (Ivniii.,  p.  vii.  'Wander  in  the  wooded  country  about  Mount  St. 
Hilcns.'  Hale's  Elhnnq.,  in  U.  S.  Ex.  A'.r.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  '213.  'In  the  vicinity  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.'  Vallin's  N.  Atn.  /»(/.,  vol.  ii.,p.  113.  Klikatats. 
'  Au-dessus  du  fort  des  Nez-Perces.'  .Vo/nt.H,  Ku'i>li>r.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  Hit").  '  The 
Khketat,  a  scion  from  the  Sahaptans,  who  now  dwell  near  Mount  Itainier 
and  have  advanced  towards  the  falls  of  the  Columbia.'  Sronhr,  in  T.innl.  (it mi. 
Son.  .h)ur.,  vol.  xi,,  p.  "22").  On  Aciri.s  ami  Clarke's  Mup  the  Kliketat  territory 
is  occui)ied  by  the  Chanwajipan,  Shallatos,  Scjnamaros,  Skaddals,  Shahalas. 
Also  in  Morse's  llejit.,  p.  U72.  Whnlwhypum,  or  Kliketat,  'in  the  vvoodiil 
and  prairie  country  between  Vancouver  and  the  Dalles.'  Tolni'w,  in  Lartl's 
ynt.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  215. 

The  Wcychhoo  live  on  the  north  side  of  the  Columbia,  near  Chusuttet* 
Uiver.  (.Kliketat.)  Gass'  Jour.,  p.  2b8. 

Vol.  I.   31 


!;  I 


I 


CHAPTER  IV. 

CALIFOKXIAXS. 
GiiouPAii  Divihioxh;  NonTiiEnx,  Ckntrai,,  and  SorxnKnx  Califoknians,  and 

SH(iSII(lNKH-C'((L'NTUV    OV    THK    ( 'aLIKoKNIANS  — ThK    Ki-AMATHS,    MdDOCS, 

SiiAHT.vs,  I'lTT   liivKH   Inoiaxs,  Ecuiks,    Cahiioch,  HoorAHs,  AVkkyots, 

Toi.KWAS,    and    IICHJUK   lllVKB   INDIANS   AND    TIIKIK   Ct'BToMS — TirK  TkH  \- 

srAs,  PiiMos,  TTkiahs,  (Jualalah,  Sdnomah,  I'ktalumas,  X  vI-as,  Siscdi.s, 

SUISI'NKS,     TaMAI.KS,     IvAliyCINKS,     OhLOSES,     Tri.OMdS,     TllAMIKSS,     Ol.- 

ciioNKs,  lUrjisKSs,  Esi;klenh,  and  otukks  <if  t'ENTiuL  L'ALirousiA — The 
Caiumm.as,  1)ik(h;e.\(is,  Islandeux,  and  Mission  IjAstiiKKiAs  f)F 
SofTiiEiiN  Calu-oknia  — The  Snakes  on  Sikishones  I'uoi-Eit,  Utaus, 
Bannocks,  Washoks  and  oiheu  Shoshone  Xation-s. 

Of  tlio  sovoii  groups  into  which  this  work  soparatos  tlie 
iijitioiis  of  wostorii  North  Aineiicu.  the  (\\lif(H!XIaxs('oii- 
fritituto  the  third,  und  cover  the  territory  l)etwei'n  latitude 
4^  and  'iVl  ;')(),  extending  hack  irregularly  into  the 
llocky  Mountains,  There  heing  few  distinctly  marked 
liunilies  in  this  group.  1  cainiot  do  hetter  in  sulidividiug 
it  lor  the  pur[M)se  of  description  than  make  of  the 
Calirornians  proper  three  geographical  divisions,  namelv. 
the  SOrtharti,  ('a/iforiiia ha,  the  (\'iifr((l  ('i(/>t'()riiltiiif<.  and 
the  SnHllicrn.  CdiifoniKins.  'V\\q  S/hix/ioho^,  or  fourth  di- 
vision ol' this  group,  who  spread  out  over  south-eastern 
Oregon,  southern  Idaho,  and  the  whole  of  Ni'vada  and 
rtah,  present  more  distinctly  marked  familv  character- 
istics, and  will  therefore  )»e  treated  as  a  familv. 

The  same  chain  of  mountains,  which,  as  the  Cascade 
Range,  divides  the  land  of  the  (\jlumhians.  holds  it'^ 
course  steadily  southward,  and  entering  the  territoix  of 

(32-2) 


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PACIFIC  8TA.TES 

CALIFORNIAN     CROUP 


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130 


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HOME  OF  THE  CALIFOnNIAXS. 


838 


tlio  Californian  group  forms,  under  the  namo  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  the  partition  l»et\veen  tlie  (^aliforniaiiH  proper 
and  the  Slioshone.s  of  Jdaho  and  Nevada.  The  iniiuenco 
of  thi.s  range  upon  the  climate  is  also  here  manifest,  oidy 
iiitenser  in  degree  than  farther  north.  The  lands  of  the 
Northern  Californians  are  well  watered  and  w(K)ded, 
those  of  the  central  division  have  an  ahundance  of  water 
for  six  months  in  the  year,  namely,  from  November  to 
May,  and  the  soil  is  fertile,  yielding  a))undantly  inider 
cultivatifjn.  Hvcamore,  oak.  cotton-wood,  willow,  and 
white  aider,  fringe  the  banks  of  the  rivers;  laurel,  l)uck- 
eye,  mtuizanita,  and  innumerable  lx?rry-l)earing  bu-hes, 
clothe  the  lesser  hills;  thousands  of  acres  are  annually 
covered  with  wild  oats;  the  moist  bottoms  yield  heavy 
croj)s  of  grass;  and  in  summer  the  valleys  are  gorgeous 
with  wild-flowers  of  every  hue.  Before  the  blighting 
touch  of  the  white  man  was  laid  ujx)n  the  land,  the 
rivers  swarmed  with  salmon  and  trout;  deer,  ante- 
lope, and  mountain  sheep  roamed  over  the  f(M)t-hills, 
bear  and  other  carnivora  occupied  the  forests,  and 
numberless  wild  fowl  covered  the  lakes.  Decreasing  in 
moistiu'e  toward  the  tropics,  the  climate  of  the  Southern 
Californians  is  warm  and  dry,  while  the  Shoshones,  a 
large  part  of  whose  territory  falls  in  the  Great  Basin,  are 
cursed  with  a  yet  greater  dr^  ness. 


Tl 
le  ei 


le  region  known  as  the  (Ireat  Basin,  lying  l)etween 
istern  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  aud  the  Wahsatch 


tl 

Ah)untains,  and  stretching  north  and  south  froui  latitude 
3o  to  42  ,  presents  a  very  different  picture  froui  the  land 
of  the  Californians.  This  district  is  triangular  in  shii[)e, 
tlui  {i\K}x  pointing  toward  the  south,  or  southwest;  fVoui 
this  apex,  which,  round  the  head  of  the  (iulf  of  Califbi  • 
nia,  is  at  tide  level,  the  grouud  gradually  rises  until,  in 
central  Nevada,  it  reaches  an  altitude  of  about  five  thou- 
sand feet,  and  this,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  1(«'mI  de- 
l)ressions,  is  about  the  level  of  tbe  whole  <tf  the  broad 
j)art  of  the  basin.  The  entire  surface  of  this  })lateau  is 
alkaline.  IVing  in  parts  almost  destitute  of  water,  tliere 
is  comparatively  little  tiuiber;    sage-brush  and  grease- 


nu 


C.\LIFORNIANS. 


•\vooil  being  the  chief  signs  of  vegetation,  except  at  rare  in- 
tervals where  some  small  stream  struggling  against  almost 
universal  aritlliy,  sup[)orts  on  its  banks  a  little  scanty 
herbage  and  a  few  liirlorn-looking  cotton-wood  trees, 
^riie  northern  part  of  this  region,  as  is  the  case  with  the 
lands  of  the  C'alifornians  projHir,  is  somewhat  less  «les- 
titiite  of  vegeta))le  and  animal  life  than  the  southern 
portion  which  is  indeed  a  desert  occupied  chieily  l)y  rab- 
bits, prairie-dogs,  sage-hens,  and  reptiles.  The  desert  of 
the  Colorado,  once  perhaps  a  fertile  bottom,  extending 
northward  from  the  San  IV'rnardino  ^Mountains  one 
hundred  and  eighty  miles,  and  spreading  over  an  area  of 
about  nine  thousand  square  miles,  is  a  silent  unbroken 
sea  of  sand,  u\Kn\  whose  ashy  surface  glares  the  mid-day 
sun  and  where  at  night  the  stars  draw  near  through  the 
thin  air  and  brilliantly  illumine  the  eternal  solitude. 
Here  the  gigantic  cereus,  emblem  of  l)arremiess,  rears  its 
contorted  form,  casting  wierd  shadows  u[xjn  the  moon- 
lit level.  In  such  a  countrv,  where  in  Avinter  the  keen 
dust-bearing  blast  rushes  over  the  unljroken  desokitc 
l)lains,  and  in  summer  the  very  earth  cnicks  open  with 
intense  heat,  Avhat  can  we  expect  of  man  but  that  he 
should  be  distinguished  for  the  depths  of  his  low  attain- 
ment. 

But  although  the  jTOverty  and  barremiess  of  his 
country  jiccount  satisfjictorily  for  the  low  type  of  the 
inliabitant  of  the  Great  Basin,  yet  no  such  excuse  is 
oifered  for  the  degradation  of  the  native  of  fertile  Cali- 
fornia. On  every  side,  if  we  except  the  Shoslione,  in 
regions  possessing  far  fewer  .advantages  than  California, 
we  find  a  higher  tyjxi  of  man.  Among  the  Tuscnroras, 
dierokees,  and  Iroquois  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  barbarism 
assumes  its  grandest  proportions;  ])roceeding  west  it 
bursts  its  fetters  in  the  incipient  civilization  oftheCila; 
but  if  we  continue  the  line  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacilic  we 
fnid  this  intellectual  dawn  checked,  and  n:;in  sunk  almost 
to  the  utter  darkness  of  the  brute.  Coming  southward  IVom 
the  Irozen  land  of  the  Eskimo,  or  northward  from  tro[)i- 
cal  Darien  we  pass  through  nations  p)ssessing  the  neces- 


TRIDAL   DIVEKSITY. 


325 


sarios  and  even  the  comforts  of  life.  Some  of  tliem  raise 
and  grind  wheat  and  (•(►rn.  many  of  them  make  [K)ttery 
and  other  ntensils.  at  the  north  they  ventnre  out  to  sea 
in  irood  l)oats  and  make  Hehemoth  tlieir  siMiih  Tlie 
Cahfornians  on  the  other  hand,  eomparatively  speakinu', 
wear  no  clothes,  they  huild  no  houses,  do  not  cultivate 
the  soil.  the\'  have  no  hoats,  nor  do  tluy  hunt  to  any  con- 
siderahle  extent:  thev  have  no  morals  nor  anv  reli'iioii 
worth  caUinjr  such.  The  missionary  Fathers  found  a 
virjiin  field  whereon  neither  god  nor  devil  was  worshi[»ed. 
AVe  must  liK)k,  then,  toother  causes  for  a  soluti(m  of  the 
((uestion  why  a  nohler  race  is  not  found  in  (California; 
such  lor  instance  as  revolutions  and  migrations  of  nations, 
oi"  upheavals  and  convulsions  of  nature,  causes  arising 
hcforo  the  commencement  of  the  short  period  within 
which  we  are  accustomed  to  reckon  time. 

There  is,  perlwqis.  a  greater  divi-rsity  of  trihal  names 
among  the  Californians  than  elsewhere  in  America;  the 
whole  system  of  nomenclature  is  so  com[)licated  and  con- 
tradictory that  it  IS  im[)ossihle  to  reduce  it  to  perfect 
order.  There  are  tribes  that  call  themselves  hy  one 
niuue,  hut  whose  neighbors  call  them  by  another;  tribes 
that  are  known  by  three  or  four  names,  and  tribes  that 
have  no  name  e.\ce[)t  that  of  tlu'ir  village  or  chief' 
Tribal  names  are  frequently  given  by  one  writer  which 
are  never  mentioned  by  any  other;-  nevertheless  there 
are  tribes  on  whose  names  authorities  auree.  tuid  thouLih 


'  '  Somotinies  there  is  ii  tril)!il  iiiinic  for  all  who  s]ii;ik  the  sunic  ].ui,L,'Uii^'e; 
simietiuu's  none,  iiuil  iiuly  ii;iiii<  s  fcir  sc  |iaiMtr  villuL,'!  s;  soinetiiiies  a  naim  fur 
a  \vli;)le  trihe  or  fiiiiiilv.  to  whieli  is  ]irrti\<cl  a  sc|iai'atf  wnnl  fur  each  dialect, 
wliiili  is  ^'enerally  en-<xteiisive  with  some  valhv.  Of  the  lirst.  an  iiist  ince 
is  fiiiuiil  in  the  Cihrnes.  uii  the  Klamath,  who  are  a  eomiiaet  tribe,  with  Jio 
(lial'cts;  of  the  Keconcl.  in  the  larL;e  trilie  on  the  lower  Klamath,  who  have  also 
no  (liilcets.  and  yet  have  no  nanii',  i\ei  pt  for  (  a -h  viilau''':  of  tie'  third,  in  the 
threat  finiily  of  the  I'onios  on  Knssian  rivir.  who  havr  many  dialects    and  ii 

11  am  ■  for  each,     fis  Hallo  Ki  romos.  Cihto  I'omos.  ( te Some  remnants 

of  tril)  s  have  three  or  fo.ir  names,  all  in  use  within  a  railins  of  that  nu:;d)er 
of  miles;  some,  a^ain,  are  n)<  r^ed.  or  dovetaili'd.  into  otlni's;  and  some  n  vit 
had  a  name  taken  fiom  tlw  ir  own  lan','iiaL;e.  hut  have  aih-pti  d  that  i^iveii  tlieni 
hy  a  nii,'hl>or  trihe.  altoj^'ither  dittirent  in  speech.'  I'oinrs,  in  Onrl  md 
M'inllih/.  vol.  viii.,  p.  U'iH. 

-  The  nativi's  'when  asked  to  what  trihe  they  heloiiu'.  ^ive  the  name  of 
tlnir  chief,  which  is  niisunderstood  hy  the  iutpiirer  to  he  that  of  the  trihe  it- 
Helf.'  Jiitrtldt's  Xur.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  30. 


826 


CALIFORNIAN.S. 


the  spelling  differs,  the  sound  expressed  in  these  instances 
is  about  the  same.  Less  trouble  is  experienced  in  dis- 
tinguishing the  tril)es  of  the  northern  division,  which 
is  conii)Osed  of  jwople  who  resemble  their  neighl)ors  more 
than  is  the  case  in  central  (California,  where  the  mean- 
ingless term  '  Indians,'  is  almost  universally  applied  in 
speaking  of  them.^ 

Another  fruitful  source  of  confusion  is  the  indefinite 
nickname  '  Digger'  which  is  applied  indiscriminately  to 
all  the  tribes  of  northern  and  middle  California,  and  to 
those  of  Nevada,  Utah,  and  the  southern  part  of  Oregon. 
These  tribes  are  popularly  known  as  the  Californiun 
Diggers,  Washoe  Diggers,  Shoshone  Diggers  of  Utah,  etc., 
the  signification  of  the  term  pointing  to  thedigging  of  roots, 
and  in  some  parts,  p)ssibly,  to  burrowing  in  the  ground. 
The  name  is  seemingly  opprobrious,  and  is  certaiid\  no 
more  ap|)licable  to  this  jKiople  than  to  many  others,  liy 
tills  territorial  division  I  ho[K'  to  avoid,  as  far  as  }X)ssiblc, 
the  two  causes  of  bi'wildermont  before  alluded  to;  neither 
treating  the  inhabitants  of  an  inunonse  country  as  one 
tribe,  nor  attempting  to  ascribe  distinct  names  and  idio- 
osyncrasies  to  hundreds  of  small,  insignificant  bands, 
roaming  over  a  comparatively  narrow  area  of  country 
and  to  all  of  which  one  description  will  apply. 

The  Xortiieux  Californians,  the  first  tribal  grouj), 
or  division,  of  which  1  shall  speak,  might,  not  iinpro- 
l)erly,  be  called  tlie  Klamatit  family,  extending  as  they 
do  from  Kogue  River  on  the  north,  to  the  Kel  River 
ssouth,  and  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Calilbrnian 
iKiundary  east,  and  including  the  Up[x>r  and  Lower  Kla- 
math and  other  lakes.     The  principal  triljes  o(3Ctipying 

3  '  Every  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  of  country  seems  to  have  been  ooenpicd 
by  a  number  of  snmll  lod^^'es  or  septs,  s|)t'iikini^  ii  diflferent  liin(,'ua^e  or  very 
divt'rt,'ent  diideet.'  Tai/lnr.  in  li(iiirn)/i's  llmnl-lxtitk  Ahtmiuic,  ISOi,  ji.  '21». 
IJeephey  counted  eleven  ditl'erent  diide(?ts  in  the  mission  of  San  Cnrlos. 
Voi/ii'iv,  vol.  ii.,  p.  7:1.  '  Almost  ev('ry  I")  or  '20  lenj^^ies,  you  tind  a  distinct 
dialcet;  so  different,  that  in  no  way  does  one  resendde  the  other.'  liosrinin, 
in  Itofiiiisoii's  l.itV  ill  ('(tl..  p.  '21(1.  '  From  tlie  San  JcMKiuin  northward  to  tlie 
Klamath  there  are  some  hundreds  of  small  tribes.'  Iknlry,  in  Jml.  Ajf.  li'jil., 
l«.jl,  p.  3U-i. 


NATIONS  OF  NORTHEUN  CALIFORNIA. 


827 


this  region  .ire  the  KlamatJis*  who  live  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  river  and  on  tlie  shores  of  the  hike  of  that 
name;  tiie  ModocsJ^  on  Lower  Khunath  Lai\e  and  along 
Lost  River;  the  Shastds,  to  the  sonth-west  of  the  lakes, 
near  the  Shasta  Monntains;  the  J^itt  liinr  IikVkiid^;  the 
/'Jiiivs  on  the  Klamath  River  hetween  Weitspek  and  the 
coast;  the  Culwors^  on  the  Klamatii  River  from  a  short 
<Iistanee  above  the  jnnetion  of  the  Trinity  to  the  Kla- 
math Mountains;  the  Jloopdlis  in  IIt)opah  Valley  on  the 
Trinity  near  its  jnnetion  with  the  Klamath;  inimer- 
oiis  trihes  on  the  coast  from  Kel  River  and  Humboldt  Ray 
north,  such  as  the  Weojots,^  Wdlias,  Tolcindis,  etc.,  and 
the  liixjuG  Ulcer  Jndlaus,**  on  and  about  tlie  river  of  that 
name.'' 

The  Xortliern  Califoi'uians  are  in  every  way  superior 
to  the  central  and  southern  tribes.'"     Their  ph\si(pie  and 

*  H;il('  culls  them  the  Lntiuinil,  or  Tlonuitl.  niid  ndils,  '  tho  first  of  tlifse 
nanus  is  tlie  })ri)[)fr  (Icsif^imtiou  of  tht-  iH'<)|)le  in  their  own  lunj,'iiiif4f.  Tlio 
SI cimd  is  tliat  by  which  they  arc  known  to  the  Chinooks.  luul  throngh  thcui, 
to  the  whites. '   kill  III  1 1.,  in  /''.  >'.  Ex.  K.r.,  vol.  vi.,  \>.  218. 

'■>  'Thirc  true  name  is  .Wo<V(^)c— a  word  which  ori},'iniitcd  with  tho  Slwis- 
teeeiis.  wlio  nviilicd  it  indefinitely  to  all  wild  Indians  or  enemies.'  /'<(/'v;'s,  in 
()n;-liiiiil  Mniiilili/,  187;J,  vol.  X.,  j).  M.").  'Also  called  Moahtiickna.'  'J'tii/lm; 
in  >'iil.  I'ttriii  r,  .Inne  22,  lH(!i).  'Thi'  word  Modoc  is  a  Shiista  Indi;in  word, 
and  means  all  distant,  stranj^er,  or  hostile  Indians,  and  hecame  aiijilied  to 
these  Indians  l)v  white  men  in  early  days,  by  heariny  the  Hhastas  speak  of 
them.'  .S7.''r,  in  fiul.  Af.  lipt.,  W,l,  j..  IJl. 

'•  Speakin;.,'  of  Indians  at  the  junction  of  the  Salmon  and  Klamath  rivers: 
'They  do  not  seem  to  haveany  j,'eneric  appellation  for  thi  inselves.  but  apply 

the  terms  "Kahrnk."np,  and  "  Yonruk."  down,  to  all  who  live  iibox r 

bej'iw  flieiuselves,  without  discrimination,  in  the  sanu-  manner  that  the  others 
(ul  the  junction  of  the  Trinity)  do  "  I'eh-tsik,"  and  '•  I'oh-lik."  '  Hihlis,  hi 
Si'liiiiil-ra :'!'•<  Arrh..  vol.  iii.,  p.  ]~>l. 

'  'The  JJay  (Uuniboldt)  hidians  call  themselves,  as  we  were  informed, 
Wis'  o:k;  ir.id  those  of  the  hills  Te-ok-a-wilk;  but  tlie  tribe^  to  th(  north- 
war  iiiiinate  both  those  of  the  liay  and  Mil  river,  We-yot,  or  Walla-wal- 
loii.'  h'hi'is,  in  Sriii II ilrrtit't'f^  Arrli.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>.  ]'M. 

"  They  are  also  called  Lototen  or  Tututamy,  Totntimr,  Toutouni,  Tootoo- 
tnii,  Tutotell,  Tototin,  Tototutiia.  etc. 

"For  further  particulars  as  to  location  of  tribes,  see  n<iteH  on  TiiIual 
BorNDVitiKs.  at  the  end  of  this  chaiiter. 

'"  Mr.  (libl>s,  speaking'  of  the  tribes  seen  on  the  Klamath  and  Trinity 
rivi'rs,  says:  'In  person  these  ])eople  are  far  superior  to  any  we  had  met 
below:  the  men  beinji  lar;.,'er,  more  niuscular,  and  with  countenances  deiiot- 
i'l'.,'  ij;reater  force  and  ener^,'y  of  character,  as  well  as  intelliu;i  uce.  Indied, 
tlvy  approai'h  rather  to  the  races  of  the  ))lains.  than  to  the  wretdied  "  di(.'j,'ers" 
of  the  ■.^'reater  part  of  California.'  SrlniiilrnitV.-i  Arrh..  vol.  iii.,  ]>.  1  !(l.  "The 
Indians  in  the  northern  ]);)rtion  of  California  and  in  Ore^'on,  are  v.istly  supe- 
rior in  stature  and  intellect  to  those  found  in  the  southern  part  of  California.' 
If'i'.hn-il,  m  do'iliii  Krn.  IS'ti.  The  Indians  on  tlie  Trinity  'a  e  of  another 
Iriho  and  nature  from  those  ulou;,'  the  Sacramento.'  Kdly'n  Exiarsiun,  vol. 


323 


CALIFORNI.VNS. 


cluiniotor,  in  fact,  approjich  nearer  to  the  Oregon  nations 
than  to  the  })eople  of  the  J^aeramento  and  San  Joacjuin 
valleys.  This  applies  more  particularly  to  the  inland 
tribes.  The  race  gradually  deteriorates  as  it  api)roaeheH 
the  coast,  gnm  ing  less  in  stature,  darker  in  color,  more 
and  more  degraded  in  (character,  habits,  and  religion. 
The  Rogue  River  Indians  nnist,  however,  be  made  an 
exception  to  this  rule.  The  tendency  to  impiove  toward 
the  north,  which  is  so  marked  among  the  Califbrnians, 
holds  good  in  this  case;  so  that  the  natives  on  the  ex- 
treme north-west  coast  of  the  region  nnder  consideration, 
are  in  many  respects  superior  to  the  interior  but  more 
southerly  tribes. 

The  S'orthern  Calilbrnians  round  the  Klamath  lakes, 
and  the  Klamath,  Trinity,  and  Rogue  rivers,  are  tall, 
nuiscular,  and  well  made,'^  with  a  complexion  varying 
from  nearl}^  black  to  light  brown,  in  })roportion  to  their 
proximity  to,  or  distance,  Irom  the  ocean  or  other  large 
Itodies  of  water;  their  i'ace  is  large,  oval,  and  heavily 
made,  with  slightly  prominent  cheek-bones;  nose  well 
set  on  the  face  and  iiv([uently  straight,  and  eyes 
which,  when  not  blurred  by  o[)hthalmia,  are  keen  and 
bright.  The  women  are  short  and  some  of  them  cpiite 
handsome,  even  in  the  Caucasian  sense  of  the  word;'^ 


ii..  p.  \C)C>.  Sppiikinf; of  the  Wallics,  thoy,  'in  many rcsppctsditlVr from  their 
l)r"tlir('ii  in  tlic  middk'  and  lower  conntics  ot  the  Stato.  TIk  y  arc  hj^liti  r 
colorrd  and  more  intelUyeut.'    Jiiltnaou,  in  Urvrhntil  Mnuthhj,   \H\{),  vt-l.  ii., 

I'  '  I'lio  nialos  arc  tall,  avera;j;iii!4  in  lici^'ht  nbont  ttvo  feet  (ii^dit  inches,  am 
well  proi)ortioncd,  athlitic,  and  possess  the  jiowcr  of  cndnrancc  to  a  threat 
dcj,'ree.'  Ilidilnird,  in  (IdUUn  I'rii.  ]\Iarch  IH'id.  '']  he  people  here  (iloK'"^' 
Uiver)  were  larj^er  and  stron^'c  r  than  tliost^  in  South  California,  hut  not 
liandsouier.'  I'/citf'i  r's  iSccninl  Jmirn.,  p  ;!I7.  Speaking  of  Indians  on  the 
Kianiiitli  lliver,  '  their  stature  is  a  tiille  under  the  Anieriean:  they  have  \v(  11- 
si/ed  bodies,  erect  and  stron^'-knit.'  J'ninrs,  in  Onrlnnd  Mdnllili/,  vol.  viii., 
p.  !{2S.  On  the  upper  Trinity  they  an'  '  lar^'o  and  iiowcrful  nun,  of  a 
sw.irthier  comph'xion,  tierce  and  iniractalile.'  'ri'iZ/.s',  in  ,S(7«o(//  /yc'/'s  Anh., 
vol.  iii.,  p.  I'JI).  Near  Blount  Sh  ;sta,  'a  tine-looking'  rac<\  Ih  ini,'  niucli 
better  proportioned  than  those  more  to  the  northward,  and  tin  ir  features 
more  regular.'  11'///.  s'  .\'<ir.,  in  I'.  S.  Kf.  Ex.,  vol.  v., '-r)-!.  At  Klamatli 
I^ake,  '  vvell-j,'r()\vn  and  nuiscular.'  Lnni'n  \iit.,  vol.  i.,  p.  '277.  On  tlie 
Trinity,  '  majestic  in  person,  chivalrous  in  bearing.'  Killy's  J-.\vritrsiii>i,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  MiO. 

'^  In  the  vicinity  of  Klamath  lake  'the  K(pinvv8  are  short  in  comparison 
with  the  men,  and,  for  Indians  ha\e  tolerably  rej^'ular  features.'  J^nrd'n 
Is'at.,  vol.  i..  p.  277.     lu  the  lloguc  liivtr  reyiuu  'sumo  of  Ihcm  arc  quite 


PHYSICAL  rECULIARITIES. 


329 


and  iiltlioiigh  their  beauty  ra[)ully  fades,  yet  they  do 
not  ill  old  age  present  that  umuiturally  wrinkled  and 
shriveled  a])i)i>arance,  eharaeteristic;  ol"  the  Central  Cali- 
rorni-Mis.  This  description  scarcely  applies  to  the  people 
inhahiting  the  coast  aljout  KedwiMxl  I'reek,  Jhnnholdt 
l)!iy.  and  Kel  River,  who  are  scpiat  and  I'at  in  limine, 
rallu'r  stoutly  huilt,  with  large  heads  covered  with  coarse 
thick  hair,  and  repidsive  countenances,  who  are  of  a 
much  darker  color,  and  altogether  of  a  lower  type  than 
the  tribes  to  the  east  and  north  of  theni.'^ 

Dress    depends    more    on    the    state   of    the   climate 

jintty.  nsuiilly  wcll-fornu'il,  handsdiiicly  (li'VclDpcd,  siiiiill  fciitiirrs,  nml  very 


(Mi 


iiid  \v<ll-tiiriit'(l  h.iiid.s 


d  I'.i  t. 


'I'licy  nil-  t;riic(  fill  in  Ihiir  ukivi- 


liniit  i  all  I  ;^'('stuv<'S iilwiiys  tiinid  mid  uiodi'st.'    Ilu'ilniril,  in  Unhli  n   K, 


M:l 


l.s.")().     On  the  Kliiniiitli  1! 


facis.  ])liimii  and  lirilliiint  eyes,  sdiiif  of  tin  yoiini,'  niuidt'iis,-  lianiiii,'  tlic  l; 


with  tlicir  sniiMi.li,  hazel  skins,  oval 

it- 
in    Onrhiml 


d  chins, — havf  ii  pi(juant  and  s|  Iciidid  hiaiity.'    I't 
Moiillili/,  Vol.  viii.,  IJ2'>.      On  tlic  Klamath  and  Trinity  Uivcis,  iiiiiny  of  tln! 
1(11  'were  ixc<'<'dinj,'ly  iircfty;  having'  laij^'c  aliiioiid-sh.iiK  d  i  y(  s,  soiik- 


tilllc: 


if  a  ha/.cl  color,  and  with  the  nd  hliowiiiji  th 


'h  the  chc(lis.     Their 


ti^ures  Were  full,  their  chests  iinijile;  and  tin)  youiij^'er  ones  had  W(ll-sha]i((l 
Imsts,  and  roiiiidedliiiilis.'  liili'is,  in  S  -Infjlfrtn'l'n  Ar.h,  vol.  iii.,  ji.  140.  Ihit  as 
to  the  he, luty  of  women  tastes  never  aj^ree;  Mr  Kelly  in  his  Ke.nrsinn  tuCiil.,  vol. 
ii..  [).  lilT,  sj)eakini,'uf  ahandof  '  nohle-looKini^  Indians  '  whiih  he  met  near 
Iriiiity  liiver,  says  that  they  were  '  accompanied  hy  iv  few  scjniiws,  who, 
stiMii,'e  to  say,  ill  this  latitmh'  are  u;4l.v,  ill-favoured,  stunted  in  stature,  lumpy 
ill  li^tire,  1111(1  awkward  in  L;ait  '  and  cuncerniiij,'  the  lio^'ue  Kiver  Iiuhans  u 
1.1  ly  states  that  'anion,!,'  the  women   . .   th'-re  were  Home  extremelv  cliimsv 


/• 


'  ;■  .s  r^i'riiiii 


l,f.. 


).  :;17.    Thel'it-Uiverlndi; 


in  t,'ir 


Is  '  h 


th 


//,.     M,„ln 


st  and  prettiest  feet  and  hands  I  have  ever  st'in.'  MilUr's  Lijc 


p.  :J74. 


iijst 


\h 


'At  Crescent  City,   Jlr  Powers    saw  some    '  hroad-faced  s'piiiws  of   an 

ist   .Vfrican  hlackness;'  tln^   I'atawats  in  tlie  vieiihty  of   Mad  lliver  alal 

It  l>ay  are  '  hlackskiiined,  ]iiidL;y  in  stature;   well   eiishioned  with 


tissue;'  at  Kedwood  Cn  ek  '  lil;e  iiiest   of  tl 


le   Coast    till 


th 


dark  colored,  K(piat  in  stature,  ratlie  ■  fuller-faced  than  the  ii't(  lior  Ind- 
r<iiiiii.  MS.     \t  I'rii'idid  IJay  "their  iKisoiis  weie  in  \;i  in  ral  iiiditter- 


itlv,  hut  stoutlv  made,  of  a  lower  stature  than  aiiv  trihe  of  Indiai 


had 


■foreseen.'     1' 

'eeyots  '  are  generally  repulsive  in  coiinteiiaiic 


'.s  lo//..  Vol.  ii.,  p.  'lU'i.     Al  the  iiioiilh  of  i;(  I  l;i\(  r  ih 


tiltl 


riieir  heads  are  disproportionately  lar^'e;  th(  ir  fiL;ures,   thoiiLli   si 


IV  ill  iiersi  n. 


eat, 


stiiiii ;,'  and  well  developed.'  d'i'ilis,  ill  Srliiiiili-raiV.t  Arch.,  Vol.  ill.,  ]>.  127.  Carl 
^h  yi  r  names  the  Indians  lie  saw  at  Trinidad  IS.iy.  A^'iqi'i^^  ov  ^rood-Iiahaiis 
(  lloi/iudianer).  I  do  not  lind  the  name  nriywherc  i  Ifio,  and  jiidijie.,' hy  his 
(les(ri|>:ion,  tie  y  appear  to  ditl'er  coiisiih  vaVily  fmm  lliv  iir.liv(  n  been  in  the 
'  -iiiitv  hv  N'aiiPouver  ov  Mr  rowers;   he,  .Mever,  rnvL;  'Siesiud  vou 


rill  Wuelise,  stark  lind  heleiht,  kr;ii"ti''e  (iestalt(  n.     Hire  Ilint  i;.t 


Wenii' 


/.iniiiiet  oder  lohfarhii,',  I'her  weisslich.  wie  dio  der  antisisehen  Inka.^?  ^jeweseii 
siiii  soil;  l),i  d;'V  jiii,'enil  und  hesoiuhn's  hciin  weihliehen  Geschhrhte  S(;hini- 
iiK it  oft  (ill  sanftis  Roth  auf  den  Wan^eii  L(rvor.  Ihr  Kopf  iL-t,  weiii^f 
t,''  dnickt.  die  Stirn  hoch,  (hr  (lesichtswinkel  ge','en  8i)  Grad,  dip  Xase  rdiiiiscli 


kri 


lit,  das  .\ii;4e  j^r.iss  in  weiiit;  ipiadratisch  erweiterten  .Vufjenhiil 


i,'"n 


and  iii!ellij,'eiit,  die  l.ippeu  nicht  auf^^etriehen,  das  Kiuii  oval,  uud  jr.-iiiiU* 
uud  l-'iisse  kluiu.'  yach  dein  iiacrainmlo,  p.  215. 


880 


CALIFORNIANS. 


than  on  their  own  sense  of  decency.  The  men  wear 
a  Ik'U,  sometimes  a  hivech-clout,  and  tiie  women  an 
ai)ron  or  skirt  of  deer-skin  or  braided  grass;  tl»en 
they  sometimes  throw  over  tlic  slioulders  a  sort  of 
cloak,  or  rolje,  of  marten  or  rahhit  skins  sewn  together, 
deer-skin,  or,  among  the  coast  tribes,  seal  or  sea-otter  skin. 
AVhen  tbey  iiuhdjio  in  this  hixnry,  however,  the  men 
nsually  dispense  witli  all  other  covering."  Occasionally 
we  find  them  taking  great  })ride  in  their  gala  dresses  and 
sparing  no  pains  to  render  them  iK^antifid.  The  Modocs, 
lor  instance,  UH)k  hirge-sized  skins,  and  inlaid  them  Avith 
brilliant-colored  diick-scalps,  sewed  on  in  various  ligures; 
others,  again,  eml)roidered  their  aprons  with  colored 
grasses,  and  attjiched  beads  and  shells  to  a  deep  fringe 
falling  from  the  lower  part.''"'     A  lj<nvl-shaped  hat,  or 


n  At 
them.' 


Pitt 


'.!•.    A'.r.,  vol.  v.,  p. 
Ahhutt,  in   I'ar.  It. 


•  •<■      .1      ..(lit.     \'</ii  tt      |».     *!''.  ^'ll      >'Atlj|.lA      J.. 1.11       kill.        1.111^  111      tl      i.i'iii|<j»t\.. 

)f  nature,  exccptiiif^  only  a  kind  of  ivjiology  for  (in  apron,  worn  by  the 
1,  soiiietinicH  niiul»!  of  ilk's  Kkiii,  and  Konietinics  of  t,'rass.'  I'/iiJnr's 


Kivcr  they  'have  no  dress  except  ft  buekskin  thrown  around 
Slidstas  (ind  Ihf'ir  \eiijlihiirs,  MS.  Near  Mount  Shasta  'liny 
t'jiii  scarci  ly  be  said  to  wear  any  dress,  exfe])t  a  mantle  of  deer  or  wolf 
skin.  A  few  of  them  had  deev-skins  belted  around  their  waists,  with 
ft  hijihiy  oruanieirted  girdle.'  M'lV/.i.s''  X<ir.,  iu  /'.  S.  Kv.  k'.r.,  vol. 
S'l").  Near  I'itt  lliver,  the  Indians  wero  nearly  naked. 
Jl.  Jii/il..  vol.  vi.,  p.  (il.  At  Trinidad  T)ay  '  their  elothing  was  eliii  Hy  niiide 
of  the  skins  of  land  animals,  with  ft  f»'W  indifferent  small  skins  of  tlio 
sea-otter.'  \'<inc<>nrcr\'i  I'"//.,  vol.  ii.,  p. '2-A7.  'The  men,  however,  do  not 
wear  any  covering,  except  the  cold  is  intense,  when  indeed  they  jiut  upon 
their  slioulders  the  skins  of  sea-wolves,  otters,  deer,  or  other  iinimcls.' 
MitnriHv'ti  Jaiir.,  p.  1(5.  'They  were  clothed,  for  the  most  jiart,  in  skins.' 
liin-nhdir's  JJIsl.  Oiiii.,  p.  118.  On  Smith  lliver  they  were  'in  a  coniph  te 
state  of  naturi 
women, 

Si'i-ohil  .fiiiini.,  p.  .'tl3.  Among  the  Weeyots  at  Eel  Eiver  the  ni<  n  'wore 
n  deer-skin  robe  over  the  snoulder.  and  the  women  a  short  jietticoat  of  fringe.' 
(liiihy.  ill  .Srliniilciut/t'.'i  Anil.,  vol.  iii.,  Vll.  On  Klamath  l{iver  tluir  only 
dress  was  the  fringc^d  petticoat,  or  at  most,  a  deerskin  ri)be  thrown  back  ovi  r 
the  shoulders,  in  addition.  J'l.,  ji.  111.  'The  primitive  dress  of  the  men  is 
sim})ly  a  biu'kskin  girdle  about  tho  loins;  of  tho  TTomen,  a  chtniise  of  the 
same  material,  or  of  braided  grass,  reaching  from  the  breast  to  the  km  ts.' 
J'lurvrs.  in  (Inrlantl  Mniitltli/,  vol.  viii.,  ;(20.  'Were  quite  iiakfd  excepting 
the  maro."  \VIU,;-s'  \<ir.,  in  l'.  S.  Kx.  K.r.,  vol.  v.,  p.  '2.">.1.  The  Klamath 
Lake  Indians  '  wear  little  more  than  the  bre<'eh-eloth.'  Lord'n  Xnt.,  vol.  i..  p. 
'277.  '  They  were  all  well  dressed  in  blankets  and  buckskin.'  Ahlmtl,  iu  I'nc. 
li.  Ii.  Itt'iit..  vol.  vi.,  p.  70.  Carl  Meyer,  speaking  of  a  tribe  he  names  Alle- 
(jnas.  at  Trinidad  15ay,  says:  '  dcr  Mann  geht  im  Sommer  ganz  nackt,  iu 
Winter  tragt  er  cine  selbst  gegerbte  Hirsch-  odi'r  llehdecke  iiber  die  Schnl- 
tern.'  '  Die  Alleipias-Wciber  tragen  im  Somnier  von  ]5ast-schniir(  ii  odcr 
von  Uehfellstreifen,  iui  Winter  von  I'elzwcrk  oder  (iiinsitlanm  vt  rferti^ti^ 
Schiir/en.  dii-  bis  auf  die  Knie  rcichen.'  .V'((7(  ili'iii  .SdirnituHli),  \).  '217,  '2i'.l. 
'  The  Klamaths,  during  the  summer  go  naked,  in  winter  they  use  the  skins 
of  rabbits  and  wild  fowl  for  a  covering.'  'riioiiip.son,  in  Jixl.  Aff.  Hijit.,  ]8o4, 
p.  -isil. 

''  '  An  Indian  will  traj)  and  slaughter  seventy-five  rabbits  for  one  of  these 
robes,  making'  it  double,  with  fur  inside  and  out.'  I'owira'  I'onto,  MS. 


DRESS  IN  NORTHERN  CALIFORNIA. 


331 


rap.  of  basket-work,  is  usually  worn  l)y  the  women,  in 
iiiiikinjx  which  some  of  them  are  very  skillful.  This  hat 
i,«  sometimes  painted  with  various  figures,  and  sometimes 
interwoven  with  gay  feathers  of  the  woodjK'cker  or  blue 
(luail.*"  The  men  generally  go  })are-headed,  their  thick 
hair  being  suflieient  protection  from  sun  and  wejither. 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  lakes,  where,  from  living  constantly 
among  the  long  grass  and  reeds,  the  greatest  skill  is 
uci|uired  in  weaving  and  braiding,  moccasins  of  straw  or 
grass  are  worn."  At  the  junction  of  the  Klamatii  ami 
Trinity  rivers  their  mocassins  have  soles  of  several  tliick- 
nesscs  of  leather.^^  The  natives  seen  by  Maurelle  at  Trini- 
dad liay,  bound  their  loins  and  legs  down  to  the  ankle 
with  strips  of  hide  or  thread,  both  men  and  women. 

The  maimer  of  dressing  the  hair  varies;  the  most 
common  way  being  to  club  it  together  behind  in  a  queue, 
sometimes  in  two,  worn  down  the  back,  or  occasionally 
in  the  latter  case  drawn  forward  over  the  shoidders. 
The  (jueue  is  fre(piently  twisted  up  in  a  knot  on  the  back 
of  the  head — en  ntstatnid — as  Maurelle  calls  it.  Occa- 
sionally the  hair  is  worn  loose  and  flowing,  and  some  of 
the  wom«Mi  cut  it  short  on  the  forehead.  It  is  not  un- 
t'onnnon  to  .see  wreaths  of  oak  or  laurel  leaves,  feathers, 
or  the  tails  of  gray  squirrels  twisted  in  the  hair;  indeed, 
IVoni  the  trouble  which  they  frecpiently  take  to  ad<^rn 
their  coiifure,  one  would  imagine  that  these  people  were 
of  a  somewhat  aesthetic  turn  of  mind,  but  a  closer  ac- 
([uaintance  quickly  dispels  the  illusion.  On  Eel  River 
some  cut  all  the  hair  short,  a  (Uistoni  practiced  to  .some 
extent  by  the  Central  Californians.'* 

"•  Fremont's  Exphir.  Ex.,  p.  204;  (i'thlis,  in  Schoolcraft's  Arch,  vol.  iii.,  pp. 
ID",  r27;  Domi'ni'rh's  D'serts,  vol.  ii.,  \>H2. 

17  [himenei'h's  Ikserts,  vol.  ii.,   p.  '2H2;  Fmiiont's  ExpUir.  Ex.,  p.  204. 

•^  (iihits,  in  Schoolcratt'.i  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  142. 

'■'  M'lurelle's  Junr.,  p.  17;  Ui'tha,  in  .Si'hoiilrriift's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  pj). 
1-7.  142;  I'oipcrs,  in  Orcrlaml  .Unnllili/.  vol.  viii.,  p.  ;i2'.t;  I'/iijf'ir's  Si'mtul 
•I'liirii..  p.  ;U7.  'Die  AlUxpms  (  rriiiidiid  IJay  lmb(ni  stiivkcs,  zifiiilii-h  k''- 
KiliiU'idiLjes  Himr,  diis  dcr  Manner  and  ilcr  Kinder  wird  bis  iinf  ciiicn  Zo'l 
J.aiii,"'  regelmassit;  abijchriinnt,  so  (lass  sic  das  Anssclien  von  Tituskiipfi  i 
I  iliiilti-n.  Zuwtiilcn  siclit  man  die  Miijiner  audi  niit  eineni  /ienilicli  lautce  i, 
'I'liih  cino  harzif^e  FliiHsi;.^keit  t^esteiften,  aufj^erichteten  Zopf,  der  als  SchniiK  k 
t'l  tnichtet,  bei  festlichen  .Vnlassen,  oder  ini  Kriej,'e  niit  rothen  oder  wciss'  n 
IVJi'm  yoziert  wird,  und  alsdunn  dem  Schopf  eines  Wiedehopfs  gleieh  .' 


332 


CALIFORNIAXS. 


As  usual  these  savages  are  l)ear(lless,  or  neai'ly  so.'" 
Tatt(X)ing,  though  not  carried  to  any  great  extent,  is 
universal  among  the  women,  and  nuu;ii  practiced  by  the 
men,  the  latter  coniining  this  ornamentation  to  tlie  breast 
and  arms.  The  women  tattoo  in  three  blue  lines,  ex- 
tending j)erpendicularly  from  the  centre  and  corners  of 
the  lower  lip  to  the  chin.  In  some  tribes  tiiey  tattoo 
the  anus,  and  occasionally  the  back  of  the  hands.  As 
they  grow  older  the  lines  on  the  chin,  which  at  first  are 
very  Taint,  are  increased  in  width  and  color,  thus  gradu- 
ally narrowing  the  intervening  spaces.  Now,  as  the 
social  imi)ortance  of  the  female  is  gauged  by  the  width 
and  depth  of  color  of  these  lines,  one  might  imagiu(! 
that  before  long  the  whole  chin  would  be  what  Southcy 
calls  '•  blue,  darkly,  deeply,  beautifully  l)lue;"  but  fashion 
ordains,  as  in  the  lip-ornament  of  tiie  Thliid\eets,  tliat 
the  lines  should  be  materially  enlarged  only  as  tlie 
charms  of  youth  fade,  thus  therewith  gauging  both  iiw 
and  respectability.'^^     In  some  few  tribes,  more  es[)ecially 


Mill  r,  Ndrh  ih      Sitrrnmcnto,  p.  215.     'Both  men  iiiiil  women  i)iirt  their  hiiir 
in  the  miiUlh',  tlie  men  cut  it  scjuiire  on  the  n>ck  iind  wear  it  riither  lniii;. 


th 


n  weiir  thi'irs  hmi'    pliiiteil  in  two  bniids,  hiin''in<'  down  the  Imek 


Tlir  Sliiislds  (tHfl  their  Xruililturs,  MS. 
■•!"  (ii'ilis,  in  Sriioiilrrdt't'a  .l/v/i.,  vol 


]).  rJ7.     '  Hiirlhiiiire  hiil)<>n  si- 


wie  iiUn  Inilianer  Nunl-.Vmerikiis,  nur  wenij;;  isie  wenlen  iiusj^'eriipft.  und 
iiur  in  der  Triiuer  stehei.  ^{eliisscn.'  M  ijir,  Siuh  ilnii  SdiTniir nln,  jip.  -.^1.")  Ki. 
1"  Tlio  men  tiiitoo  so  that  they  may  'lie  reeoj,'nized  if  stolen  by  Modocs.' 
'  With  the  women  it  is  entirely  for  orndiiient.'  J'Ik'  Shdylns  dud  lln'ir  \ii  li- 
hiirs,  MS.     At  Roj-'ne  lliver  the  women  '  were  tattooed  on  the  hands  and  arii:s 


11 


the  chin.'    I'/'iffir's  Sirf,i,<l  ,A- 


p.  ;JI7.      At  Trinidad   J!,iy 


'  they  ornamented  their  1<iw,m-  Hi)  with  three  pe' pendieiilar  eolnmns  of  pmietii- 


ation,  one  from  eaeh  corner  of  the  month  and  one  in  the  middle,  oe( 


three  fifths  of  the  ehin.'    \'(inci>ar 


Vi>!l.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '247.     Mi 


upyuiL; 


•11. 


till!  sime,  and  adds  that  a  s|)aee  is  left  between  eiveh  line,  'which  is  niiirh 
larijer  in  the  youn;^  than  in  the  oldir  worsen,  whose  faces  are  'generally  env- 
ered  with  i)nnct\n'es.'  Jnnr.  ji.  17.  At  Mad  Itiver  and  IFiimholdt  Bay,  tln^ 
same,  'and  also  lines  of  small  dots  (.m  the  h.ieks  of  their  haiids.'  / 


MS.     At  month  of  Eel  River  'both  sexes  tatto'i:  the  men  on 


th 


arms  and  breasts;  the  women  froiu  inside  the  nndcV  lij)  down  to  and  hi  - 


Heath   the   ch 


The  extent  of  this  disfij^'ureniejit  indicates  to  a  certain 


extent,  the!  af,'e  and  condition  of  the  person.'  'In  the  married  women  tin 
lines  are  extended  up  above  the  corners  of  the  month.'  h'i'ihs.  in  SrlnidliTdiTs 
Arrh.,  vol.iii.,  ]•>]<.  127,  142.  'I  have  never  observed  any  particular  Hu'nris  or 
desi^Mis  upon  their  ixrsons;  but  the  tattooinj,'  is  ^'eiierally  on  the  chin,  though 
sometimes  on  the  wrist  and  arm.  Tattooing,'  has  mostly  been  on  the  jiersons 
of  females,  and  seems  to  be  esteemed  as  an  ornament,  not  ap' urently  indi- 
OiVtinj,'  rank  or  condition.'  .Itilinstnii,  in  Scli(iiilcr(i/r.-<  Anh..  vol.  iv.,  j).  22:i. 
The  sipiawy  amont;  the  Cahrocs  on  the  j\lauiath  '  tattoo,  in  blue,  three  narinw 
f  j.u-le.ives,  perpendicularly  on  tho  chin.'     '  i'or  this  purpose  they  are  said  to 


FACIAL  OnNAlIENTATIOX. 


ill  tlio  vicinity  of  the  lakes,  the  iiieii  jniiiit  tlu'inselves 
ill  various  colors  mid  ^rotescjuo  imttonis.  Aiiioiijr  tin; 
Modocs  the  women  ulso  piiint.  Miller  says  that  wlieii  a 
AI()(1<k;  warrior  j)aints  his  face  l)lack  l)erore  ^oinjj;  into 
Jtattle  it  means  victory  or  death,  and  he  will  not  survive 
a  deleat."^  Hoth  men  and  women  pierce  the  dividin;^ 
(Mitiiajie  of  the  nose,  and  wear  various  kinds  of  orna- 
ments in  the  ai)erture.  Sometimes  it  is  a  jroose-((uill, 
three  or  I'our  inches  lon^,  at  others,  a  string  of  heads  or 
shells.  Some  of  the  more  northerly  trihes  wear  large 
round  ])ieces  of  wood  or  metal  in  the  esirs."'  Maurelle, 
in  his  bucolic  description  of  the  natives  at  Trinidad  hav, 
says  that  "on  their  necks  they  wear  varit)us  I'ruits,  in- 
stead of  heads."-*  Vancouver,  who  visited  tlu^  same 
place  nearly  twenty  vears  later,  states  that  ''all  the  teeth 


(•ni])l()y  Hoot,  f»iiUieve<l  from  n  Htovf>,  niinj,'lc(l  with  the  jnicn  of  a  oprtiiin  ]>laiit.' 
I'niri  !••:,  ill  On  rliiml  Mnullilji,  V(j1.  viii.,  p.  It_i».  Ainoii),'  thi^  Shastvs  tlii'  woiuf ii 
'lire  tiittoofd  ill  lines  fioiii  tlu;  iiiontli  to  the  oliiii.'  link's  Ktliiiiiii.,  in  /'.  S. 
i'.x.  /•,>.,  vol.  vi  ,  p.  "2 18.  Anionj,'  the  AUcciiiits  iit  Trinidiul  buy:  '  Die  Madchcn 
wirdrii  im  fiinfti'ii  Jiihre  lit  ciiu'iii  schwarzcu  Strt'ifi'ii  von  hcidcn  Miuid- 
wiukilii  bis  miter  diis  ICiiiii  tiittowirt,  wfh'lieni  Striidm  dann  all  fiinf  Jahro 
(ill  ]iiii'allfllauf('iidfr  l)<'i^,'(■fii^'t  wird,  so  das  man  an  dicscn  Zi'iL'linunj,'j'n 
Iriclit  das  Alt)  r  jodtT  Indiaiifrin  iihiTschfU  kanii .  . .  .I)i«  Miinnt'r  hcmakai 
hiili  l)ci  hcsoiidcrii  Anliissi'ii  mit  ciui'iii  Taiincntirniss,  den  sic  sclbst  bcivitcn, 
d;is  (icsicht,  niid  zcichiu'ii  allcrlci  f,'i'hi'iiiinissvollt'  Fi^'iircn  und  Vfr/it'rniij,'en 
auf  Waiij^e,  Xase  und  Stirii,  indcni  sio  mit  eiiicm  iKilzcrncn  HtJilichfU  dcu 
iiiich  wcichen  Firniss  anf  dun  einzflucu  Stellen  von  der  Hunt  woghebt'U. 
Ml  jiff,  Xiifh  t/cKi  Sarniiiifuto,  p.  21(1. 

'-'-•I  nt-Vfr  saw  two  alike'  The  ShasUts  oml  their  Xe'nihhovs,  }fS.  At 
Klamath  lako  they  are  'painted  from  their  heads  to  their  waists  all  colours 
und  ](iitterns.'  Lord's  \iU.,  vol.  1.,  p.  277.  The  Modocs  'i)aint  themselves 
with  various  pif,'ments  formed  from  rotten  wood,  ditiereiit  kinds  of  earth, 
\-i-.'   I'oirrrs,  in  Orcrlnwl  }foiithh/,  vol.  x.,  ]>.  o.'tf!.     Kane  'took  i\  sketch  of  a 

I  ii.istay  ( Shasta )  female  slave  (amoiif^  the  Chinooks )  the  lower  part  of  whoso 
face,  from  the  corners  of  the  mouth  to  the  ears  and  downwards,  was  tattooed 
<ii  a  bluish  colour.  The  men  of  this  tribe  do  not  tattoo,  but  jiaint  tlieir  faces 
like  other  Indians.'  M'((nil.,ii.  182.  Ida  I't'eiti'er,  Sinmil  Jmtrii.,  ]>.  1(15,  saw 
Indians  on  Smith  river,  who  painted  their  faces  '  in  a  most  detestable  maii- 

II  r.  Tliey  lirst  smeared  them  with  tish  fat  and  then  they  rubbed  in  tli<! 
paint,  sometimes  passiii<,'  a  tiiifjrer  over  it  in  certain  lines,  so  us  to  produce 
a  |iafteril.'    Millrr's  L'i/p  AilKnujsl  thi   Mmldi'S,  p.  ;t('il. 

'■'  '  Ko  taste  in  bead  work.'  Thr  Shiislas  ainl  (hi'ir  Xd'/hhors,  ,1/.S.  'In 
den  Ohren  tragen  die  Alleipias  (at  Trinidad  bay)  Schmucksacheii,  welche 
sie  tlieils  von  den  Weissen  erhalten,  theils  aiis  Holz  nachahmen;  audi 
siiiil  diese  Ge^'eustiinde  zuweileii  durch  Steinehcn  ersct/.t,  die  talisiimnische 
Kr.ifte  besitzen  sollen.  Nur  die  in  di'U  fernen  15erj,'en  wohnendeii  tragen 
Ibilzenic  Oder  rtueh  eiserne  Kinge  in  den  Nasenwanduiigen.'  Meyt-r,  Sm-h  ilnn 
>ii'-r<iiiieiito,  p.  21(i;  'iihhs,  in  Srhoi>lrrfijTs  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  142;  l'f<[p'r's 
S'-nml  Jimrn.,  p.  317;  l^oirers,  iu  Ocerluiul  Munlhly,\ul.  y.,  p.  u37 ;  .Sc/ioo/- 
ci-'i/l'ti  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  plate  xiv. 

-'  Maurelk's  Jour.,  p.  18, 


I 


a-M 


CALirOllXIANS. 


of  lM)tli  w.»xos  wore  hy  moiik^  pitMVs.s  ^nmiid  uniformly 
<lo\vii  iioi'i/oiitiilly  to  tlio  jiiiins,  tliu  woiik'H  c's[K.rially, 
ciirryiu^  tlio  fiishioii  to  an  extreme,  hud  tlu'ir  tot'th  re- 
iliict'd  even  Ix'lovv  tliis  lovi'l.""-' 

Here  also  we  we  in  their  hiibitjitioiiH  the  usual  sum- 
mer uiid  winter  residences  eonnnon  to  nomadic  trihes. 
The  winter  dwellinjis,  varviii}^  with  l(K!ality,  are  princi- 
l)ally  of  two  forms — ('.oni(;al  and  scjuare.  Those  of  tiu! 
i'ormer  shai)e,  which  is  the  most  widely  prevailing,  and 
ol)tains  ('hietly  in  the  vi(!inity  of  the  Klamath  lakes  and 
on  the  Klamath  and  Trinity  rivers,  are  hiiilt  in  the  man- 
ner i()llowin,i;":  A  circular  hole,  i'rom  two  to  live  feet  in 
depth,  and  varvin^i  in  diameter,  is  du^-  in  the  ^ronud. 
Round  this  pit,  or  cellar,  stout  poles  are  sunk,  wiiicli 
are  drawn  toji'ether  at  the  top  until  they  nearly  meet ; 
the  whole  is  then  covered  with  earth  to  the  depth  of 
several  inches.  A  hole  is  left  in  the  top.  which  selves 
as  chiuuiey  and  door,  a  rude  ladder  or  notched  jiole  com- 
numicatinj!:  with  the  cellar  below,  and  a  similar  one  witii 
the  uround  outside.  This,  however,  is  ojdv  the  com- 
nioner  and  li«ihter  kind  of  conical  house.  Many  of 
them  are  built  of  nnich  heavier  timbers,  which,  instead 
of  being  bent  over  at  the  top,  and  so  forminj^  a  bee-hive- 
shaped  structure,  are  leaned  one  against  the  other. 

The  dwellinji's  built  l)y  the  ll«M)pahs  are  somewhat  bet- 
ter. The  inside  of  the  cellar  is  walled  u[)  with  stone; 
round  this,  and  at  a  distance  of  a  few  i'eet  from  it.  an- 
other stone  wall  s  built  on  the  surface  level,  against 
which  heavy  heap  ■<  or  split  logs  are  leaned  up.  meeting 
at  the  top.  or  som  unes  the  lower  ends  of  the  poles  rest 
against  the  inside  '  the  wall,  thus  insuring  the  inmates 
against  a  sudden  c-   lapse  of  the  hut.-"^ 

2'  Vdin'.oHrfr'ii  Vol/.,  V    .  ii.,  ]>.  247. 

sfi  '  I'hi' loili^i'SiinMloii  -shap  (1;  liki' bcavor-lumscs.  an  arc-hod  rodf  i'dvcvh 
a  deep  pit  sunk  in  the  f^'ronnd,  the  cntnincf  towliicli  is  a  round  hnlc'  /,m/-'/'s 
A'//.,  vol.  i.,  p.  278.  '  L  ir^'H  round  huts,  jicrhaiis  '20  feet  in  dianictrr,  with 
rouudi'd  tops,  on  which  was  thf  (hior  l)y  wiii<-h  they  dcscviKh'd  into  thr  in- 
terior.' /'V  i/o/i/'.s  /'-'.r/t'ii/'.  Ks,.  ]i.  204.  'Thi'  Modoc  excavates  a  circnlai' spar'^ 
from  two  to  fonr  feet  (h'ep,  tiien  makes  over  it  a  conical  stru<-tnre  of  piiii- 
oheons.  whieli  is  stronLily  hnieed  up  with  tinihers,  frecpn-nlly  liewn  aiul  a 
foot  sipiare.'  I'ltirors,  in  Oi-rlaml  Mnnllihi,  vol.  x..  p.  •"):!(;;  /</.,  vol.  ix..  |  . 
lutj.     '  The  style  was  very  subbtuutiul,  the  luryo  pules  ruipiiriug  tive  ur  six. 


CALIFORNIAX  HABITATION'S. 


333 


on  Illy 
I'iiilly, 
;th  le- 

1  Mum- 
tril  H's. 
priiu'i- 
ot'  tho 
iji.  iiiul 
les  ami 
o  man- 
Uvt  ill 
•;r()Miul. 

>viru'li 
y  mt'C't ; 
I'ptii  of 
li  sorvt's 
>k'C»>m- 
»IK'  Nvith 
[le  coiu- 
lauy  of 

instead 
K.'0-hive- 
>r. 
hat  lu't- 

"l   stolH", 

I  it.  aii- 

ap:ainst 

mc't'tinii; 

loll'S  IH'St. 

innuitos 


Iroof  <'<)Vi'i'!^ 

1,1,..'  //./•'/••< 

[iiftcv.  with 

uto  till'  iii- 

■•culiivsimr" 

\w  of  iiuii- 

iwii  ami  ;i 

vol.  ix..  ]'• 

tivu  or  siiii 


Tlio  sfjiiaro  stylo  of  ilwcUinj;  i.s  afli't'tt'd  mo.  t»  by  tlie 
roast  trilu's,  altlioiigh  (M'cusioiially  seen  in  the  interior. 
A  cellar,  either  st|naro  or  ronnrl,  is  iln;;  in  the  same 
nunnier  as  with  the  conical  liousos.  Tlio  sides  (»!'  tho 
hole  are  walled  with  ni)rioht  slahs,  which  projet^t  sonui 
feet  ahove  the  surlace  of  the  p;round.  'I'he  whole  strnct- 
nre  is  covered  witii  a  roof  of  sticks  or  planks,  sloping; 
ocntly  outward,  and  restin;'  u|H)n  u  ridj;e-|H)le.  The 
position  of  the  door  varies,  heinjr  sometimes  in  the  nH)i\ 
siimi'times  on  a  level  with  the  o^roimd^  and  occasionally 
hiizh  u[)  in  the  <iahle.  Its  shape  and  dimensions,  how- 
ever, nev  r  alter;  it  is  always  circular,  harely  larjio 
enough  to  admit  a  fuU-trrown  man  on  hands  and  knees. 
\\  hen  on  the  roof  or  in  the  o'al>le.  a  notched  [)ole  «»r 
iiuid  steps  lead  up  to  the  entrance;  when  on  llie  ^.rouud, 
a  slidino'  jjanel  closes  tlie  entrance.  In  some  ca.xcs.  the 
e.\cii\atit)ii  is  planked  ui)  oidy  to  a  level  with  the  ;;i()unil. 
The  uppi'r  part  is  then  raised  several  feet  from  the  sides, 
Icaviuii'  a  hank,  or  rim,  on  which  the  nmiates  sleep;  occa- 
sionally there  is  no  excavation,  the  house  l)ein;;'  erected 
on  the  levt'l  jiround,  with  merely  a  small  tire-hole  in  the 
centre.  The  iloors  are  kei)t  smooth  and  clean,  and  a 
small  space  in  front  of  the  door,  paved  with  stones  and 
swe[)t  clean,  serves  as  jiossiping  and  working  ground  l<)r 
the  women."^ 

Ml- 11  to  lift.'  (iihl)s,  in  Si'-hiiolrrnt'l'x  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  17").  '  H!iv<' only  an 
o|iriiiii:,' lit  tilt' summit.'  hniiniicfli's  /Aw /7s,  vol.  ii.,  )>.  •Jiil.  (Mi  tlif  insidi' 
ol  the  (loiii- tlifv  frt'iiuciitly  i>liici' a  sliiliiiL;  iniiicl.  'Tin'  Kiiillas  imild  wi^- 
waiu-i  in  a  conical  sliajic — us  all  trilics  oii  tlii'  Trinity  ilo  — luit  llicy  cxcuvato 
III)  cillars.'    I'dinr.i'  J'oino,   MS.     Sec  full  iliscriptioii  of  dwclliii-s.  hy  Julni- 

is  a  ■  loiiiiil  liolo 


J' 


.t  la 


ill  SrhiiiilrriuTs  Arrli..  vol.  iv.,  p.  'IS.i.     The  tiiti 


iioiiLth  to  crawl  into,  wliich  is  on  a  level  with  the  siiil'iK f  fh 


j^iound.  Ill'  is  cut  through  the  roof.'  ,li)liiistii>,  in  Uru'lmul  M<i  ''h'l/,  vol.  ii..  ]> 


M:iir 


Lllr  A 


i;ii/    ;.si 


I  Ihf    Mndn 


V 


(77. 


til. 
ill. 


Built  of  plank,  riiilely  \vroiii,'lit.'     The  roofs  are  not  'horizontal  liko 


at  N'ootka,  but  rise  with  a  small  ile 


V 


iiii'-dia-i'r  s  I  !<//.,  vol.  11.,  ]![ 


of  elevation  to  a  ridu'e  in  the  iiiid- 


•211   •!.     Well  built,  of  boards:  often  twenty 


fi  1 1  sipiarc;  roof  pitched  over  a  rid'-;e-pole;  ^,'ioiiiid  usually  excavated  I)  or  l 


fi't; 


■•liars  til 


d  and  walled  with  stone.  '/;//».•>,  in  SrliiiiilfnnVa  Arrh, 


110. 


The   dwellin^,'s  of   the    lloopas 


built  of   lar;,'e  ])lanks, 


aliout  I'.j  inches  thick,  from  two  to  four  feet  wiili%  and  from  six  to  twch 
fill  in  leiii^'th.'    Triiiiti/  •liiiiniiil,  Ajiril.  ]H.")7.     'The  tloors  of  these  lints  art 


1"  ifi  itlv  smooth  and  cli 


vith  a  square  hole  two  feet  deep  in  the  ceiitn^ 


in  which  they  make  their  tire.'  Mnnrdli'.i  .Imir.,  p.  17.  'The  huts  have 
ucvi'r  but  one  ajiartment.  The  tire  is  kindled  in  the  centre,  the  smoke  is- 
ciipiny  throuyh  thu  crevices  iu  the  roof.'  lluhbunl,  iu  (iohku  Kru,  March,  lh50. 


33G 


CALIFORNIANS. 


1 1', 


!.l' 


TIr'  tomporarv  siiniiucr  liouses  of  tlio  Xortliorn  Tali- 
foi'iiians  arc  siiuaiv,  conical,  and  iiivei'tcd-lMnvl-shaiu'tl 
huts;  built,  Avhcii  s(|uarc,  hy  driving  li<:lit  i)()lcs  into  tlic 
ijround  and  laxini:' others  horizontal)  v  across  thcni :  when 
coni(Nd,  the  poles  are  drawn  touether  at  the  top  into  a 
point;  when  howl-shaped,  hoth  ends  of  the  ])oles  are 
driven    into  the  siround.    niakinu;   a   semi-circular   hut. 


Th 


lesc  li'anies.  However  shaped,  are  covei'e 


d. 


d  witl 


1  ne 


atl' 


woven  tule  matting,"'*  or  with  hushes  or  fer 


ns. 


tl 


The  Calilornians  are  hut  i)oor  hunters;    they  |)i'efer 


le  snai'c 


to  tl 


le  Dow  and  arrow 


Yet 


some  ol 


tl 


le  moun- 


tain trilies  display  considerable  dexterity  in  the  chase. 
'\o  hunt  the  pronii-buck.  the  Klamath  I'astens  to  each 
iieel  a  strip  of  ermine-skin,  and  kee[)in;4  the  herd  to  the 
windward,  he  aj)proa(^hes  craftily  through  the  tall  grii.- 


as  near  as 


po.'^ 


^ible.  then  thr-nviu";  himself  on  his  back 


or  standing  on  his  head,  he  executes  a  pantomime  in  the 
air  with  his  legs.     Naturally  the  antelope  wonder,  and 


)eing  cursec 
h 


I  witl 


I  curiosi 


tv,  th 


)1 


le  snnpie  ainmals  graiuially 
i])[)r()ach.  .Vs  soon  as  they  ai'rive  within  easy  shooting- 
distance,  down  go  the  hunter's  legs  and  up  (hmucs  tlie 
body.  'i\)o  late  the  antelope  learn  their  mistake;  swil"t 
as  they  are,  the  arrow  is  swifter;  and  the  fattest  buck 
])ays  the  penalty  of  his  incpiisitiveness  with  his  life. 
The  A'eeards,  at  JIuml)oldt  \h\.  construct  a  slight  fence 
from  tree  to  tree,  into  whii;h  indosure  elk  are  driven, 
the  only  exit  being  by  a  narrow  opening  at  one  end. 

as  to  force  the 


where  a  }H)le  is  placed  in  such  a  m 


The  himscs  of  the  Eurocs  ami  Ciihrocs  '  iiro 


unier 

sonictiinrs 


foiistmcti  (1  (111  til 


\v 


■,iith.  liut  oftclit  r  thcv  txcavah;  a  round  ctllai,  t' 


our 


ir  tivc  ft  it  (li 


find  twilvf  or  tiftiiu  feet  in  diauutcr.'  I'mrtrx,  in  Orvrtuinl  Mniil/ilj/,  vol.  viii. 


1).  ."):!!;   Mii/ir,  Xnch  d' in  .Sacntincnld,  p.  2\lO;     TIiv  ,^lut.sti(s  lUnl  tin 


,!'■ 


Kit  faiNiiu  savs  <if  lodi'cn  seen  near  Klamath  laki 


Tl 


lev  \V('r(>  iiiai 


iliicli 


1)(  iUitifuUv  and  iulriraii  Iv 


of  till'  broad  li'avcs  of  the  swauili  tla 
wovrii  t.>,u'"tlii'r.'  I'ltirs'  Li/in/  I'u, 
tht'in  slii'ltrr  in  tlu>  licat  of  snninicr,  and,  like  tlio  Cavotc,  tlnv  hiiirow  in 

in   //.r/. 


1.  -2  .:!. 


'Jh 


ild  saiic   fi,riii-]i' 


the  earth  for  ]irotfction  from  tln'  inclriiiciu'ics  of  winter.'    'riKuiijK 


AjJ'.  II' III.,  l.sr.l,  |i.  2S:t.      •  Thdr  lodges  are 


ures.  searei 
Jl'i't..  I.s.-,t,  p 


Iv  shelterinL'  them  Iroiii  the 


■J\2. 


e  lieltlli),'  storm. 


illy  mere  teiiq.oiarv  stria  t- 


l 'ill  III 


■Sii'.  ".itly  eonstrueted.    f^elierally    of    jioles.'   Fi 


in 


in  //('/.  .1'''. 


ScllOtilrrm't'. 


d. 


lit.,  |> 


•2  IS. 


Till'  earth  ill  the  centre  scooped  out.  and  thro\>n 


up 


ii  lo.v,  circular  cmhaukmcnt.'  Tai-Hi:i\  in  Ocerlaiul  Moidhli/,  p.  \i.,  p.  -I. 


HUNTING  AND  FISHING.  0:;7 

nnliiiiil  to  st(H)p  ill  jmssiiiir  undor  it.  wlicn  its  licad  is 
caiiiiht  ill  !i  noose  siisjiciuli'd  iVom  the  pok'.  This  [M)k>  is 
(h'iiggod  down  by  the  entangkHl  elk,  ))ut  soon  he  is  eauiiht 
fast  in  tlie  thiek  iinderurowth,  and  livmlv  held  until  the 
hunter  eoines  up.'"'  Pitfalls  are  also  extensively  used  in 
tra[)[)inii'  <iaine.  A  narrow  pass,  through  which  an  elk 
or  deer  trail  leads,  is  selected  foi"  the  })it.  which  is  ten  or 
twelve  I'eet  deej).  'i'he  animals  are  then  suddenly  stain- 
])ede(l  from  their  leedin;:-jirounds.  and.  in  their  wild 
terror,  rush  hli-idly  alonu'  the  trail  to  destruction. "  The 
liear  they  seldom  hunt,  and  if  one  is  tak<'n,  it  is  usually 
hy  accident,  in  one  of  their  stronii'  elk-traps.  Many  of 
the  tribes  refuse  to  eat  hear-meat.  alle.uinii'  that  the  tlesh 
of  a  iiian-eating  animal  is  niudean:  hut  no  doubt  IJruin 
owes  his  iinniunit\-  as  much  to  his  teetli  and  claws  as  to 
his  imcleanness. 

Fisliiuij;  is  more  oonuenial  to  the  lazy  taste  .>f  these 
people  than  the  nol)ler  but  more  arduous  craft  of  huntinti'; 
consi'iiuently  fisli.  Iieinj:  abundant,  are  generally  more 
])lentil'nl  in  the  al)()ripinal  larder  than  venison.  Several 
mi'thods  are  adopted  in  taking  them.  Sometimes  a  dam 
if  interwoNen  willows  is  constructed  across  a  rapid  at 


ime  when  salmon  are  aseendiim'  tin-  river;  nicl 


les 


tlie  ti 

foiu'  or  live  ieet  s(|uare  are  made  at  iiiter\als  across  the 
dam.  in  which  the  lish.  pressed  on  by  those  behind, 
CitUect  in  ji'ivat  numbers  and  are  there  sjieart'd  or  nettt'd 
Avitho'it  mercy.  Much  ingenuity  and  laI)or  are  re(|uired 
to  build  some  of  the  larger  of  these  dams.  Mr  (libbs 
describes  one  th!»wn  across    the    Klamath,   where  the 


•"■  P'lirrrs'  T'lmo.  VS. 

'1  ■  I'lic  rocks  s'lpjily  fdilile  slnU-tisb.'    Sclitimdchfr'ri  Orriion  ^\iili(iiilli'S, 
'llif  (111  r  iuid  I'lk  iivc  iiiDNily  riiiitiirfil  liy  driviiiL;  tlniii  iutci  tniiis  anil 


'  Slim 


II 


is  killed  witli  iiiidws,  and  sdimtiu 


ifs  (Ik  am 


I  d. 


l/N 

I':'- 

ili^liatchi'd  ill  till'  same  way.'   Il'ihhiiril,  in  liuhlin   tun,   A/iril,   IN  (i 

ilk    tluy   usiiidly  take  in  snaits.'    I'j'ijJ 

luiiiintaiii   Indians    sulisistid    lai'Lidy  mi 

V'  rv  aliiiiidant.  and  was  killi'il  witli 


../  ./. 


1> 


:!I7. 


•Ill 
'ill 


wliii'h  tiny  wi'i'i'  very  cxiiri 


■t.'  ir;/. 


Iiid 


lann-  am 


ritttiv 


iiiai'lii'li  Gial 


'th. 

■    n 

ir 

1)1 

)\ 

.  Ill 

h„l. 

)(11 

•  »l 

i*r 

ass 

pii 

1/. 

1 

wliirli  (if  (Vciv   vaiictv  was 


is  and  arrows,  in  th 


■  f 


.1//'.  U'lil.,    IN 

I.iichcr  von  ci 


7,  ji.  I'.tT 


•l)i 


"(  Kuliikfuss, 
•iciit.  sodass  die  'riii(  re.  wi  nil 


111' li  (kill  dicsc  niit  Zwci:,'('ii      id  <i 

sii'  danilicr  ^'cjat^'t  wcrdcii,  liiiiciii  fallen  iind   niclit  wicder   liiraiiskiiiiiK  n. 

\\  ilde  (laiise  fan^'en  sic  niit  Netzcn   . .  .Nurscltcn  niiiiten  Iiuliam  r  (i(  n  iii'fi'i- 

(U  li:ir  iiii,'cn.'    Wimin'l,    VitUturnkn,  p.  ISl;   The  SlKtstnn  nml  Ui-lr  Atii//«i 

b<rs,MS. 

Vol.  I.    22 


338 


CALIFORNIANS. 


river  Avas  a1)()ut  sovcntv-fivc  yurds  Avidc,  {'llxnviiiii'  iii) 
the  .stream  in  its  deepest  part.  It  was  built  by  iir>t 
drivinu'  stout  posts  into  the  bed  of  the  river,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  some  two  leet  apart,  bavin;;'  a  moderate  slope. 
and  suj)[)orted  from  IjcIow,  at  intei'vals  ol"  ten  or  twehc 
leet.  by  two  braces;  the  one  cominu.'  to  the  smface  of  the 
water,  the  other  reaching  to  tlie  stiing-pieces.  'i'hese 
last  were  heavy  spars,  about  thirty  leet  in  lengtli,  and 
secure<l  to  each  [)ost  by  withes.  'J'he  whole  dam  was 
iaced  with  twigs,  carefully  ])eel(Ml.  and  placed  so  clost- 
together  as  to  prevent  the  iish  from  passing  np.  The 
top,  at  this  stage  of  the  water,  was  two  or  three  feet 
above  the  surface.  Tiie  labor  of  constructing  this  work 
must,  with  the  few  and  insuilicient  tools  of  tlu'  natives, 
have  been  innnense.  Slight  scaiVolds  were  built  out  be- 
low it.  from  which  the  fish  were  taken  in  scoop-nets; 
they  also  employ  drag-nets  and  spears,  the  latter  having 
a  nunable  barb,  which  is  fastened  to  the  shaft  with  a 
string  in  order  to  all'ord  the  salmon  pla\".'"  On  lio^iie 
Uiver.  sjK'ai'ing  by  torch-light — a  most  j)ictures(iue  sii^lit 
— is  resorted  to.  Twenty  canoes  sometimes  start  out 
together,  each  carrying  three  persons— two  women,  one 
to  row  and  the  other  to  hold  the  torch,  and  a  si)eariuaii. 
Sometimi's  the  canoes  move  in  concei't.  sometiuies  indc  - 
pendeutly   of  each    other;  one   moment  the   lights   are 


seen  m  line 


lit 


\e  an 


arup;  of  lire-Hies,  then  thev  a 


re 


scattered  over  the  dark  surface  of  the  water  like  igiu  s 
fatui.  The  (ish.  attracted  by  thv'  glare,  rise  to  tlii'  sur- 
fai'e.  where  they  are  transfixed  by  the  unerring  aim  nt" 
the  spearmen.  Torchlight  spearing  is  al;-o  done  by  dri\- 
ing  the  Iish  down  stream  in  the  day-time  by  dint  ol 
nuich  wadinii'.  vellinti".  and  howlini:.  and  man\  sjjlashes. 
until  they  are  stopped  by  a  dam  previou.sly  erected  lower 

^2  Schniniiclicr,    Oniiim    Anliiinilii's.    MS,,    clMssilics   tli<  ir   mniiiit    iiniw 
1111(1  sinar  piiiiits  thus;  Loii;,'  barbs  witli  juiijictioiis.  short  hariis  with  \> 
jrctidiis,  iiiulhin^' mid  short  liiirhs  without  ju-ojcctii 
spiNir  is  i'oiii|)osi(l  of  11  small  bouc  lictilh',  which  s 


Till'  ]ioiiit  of  il 


bouc  liccilh',  which  sjs  in  a  sociict.  iiinl 


it  us  soon  as  llic  Iish  starts.     A  strinj;  couiu  cliiiL!  tlic  sjh  ar  handle  and  ll. 
center  of  the   bone  serves,  when  )iullecl,  to  turn   the  needle  cross  wise  in  ll. 

woiiiiil.'   Taylor,  iu  (.'«/.  Fanicr,  Mtinli  K,  INU;  SrluHjIrrniTii  ^inli.,  vol.  in. 
I),  llti. 


FISHING  BY  NIGHT  ON  TUE  KLAMATH. 


down:  anotlicr  (lain  is  tlion  l)uilt  alKnc.  so  tliat  tlic  fish 
cannot  cscajK.'.  At  niylit  iiivs  are  hiiilt  ronnd  the  t'djio 
(if  the  enclosed  space,  and  the  finny  jzanie  siieared  IVoni 
the  hank."  Some  triheson  the  Khnnath  iTcct  platforms 
over  tlie  stream  on  npright  poles,  on  \vhieh  they  sleep 
and  lish  at  the  same  time.  A  strini:  leads  iVom  the  net 
either  to  the  fisherman  himself  or  to  some  kind  of  alarm  ; 
and  as  soon  as  a  salmon  is  caiitiht.  its  lloiniderin,;^'  im- 
mediately awakens  the  shmiherei".  On  the  sea-shoic 
smelts  are  taken  in  a  triant:nlar  net  stretclu'd  on  two 
slender  poles:  the  fisherman  wades  into  the  water  np  to 
his  waist,  turns  his  face  totlie  shore,  and  his  hack  to  the 
incominii'  waves,  ai^ainst  whose  force  he  Iiraces  himself 
with  a  stont  stick,  then  as  the  smelts  are  washed  hack 
from  the  l)each  hv  the  returning:  waves,  he  receives  them 
in  his  net.  The  net  i<  deep,  and  a  narrow  neck  con- 
nects it  with  a  lon-j:  netw(»rk  hai:  hehind;  int(»  this  \n\<x 
the  fish  drop  when  the  net  is  raised,  hnt  they  cannot 
retm'n.      In  this  manner  the  fisherman  can  remain  for 


some  time  at  his  |K)st.  wi 


ithont 


nnioadimr. 


I'lels  are  candit  in  traps  ha\in,u'  a  funnel-shaiied  en- 
trance, into  which  the  eels  can  easily  tio,  hnt  which  closes 
on  them  as  soon  as  they  are  in.  These  trajis  are  fastened 
to  stakes  and  kept  down  hy  weij:hts.  Similai"  traps  are 
used  to  take  salmon. 

When  j)reserved  for  winter  nse.  the  fish  are  split  open 
at  tile  hack,  tiie  hone  taken  out.  then  (h'ied  oi'  smoked. 
IJoth  fish  and  meat,  when  eaten  fresh,  are  either  hroiled 
on  hot  stones  or  hoilecj  in  wat( •r-ti;ilit  haskets.  hot  stones 
heinii"  tiirown  in  to  mal^e  the  \vater  hoik  Ih'cad  is  ma(h' 
of  acorns  uronnd  to  llour  in  a  rouLih  stone  mortar  with 


a  lieavN' 


"itone  p 


4h 


an( 


I  I 


laKeil 


in 


tl 


le  aslies. 


A corn- 


lot 


u'  is  the  princijtal   in,i:redient.  hut  herries  of  vari( 


)US 


kinds  are  nsnallv  mixed  in. and  fre(|uentl\  it  is  seasoned 


■'2  Thr  Sh'isliiss  (Dill  Ihi'ir  X'iiihhitrn.   MS.;  Jlii'ilanl,  in  (li'h'ai  F. 


A].nl, 


lM')i'>;  Willi/,  in  lull.  .yiY.  Ili/il..  1M17,  p.  !'.l~.  'In  siiuwiiin^'-liiiif  tlic  lisli 
Kcliiinl  ii[)  fidiii  Clear  I.iikf  ill  t  xtiacpnliuarv  iiiiriil»  is,  so  iliat  (lie  liuliai.H 
have  (inly  to  put  a  ^lii^lit  (ilistriK  tioii  in  tlir  nvt  r,  whin  tiny  <  an  lili  rally 


shiivil  till  111  out.'    / 
Oi'iijiin  AidiiiniliiK,  MS. 


ill  Or'rl'iml  Mimllili/,  vol,  X.,  \K  ii.'iT;   SiJtniiiitrlii  r's 


3i0 


CALIFORNIANS. 


with  some  high-llavorod  licrl).  A  port  of  puddinir  is 
also  made  in  tlie  same  manner,  but  is  boiled  instead  of 
baked. 

They  gather  a  great  variety-  of  roots,  })erries,  and  seeds. 
The  prinei[)al  root  is  the  camas,"'*  great  (|uantities  of 
■which  are  dried  every  summer,  and  stored  away  lor  winter 
])rovision.  Ant>ther  root,  called  klce,  or  Zv/rc'''  is  nuich 
sought  after.  Of  seeds  they  have  the  vontu'^  and  sev- 
eral varieties  of  grass-seeds.  Among  berries  the  hucklc- 
))errv  and  the  manzanita  l^erry  are  the  most  })lentil"nl.'^ 
The  Avomen  do  the  cooking,  root  and  berry  giithering, 
and  all  the  drudgery. 

'^riie  winter  stock  of  smoked  fish  hangs  in  the  family 
room,  sending  forth  an  ancient  and  fish-like  smell. 
Hoots  and  seeds  are,  among  some  of  the  more  northerly 
tribes,  stored  in  lai'ge  wicker  boxes,  built  in  the  lower 
branches  of  strong,  wide-spreading  trees.  The  trunk  of 
the  tree  below  the  granary  is  smeared  with  pitch  to  kee[) 
away  vermin.'"  The  Modocs  are  sometimes  ()l)liged  to 
cache  their  winter  boai'd  under  I'ocks  and  l)ushes;  the 
great  number  of  their  enemies  and  bad  character  of 
their  ostensibly  friendly  neighbors,  renderiug  it  unsafe 
for  them  to  store  it  in  their  villages.  So  cunningly  do 
they  conceal  theii'  treasure  that  one  winter,  afti-r  an  un- 
usually heavy  I'all  of  snow,  they  themselves  could  not 
lind  it.  and  numbers  starved  in  conse(|uence.''^ 

Although   the  ^>'orthern   Californians  seldom  fail  to 


31  'Tlio  niniiis  is  n  bulbns  root,  shaped  much  like  an  onion.'  iFillir's 
Life  Aiiininiyl  tlif  .^[(kIiic.i,  ji.  'J2. 

3''  '  A  rout  iilioiit  an  inch  lonj,',  atid  as  lavf^c  as  one's  little  tintter,  of  n  Mt- 
ter-sweetisli  anil  iinni;ent  taste,  something  like  ginseng.'  I'mnrs.  in  ijri  lininl 
Jliiiitlili/,  Vdl.  X.,  J).  i>M. 

'^'>  '  An  a(iiiatic  jilaiit.  with  a  floating  leaf,  v(>ry  much  like  that  of  a  jiond- 
lily,  in  tlie  eentn'  of  which  is  a  ])(id  reseniMing  a  i)ii|iiiv-licad.  full  nf  farina- 
ceous seeds.'  ///.  See  also  Mij/er.  .\itili  ih-iii  Sdrrniiii iilii.  J).  ■J'J'.i.  ''I'liiir 
l)rinci|ial  fnod  is  the  kanias  root,  and  the  seed  obtained  from  a  plant  glowing 
in  tlie  marshes  uf  liie  lake,  resemliling,  before  hulled,  a  bnidiii-eorn  seed.' 
J>(tliiin:  in  //«/.  .1.;^.  /,''//'..  is.")t,  p.  -IM. 

•"  The  K'aniaths  'subsist  upon  roots  and  almost  every  living  thing  with- 
in their  reach,  not  exeei)ting  reptiles,  crickets,  ants,  etc.'  77(o//i/isr</i.  in  //"/. 
AjJ.  Il'i'l..  1H51,  p.  '2m:{;  ntinlHiniin,  in  Iml.  Aff.  Itvpi.,  \^"i,  p.  31)1;  /.'w(- 
huntnijli'x  lillir  In  tin'  uulliur,  MS. 

3'<  Turmr,  in  Uvirlund  Monthly,  vol.  xi.,  p.  24. 


WAR  AND  ^\'EAPONS. 


Ml 


tiiko  a  cold  l)ath  in  the  morning,  and  froiiuontly  biitlio 

at  intervals  during  tiic  da>-,  yet  tliey  are  never  elean.'" 

The  Northern  Cahbrnians  are  not  of  a  ver\'  war- 

hke  dis])ositioii,  hence  their  weapons  are  lew,  Ix'ing 


condned  cliiellv  to  the   bow  and   arrow 


Tl 


le 


bow 
or 


is  ahout  three  feet  in  length,  made  of  yew,  cedar 
some  otliei'  tough  or  elastic  wood,  and  generally  painted. 
The  hack  is  ilat,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
wide,  and  covered  with  elk-sinews,  which  greatly  iidd 
l)()th  to  its  strength  and  elasticity;  the  string  is  also  of 
sinew.  The  how  is  held  horizontally  when  discharged, 
instead  of  iH'rpendicnlarly  as  in  most  countries.  The 
arrows  are  I'rom  two  to  three  feet  long,  and  are  made 
souictinies  of  reed,  sometimes  of  light  wood.  The  ])oints, 
which  are  of  Hint,  obsidian,  bone.  iron,  or  c()|)pcr.  are 
ground  to  a  very  fine  point,  fastened  lirndy  into  a  short 
piccr  of  wood,  and  fitted  into  a  socket  in  the  main  shaft, 
so  that  on  withdrawing  the  arrow  the  head  will  be  left 
in  the  wound.  The  feathered  part,  which  is  from  five 
to  ei^iht  inches  long,  is  also  sometimes  a  sc[>ai'ate  piece 


th 


)oun(i  on  witn  sinews.  The  ((uiver  is  made  of  the  skin 
of  a  fox,  wild-cat.  or  some  other  small  animal,  in  the 
same  shape  as  when  the  animal  wore  it.  except  at  the 
tail  end.  where  nnan  is  left  ibr  the  featheri'd  ends  of 
arrows  to  [iroject.     Jt  is  usually  carried  on  the  arm, 


41 


'■"'  At  lt<i!4iii'  Itivcr,  'fill'  men  f,'o  in  tlio  inriniiii^'  into  the  livcr,  1>nt.  lil;o 
till'  Malays.  liiiii;_!  i'"  the  <lirt  out  uu  lluir  skins  that  tin  ytnok  in.'    I'/i  hh,-'.'^ 
'I  .hiiii-ii.,  \>.  :U7.     At  Pitt  Kivcr  tiny  iiii'  '  ilis^'iistitit,'  in  tlicir  lialiits.' 


.1'''...//,  in  r<ir.  II.  n.  l;n<l.,  V 


l/> 


l> 


i;l;    'I'lir    Sliilsln 


,1  tl,' 


.V' ;  /,/„ 


■Of  till'  niaiiv  Inmilii  lis  I  liavi'  sciii,  tlnii' was  nut  imr  who  still  nli- 


il  til 


II'  uliiiii''ina 


1  niiiilr  iif  lifi'.  that    hail  nut  ti  sweet   lui  ath. 


'11: 


ailith 


line   to   tile   fact   that,  hefme   tlu  V  lieranie  eivili/ed.  tiiev  ate  their 


f lenM.'   /', 


y'l 


MS. 


Tliev  iilwavs  rise  at  the  tiist  ilawii 


aliil  piiuiue   iiitu   the  I'lver 


IhiblKinl.  in  lidili  n   Km.  Murrh,   la'A', 


Till 


I"  isiiiis  are  nnusnally  dean,  as  they  nsi;  Imlh  the  sweat-lnuise  anil  the  enlil- 


'iilli  eiiiistalitlv. 
il 


Hi  //■•« 


n    SrlinnlcriltV 


rh. 


Vnl.  Ill  ,  )) 


IL 


lllhnir 


lie'^iht   sieh  (ler   Allei[iiu  i 'I'riiiiclail    l!ay  1  in  ji  ili  r  -lali 


Mit    v. 

■iiseii  /iir 


111  II  (Quelle.  WD  er  sieh  am  t,'an/,en  Lelhe  wiiseht  mill  in  ih  n  Siialih  ii  di  r 


iiiif--tiiL;i  iiileii  Siinne  tinekiieii  hisst. 


Mr,/r 


Xmli   ill  III   Silinnm  1,1: 


I;,,.-,  '„,i;„i  ill's  hlhr  In  till'  (iiitl„ii\  MS. 

Carl  Meyer,  after  deseriliini,'  tlielinw,  n.ilils 


1' 


!l; 


I'eriiere  Watl'eii  (ler  Alh 


quas  siiiil:  lias  Olisiiliaii-IJeil  mler 'I'linialiawk.  die  Keiile,  die  har/.r  mid  di  r 


Wiirf. 


taki-n  with  SDin 


A'd'/i  ihiii  ,'<iiiTiiiiii  iitd,  ]i.  2ls.     This  statement,  I  think,  may 


e  iiilowanee,  as  now 
I'  iii'_'  used  l)v  the  Califiirnians. 


here  else  dii  I  lilld  llielllii 


11  III  it  tiiiiia- 


"  Srhiuiiaeher,    Ori'inn  Aiifniniti's,    .l/.s'.,  sjieakiiij,'  nf   an  aiieieiit    Hjit'ur- 


312 


CALIFORNIANS. 


^fr  1 


(mors  savs: 


doul)tl 


OSS  many  persons  wlio  naAo 


ho  1] 


Hoen  tlio  Hint  anow-ljeads  made  })y  the  indians.  ha\e 
wondered  liow  they  sneceeded  with  their  rude  iin[)le- 
nients.  in  ti'iniiMinii'  them  down  tosneh  sharp,  thin  points, 
withont  hreakin^'  them  to  })ie(!es.  The  Yeeards — and 
l)rohahly  other  ti'ihes  do  likewise — em[)lov  ior  this  \)\\r- 
lK)se  a  pair  of  hiick-lioi'n  pineers,  tie(l  tojictlier  at  the 
jioint  with  a  thong.  'I'hey  Hrst  hannner  ont  the  arrow- 
head in  the  i'oii;:h.and  tlien  with  these  })in('ers  carelidly 
nij)  oil'  one  tiny  lra,uinent  al'ter  ani^ther,  nsinii'  that  in- 
finite patience  which  is  diaracteristic  of  the  Indian, 
si)endinji'  i\i\yfi,  perha[)s  weeks,  on  one  piece.  There  are 
Indians  who  make  arrows  as  a  specialty,  just  as  there 
are  others  who  concoct  herhs  and  roots  I'or  the  healiiiLi; 
of  men.'"^-  ^fhe  Shastas  especially  excelled  in  mi..vin,iii'  ob- 
sidian arrow-heads;  Mr  \\  ilkes  of  the  F.xplorinji'  l']xpe- 
dition  notici's  them  as  beinji  ••heaiitil'ully  wroii,Liht.'"  and 
]i>on,  in  a  letter  to  the  American  Kthnolouical  Societv. 
comnninicatcd  throuiih  Dr  K,  11.  Davis,  describes  the 
verv  reinai-kal)le  iniiemiity  and  skill  which  the\'  disi)lav 

jioint,  says,   'the   iioiiittd   tcclli  show  it   to   liiivo   1 


)i'(^l)   11  very   (laiiL;tii.ns 


wtajioii 


Vo,s('//«i/'«i'(///'n  li'ltir  III  the  (tnlliu)\  MS.      On  tl 

ittci 


Kl.'i 


11111)111,'  the  skins  used   for  ijuivcrs,  1  iioticcil  tl 


U' 


ith   l!iv- 
(1-c.it,    ti>lii 


fiiwn.  ^viy  fcix  anil  citlicvs.'  (iihhs,  in  Si'lidnlird/I's  An-h.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>.   It  I. 
Kiav  Mt  Shasta,   'bows  and  aiT( 
uie  of   vi'W 


n'  viTV  litanlil'iiUv  made:  the  fniinir 


tiid 


intcd. 

1  r. 


id    iiliiiut  tl 
.11 

/■;, 


ll'fC 


feet   loll''. 


hi 


(1  V(  IV  iicatlv  with  sim 


ic  arrows   ari'   up 


vards  of  thirty 


•lies    loll 


117//,! 


vo 


carin  (1   in  ([iiivtrs 


)f  Wood  or  1) 


1).  :i;j 


At  I'ort  Tiiiiidad,  '  arro 


iiid  liaiii!  from  thtir  wrist  or  ni 


Mi( II i-i Ill's  .Iniir..  \K  •10.     On  Pi 
tipiicd  with  (.-ojiiifr  or  iron.'  '//v 
irriiws  arc  made  in  three  ^larts. 


m  l!iv< 


'their  arrows  were  in 


d 


Alihntl.  in  /': 


'.s'  Jllsl.  iiiiii.,  It.  11(1.    'Jhe  Pit  liivir 


/;.  /.'.  Hij.i 


The  .Mleiinas  at  Trinidad  I'av,  deserihed  by  ( 'ail  ^feyi 

cither  •  schussfeitiLf  in  der  Hand  o<lcr  in  I'inciii  iilicr  die  Sehnltiiii  eiwdilV- 


.1. 
d  th 


VI.,  )).  fil. 
cir  .arrows 


Tien 


oclier  ails 


idcr   |:ib 


.■Iz 


])(  r  1! 


11  ist  alls  <  iiicr  starkeii 


clastiselieii    Kothtanncnwnrzel   verfi  rti;-'t.    cfwa  li'.j  Fuss  laiii,'  nnd  aiif  di  r 


KiieUscitc  lllit  (  iller  liarcnsclille  libelkicbt.    Sd'liihlii  Sinrillini. 


M.ifi 


F..<-,iU 


.Mill 


lo.V 


I'late  \Nv.     Sjicakiiij,' of  the  <|iiivi  r.  Mr  1 


iiweis  savs: 


'  ill  (he  animal's  head  th(  y  sliitl'  a  (iniintity  of  ^;rass  or  moss,  as  a  ciishion  for 
the  arrow-lieads  to  rest  in,  whieli  ]ircvcnts  them  from  lieiiii;  broken.'  i>n-r- 
luiiil  Mmilli'ii,  \n\.  viii..  y.  .":!'_'.  'Their  arrows  can  only  be  (\tract(d  from 
tlie  llesh  with  till'  knife.'  Culls'  Ciuiiiiiisl  uf  t'n'.,  j).  170.      'Am  obeii  n  'IlKile 


•iiier  J.niio  yon  llirsh-si  linen  vcrsfailit  uiid 


(California)  ist  der  l!oL,'en  vi 

clastisell    Ljem.ieht.      Die    I'feile   liestehell    alls   cilielii   roluaitiui  11    (!ewailis( 


von  ni.is-.ii,'cr  Laiiuc,  an  ih  r  S|iitze  niit  Obsidia 


11 . 


Verseliell,  1 


iiire  1, 


ist 


'2  Zoll.  ihre  Hnite  1  Zdll 


d 


])ick 


/oil,  8charfka)iti!'  nnd  siitz/u- 


laufend.'    II' 

•1-'  rmi-irs' 


l\ 


il.  ( 'iiHi'iiriiii  ii.  p.  IHt). 


ami  Hair  yvliihlivrs,  MS 


Ms.;   Srlnnmtclar'n  Owjon  Anllipntiis,  MS.;    Thn  SliuMns 


■WAR  AND  ITS  JIOTIVES. 


343 


in  this  particiiliir.  Tlio  aiT<m-])<)int  iiiakfr.  ulio  is  one 
of  a  n^uular  .uiiild.  })lac'OH  tlic  obsidian  jichhk'  iijioii  an 
anvil  ol"  tali'osi'  .-late  and  splits  it  ■with  an  w^ixiv  chisol 
tc  the  required  >\y.v;  then  holdinji'  the  pieee  uith  his 
tiu'-er  and  thiinih  aiiainst  the  anvil,  he  linishi's  it  oil' 
with  iH'iK'ated  slight  hhms,  administered  w  ith  marvelous 
adroitness  and  judiiinent.  One  of  thi'se  artists  made 
an  arrow-j)oint  l()r  Mr  Lvon  out  of  a  pieee  ol"  a  hroken 
porter-hottle.  Owing  to  his  not  hein>i' ae(|uainted  ^vith 
the  urain  of  the  j:lass.  he  tailed  twice,  hut  the  third  time 
jiroduced  a  perleet  specimen.^'  'Fhe  AN'allies  poison  their 
arrows  with  rattlesnake-virus,  hut  ])oisoned  Aveajtons  seem 
to  he  the  exception."  The  bow  is  skilfully  used ;  Avar- 
chihs  are  not  eonnnon.^' 

\\  ars.  thou,uh  of  frecpient  occurrence.  Avere  not  ])ar- 
ticularlv  hloody.  The  casus  belli  was  usuallv  that  which 
brou,uht  the  Sjjartan  King  before  the  walls  of  llion,  and 
Titus  Tatius  to  inci[)ii'nt  Kome — woman.  It  is  true,  the 
Xortlu'rii  Californians  are  less  classic  abductors  than  the 


spoi 
tl 


lei's  of  the   Sabine  women,  but  theii'  wars  ended  in 
r — the   ravished    fair  cleavinii'   to  her 


10  same    niannc 


w 


arrior-lover.      Religion  also,  that  ever-fiuitful  source 


"  //;.s7.  M,(;l.,  vol.  iii.,  \^.  'Jll. 

■"./(>/(((>•(//),  ill  (h-ivlitiiil  Mi.iitlili/,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  .').')().  At  'rviiiidiul  Biiy  '  zu- 
wiilcu  wci'ildi  (lie  I'lVili'  iiiit  dciii  Safti'  dcs  Siiiiiiicliliiiuiiics  v(  rgiltc  il.  uiid 
iil-Ml:iiiii  iiur  ziiiu  Kill  l;i  11  wilder  liaulitliiiit'  j,'t  Inanclit.'  Mii/>r,  Xach  ilnn 
Sid-rniKi  iilii,  ]>.  lilS.  'JmiiIl,'!'  Stiiluiiic  vcruiftiu  dii'  S|  it/cii  iliK  r  I'lcilc  aiif 
t'nlijiiidc  Wcisc:  Sit'  !'( iz(  11  iiiiiiilich  cilif  Klaiiinisclilaii'-'c  iiiit  i  iia  r  vdi'^r- 
Irdtciu  u  lliisclilil)!  r,  wmiu  sic  bcisst,  mid  uailidi  in  nun  iVn-  J.iln  r  iiiit  dila 
<  iil'ti  vnllstaiidiL;  iiiiiir;ii,'uirt  ist.  wild  sic  vii';_;raliiii  uiid  muss  vcit'aiiliii;  liiciiii 
wild  null  die  S]iitzi'  tinuctaiKdit  nnd  daiin  L;rlri)i'knrt.'  W'iiiiiinl.  I'lilijuni'ii  k, 
\\.  iNi.  'I'lir  I'itt  Jlivir  Indians  '  use  the  piiisciii  iif  thr  rattli-snaki-,  liv  ^lind- 
Iul;  tlir  licad  Iif  that  ii]itilc  into  an  inipalpalilr  jowdt  r,  which  is  thru  ai'iilii-d 
\i\  nil  alls  of  till'  ]i  II  trill  hlood  and  llisli  of  ihi'  ilo;,'  to  tin-  |)oiut  of  I  hi'  wi  a|ion,' 
i.ims.i'  Si/sl()ii  <if  Sunji  nj,  vol.  i.,  p.  W'ii.  '  Tlii'  I'itt  Itivi  r  Indians  |i(iisoni  d 
tliiir  allows  in  a  jiiitrid  dicr's  livtr.  This  is  a  slow  [loivoii,  howi'vir,  and 
.soiiutiiiii's  will  not  ]ioisoii  at  all.'  I'hf  Slmstus  timl  llnlr  Si  hililmrs,  MS.;  Silm- 
iit'irli' r's  <)r((iiiii  Aiifiiiiiili's,  MS. 

'' Anioii'^  othi  r  lhiiiL;s  siiii  l>v  Mivir  wire,  'iioili  ^'iiissrvi'  IJoi^cii,  din 
iliUi'li  als  hrdiiitrlldi'  I'l-ni'^'i'Si'liossi'  dii'lli'll.  Kill  sali'liiT  i^-t  (1  l''iiss  lall^', 
and  di  r  Jndiaiiii' li  .L;t  sirli  aiif  dir  Krdi'.  Ulii  dcnsillii  n  zii  s|iaiini  n.  iiuli  in 
1  |-  das  iTchti'  i-itiii'  ill  di  11  Jioj^'iii  <  iiisti'iiinit  mid  niit  In  iih  ii  .Viiin  n  naihhilft.' 
'I'ia-  Ipow  and  arrow,  knifi',  and  war-i'liih.  coiistitiitt'  tin  ir  wia|ions.  In  oiih 
iif  till  ir  lodf^is  i  i.i'tirid  an  clU-skin  sliii  Id,  so  toiistriuti  d  as  to  he  ini]iii\i- 
uus  to  tliL'  sliiii'prst  arrows.  I'uhinr,  in  hi'l.  .\p'.  Iiipl.,  iSol,  ]i.  '2i<'I.  ^lilh  r 
iiiiiitioiis  n  .Modoc  who  was  '  jiaintid  nd,  lialf-uukL'd,  iiiid  held  a,  tuumliuwk 
iu  lis  hand.'   l.i/i:  .1//(m/i.';.s/  tin'  Modors,  p.  20. 


344 


CALIFORNIAXS. 


of  war,  is  not  witliout  its  conflicts  in  savagedom;  tlius 
more  than  once  the  Siiastas  and  tlic  l'nii)(|uas  iiavo  taken 
\i\)  anus  lu'cause  of  wicked  sorceries,  wliicli  caused  the 
death  of  tlie  peo[)k'/''  So  Avhen  one  i)eo))k'  ohstriicted 
tlie  river  witli  tlieir  weir,  therehy  preventinji'  the  ascent 
of  sahnon.  tiiere  was  notliiii";  left  for  those  ahove  but  to 


fmht 


or  starve. 


Ak)nLi,  Pitt  llivcr,  pits  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  deen 
were  formerly  (hi.ii'.  in  whicii  the  natives  caught  man  and 
Ijeast.  These  man-traps,  for  sucii  was  their  i)rimary 
nse,  wei'e  suiall  at  the  mouth,  widening  toward  the  hot- 
torn,  so  tiiat  exit  was  impossil)le.  even  were  the  vi(!tim 
to  escape  iuipaleuient  uiK)n  sharpi'ued  elk  and  deer  horns, 
which  were  favoi-ahly  placed  for  his  rece[)tion.  ^fhe 
o[)ening  wis  craftily  concealed  hy  means  of  light  sticks, 
over  which  earth  was  scattered,  and  the  better  to  decei\(' 
the  unwary  traveler,  footi>rints  were  Irecnently  stamped 
with  a  moccasin  in  tiie  loose  soil.  Certain  landmarks 
and  stones  or  branches,  placed  in  a  pecnliai'  manner, 
warned  the  initiatei',  but  otherwise  there  was  no  siun  of 
imi)endiMg  danger.^^ 

Some  few  nations  maintain  the  predominancy  and 
force  the  weaker  to  pay  tribute.^*^  AVheii  two  of  these 
domin  nit  nations  war  with  each  other,  the  conlHct  is 
more  sanguinary.  Xo  scalps  are  taken,  ])ut  in  some 
cases  the  head,  hands,  or  feet  of  the  coii(|uered  slain  are 
severed  as  tro[)hies.  The  C^dirocs  sometimes  fight  hand 
to  hand  with  ragged  stones,  which  they  use  with  deadly 
eflect.  The  llogue  Kiver  Indians  kill  all  their  male 
jirisoners,   but  spare  the  women  and  children.^''      Tlie 


il 


4B  Sill"!!!  Slalrsiiimi,  April.  18.")7. 

■"  Hciii-i'.  if  \vi'  may  cndit  Millor,  Life  Amoufist  the.  Mmlnrs,  p.  1)73,  tln' 
uaiiic  Pitt  liiviv. 

'■*  Tlir  II  iii|i;is  I'xiictrd  tvilnito  from  nil  the  snvi'Diniilin^'  tribes.  At  the 
tiiiit'  till'  wliitrs  arrivcil  the  {'hiniiihuiuiiys  Wfvc  jjuyinu  tlitiii  tlilmtr  in  iliii- 
skiiis  lit  till'  i'a!(>  of  twciity-tive  cents  per  head.  I'mrirn'  I'ouki,  MS.  Tlu' 
Hi(i|ialis  have  a  law  vcciniriuL;  thost^  situated  iin  tlic  'i'iiir''y,  above  them  to 
jiay  tribiiti'.  IIkhi'kiI'II  'I'iiii'S,  \iii\  1H")7;  >'./•'.  En-iiUiii  linilil'iii.  .V</i'.  "J.t,  1^57. 

■•'■•  The  Sassii's,  I'ahvoes,  Jioo])ahs,  Klamaths  and  ]!oi;ne  IJivev  Indians, 
take  no  scalps,  but  decapitate  thu  slaiu,  ur  cut  oti'  their  liiuids  and  feet. 
I'/fiffer's  Si'coiidJonnt.,  p.  317. 


MANUFACTURES  AND  BOATS. 


ni:> 


I'lk-lioni  knives  and   liatchets  jire   tlie  ivsiilt  of  nuidi 
liil)()r  and  piitionce.'"' 


Tl 


u>  wonic'ii  are  very  iii'riMiioiis  in 


l)lait 


in<i  urnss.  or 


fine  willow-roots,  into  mats,  haskcts,  hivts,  and  stri[)s  ot" 
|)ai-ti-('oloivd  hraid  lor  l)inding  u[)  the  hair.  On  these, 
aiimilar  i)atterns  are  worked  by  nsinu'  dilU-rent  siiades  of 
material,  or  Ity  means  of  dyes  of  ye<ietahle  extraction. 
The  baskets  are  of  viU'ious  .sizes,  from  the  Hat,  basin- 
shaped,  water-tijiht.  rush  bowl  for  ))oilinjr  ibod.  to  the 
larjie  pointed  cone  which  the  wonu'n  carry  on  their 
backs  when  root-di^ii'gin^u;  or  berry-picking 


'Y\ 


ley  are 


also  expert  tanners,  and.  by  acomj)aratively  sim[)le  jiro- 
cess.  will  render  skins  as  sol't  and  pliable  as  cloth.  Tlu^ 
hide  is  lirst  soaked  in  water  till  the  hair  loosens,  then 
strt'tched  between  trees  oi'  n])ri^ht  posts  till  half  dry, 
when  it  is  scraju'd  thorouiihlv  on  both  sides,  will  beaten 
with  sticks,  iuid  the  brains  of  some  animal,  heated  at  a 
lire,  are  robbed  on  the  inner  side  to  soften  it.  i'inally  it 
is  bin'ied  in  moist  liround  for  some  weeks. 

The  interior  tribes  manifest  no  great  skill  in  bont- 
makinu'.  but  alouL-'  the  coast  and  near  the  month  of  the 
Klamath  and  Ho,!;ue  rivers,  yerv'  good  canoes  are  l()nnd. 
They  are  still,  however,  inferior  to  those  used  on  the 
Cohimbia  and  its  tributaries.  The  lashed-up-hanmiock- 
shapeil  bundle  of  rushes,  which  is  so  lre([uently  met  in 
the  more  southern  j)arts  of  California,  has  been  seen  on 
the  Klamath.'-  but  I  have  reason  to  think  that  it  is  only 
us('(l  ;is  a  matter  of  convenience,  and  not  because  no 
better  boat  is  known.     It  is  certain  that  dug-out  canoes 


■'"Till'  Vt'canls  on  Lowit  llumlioliU  I'u-'took  tlk-h(Miis  iiiul  iiililuil 
thfiii  (111  stuiii's  for  (lays  td^^'i'tlicr,  to  sliarjuu  th  ■iii  into  axis  ami  \vi  (1l,'(  s.' 
/'./lives'  I'liiiiii,  .)/>'.  On  till'  Klaiiiatli  rivci'  tln'V  liaii  •s|ioons  li' :.'ily  iiiailc  oi 
liiiiir  and  horn.'  iUh'is,  in  Si'linulcrinTs  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  ji.  14(1. 

''  •[•'or  baslict  iiialun;^,  tlicv  nsi'  the  roots  of  |iiiii-tlf(  s,  the  st(  ni  of  tlii' 
s]iicc-li\isli.  and  ornauifiit  with  a  kind  of  j^rass  whiih  looks  like  a  |ialiii  h  af, 
and  will  lilcach  white.  They  also  stain  it  pnipic  witli  ildi  r  Ik  iiii  s.  aiul 
;;ri  111  with  so.ipstoiii','  ,  .  .  'Tin'  I'ilt  ItiviT  Indians  cxcc  1  all  others  in  liaskt  t- 
ui  ikiiij;,  liiit  are  not  iiarticiilarly  ^,'ood  at  head  work.'  'I'lii- Slmsla^  dinl  lln  ir 
V  .'•;/V/i>/-,v,  MS.  FriiiiJiil's  A'.i'/i'oc.  /■.'.iv,  p,  "iol;  ./o/id.soo,  in  Ovirbiml  Muntlilj/, 
Vol.    ii.,  |).    .-).!(;;     <;i'i'i!<,    in   Srliodliu-at't'ti  Arch.,  vol.   iii.,  p.    i:!4;    J'nirns' 

I'nim,.    MS, 

'-'  ir/7,  s'  .V'(;'.  in  r.  S.  Eje.  E.i'.,  vol.  v.,  p.  '2oli;  h'ininons,  in  SrlKidlrrnft's 
Air!,.,  v,,l.  iii.,  p.  21H. 


•.w> 


CALIFOIINIAXS. 


ii 


wevv  in  use  on  tlic  same  rivor,  and  \vitliin  a  fow  miles  of 
tlie  spot  Avlii'io  tule  huoys  ohtsiin.  Tlic  liu;t  is.  tliis  bun- 
dle of  inslies  is  the  best  cral't  tliat  could  be  invented  for 
salnion-speai'in.ir.  Heated  astride,  the  uei^lit  of  tlie  lisli- 
ernian  siid<s  it  below  the  surlaee;  he  ean  mo\'e  it  noise- 
K'ssly  with  his  I'eet  so  that  theiv  is  no  splashinii'  ol'  pad- 
dles in  the  sun  to  frighten  the  lish ;  it  ciuniot  capsize, 
and  stiikiu"  a  rock  does  it  no  iiuui-w  Canoes  are  hoi- 
lowed  iVoni  the  trunk  oi'  a  single  ri'dwood.  ])ine.  Dr.  syca- 
more, or  Cottonwood  tree.  They  are  lilunt  at  both  ends 
and  on  Koiiue  Kiver  many  of  them  are  llat-bottomed. 
It  is  a  curious  fact  that  some  of  these  canoes  are  made 
from  first  to  last  without  beinj:'  touched  with  a  shaip- 
edjied  tool  of  any  sort.  The  native  fnids  the  tree 
ready  I'elled  by  the  wind,  burns  it  oif  to  the  re(|uired 
length,  and  hollows  it  out  by  fire.  Pitch  is  s])read  on 
the  parts  to  be  buiiied  away,  and  a  i)iece  of  fresh  bark 
prevents  the  liames  from  extendinii'  too  far  in  the  wronu' 
direction.  A  small  shelf,  })i'oiectin|ii'  inward  from 
the  stern,  serves  as  a  seat,  ^luch  trouble  is  s(Miie- 
times  taken  with  the  linishin<r  up  of  these  (!anoes.  in  the 
way  of  sci'apinji'  and  })olishin,u'.  but  in  shape  they  lack 
synnnetry.  On  the  coast  they  are  i're(|uently  larue;  Mr 
I'owers  mentions  having  seen  one  at  Smith  Kiver  foi'ty- 
two  i'eet  long,  eight  feet  four  inches  wide,  and  capable 
of  carrvinsi'  twentv-four  men  and  five  tons  of  merchaii- 
dise.  '^^riie  natives  tid\e  great  care  of  their  canoes,  and 
always  cover  them  when  outof  the  Avater  to  ])rotect  theiu 
i'rom  the  sun.  Should  a  crack  appear  tlu'y  do  not  caulk 
it.  but  stitch  the  sides  of  the  sjjlit  tightly  togetlu'r  with 
withes.  They  are  propelled  with  a  i)iece  of  wood,  half 
pole,  half  paddle.''^ 

M  Tlic  lidiits  foriiicily  used  l)y  the  Modocs  w<>vp  '(jnitc  vuilc  iiinl  iiiisliii]i('- 
ly  c'ouci  vus,  coiiiiiiiiid  with  tlmsi'  (if  the  lowci'  Klnliiatli.  Imt  snlistiiiitiiil  and 
soliutiiiics  liir^'c  tiioui^li  Id  ciiiry  ]'''(l(l  ]K)iiiids  of  iiiiicliinidisc'  /'■wi/n.  in 
Ovvrliiitil  Mdiillili/,  vol.  viii.,  ji.  "nt'.',  vol.  x.,  y  TilKi.  '  JUuiit  at  lioth  cuds,  witli 
11  small  iirojiM'tioii  in  tlic  stiiii  for  a  scut.'  (iililis,  in  Sflimilcrd/t's  .\nli.,  vol. 
iii.,  p.  1-12.     ''riios<'  on  Jtoi^'uc  livd' were  von!,ddv  built-  -some  of  tlicin  scow 


fashion,  with  Hat  lioftoni.'  Kiniiinnn,  in  Siliouli  raj't's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>.  "-1^. 
The  I'itt  llivcr  Indians  'used  boats  made  fi-om  ]  in(  :  tin  y  burn  them  out 
...about  twenty  feet  long,  some  very  yood  oues.'  'I'ltc  t^latalua  and  thilr 
^eiijhburti,  MS, 


WEALTH  IX  NORTHERX  CALIFORNIA. 


n-i? 


hol- 
sycii- 
I  iMiils 
mu'd, 
nitido 
Imi'p- 
'  tree 
(uired 
■iul  oil 
liark 
wi'oiiir 
IVuiii 
.sniie- 
iii  the 
lack 
Mr 
'orty- 
j)iil)le 
■liaii- 
,  and 
them 
caulk 
\vith 
half 


inshaiii'- 
itial  Mild 
■  iri  IS.  in 
lis,  with 
■//.,  Mil. 
■Ill  scow 
]).  •-!><. 

llClll  <iut 

uid  lli'ir 


Weiilth,  wliicli  is  ((uite  as  iiiiixn'taiit  lii're  as  in  any 
livili/ed  coiiiiiiiinities,  and  ot'niucli  more  importance  tlian 
is  cnstoinary  aiiion;i'  savajie  nations,  consists  in  sliell- 
iiioney.  called  <i/flc(tc/i(c/>\  >vliite  deer-skins,  canoes,  ami, 
indirectly,  in  women.  The  shell  which  is  tiie  i'e;jinlar 
circulating  medium  is  white,  hollow,  ahout  a<iuaitei'oran 
inch  throujih.  and  from  one  to  two  inches  in  leiiiith.  On 
its  length  deju'iids  its  value.  A  gentleinan.  who  writes 
Irom  ju'rsonal  ohservation.  says:  "all  of  the  oldi'r  In- 
diiuis  have  tattooed  on  their  arms  their  standard  of 
value.     A  piece  of  shell  correspond iii<;'  in  leiiiith  to  one 


)f  tl 


le  mar 


ks  1 


)eiim'  woi 


thi 


ive  < 


loll; 


lis, 


r.ost 


on  mone\- 


the  scale  <:radualU'  increases  until  the  hiuhest  mark  is 
reached.  For  live  perfect  shells  corresponding  in  leiijrth 
to  this  iiiarlv  thev  will  readilv  uive  one  hundi'»'(l  dollars 


.1(1 


111  uolil  or  silvei 


White 


deer-skins  are  rare  and  con 


sidered  very  valuahle.  one  coiistitiitin<r«|Uite  an  estate  in 
itself.  "  A  scalp  of  the  red-headed  >vood pecker  is  ecpiiv- 
aleiit  to  a))oiit  live   dollars,  and  is  exteiisivelv   used  as 


curreiicN'  on  the  Klamath.     (' 


[inoes  are  \a 


hied 


iccordiny; 


lii 


to  their  si/e  and  finish.      Wives,  as  they  must  lie  hoii;zht, 
are  a  sij^n  of  wealth,  and  the  owner  of  many  is  respected 


liiii-b 


accor( 

.Vinoii^'  the  Xorthern  ralifornians.  hereditary  chief- 
tainshii)  is  almost  unknown.  If  the  son  succcimI  the 
latiier   it  is  because  the  son  has  inherited   the  father's 

■'''  Clidsi'.  ill  Oirrliiiiil  MuiiUilij,  vol.  ii.,  ]>.  \X\.  '  A  kind  of  luiid  iiimlc  from 
ii  slicll  ]irocmi  (1  on  the  coast.  Tlicsc  tlii  v  striiiL,'  and  wear  aliout  tlic  iitck, 
.  . .  ..Viiothi  r  kind  is  a  slit  11  about  an  inch  loic4,  \\hi<li  looks  like  a  p(ircii|iinc 
ililill.  'liny  arc  more  vahiahle  than  thedlhc  r.  'I'liev  also  use  tlu  in  as  nose- 
oriiauients.'  'I'hf  Slmslas  iiial  lln  ir  .\'i  (;;A/"//'s,  ilS.  " 'Ihe  unit  of  currency  is 
a  stiiiii;  of  the  len^,'th  of  u  man's  arm,  with  a  certain  numlMrtif  the  hniLrer 
shells  li(  low  the  elliow,  and  a  certain  niimlicr  of  tJie  shorter  oiks  alio\e.' 
I'liin r.-i,  in  (inrliiii'l  Munllih/.  vol.  viii.,  )i.  ;i:j'.i.  •  .\  rare  sin  11,  spiral  in 
shape,  varyin'4  from  one  to  two  iiicln  s  in  length,  and  alioiit  the  size  of  u 
crowiinill.  calhd  hv  the  natives,  Shnish,  is  ust-d  as  nioiiev.'  Hnlilniril,  in 
(iolilii,  i:nt,  .March,"  JS.")!!. 

"  ''Ihe  o\%iiersliip  of  a  (white)  dci  r-skin,  constitutes  a  cl.iiin  to  chieft.iiii- 
shil),  readilv  acknowled^'ed  hv  all  the  dllskv  race  on  this  coast.'  Ilnniliulill 
Tiwis.  Dec.',  IW.d. 

'"'•rniperty  consists  in  women,  oriianionts  made  of  rare  feathers  and 
shells,  also  furs  and  skins.'  llnhhnril.  u\  Hahli n  A'/v/,  March,  l^."ii;.  Their 
Wealth  'con  i^.l(d  chii  tiy  of  white  deerskins,  cano(  s,  the  sialji  of  the  red- 
Jieath  d  woodpecker,  and  uUnuHchkk.'  Wdiy,  in  Ind.  Aj)'.  11' id.  .hunt,  .^jnc 
("III.,  1«G7,  11.  WT. 


318 


CALIFOUNI.VXS. 


II 


I 
I  I. 

!    I 


I 


wealth,  and  if  a  riclicr  than  ho  aiiso  tlic  anciont  ruliT  is 
(k'[M)si'(l  and  tlio  now  oliiot"  I'oijin.s  in  liis  stoad.  Hut  to 
l)o  cliict'  moans  to  havo  jMisition,  not  |M»wor,  Mo  can 
adviso.  hut  not  oonutiand;  at  loast,  if  his  suhjoots  do  not 
ch(M)Mo  to  ohoy  hirn,  ho  cannot  oonipol  ohodicnoo, 

Thoro  is  most  lVo(|uontly  a  hoad  man  to  oaoli  vilhi^c. 
and  somotimos  a  chiof  ol'  tho  wholo  triho,  ))nt  in  roahty 
each  hoad  of  a  I'amilv  j^ovcrns  his  own  domosti(^  circle 
as  ho  thiidvs  host.  As  in  cortain  ro[)nhrK's.  when  jxiwor- 
i'ld  applicants  hocomo  nndtipliod — now  ollicos  aro  cicatod. 
as  salmon-chiot',  olk-chiof.  and  tho  like.  In  one  or  two 
coast  ti'ihos  tho  oilico  is  horoditary,  a.s  with  tho  I'atawats 
on  Mad  Kivor.  and  that  nnstorions  triho  at  Tiinidatl 
Ihiy,  montionod  hy  MrMoyor.  tho  AlUHpias." 

Thoir  ponal  codo  is  lar  from  Draconian.  A  fnio  of  a 
fow  strin,iis  of  allicochick  a})i)oasos  tho  wrath  of  a  nnn-- 
dorod  man's  rolativos  and  satisfies  tho  ro(|nii'omonts  ot 
custom.  A  woman  mav])o  slaujihtorod  for  half  tho  sum 
it  costs  to  kill  a  man.  Occasionally  hanishment  from 
the  triho  is  tho  penalty  lor  murder,  hut  ci^jital  punish- 
ment is  never  resorted  to.  The  tine,  whatever  it  is. 
nm.st  ho  jtromptly  ])aid,  or  neither  city  of  refu<:o  nor 
.sacred  altar-horns  will  shield  tho  nnnxleror  from  tho 
vengeance  of  his  victim's  friends."'^ 

'■>''  '  Have  no  tril)!il  oi^'iiiii/ntion,  no  siicli  tiling'  ns  i)ii1)lic  dtfciu'c'  Hasi'. 
horoiKih'ti  lilt' r  Id  llir  iiiitliiir,  .MS.  A  I'itt  Kivtr  cliitf  tiidl  the  white  iiian's 
cotlt',  Imt  so  uiiiiopuliir  was  it,  that  lie  was  obli^'cd  to  abamloii  it.    7'Ai  SIkisIu 


'<l  th< 


Xiijlilnirs,  JIS.     Aiiioii^'  tlic  Klaiuatli  aiiil 'J'liiiit y  trilns  the  jiowi 


iif  tl 


ic  scvcra 


1  villi 


(if  till' chief  '  is  iiisntlii'ieiit  to  conti'c  it'ie  relatii 
or  keep  ilowu  thi^  tiirliuleiice  of  iiiili vii lii.ils.'  (iihlis,  in  Siliiiiilcr'ijrs  Arch., 
vol.  iii..  ]ip.  l.'J'.l  I  1(1.  The  ('Mhi'ics,  Kur  ('S,  Jloopas,  anil  K'ailtas,  have  a 
uoiiiiiial  chief  for  each  villaf,'e,  liiit  h'^  ^p'.wer  is  extremely  limited  ami  each 
iuiliviiliial   does  as   lie  likes.       Ai' on^    ihe  'I'olewas    in    i»el  Norte   County, 

ii.l.ics   and  I'atawats  have  an  hereditar\- 


llionev 


niak 


th 


chief.     Th 


chieftainship.  I'liinrn'  I'mim,  IMS.  .\t  'rrinidad  Hay  they  were  'f,'overneil 
hy  11  ruler,  who  directs  where  they  shall  \ii\  both  to  hunt  and  fish.'  Mmi- 
rrlh  's  ■li<in\.  ]i.  lis.     '  I)ir  Ilaii]itlin;,'  ist  sehr  5,'eachtet;  erhat  iilxr  Handel  uni'. 


Wandcl,  Leben  und  'I'od  si 


imr 


rnterthanen  y.n  veifii).'en,  und  si 


M 


iclit 


vererht    sich  auf  seimii  ErstLreli 


.1/' 


.V'/i7/    il,  III  Siiiniiiii  nl'i,   p. 


'223.     T'he  chief    'obtains  his   jiosition  from  his  wealth,  and  usually  n 


I's  to  transmit  his  ell'ccts  atid  with  them  his  lionois.  to  h 


s  ]iosterity. 


Ihil- 


li(tnl,  in  (iiilili  II  /','/■<»,  ^larcli,  IS.'ii;.  rnrmerly  "the  ditVerent  rancherias  had 
chiefs,  or  heads,  known  as  Mow-wee-mas,  their  influence  bein^' j>rimiiially 
derived  from  their  a<^e,  number  of  relatives,  and  wealth,'    Wihij,  in  Iml.  Aff. 

lltpL  .liiilil.   >7i(('.  Cnlll.,  ]).  4',t7. 

■i"  'Ihe  Calirocs  compound  for  nnirder  by  payment  oi  one  strinf,'.     .\nionj,' 
the  I'atawats  the  average  tin       )V  niunUrinL;  a  man  is  ten  strinj/s,  for  killinj' 


U()Mi:\  AND  BOMKSTIC  AFFAIRS. 


840 


In  viiln  do  \\i'  look  0)1'  trii('«'s  of  tliiit  Arciidian  siin|)li- 
I'itN  and  disi'ciiiird  loi-  Avorldlv  advantages  <v('iu'iidlv  ac- 
lordrd  ttM'liddrcn  of  natnrc.  Altlionizh  I  lind  no  descrip- 
tion ol'an  actual  s\st»'in  ol' slavorvoxistin*;'  anions  tiii-ni, 
vet  tlici'c  is  lu)  douht  tliat  they  iiave  slaves.  We  shall 
see  that  illegitimate  children  are  considered  and  treated 
as  such,  and  that  Avomen,  entitled  hs'  conrtesv  a\  ives.  are 
hoiidit  and  sold.  Mr  Drew  asserts  that  the  Klamath 
children  of  slave  parents,  who.  it  may  i)e.  [)revent  the 
jirofitaldc  prostitntion  <n'  sale  of  the  mother,  an.;  killed 
without  com[)iniction.''' 

Maiiiauc.  with  the  Xortheni  Calirornians,  is  essenti- 


l\-  a  matter  of  hnsiness 


Th 


je  Nomi"'  hrave  nnist  not 


lio|)c  to  win  his  hride  hy  Teats  of  arms  or  softer  wooing', 
liut  iiiiist  hny  her  of  lu-r  father,  like  any  other  chattel, 
and  pay  the  price  at  once,  or  resign  in  favor  of  a  richer 
man.  The  inclinations  of  the  ^ii'l  are  in  nowise  con- 
sidted;  no  niatter  whei'e  her  ailections  are  i)laced,  she 
p)es  to  the  hijihest  hidder,  and  ''  Mannnon  wins  his  way 
where  serai)hs  might  despair."  Neither  is  it  u  trilling" 
matti-r  to  ])e  honglit  as  ii  wife;  the  social  position  of  tho 
hride  herself,  as  well  as  that  of  her  fathers  liuniU'  there- 


AV 


d( 


liter,  (lei)en(ls  »>re 


atl 


y  "1 


)on 


th 


le  prico  s 


he  1 


M'lnus; 


lei* 


value  is  voti'd  hy  society  at  the  })rico  her  hushand  pa\s 
for  her,  and  the  father  Avhose  daughter  commands  tho 
greatest  numher  of  strings  of  allicochick,  is  greatly  to  ho 
honored,  ^fhe  j)urchase  elVected.  the  successful  suitor 
leads  his  hlushing  proi)erty  to  his  hut  and  she  hecomes 
iiis  Avife  withoiit  further  ceremony.  Wherever  this  sys- 
1cm  of  wife-i)urcliase  ohtains.  the  rich  old  men  almost 
ahsorh  the  female  youth  and  heautx' of  the  trihe,  while 
the  younger  and  i)oorer   men  nnist  content  themselves 

II  \v()in;iii  tivf  strii);4s,  worth  iibdiit  Slilfl  iiiul  ^'O  ivsjicrtivcly.  '  An  av('mf,'o 
riit;i\\,.''s  lilt'  is  coiisiilt  red  Wditli  alMHit  six  unliiiiiry  ciiuocs,  ciicli  of  which 
(HTU|ii(s  two  Iii(hiiiis  inohiihly  three  iiioutlis  in  niukinj,',  or,  in  all,  tanta- 
UKiuiitlo  ilie  hilmrof  one  man  for  a  period  of  tliree  years.'     '  The  Jlooims  and 

Kaih ' 

di'ce; 


IS  also  |iaid  for  murder,  or  thiir  life  was  talven  l>y  the  relatives  of  th 


■d.'   / 


iirrrs     t  11)111), 


MS.  'They  seem  to  do  as  they  i)lease,  and  to  liu 
only  ^'overned  hy  )irivate  reven^^e.  If  one  man  kills  another  the  trihe  or 
laniily  of  the  latter  kill  the  murderer,  unless  he  buy  himself  off.'     The  Ulatslds 


Und  th 


:l,l., 


MS. 


w  X»/'e(c's  C(C///(H'  livcoumtl  MOiix,  p.  17. 


Pi 

m 

ill 

it" 
I 


I 


sno 


CALIFORNIAXS. 


uith  old  and  ugly  wives.     ITcnce  thoiroagornoss  for  that 
wealth  which  will  enaljlc  them  to  throw  awav  their  old 


wive.s  and  hiiy  new  ones. 


\Vl 


len  a  niarnago  taKes  place 


tak 


)li 


niong  the  ModcK's,  a  least  is  given  at  the  house  of  the 
hrides  father,  in  which,  however,  neither  she  nor  the 
liridegrooni  partake.  The  girl  is  escorted  hy  the  women 
to  a  lodge,  previously  furnished  hy  puhlic  contrihutions, 
where  she  is  suhse(iuentl3'  joined  hy  the  man,  who  is 
conducted  l)y  his  male  friends.  All  the  company  hear 
toi'ches,  which  are  piled  up  as  a  tire  in  the  lodge  of  the 
wedded  [)air,  who  are  then  left  alone.  In  some  trihes 
this  wife-trallic  is  done  on  credit,  or  at  least  partially 
so;  but  the  credit  system  is  never  so  advantageous 
to  the  l)uver  as  the  readv-money  svstem.  for  until 
the  full  price  is  paid,  the  man  is  only  '  half-mairied.' 
and  besides  he  must  live  with  his  wiles  family  and  be 
their  .-^lave  until  he  shall  have  paid  in  full.'"  The  chil- 
dren of  a  wife  who  has  cost  her  husband  nothing  are 
considered  no  Itetter  than  bastards,  and  are  treated  by 
society  with  contumely;  nobody  associates  with  them, 
and  they  become  essentially  ostracized,  in  all  this  there 
is  oni'  I'cdeeming  feature  for  the  wife-l)nyer;  should  he 
hai)pen  to  make  a  bad  bargain  he  can,  inmost  instauce>. 
send  his  wife  home  and  get  his  money  l)ack.  Mr  (Jibbs 
asserts  tlvit  tliev  shoot  their  wives  when  tired  of  them. 


es 


but    this  appeal's  inconsistent  with  custom. 

PolNgamy  is  almost  universal,  the  lunnber  of  wiv 
depending  only  on  the  limit  of  a  mans  wealth.     Tlu 
loss  of  one  e\  f,  or  expulsion  from  the  tribe,  are  c< 


niunon 


nunishnu'uts  for  adulterv  connnitted  bv  a  man.     A  stiiiu 

I  ■/  1  < 

of  beads,  however,  makes  amenils.     Should  the  wife  veil 


''"Till'  Calirncs,  Envoi's,  Hoopuhs,  and  TatiiMut-i,  nil  iicqnivc  their  \vi\('^ 
l)y  ]inn'li;isi'.  '/'Ac  Slui.-itiis  diid  tln'tr  Xii'ilmrs,  MS.:  /'o/iv/'s'  I'mii".  ]\1S. 
'Wi'iiu  ('in  .Ml<'i|iiii  sciiit'  kiinftij,'*'  Ltlirtis;^'i  fMliitin  iiiiti  r  ilcn  Silniin  ii 
Kcini'S  Staniiucs  i  rwiililt  hat  mid  sich  virhciiathi  ii  will,  muss  I'l'  driii  Maii- 
liciiii  (chiff '  cine  uniishm^^'e  jriischclschiim'  vi)i'/(i;4i'ii.'  .\/>i/ii\  Xmh  ilnn 
Siui-(tiiictil<i.  ]).  'J'ili.  'I'hc  iiKiniitaiii  Indians  scldDUi,  if  vwv.  intcniiairy  witli 
tlidsd  on  llic  coast.  W'il' !/,  m'hul.  Aft',  llijil.  Jnhil.  Sjn'r.  Cuiu.,  IMIT.  ]i.  I'.'T: 
(iihliK,  in  Si'liiKilrriift's  Arrli.,  vdl.  iii.,  ji.  127.  liny  wives  with  shcll-nionev. 
r/i'itfir'x  Si'niiiil  Jiiiint.  Ainont,'  the  Modocs  'the  women  are  ottered  )'"!• 
sale  to  the  liiLthest  huyei'.'  MhH'Ikiiii's  l.cdnn,  in  S.  F.  Alta  L'aViJ'wnUi,  Oet. 
(),  1801;  Milkr's  L'lj'v  Ainuiujst  Uu'  Mudws. 


ADULTERY  AND  CHASTITY. 


i  IIrmii, 
is  tlu'ic 
Duld  lio 

(Jil)l)S 

tlieiii. 

Avivcs 
I  lie 


nniiioii 

striii;i 

It'  von- 

lir  wiv(  s 

„„....  MS. 

Si-liiiiii  11 

li  111  Miiu- 

.Vl(r7l     ill  III 

:ivv\  Willi 

.7.  ]i.  I''i : 

ll-lllli|ll'V. 

tVcivil  f^r 

nihi.  Oct. 

ture  on  nuy  irivirulnritv  uitliout  just  conipoTisation.  tlio 
Dutni^t'd  lionoi"  of  her  lord  is  novor  satisliod  until  lie 
luiM  seen  her  puhlicly  disenihoAvehd.  Amouii  the  lloo- 
])idis  the  Avomen  are  held  irresponsilde  and  the  men  alone 


ulier  lor   the  criiiR' 


llleuitiniate   child ri'n 


are 


liU 


.slaves  to  some  male  relative  of  the  mother,  and  upon  them 
tlie  drud<'er>-  tails;  thev  are  onlv  allowed  tt)  niarrv  one 
in  their  own  station,  and  their  sole  hope  ol"  emancipa- 
tion lies  in  a  slow  accunmlation  of  allicochick.  with  which 
tlicv  can  hiiN'  their  ireedom.     AVe  are  told  h\'  Mr  Pow- 


ers that  a   Modi 


>c  ma\' 


kill  h 


otl 


us  motuer-ni-iaw  witii  nn 


ith 


Ci'J 


pimity.  Adultery,  heinji  attended  with  so  much  dangei-. 
is  comparatively  rare,  hut  amonji'  the  unmarried,  who 
have  nothinj;  to  tear,  a  ^ross  licentiousness  prevail; 

Amonii'  the  Muckalucs  a  dance  is  instituted  in  honor 
of  the  arrival  of  the  jiirls  at  the  a.Lie  of  puhcrty.  On 
the  Klamath,  during  the  period  of  menstruation  the 
women  are  hanished  from  the  village,  and  no  man  may 
a[)[)roacli  them.  Althoiijih  the  principal  lahor  falls  to 
the  lot  of  the  women,  the  men  sometimes  assist  in  hiiild- 
iug  the  w  iuwam.  or  even  in  gathering  acorns  and  roots.''' 
Kane  mentions  that  the  Sliastas.  or.  as  he  calls  them, 
the  Chastays.  fre(|uently  sell  their  childriMi  as  slaves  to 


the   Chinook 


f.i 


Dances  and    festivities,  of  a  reliuio- 


Cl 


AlUi  Ciil'i 


l'(ilv,i,'iiiiiy  is  I'oiniiKin  aiiniui^  tlii'  Jldilocs.   Mmrh 


'mill 


l.irlii 


in  N.  /', 


Ort.  (I,  |s7:f.     Oil  I'itt  ltiv(  rii  diii  f  sdiiiriiincs  lias  fivt  wives. 


'I'lic   llliiht  jiilldUs  ii((i).lc   ill   tin     World.'     'I'll!    Sliiislns  timl    tin 


.\i  hjliUi 


MS.;  Ilnsiliiiriiiiiili'.'i  h  III  r  III  llir  iiii'luir.    MS.     '  .\iiiiiiil,'  tlir  trilns  in  tlic   iinith 
lit'   111''  Stiitc  luiulttry  is  jimiishid   hy   tin-  tin-  diiilli  ut  tlic  iliiM.'   'rm/lnr, 
lifiiriiiil   i'iriiii-t\    Muni  H,    ISIll.     'The  niiilts  liav<'  iis  in.  iiv  wivts  iis 

ii  W'.iiiiin  is  jiiiiiislii  il  w  ilh 


m  '  '( 


il'.c  to  imnliiisc:'  inln1l»  ly  coiiiiiiillfd  liy 


ilriitli.    Ilii'iliiiril.  ill  liiiiil-i!  Kill.    Munli,  lN."ili.     A1110114  llir  CalnocN  jdlyya 


HV 


is  not  toliiati'd:  anion';  tiic  ili 


insidciaMf  |iiivii 


])olyL,'aiiiy  |in  va 


dtl 


If  woiiu  n  liaM 


xrniiit  from  iiuiiishini'nt.    /'■ 


Till'  llooj  a  adiilt(  i!j-  1 


osi  s  one   eve 


11 


11'  auiilu  ii  ss 


as  many  wincs  as  tluy  jilii\s( 


,\t    Ti 

vlli 


.II. 


Il 


.lail   I! 
1' 


f 


(iHilif 


.MS.     'I'll,.  Wci  \ots  at  K 


in 


,S,-//.",/. 


mil 


.1*1  /'  .  Mil.  iii..  ji 


I'liiind  out   that   tin  y  had  a   plurality  of  w  i\(  s. 


II'  vonii''  niiina 


ivifil 


women  are 


I'olunion    liosse: 


/'. 


Iliiv, 
If  w, 


(/  Mi.iiihlii.  vol.  viii.,  1).  ;t:iil.    The 
ni'.4hts  before  their  luaniaf,'!'.  HH'li^.  in  Si 


liiwail  till  ir  s  iruiniU  fei' 


l>< 


1' 


ilmii't's  .!)•'■/(..  \( 
lis,  till",  cannot  nsnallv  have  irmeh  to  bewail. 


1)1  lys    are    dis;;l'aee,l    by    Work.      Tin     Slnlslti.i    iinil    /,', 


111.,  [I.  I  I  :>. 
■iih'ifs,  Ms. 


Ill  work,  while  men  ^'itnible  or  Kleep 


ir 


/.  //.  Ill 


iiiii.  .\jr.  ri).i.,.iiiii.i 


ISCiT.   p.    I'..'7;    J'lirLvr,  in    Iml.   Ajf'.  JlipL,  !>-".  i>.  •2\1\  li 


^jfi\    ('mil. 

inrnitiili'.-ilillir  III  llii  iiiilliiir,   MS. 
"il  ii'/nt'.s   W'liinl.,  J).  [Kl, 


13 


I 


I  ■ 


3:2 


CALIFORNIANS. 


playful  cliarae:ei',  are  cominon.  as  \vlieii  a  Avlialo  is 
.straiiiU'd,  ail  elk  snared,  or  when  the  salmon  come. 
There  is  j^onerally  a  kind  of  thankst;ivin,u-(liiy  onee  a 
year,  when  the  people  of  neighljorin^'  tribes  meet  and 
dance.  The  junuial  feast  of  the  Veeards  is  a  ^j^ood  illus- 
tration of  the  manner  of  these  entertaimiunts.  The 
dance,  which  takes  place  in  a  large  wiiiwam.  is  j)er- 
formed  by  as  many  men  as  there  is  room  for.  and  a 
small  pro[)ortion  of  women.  'riiey  move  in  a  circle 
slowly  round  the  fire,  accompanyinjr  themsi'lves  with 
their  peculiar  chant.  Each  individual  is  dressed  in  all 
the  fmery  he  can  nmster;  every  valualile  he  })ossesses  in 
the  way  of  shells,  I'urs,  or  w«Mjd pecker-scalps,  docs  duty 
on  this  occasion;  so  that  the  wealth  of  the  dancers  may 
he  reckoned  at  a  glance.  AVhen  the  dance  has  conchul- 
ed,  an  old  gray-heard  of  the  tj'iho  rises,  and  pronounces 
a  thanksgiving  oration,  wiierein  he  enumerates  the  l)en- 
elits  received,  tiie  riches  accumulated,  and  the  \  ictories 
won  during  the  year;  exhorting  the  hearers  meanwhiU". 
hy  good  conduct  and  moral  behavior,  to  deser\e  yet 
greater  benefits.  This  savage  Nestor  is  listened  to  in 
silence  and  with  res[)ect;  his  audience  seeming  to  drink 
in  with  avidity  e^ery  drop  of  wisdom  that  I'ails  iiom  his 
lips;  but  no  sooner  is  the  harangue  concluded  than  every 
one  does  his  best  to  violate  the  moral  prece[)ts  so  lately 
inculcated,  by  a  grand  deiiauch. 

The  (\dH'()Cs  have  a  similar  festivd,  which  they  call 
the  Feast  of  the  Propitiation.  Its  object  is  nnicli  the 
same  as  that  of  the  feast  just  described,  but  in  place 
of  the  orator,  the  chief  personage  of  the  day  is  called 
the  Chareya,  which  is  also  the  ai»[)ellation  uf  thi'ir  deity. 
No  little  honor  attaches  to  the  position,  but  much  suf- 
fering is  also  coiniected  with  it.  it  is  the  duty  of  the 
(Miareya-man  to  retire  ii'to  the  mountains,  with  one  at- 
tendant only,  and  there  to  remain  for  ten  da  vs,  eating 
only  enough  to  keej)  breath  in  his  body.  Meanwhile 
the  Cahrocs  congregate  in  honor  of  the  (xx'asion.  dance, 
sing,  and  make  merry.  AVhen  the  ap[H)inted  jKiiod  has 
elapsed,  the  Chareya-man  returns  to  camp,  or  is  carried 


SPORTS  AND  GAMES. 


3.-.;! 


Iiy  doputios  K'lit  out  lor  the  piiri)os('.  if  li(>  Iimvo  not 
streiiiitli  to  Wiilk.  Mis  liourcrs  are  IdiiuHoldcd.  lor  no 
liiinijui  hciiiji'  may  look  upon  the  lace  of  the  Chareya- 
maii  and  live,  llis  apjtroaeh  is  the  siiiiial  lor  the  ah- 
ru[»t  hreakin,ir  U[>  of  the  festivities.  The  ri'Ncle;.'!  dis- 
j)t'rse  in  teri'or.  and  eoneeal  themselves  as  hcst  the>  may 
to  avoid  catching  sii:ht  of  the  dreaded  face,  and  wiiere 
a  moment  before  all  Nvas  riot  and  ))nstle.  a  deathly  still- 
reimis.     Then  the  ('hare\a-nian  is  conducted  to  the 


ness 
sue 


;it-house.  where  he  remains  for  a  time.     And   i 


low 

the  real  l*ro[)itiation- Dance  takes  place,  the  men  alone 
i»irtici[)atini:'  in  its  sacred  movements,  which  are  accom- 
jianied  hy  the  low.  monotonous  chant  of  singers.  The 
dance  over,  all  solemnity  vanishes,  and  a  lecherous  satur- 
nalia ensues,  which  will  not  hear  description.  The  puis 
a)-e  conciliated,  catastrophes  are  averted,  and  all  is  jo^^ 
and  happiness.'^' 

A  i)assion  for<j,and)liiiti;obtainsamonGi:the  northern  TaU 
ilornians  as  elsewhere.  Xothinji'  is  too  precious  or  too  in- 
siiiuilicant  to  he  staked,  from  a  white  or  hlack  deer-skin, 
which  is  almost  priceless,  down  to  a  wife,  or  any  other 
trille.  In  this  manner  property  changes  hands  with 
great  ra[»idity. 

I  iiave  already  stated  that  on  the  possession  of  I'iches 


tie 


d 


III 


!wer.  raid\.  ant 


r',  liix' !'  u( 


I  social  position.  ^Jo  that  there  i> 
h  to  he  lost  or  won.  They  have  a  game  played 
\vi;''  i;ttK'  sticks,  ol'  which  some  arc  hlack.  hut  the  most 
\vhit<\  These  thev  throw  ai'ound  in  a  circle,  theohject  be- 
ing --■' '  >iv  ,gly  to  make  tiie  hlack  ones  go  lartlu'r  than  the 
white.  A  kind  of  guess-jjame  is  played  with  clay  halls.'" 
Theiv  is  also  an  international  game,  jilayed  hi'tween 
IViendlv  triltes.  which   closeh'   resembles  our  'liockev.' 


W( 


o  poles  ai'e  set   up  ni   the  grouiK 


(1  at 


some  ( 


list; 


nee 


apart,  and  each  side,  being  armed  with  sticks,  endea\()r; 
to  drive  a  wooden  ball  round  the  goal  ()})[)osite  to  it,' 


'For  tlie  pod  ClllirfVll,  see  li'Diri-dfl'rt  Xiil.   Ildnx.  vol.  iii..  ])]!.  0(1.   U'll, 


/y.-'r/' 


<il  .hiiii-ii.,  \K  ;tls.     The  Pitt  liivcr  Iiitli.ius  'siti; 


tlirv 


ill'  ui';l  pliiy  Ulifil  tiny  lire  ho  lioarse  they  nililiot  sjiii 


77/c   Sliit>htu 


ih< 


\,hll,l„ 


MS. 


"'  VIhis'-,  ill  <>r<  rl'iitil  M-mthli/,  vol.  ii.,  p,  1^3, 


Vol.  I.    2a 


111 


I 


£    I 

i 


351 


CALIFOENIANS. 


Ill  .'ilinost  all  tlioir  finrncs  and  dancos  tliov  are  aooonipa- 
iiic'd  l)y  a  hoarse  cliaiitiiig,  or  bv  sonic  kind  of  uiicoutli 
music  jtrodiici'd  by  striking  on  a  board  with  lobster-claws 
I'astened  to  sticks,  or  by  some  other  e(|iially  primitive 
method.  IVl'ore  the  introduction  of  s})irituous  liquors 
by  Avhite  men  drunkenness  was  unknown.  AVith  tlieir 
tobacco  for  smoking,  tlioy  mix  a  leaf  called  kinnlk-kiii- 
nlk-f'' 

The  diseases  and  ailments  most  prevalent  among  these 
people  are  sc 'jruhi,  consumption,  rheumatism,  a  kind  of 


leprosy,   alVeci 
arising  fr(tm  thi 


the  lungs,  and  sore  eyes,  the  last 
use  smoke  v.hich  always  pervades 
their  cabins.""  In  a(lditi(  n  to  this  thev  have  imauinarv 
disorders  caused  by  wiziirds,  witches,  and  evil  s])irits. 
who,  as  they  believe,  cause  snakes  and  other  reptiles  to 
enter  into  their  bodies  and  gnaw  tlieir  vitals.  Some  few 
roots  and  herbs  used  are  really  ellicient  medicine,  but 
they  rely  almost  entirely  upon  the  mummeries  and  iii- 
cantatious  of  their  medicine  men  and  women.'"  Their 
whole  system  ol'  therapeutics  ha\iiig  superstition  for  a 
basis,  mortality  is  grciit  among  them,  w  hich  may  be  one 
of  the  causes  of  the  continent  being,  comparatively 
s[)eaking.  so  thinly  populated  at  the  time  of  its  disco\  - 
ery.  Syi)hilis.  one  of  the  cursi's  for  which  they  may 
thank  the  white  man,  has  made  fearful  havoc  among 

•'"  'They  used  tolinrco,  which  they  snioalviil  in  sin:!!!  wooden  in]us.  in 
form  of  11  trnnijiit.  and  i>!iic(n'id  from  little  gardi  ns,  where  they  liad  jiliinted 
it.'   .!/<"(/■'//' 's  ./'!"/■.,  i>.  '21. 

''"The  I'itt  Kiver  Indians  't,'ive  no  medicines,"  The  Sluishin  dm]  tlnir  Xr'hih- 
hnvfi,  MS.  'The  prevailing'  diseases  are  veneri  al,  scrofnla  and  rlieuniatisni.' 
Juiny  die  of  consuiniition.  Farce,  in  Jud.  At)'.  Hejit.,  Ih7i,  p.  I'lT.  .\t  the 
month  of  l'".el  river  '  the  jirincijial  diseases  noticed,  were  sore  eyes  and  lilind- 
ness.  consnni|)tion,  and  a  s[iecies  of  lejirosy.'  (/Hihy,  in  SelnuilrnitTs  Anh  , 
vol,  iii,,  i>.  VIH.  Tiny  sutler  from  a  si)ecies  of  hnii,'  fever,  (n'nji  r.  in  lid. 
Aff.  liejiL,  1IS,")M,  ji,  lisii.  '  A  disease  Was  ol)^erv((l  anioi:^' thc^m  ( the  Shastas,' 
wliich  had  the  ajijiearance  of  the  leprosy. '    Wilkis'  .\i(r.,  in  ('.  S.  F,r.  K.i'.. 

vol,   v.,    ]1.   "i"),"). 

"«  'I'he  only  niedicinf  I  know  of  is  n  root  nsitl  for  iionltices,  iindanotln  v 
root  or  ]ilant  for  an  emetic,'  '/'//c  Slaistas  Kwl  tin  if  Xiiilihnrn,  MS.  '  Thr> 
root  of  a  parasite  fern,  found  {^Towin^;  on  the  tops  of  the  lir  trees  (collijiie 
nashul),  is  the  ]irinci]ial  remedy.  The  plant  in  small  doses  is  e\]iectoi;ii.l 
and  dinrtetic:  lieiice  it  is  used  to  relieve  dillicidties  of  the  lun^s  and  Kid- 
neys; and,  in  larL;e  doses,  it  hic(nnes  sedative  and  is  an  emnienaL;o);ne;  henci , 
it  n-lieves  fevers,  and  is  nsefid  in  uterine  diseases,  and  jiroduces  aliortion«. 
The  s(pia\vs  use  the  root  (  \tensively  for  this  last  mentioned  purpose.'  //'('•' 
hanl,  iu  Uvkleii  Em,  Manli,  185G. 


MEDICAL  TREATilENT. 


J11]H-S.    Ill 
.<1  lllilllt.  ll 

( tr  .V<  I'jl'- 

iiimtisni.' 

At  tlir 

11(1  Miii'l- 

s  Arri,  , 

in   li'il. 

■Shiista-,' 

Kx.  /;.(■. . 

(1  iinotlii  r 

v     •Tlio 

I  I'lillijiif 

[irc-tol;ilit 

illl.l  i^ia- 

llt'lU'  , 

ilioitidii*- 

so.'   ilni.' 


tlioni.     ^Yoiuou  doctors  seem  to  be  more  numerous  tlian 
II  in  this  I'ejiion;  JUHiiiiriii";  tlieir  art  in  the  foncstvl  or 


mv\ 


it-1 


sweat-noiise.  ^vliere  i 


h 


(liii 
impi 


■olc 


il 


essional  Momeii  are  in 


)t  ad- 
mitted, ^riieir  favorite  method  of  cure  seems  to  consist 
in  sucking  tlie  affected  part  of  the  ])atient  until  the  blood 
Hows,  by  which  means  they  pretend  to  extract  the  dis- 
ease. Sometimes  the  doetress  vomits  a  froj:'.  ])j'eviously 
swallowed   for  the  occasion,  to  ]>rove  that  she  has  not 


SU( 


ked 


^1 


in  vain.      Mie  is  lre(iuently  a.s^is 


itb 


4ed  I 


)V  fi  seconc 


1 


]iliysiciaii.  whose  duty  it  is  to  discover  the  exact  spot 
Avliere  the  malady  l'"s.  and  this  she  elVects  by  barking 
like  a  dog  iit  the  patient  until  the  s))irit  discovers  to  her 
the  ])lace.  Mr  (jlibbs  mentions  a  case  where  the  ])atient 
was  lirst  attended  bv  four  voung  women,  and  "fterward 


i>v 


tl 


le  same  mini  her  o 


f  old 


ones. 


Standinji'  round  the 


unfortunate,  they  went  through  a  series  of  violent  ges- 
ticulations, sittiimdown  when  tlie\' could  stand  no  longer. 


sucking.  V.  ith  the  most  laudable  perseverance,  and  moan- 
ing: iiu'anwhile  most  dismallv.  Finalh'.  when  Avith  their 
lips  and  tongue  they  had  raised  blisters  all  over  the 
patient,  and  had  ])ounded  his  miseral)le  body  with  hands 
and  knees  until  they  were  literally  exhausted,  the  ])er- 
fonners  executed  a  swooning  scene,  in  which  they  sank 
down  a})i)areiitly  insensible.'^  The  ]»ogue  ITiver  medi- 
cine-men are  siipj)osed  to  be  altle  to  wield  their  mxstci'i- 
eus  power  for  harm,  as  well  as  for  good,  so  that  should 
a  patient  die,  his  ndatives  kill  the  doctor  who  attended 
liini:  or  in  case  deceased  cou'd  not  alTord  medical  attend- 
juice.  Iliey  kill  the  lirst  unfortunati'  disciple  of  Jlscnla- 
I'ius  tliey  can  lay  hands  on.  IVeciuently  murdering  one 
liel()ii,^iiiL:' to  another  tril)e;  his  death,  liowever.  must  lie 
pnid  i'i^".''- 

Uut   the  great  institution  of  the  Xorthern  Californi- 
ans  is  their  temescal.  or  sweat-house,  which  consists  of  a 


■I  A  I'itt  nivcr  (Idctov  told  liis  pati>'iit  tliat  fir  his  fif  'lioiiinst  linvo  liis 

ll"r-<((i|-  lie  w.iiild  lint  1ft  him  f,'ct\vrll.'   'I'll'    Sliil.^ldS  mill  lliiir  .Siiiililinrn.   .l.'S.; 

/'."■■/•v,   ill  (In  rliiinl  Mmillili/,  viil.  viii.,  \K   I'JS:  <iililis,  ill  SdiouiirinTs  Anli., 
vi'l.  iii..  ]i.  17,"). 

'-'  Tlir  ,s7„rv/,/s  ,111, 1  ll„ir   \, i,ilili„rs.  MS.;  ]!,,l,ir,  in   In, I.  All'.  H'l't.,  1802, 
]'.  -HA;  (MntHiUr,  iu  LI.,  1857,  p.  30'J;  Jlill,,;  in  /-/.,  p.  WA. 


856 


CALIFORNIANS. 


hole  (luii;  in  tlio  ground.  luA  roofed  ovor  in  sucli  a  niiui- 
ner  as  to  ivndi'i-  it  almost  air-tijilit.  A  lire  is  built  in  the 
centre  in  early  fall,  and  is  kept  alive  till  the  follow- 
ing spring,  as  nnich  attention  being  given  to  it  as  ever 
Avas  paid  to  the  saered  iires  of  llestia;  though  between 
the  subterranean  teniescal,  with  its  fetid  atuios})here, 
and  lurid  fire-glow  glinnnering  faintly  through  dense 
wnoke  on  swart,  gaunt  forms  of  savages,  and  the  stately 
tem])le  on  the  Forum,  fragrant  with  fumes  of  ineense, 
the  lambent  altar-ilame  glistening  on  the  pure  white 
ro])es  of  the  virgin  priestesses,  there  is  little  liki'uess. 
The  teuiesraP'  is  usually  built  on  the  brink  of  a  stream; 
a  small  halidiway  affords  entrance,  which  is  instantly 
closed  al'ter  the  person  going  in  or  out.  Here  congre- 
gate the  i.icn  o<"  the  village  and  enact  their  sudorific 
ceremonies,  which  ordinarily  consist  in  sijuatting  I'ound 
the  (ire  until  a  state  of  profuse  perspiration  sets  in.  when 
they  rush  out  and  plunge  into  the  water.  AN'hether 
this  mode  of  treatment  is  more  |X)tent  to  kill  or  to  cure 
is  (luestional)le.  The  sweat-house  serves  not  only  as 
bath  and  medicine  room,  but  also  as  a  general  rendez- 
vous for  the  male  drones  of  the  village.  The  women, 
with  the  exce])tion  of  those  practicing  or  studying  medi- 
cine, are  forbidden  its  sacred  precincts  on  i»iiin  of  dciith  ; 
thus  it  oilers  as  convenient  a  refuge  for  henju'cked  hus- 
bands as  a  civili'/A'd  clulj-house.  In  many  of  the  tribes 
the  men  sleep  in  the  teniescal  during  the  winter,  which, 
notwithstandinii'  the  disuusting  imi)urit\'  of  the  atmos- 
phere.  alVords  them  a  snug  retreat  from  the  cold  gusty 
weather  common  to  this  region.'^ 

Incremation  obtains  l)ut  slightly  among  the  Xorthern 
Californians,  the  body  usually  being  buried  in  a  recum- 
bent position.    The  })ossessions  of  the  deceased  are  either 

"■'  7' oK'.sra/ is  iin  Aztcp  word  defined  by  Molina,  Vurnhiildrh),  '  Teni.i/calli, 
niKillii  CDnio  estiit'ii.  iiduiide  se  hiiuiin  y  siidiin.'  'I'lii'  word  wiih  bioii-ht  to 
tliis  re,L;iiin  mid  iiitplied  to  the  native  sweiit-hoiises  by  tlie  Fraiieisciin  Futlievs. 
Tunvr,  in  I'ar.  li.  It.  UijiL,  vol.  iii.,  p.  72,  gives  'sweat-liouse '  in  the  Clu- 
luehuevi  lai|i,'uafi;e,  as  iikIiciiIih. 

"■*  liiiSilKiniK  ill's  hill  r  to  llic  aiitlior,  ^fS.;  The  Slidslds  mul  Ihi'ir  Xiiiilihnrs, 
MS.;  r/i'ift'ir'x  Srniiiil  Jiturn.,  p.  317;  I'on-crs'  I'omo,  J7,<.;  CImhi:,  in  (Jnrktii'l 
MontMi),  vol.  ii.,  p.  liJ'i. 


r.URIAL  AND  MOURXINCf. 


intiTiTd  ^vitll  liim.  or  are  hung  around  the  grave;  some- 
tiiiR's  his  house  is  hurned  and  the  aslies  strewn  over  his 
liiii'ial-place.  Mueh  noisy  lamentation  on  the  ])art  of 
his  ri'latives  takes  })hiee  at  his  <h'ath.  and  the  uidow 
iVeijuently  nianiiests  her  grief  hy  sitting  on,  or  even  half 
IdU'ving  herself  in,  her  hushjnid  s  grave  for  some  days, 
how  ling  most  dismally  meanwhile,  and  refusing  i'ood  and 
drink;  or.  on  the  u|)[)er  Klamath,  hy  eutting  hei"  hair 
close  to  the  head,  and  so  wearing  it  until  she  olitains  con- 
solation in  another  s[)ouse.  'J'he  Modocs  hiri'd  moin'uer.s 
to  lament  at  dilVerent  places  for  ii  certain  numher  of 
days,  so  that  the  whole  country  was  lilled  with  lamenta- 
tion. These  paid  moui'ner.s  were  closely  watched,  and 
disputes  iVe(piently  arose  as  to  whether  they  had  fuKilled 


tl 


leir  contract  or  not. 


Oeeasionallv  th"  hod\-  is  doulded 


\\\)  and  interred  in  a  sitting  position,  and.  rarely,  it  is 
burned  instead  of  huried.  On  the  Klamath  a  (ire  is  kept 
l)urning  near  the  grave  for  several  nights  after  the  hurial, 
lor  which  rite  various  reasons  are  assigned.  Mr  Powers 
states  that  it  is  to  light  the  departed  shade  aeross  a  cer- 
tain greased  pole,  which  is  supi)osed  to  constitute  its  only 
ap[)roach  to  a  i)ctter  world,  ,\lr  (lihhs  allirms  that  the 
lii-e  is  iutendi'd  to  scare  away  the  de\il.  ol)viously  an 
unnecessary  precaution  as  applied  to  the  Satan  of  civil- 
ization, who  by  this  time  nuist  he  ])retty  familiar  with 
the  element.  The  grave  is  generally  covered  with  a 
slah  ol"  wood,  and  sometimes  two  more  are  placed  ert'ct 
at  the  head  and  foot;  that  of  a  chief  is  often  surrounded 
with  a  fence:  nor  nnist  the  name  of  a  dead  person  evei" 
he  mentioned  under  anv  circumstances.''' 


■'  MriirliiDii's  hiclnvi'  im  tlf  Maihics,  in  N.  /•'.  .1'/"  i ''ilit'i'rniii.  Orl.  (',.  ISTii; 
Till'  ,s7(  (.s/./.s-  mill  lliiir  S'diiliiinrs,  MS. 

'''<  Oil  I'itt  Itivcr  till  V  l)urn  their  ili'iul  iiinl  li(ii|>  stniics  ovir  tlic  msIk  s  fnni 
niiiunuii'llt.  '  \(>  fuiicnl  (•(•ri'liHillics.'  'I'hf  Slmslns  nn  I  lln'ir  Si'nililini'^.  Ms. 
On  till'  lie,  an  fi'outiii'df  snutli  ()ri'.L;nii  ainl  north  Calit'urniii  •Ihriliiid  aie  Imi'ic  il 
\\iiiithtirfai'(sl(M)kin,i,'t(>tlif  wrst.'  Iliihhiinl.iw  lii.lih  h  Kr<i.  Munh.  IsriC.  Tli,! 
J'iiliwatsaiiilChillulashiivy  thcirdciul.  Thil'idcwahsart  imt  alinwid  tonaiiK^ 
till'  ilcail.  I'liirirs'  I'mii'i,  MS.  'It  is  oui'  of  the  niost  strrnilous  liulian  hiWH 
tliat  whoi'Vcr  mentions  the  nnnu'  of  a  deceased  Jievson  is  lialile  to  a  heavy 
line,  thi'  nioni'V  bein'^  ]iaid  to  the  relatives.'  I'lms' .  in  Xrn-himl  Mmilhli/,  vol. 
ii.  1 1.  I'll.  '  The  1)odies  had  heen  doulijeil  np,  and  jilaei  d  in  ii  sittin'.^'  |Mistun' 
in  Ii  ill-;.  The  earth,  when  replaced,  fornieil  conical  nioundsover  the  heads.' 
,!',■„,//,    ill   /',,,'.    /;.  /,'.  Unit.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  tiU.     'Tiny  huiy  their  dead  under 


i 


h 


'358 


CALIFORNIANS. 


The  followiiiu  vivid  description  of  a  last  sickness  and 
luu'ial  liy  the  Pitt  River  Indians,  is  taken  IVom  the  letter 
ol' a  ladv  e\e-witness  to  her  son  in  San  Francisco: — 

It  was  eveniii";'.  AVe  seated  onr>elves  n[)on  a  lo^i, 
vour  father.  IVrtie.  and  J,  near  the  fire  round  which  the 
natives  had  ci^njirefiated  to  sing  i'or  old  (iesnip.  the 
chiefs  wile.  Presentlv  Sootini,  the  doctor,  apjiearcd, 
dressed  in  a  low-necked,  loose,  white  nnislin.  sleeveless 
waist  I'asteiR'd  to  a  hreech-cloth.  and  red  hiu'k-skin  cap 
i"rinj''ed  and  ornamented  with  heads;  the  liice  painted 
with  white  stri[)es  down  to  the  chin,  the  aims  fioin 
wrist  to  shoulder,  in  hlack.  red,  and  white  ciicles.  which 
by  the  lurid  caui[)-fire  looked  like  brai^elets.  and  the  lej:s 
in  white  and  black  stripes, — presentinj;'  ahoLicther  a 
merry-Andrew  ai)i)earance.  (^'eeping  sol'tly  along,  sing- 
ing in  a  low.  gradually-increasing  voice,  Sootim  a})- 
])roached  the  invalid  and  poised  his  hands  over  her  as 
in  the  act  of  l)lessing.  The  oue  nearest  hiui  took  up 
the  song,  singing  low  at  first,  then  the  next  until  the 
circle  was  completed;  after  this  the  pipe  went  I'oiuid  ;  then 
the  doctor  taking  a  sip  of  water,  partly  uncovered  the 
jtatient  and  connnenccd  sucking  the  lei"t  side;  last  ol'  all 
he  took  a  pincii  of  dirt  and  blew  it  over  her.  This  is 
their  curative  process,  continued  night  after  ni<iht.  and 
long  into  the  night,  until  the  patient  recovers  oi-  dies, 

Xext  day  the  doctor  came  to  see  me,  and  I  determined 
if  possible  to  ascertain  his  own  ideas  of  these  things, 
(riving  h'lui  f^ouw  iii.iick-<i-)niic/,\"  1  asked  him.  "\\'lial  do 
vou  sav  when  vou  talk  over  old  (iesnii)?"      "  I  talk  to 

•  ft  a.  i 

the  trees,  and  to  the  springs,  and  bii'ds.  and  sky.  and 
rocks."  jvplied  Sootim.   "to   the  wind,  and    rain,    and 

the  noses  of  the  liviiiv',  uiid  with  tlieni  n]I  tlitir  worldly  goods.  If  n  iiiiiii 
of  iiiiiiurtiuicc.  liis  lioiisi'  is  liiirntMl  aiul  hv  is  Imricd  on  its  site.'  .Inln'.-fn. 
in  ilnrlidiil  Mmillili/.  vol.  ii.,  \k  ■)'■>().  'The  chick  or  rciidy  money,  is  I'laciil 
ill  the  owner's  L;Vii\e.  l)llt  the  how  and  (jniver  lieconie  the  property  of  llic 
lie  ircst  nide  relative.  Chiefs  only  receive  the  honorsof  a  fence,  snrn;  nulled 
with  feathers,  roimd  the  j^'i'ave.'  ti'n'ihs.  in  SrlnKilirn/l'a  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  ]i.  17"). 
'  I'pon  the  (h'.ith  of  one  of  these  Indians  they  raised  a  sort  of  funeral  cry, 
iind  afterward  liunied  the  bodv  within  thi;  house  of  their  ruler.'  Mininlh's 
J.Hd-.,  p.  lit. 

""  J/)"7,-((-(/i/((7,-,  food.  In  the  C'hinnok  Jari,'<in  'to  cat:  to  hite;  food. 
Mnckaniuck  chuck,  to  drink  water.'  iJid.  Cliinuvk  Jurjim,  nv  ItidktH  Tnnie 
LaiKjudjv,  p.  VI. 


BUllIAL  CEREMONIES  AT  TITT  KIVER. 


;]'){) 


loss  iind 
ho  lottoi- 
o: — 
I  a  lo^r, 
liicli  tlio 
nip.  tlio 
ppoai'od, 
Icovoloss 
skill  oiip 

piiintod 
IMS  IVuiii 
;s.  ^vllioh 

tlio  lo<:s 
pctlior  a 
mil',  siug- 
)tiiii  i\\)- 
01"  lior  as 

took  up 

until  tlio 

ml ;  tlioii 

orod  tlio 

ist  of  ail 

"liis  is 

lit.  and 

dies, 
iniinod 
tliini^s. 

Wliat  do 
talk  to 
kv.  and 

un.    and 

If  a  iiiiiii 

.  is  I'laci  il 

M  rty  (if  till' 

<nn"i;  'iililiil 

jii..  11.  IT."). 

fuiiival  cvv, 

Maun II'  '.s 

liitc;  f()(i<l. 
(/(■(/((    Tntde 


loaves.  T  lioii'  tliom  all  to  liolj)  nio."  lofalot.  tlio  diM'tor's 
('((iiipaiiioii  on  tliis  occasion,  volnntoorod  tlio  remark: 
••\Vlien  Indian  die.  doctor  very  slianiod,  all  same  IJostoii 
doctor:"'^  wlion  Indian  ^ot  well,  doctor  vorv  smart,  all 
saino  Uoston  doctor.  '  (u'snip  said  she  wanted  alter  death 
to  1)0  ])iit  in  a  Ito.K  and  hiiriod  in  tlit.'  around,  ami  not 
hiiriiod.  That  same  day  the  poor  old  ^voman  hi-oalhod 
her  last— the  last  spark  of  that  uondoifid  thinu'  called 
lilt'  nickered  and  went  ont;  there  remained  in  that  riido 
oainptlie  shrivoleij  dusky  carcass,  the  low  dim  intoUiiionco 
that  so  lately  animated  it  havinj:'  lied — whither'.'  \\  hen 
I  iieai'd  of  it  1  went  to  the  camp  and  iimnd  them  dressing 
tlio  hody.  l-'irst  they  put  on  (josnij)  her  host  white 
clothes,  then  the  next  best,  placin,u'  all  the  while  whatever 
was  most  \aluahlo,  heads,  holts,  and  necklaces,  next  the 
body.  Money  they  j»ut  into  the  mouth,  her  daughter 
coiitrihuting  about  live  dollars,  'i'lie  knees  wore  then 
pi'ossi'd  n\)  against  the  chest,  and  after  all  of  her  own 
clothing  was  ])nt  on,  the  hodv  was  rolled  ni)  in  the  host 
family  boar-skin,  and  tied  with  strii)s  of  buckskin. 

Then  Soomut.  the  chief  and  husband,  threw  the  bun- 
dle over  his  shoulders,  and  started  oif  l()r  the  cave  whore 
they  deposit  their  dead,  accomi)anied  by  the  whole 
liaiid  cr\ing  an<l  singing,  and  throwing  asiios  from  the 
camp-fire  into  the  air.  And  thus  the  old  barbarian 
iiiounis:  '"Soomut  had  two  wives — one  good,  one  bad; 
liiit  she  that  was  'i'(><)d  was  taken  awav.  while  she  that  is 


bad 


remains. 


0( 


JOSH  11)  tioiie.  gone,  uone 


And  the 


iiiournl'ul  procession  take   up  the  rol'raiii:     "()  (Josnip 


:oiio, 


iOl 


10,  ii'oiiel       Auaiii  the  iinciont  ciiiof 


>()()mut 


has  a  little  boy,  Soomut  has  a  little  girl,  but  no  one  is 
left  to  cook  their  ibod.  no  one  to  dig  them  roots.  0 
( Iosni[)  gvnie,  gone,  gonol"  i'ollowi'd  by  the  chorus.  Then 
again  f^oomiit:    ''White  woman  knows  that  (iosnip  was 

"''  In  the  vicinity  nf  Xnf)tl;ii  Sonnd  iind  tho  Cdlnniliia  llivcr,  the  first 
I'liitid  States  tiadcis  with  the  nativi  s  wtie  fidin  IWistun:  the  lirst  Eiii;lisli 
vi  sscls  aiiiicaicil  aliont  the  same  tinii',  which  was  dniin.!,'  Ww  rciLtn  nf  (ti  ur^'i 
III.  ILncc  in  the  Oliincnik  .Tari;iin  wc  tind  ' /Aw/o/i,  an  Aninican;  llnstun 
i'liilii< .  the  Tnited  States;'  and  'Kiinj  ijconji',  English— /v'i/i;/  ijmvijv  inan,  nu 
Eu;;lishiuau. ' 


5 


800 


CALIFORNIAXS. 


' '!": 


strong  to  work;  .slio  told  mo  licr  sorrow  wlicn  Cosnip 
(lii'd.  0  (ii'snip  jioiio,  {iouo,  pniol '  iiiid  tliis  was  ko[)t 
up  (hiring'  tlic  entire  luiircli,  tlie  dciid  wife's  virtues  sini<;' 
and  eliornsed  l»y  the  wliok'  tribe,  iicconnuinied  by  the 
st'iitterinjA'  of  asiies  and  kunentations  which  now  had  be- 
come very  noisy.  The  lady  I'lirthei'  states  that  the  scene 
at  tile  jirave  was  so  impressive  that  slie  was  nnal)le  to 
restrain  lier  ti'ars,  Xo  woncU'r  tlien  that  tiiese  imi)ulsive 
chikh'en  ol'  nature  (arrv  tlieir  iov  and  sori'ow  to  excess, 
even  so  far  as  in  this  instance,  wliei'e  tlie  atVectionate 
(kuiuhter  of  tile  okl  crone  had  to  l)e  lield  bylier  compan- 
ions fi'om  throwin;4  lierself  into  tlie  jirave  of  lier  dead 
mother.  After  alb  liow  slidd  the  sjiades  of  dillerence 
in  liearts  Iniman.  wlietlier  barbaric  or  cnitui'cdl 

As  belbre  mi'ntioned,  tlie  rnlinu'  ])assion  of  tlie  savajre 
seems  to  be  love  of  wealth;  having  it.  he  is  ri'spected. 
without  it  he  is  des[)ised;  conse(|uently  he  is  treacher- 
ous when  it  pi'ofits  him  to  be  so.  thievisli  when  he 
can  steal  without  dan^iicr.  cnnninj:'  when  ,uain  is  at  stake, 
brave  in  defense  of  his  lares  and  jH-nates.  Xi'xt  to 
his  excessive  Ainality,  abject  sM[)erstition  forms  the 
the  most  [)rominent  feature  of  his  character,  lie  seems 
to  believe  that  everything;'  instinct  with  animal  life — 
with  sonu>.  as  with  the  Siahs.  it  extends  to  vegetable  life 
also — is  ])ossesse(l  by  evil  spirits;  horril)lu  fancies  till  his 
imauination.  The  rattling  of  iicorns  on  the  roof,  the 
rustling  of  leaves  in  the  dee})  stillness  of  the  forest  is 
suihcient  to  excite  terror.  J I  is  wicki'd  spirit  is  the  very 
incarnation  of  fiendishness;  a  monster  who  falls  suddenly 
upon  the  unwary  traveler  in  solitary  ])laces  and  rends 
him  in  pieces,  and  whose  imps  are  ghouls  that  exhume 
the  dead  to  devour  them.''' 

Wei'e  it  iu)t  I'or  the  diabolic  view  he  takes  of  natiu'c. 
his  life  would  be  a  com[)aratively  easy  one.  His  wants 
are  few.  and  such  as  they  are.  he  has  the  means  of  sup- 
plying them.    He  in  somewhat  of  a  stoic,  his  motto  being 

'S  'They  will  ofton  a;n  tliivo  or  four  milcH  out  of  their  ■\viiy,  to  nvnid  juisk- 
inp;  11  i)l!ii't' which  they  think  to  bo  Imuntfcl.'  Thv  Uliioitas  and  thir  Ai  (;//.- 
bors,  MS. 


Till"  rr.XTUAL  C'ALirOUXIAXS. 


)G1 


lU'Vi'i*  do  to-diiv  uliiit  ciiii  !)('  jjiit  oft'  until  to-iiujrrow, 
iiiiil  lio  ('(tnct'ru.s  liiiiiscir  little  with  the  glories  ut'  |icii('i' 


(»l'    Will" 


\ 


OW    JlIU 


I  tl 


It'll  wo 


liiid  I 


iiiii  I 


liiiili 


dii-j,'  liiinsi 


If 


Avitli  ^rciit  striju's  of  paint,  uud  lookinj^'  l(.'roci(»us.  I)iit 
ordiiiiirilv  lii'  i)i"i'lt'r.s  tlu'  cjilin  of  the  iK'iu.vfiil  tciuc.'^oul 
to  the  din  of  hattk'.  The  task  of  collcctiii":  a  winter 
store  of  I'ood  lie  converts  into  a  kind  of  .^^iniiiiier  [ucnie, 
and  altoiietlier  is  ineliiied  to  niakc^  the  host  of  thinj:s,  in 
s|»ite  of  tlie  ainiovance  jiiven  him  in  the  wav  ol' reserva- 
tions and  other  hencfits  of  cis  ili/ation.  'J'akeii  as  ii 
whole,  the  Northern  ('arifornian  is  not  such  a  had  sjieci- 
iiieii  of  a  sava,^('.  as  savaues  p).  hut  (ilthiness  and  ureed 
are  not  emiahle  (jualities,  and  he  has  ii  I'lill  share  of 
both.'*" 

Tin;  ri;NTi!AL  (\vi.if()I!Xia\s  occiiin-  a  vet  laiyer  ex- 
tent of  territory,  ('oin[)risin;^'  the  whole  of  that  jiortion  of 
('alilornia  exteiidiiii:'.  north  and  south,  from  a  hoi  it -U) 
oO'  to  '']')  ,  and.  east  and  west,  from  the  Tacilic  Ueean  to 
the  (Vlifurnian  houndarv. 


Till'  I'itt  Itivcv  Tiiiliaiis  '  nrc  vcvv  slivcwd  in  tlio  way  nf  sti  ;iliiii,',  mid 


will  liiat  ii  <'i]y(it('.     'I'lu'v  an'  full  nf  cnniiiiiL;.'    Tin' Slinsln 


,1  Ih, 


,/'- 


.!/>'.     'I'luy   'arc  viry  tnaihcmus  and  lildudy  in  their  disju.sitic 


A'ih..ll,  ii,  l>,f.    I!.    /,'.  Hrj,!.,  Vdl.  vi..  ]).  (11. 


The  Indian 


if    (lie    Ninth  ct 

'I  .In.iriK. 


California  stand  at  the  v<  ry  lnwcst  jioint  of  cnltnrc.'   I 'j'l'iij'i  r' s  > 

|i.  llUi.     •  In 'alia!)!!' iif  ti'i'aclnry,  Imt  riady  to  li^'ht  tn  the  (Irath   in  avcn;.',- 


in  in-;ult  nv  injury,     'i'luy  arc  active  and  eneri^'ctic   in  t 


\tr(  nil 


K'llifs  h'.o-nraiiiii  Id  Cdl.,  vol.  ii.,  [).   llWi.     At   Klauiath   Lake  they  aie  noted 


fir  tr  aelierv 


/•', 


Ill's    Kxiili, 


!■:. 


2(1.). 


The    'I'dlciwas    resc 


till)  Uimiias  ill  character,  liiin;.^  a  hold  and  masterly  race,  f( 


d.aM. 


nd. 

hat- 


a^'^ressivc  and  hau:-;hly 


lellslVl 


'n 


'The   I'alawats  are  'extremely  tinnd   and  inof- 
Chillulas,  lil<e  most  of   th  •  coast  trihes  'lire  charaetevi/eil  hv 


hi 


ileoiis  and  increi 


lihl. 


superstitions. 


'J'hc   Modiics  'arc  rather  a  cloddish 


dolciit,   oi'diuarily  ^'ood-natiired   race,   hut   treacherous   at   hottoii 


I,    hllh.  1' 


wlicii  angered,  and  notorious  for  Ucejiiiju'  punic  faith.     Their  liravi  ry  ni 
c:iu  clisiiute.'     The  Vukas  are  a   'tigerish,  triiciiiciit,  sulhn.  thii\isli, 


c:lU  dis[iut 

every  way  li.id.  hut  1)1m\ 

have  ac(inired  the  vices 

VI  III,  in 

tlicv  ar  ■  '  tierci'  and  iiitractalih 


/'. 


!■> 


if  th 


MS.     On  Tnnitv  i;i\c  r  '  tin  v 


iit(  s  without  aiiv  of  their  virti 


//.;„/;. 


Iii'l.  AiJ.  Ill  III. ,  |.s.")7,  ]i.  ;i;il.     Ahove  the  forl<s  of  the  m.iin   'J'riniiy 

On  the  Klamath  tliev  '  have  a   r.  pulation 


for  treachcrv,  as  wi 


•11 


ilS  rcVelC'ctlUlles 


arc  thievish,  and  miu-l 


I  (U-'l  tosi  cl  to 


sulk  if  their  whims  arc  not;  in  every  way  indul^'ed.'     They  '  liluliher  lil.c  ii 


ill 


)oy  at  the  aii]ilication  of  a  switcli.     (iihhs,  m 


Si-liiinlrriiiTs  Ar'h.,  vol. 


iii.,  1)|).  1:!'.).  Ill,   17<'i.     'I'he  Uo^'iie  Uivcr  Indians  and  Sh.istas  '  ari 


a  warUKo 


r.ii-i 


nature 


prouil  .'iiid  haUL;hty,  hut  treacherous  and  very  deoraded  in  tic  ir  moliil 


.l/;//i' 


in    I  ml.    At}'.    Hr/il.,    ls.">7,  p.  :H'>1.      At    U 


ui'Mie    liivir   tin  V 


are  'lirave,  haughty,  indolent,  and  superstitious.'    Odniiukr,  in  Id.,  1857,  p. 
;il)y;   lyi.-iv'ioriiiijli's  hill  I-  Id  thr  ilidhur,  MS. 


302 


CALIFOllNIANS. 


Tilt'  Xjitivo  Racos  <>r  tills  I'cjiinn  iirc  not  divided,  iis  in 
th«'  lUMtlu'iu  piirt  of  tlie  state,  into  c'diniiaratixtiv  lai';:c 
ti'ild's.  Iiiit  arc  scatteivd  »»V('i'  the  lace  ol"  tlie  coiiiiti'v  in 
iununieralile  little  Itands.  with  a  svstem  ol' iioiiieiiclatin'e 
so  intricati'  as  to  ]ui/,/U'  an  (Mdipiis.  XeNcrtldess,  ms 
ainoiiji:  tlic  most  iiiqiortaiit,  I  iiia\'  mention  tlie  lollowin^: 
'llio  Tihaiinix,  iVoni  wliom  tin*  conntv  takes  its  name; 
the  Poinitx,  wliicli  ninne  sijiiiides  '  |)c()|)lc',  and  is  the 
colU'cti\(' ap|)ellation  of  a  imnilier  ul' trihes  li\inji  in  I'ot- 
tci'  N'allcv.  where  the  head-waters  of  Mel  and  l»iissian 
rivers  interlace,  and  extending'  west  to  the  ocean  and 
south  to  ( 'lear  Lake.  Mach  trihe  of  the  nation  takes  a, 
distinmiishinii'  prefix  to  the  name  of  I'omo.  as,  the  ('as/el 
J^DinoK  and  A'l  J*uiiios  on  the  head-waters  of  Mel  Kiver-, 
the  J'oiiir,  P(»n()^,  Karth  People,  in  I 'otter  A'allev; 
the  C(i/i())  Ponios,  in  the  valley  ol"  that  name;  the 
C/ioniii  i'li<i(l('la  J*o)itos,  I'itch-pine  Tt'ople.  in  Redwood 
\'alley:  the  Mafohici/  hi  /'(turns,  Wooded  ^'alley  I'eopl 
ahoiit  Little  J^ake;  the  I'sn/s,  ov  ('<iiii<(/('l  Pmiin.^,  Coa 
lVoj)le.  on  Lsal  (,'reek;  the  Slu'lKilne  Ponats.  Xei<>hl)or 
l*eo[)le.  in  Sherwood  \'alley,  and  many  others.  On 
Rnssian  River,  the  (udluioiiK rox.  occnpy  the  Aalley  helow 
llealdshnrii';  the  Sinirh,  Sorfxn^^  /jiiihis.  and  Saicos.  live  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  village  of  San('l ;  the  ( 'diiKic/tos  dwell  in 
Ranchcria  and  Andei'son  valleys;  the  r/vV'//ff.  or  Yokias. 
near  tlu'  town  of  I'kiah.  which  is  a  corrnj)tion  of  their 
name;'*'  the  (lualdlns^-  on  the  creek  which  takes  its  name 
from  them,  ahont  twenty  miles  ahove  the  month  of 
Jiussian  River.  On  the  horders  of  Clear  Lake  were  the 
JjopUhiii'illos,  the  Jf!j)((C)ii(i!i,  and  '///",'/"•'*•  the  )'(i/nt<.  or 
Yola\s.  that  is  to  sav,  '  reuion  thick  with  rushe-  '  of 
which  the  present  name  of  the  connty  of  Yolo  is  a 
corrnption.  lived  on  Cache  Creek;  the  Colnxux.  occnpicd 
the  west  hank  of  the  Sacramento;  in  the  N'allcy  of  the 
^foon.  as  the  Sonoinas  called  theii*  conntry,  hesides  them- 
selves there  were  the  Gaillicas,  the  JutiihiKircs,  the  ^Si)lllJ(l- 

"■  These  iiro  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Yukus  iu  Kound  Vulley,  Teha- 
ma Connty. 

!*^  Spelled  Walhalliv  on  some  majis. 


If? 


NATIONS  OF  CENTRAL  CALlFOllNrA. 


303 


likeea,  t)ie  /\'tiiliniiiix,  and  tlie  \\(i/tfis;  tlu'  Ytir/ilc/riniiitci* 
iiiliiiliitcd  tilt'  coiiiiti'v  bctwct'ii  Stofktoii  ami  Mount 
hialdo.  Accordin;/'  to  llittcl.  tlu'i'c^  wvvv  six  ti'ilK's  in 
Xapa  Valley:  tlii'  MinjiifDiiiio^,  the  ('alajdiiniiKix.  \\\v  ('<iij' 
lulls,  the  .\ii/)iis,  tlu'  /'A/(v/s,  and  tlu' .S'/'.sr///s;  Mr  Taylor 
also  mentions  tlie  dnniockn,  tlio  7)i//<iii/s,  and  tlie  Socol/n- 
iiii/fos;  ill  Suisnn  Valley  \vere  tlie  *S''//'s/o/(s,  the  /'ii/jmiKH, 
tlie  Tnliiinx,  and  tlie  I  llnlnhiA-,  the  trihe  ofthe  celehrated 
(•hiel'  Marin  TiNcd  near  the  mission  ol'  San  Kalael.  anil 
(III  the  ocean-coast  of  Marin  ( \)iint\' were  the  /in/mids 
iind  7'iiiiii/rs\  till'  J\iin/ti!iHH  lived  on  the  straits  ol'  that 
iiiime.  llnmholdt  anil  Mill  den  pl'ordt  mention  the  Mntii- 
1(1, lis.  Sii/scs,  and  (^iiirotus.  as  li\in,u'  I'oimd  the  hay  ol'  San 
I'Vancisco.  According'  to  Adam  .lohnson.  who  was  In- 
dian a;:eiit  for  ('alifornia  in  lS-")0.  the  jji-iiicipid  triiies 
oriiiinally  livini;'  at  the  Mission  D-lores.  and  Yerha 
I'liena.  were  the  A/nnis/ifis,  Altnlniins.  lioiniiuiiiis.  and 
Tiiliiiiiiis\  ( 'lioris  <:ives  the  names  of  more  than  lil'teen 
tril»es  seen  at  the  Mission,  Chamisso  of  nineteen,  and 
transcril)ed  I'rom  the  mission  hooks  to  the  'riMi'.Ai,  BoiN- 
i)Ai;ii:s  of  this  "iroiij).  are  the  names  of  nearly  two  hun- 
dred rancherias.     The  iSovolxiihts.  Tlunii 


iciis,  and  ^icri/i' 


ceiisens 


roamed    throiiuh    Santa    Clara  ('oiint\- 


Th 


OH, 


,11,11  s 


inhahited  the  coast  ))etween  San  I'rancisco  and 
Monterey;  in  the  \i(;inity  of  the  latter  })lace  were  the 
JiHiiisciis  or     Rimsiens,     the     ./'Ji-i'/i'inachcs,    Ksn/ius    or 


Kslens.  the  A<'/iiisf/i 


riis.  ai 


id   the   Mcfsii 


HIS. 


(hitl 


II 


>  Si 


m 


.I(>at|iiin   lived    the    ('osfroinrs,  thi^   Pit'iurlus.    Tulhirl, 


Its, 


niiiiiiiriirs.  ai 


L 

('iii)h'fli 


id  AiiHiiins'.  on  Fresno  River  the  ('hnirclnx. 


IIIIKI/S 


•lllll-l 


■/,1/s,     \i,n/,'r/,,i,  X.     and    I/ninl 


SI  rs : 


tl 


lO 


/■Ainifr/ies  i\\u\  Coirlii/is.  Wwd  on  l-'our  Creeks;  tlie  M'li- 
r/iis.  XdfiKiirtJiiis.  and  ('/iiiniiiiiiu'!^  on  King  River,  and  on 
Tulare  Lake,  the  Tnlrhi'S  and    Wnnircll^. 

In  their  ahoriginal  manners  and  ciistonis  tiny  differ 
hut  little,  so  little,  in  fact,  that  one  doscrii)tion  will  ajiply 
to  the  whole  division  within  the  ahove-named  limits. 
The  reader  will  therefore  understand  that,  except  where 
a  trihe  is  specially  named,  1  tun  speaking  of  the  whole 
people  collectively. 


ill 


3G1 


CALIFORNIANS. 


■,h>. 


The  conflicting  stotements  of  men  ^^ilO  had  ample  op- 
portunity for  observation,  and  -who  suv  the  ])eople  tliey 
descri'oe,  if  not  in  the  same  place,  at  least  in  tlie  same 
vicinity,  render  it  difficult  to  give  a  correct  description 
of  their  ph_\'si(iue.  They  do  not  ap})ear  to  deteriorate 
toward  the  coast,  or  improve  toward  the  interior,  so 
uniformly  as  their  northern  neighbors;  ])ut  this  may  be 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  several  tribes  that  for- 
mei-ly  lived  on  the  coast  have  been  driven  inland  by  the 
.settlers  and  vice  versa. 

Some  ethnologists  see  in  the  Californians  a  stock 
different  front  tliat  of  any  other  American  race;  J)Ut  the 
moi'c  1  dwell  upon  the  su])ject,  the  more  convinced  1  am, 
that,  exce[)t  in  the  broader  distinctions,  specific  classilica- 
tions  of  humanity  are  but  idle  speculations.  Their 
height  rarely  exceeds  live  feet  eight  i riches,  and  is  more 
fre([uently  five  feet  four  or  five  inches,  and  altliough 
strongly  t bey  are  seldom  symmetrically  built.  A  low  re- 
treating forehead,  black  deep-set  eyes,  thick  bushy  eye- 
l)rows.  salient  cheek-bones,  a  nose  depressed  at  the  root 
and  somewhat  wide-spreading  at  the  nostrils,  a  large 
mouth  with  thick  j)r()minent  lijjs,  teeth  large  and  white, 
l)ut  not;d\vays  regular,  and  rather  large  eai's.  is  the  ])r('- 
vailing  type.  Their  comi>lexion  is  nuich  darker  than  tliat 
of  the  ti'ibes  farther  north,  often  being  nearly  black;  so 
that  with  till  Ir  matted,  bushy  hair,  which  is  frcfpieutly 
cut  short,  they  present  a  very  uncouth  appearance.'^' 

**'  111  tile  vicinity  of  Fort  TJoss,  '  Dio  IiuliaiiPi-  siiul  von  niittlcrcni  Wuclise, 
(Idi'li  trilVt  man  aurli  Imhi'  (irstaltcii  nntir  ilnH>:;  mr  sic  siml  /icmlich  wolil 
]ir<i|)(irticiiii)t,  die  Favlic  dcr  Uaiit  1st  hhir.uiich,  (Inch  ist  ilics"  Farlic  nulir 
(iiic  Wiikiiu;^'  del'  Siinnc  ais  iinj,'cl)orcn:  die  Annca  iind  Haaic  sind  sdiwarz, 
die  Ict/.tci'"!!  stchcii  siiatf  .  .  .!>(  idc  (hschUclitcr  sind  vo'i  knifti';ciiL  Kijijm  i- 
l)an.'  h'(isir<>iiiiifiii<iii\  in  lini'r.  Slat,  k,  iltlo  .,  ji.sl,  l^iiiiii|nc  si'ipris  daiis  iin 
trcs-;^'raiid  iii';_'li,L,'(',  ccs  homines  nio  jjaiuvciit  beaux,  dc  ha"''' laiUe,  iubnstcs 
el  |ialfaiteiuciit  dccoiiph's,  .  traits  ivj^iilicis.  .  ycn\  lioiis.  .  .  lie/  aqiliiiii 
sunn  iiiti' dun  frm't  I'lcvc,  hsponiniettesdcs  Jones  arrondics, .  .  .  fortes  Icvres 
.  .  .  .dents  hlanchcs  it  1)i<  n  raiit't'es.  .  .  jicau jaune  cuivn'.  un  cou  aiinoii(;ant 
la  viLtneiir  ct  sontcini  ]iar  dc  lars^es  I'jiaulcs.  .  .  .1111  air  iiitelliueut  ef  tier  ii  \\\ 
fois.  .  .  .  Je  tliMlvai  tontcsles  fi'imiies  horriliicinellt  hlidcs.'  /."/i/"c.-,  I'irciiiiihnr. 
toni.  vi..  MT-d.       At  the  head  of  llie  J',el  Uiver  '  the  aveia|,'e  hei-lit  of  th'  selljeii 

was  not  over  tive  f(  it  four  or  live  inches.  'J'liey  were  lightly  liiiilt,  with  no 
suiiertliions  tiesli,  lait  willi  very  deep  ••hi'Sts  and  sinewy  h  t^s.'  (iiliha,  v\  Srhnal- 
('/■((y'/'s  Arrli..  vol.  iii.,  p.  Il'.».  ' 'I'iic  Char  Lake  Indians  are  of  a  very  dciali  d 
caste;  their  forelieads  naturally  liciii'.^  often  as  low  as  the  eoiii|)rcssi  d  sLu  's 
of  ILl'  L'hiuooks,  iiud  their  I'uruis  commuuly  biuuli  and  ungainly.'  JiL,  j).  l'>>>. 


niYSICAL  PECULIAKITIES. 


30; 


Tlio  question  of  l)oar(l  has  boeii  imich  mooted;  some 
tni\elei's  ussei'tinji;   that  they   are  beiirded   Hke   Turks, 

At  BiMl(i,':i  J)iiy  'they  arc  nu  ugly  and  brutish  rnc.  iiirniy  with  iicf^ro  jiro- 


lllrS. 

iiumcii 


hi. 


V- 


lii:{. 


They    art'   iihysically   an   iiif(  rii>r  ra( 


1(1  li 


tlat. 


nini;  features,  \iw^,  foarse,  straii^'ht  Mack  liair.  liii;  iiKuitlis,  ami  virv 


cl.irk  skins, 
till'  saiiic    i 


/.' 


'/'("(/ 


12U. 


Laf},'!,'  and  stionL,',  their  eoldur  liein^^ 


that  <if    the    whole  territ(irv.'    Miim-ilh-'s  .In 


[1.  17.     It  is 


il  of  the  natives  of  the  Sacraiiienti)  valley,  that    '  their  '^'rowth  is  short  and 


lunti  il:  tliey  liave  short  thiek  neeks,  and  elunisy  hi 
the  n. 


thef. 


(1  ish 


tint  with  hroud  nostrils,  the  eyes  very  narrow  and  showing'  no  in- 
|i  ili','eiii-e.  the  eheek-l)ones  prominent,  and  the  nioiitli  larL;e.     Tlie  teeth  are 


white,  1)1 


It  th 


d( 


it  stand  in  even  rows;  and  thi  ir  heads  are  covered  Ir 


^hort.  tluck,  ronv;h  hair 


./  ,/. 


tl 


11(1')).,  \i 


;i(i7. 


le  eon 


.  .Their  color  is  a  <lirty  yi  llowish-hrowii.'   /'/''  (/'</•'.■< 
This  race  ef  Indians  is  jirohiiljly  infeiiorto  all  olliers 

but  thev  do  nit 


tiiieiit.     llanv  <if  them  arc  diminutive  in  stati 


luck  nriseidar  strcnijth,  and  we  saw  some  who  were  tall  anil  well-formeil. 
.  . .  .Tlieir  I'lMuplexion  is  a  dark  malioj^'any,  or  often  nearly  black,  their  faces 
iiiinid  or  sijnare,  with  features 


ipliroximatint,'  nearer 


tlie   .\frlean  tiiau 


the   Indian       Wide,   enormous  moutli,    noses  nearlv  tlat,  and  hair  slrai'dit. 


l>l;l 


iljil  coarse 


Of 


id  stall 


.Small,  elcindnt,' lyes.'  Juln 


('ill,  lliul  <> Jl   .,  ]!]).    I  I'J 


stron'4  and  nriseidar.    Ilr;/'iiit's  ''((/,,  |i. 'irili 


Kath 


111  low  the  niiildle  stature,  but  stroiiL;,   well-knit  fellows (lood-lookin^', 

and  Well  liiulied.'    Ivllifs  E.iyjushia  U>  <'itl..  vol.  ii.,  jip.  SI,  111.     '  They  wen 
in  L^eiieral  line  stout  men.'     A  j^'reat  diversity  of  jihysio^noniy  was  noticeable 


il'ili'l  s  Ukici 


r.  S.  AV.  K.f..  v(d.  ix.,   ]ii).    Iii."i,  l()7.     On   the;    Sacra- 


iHiiito  'were  line  robust   nun,  of  low  stature,  and  badlv  fori 


ir;//,-i 


X'tr..  in  r.  N.  h'.f.  K.i 


V 


V.ts. 


riie  nioulli  is  verv  lar^'e,  and  tlio 


ise  broai    and  (h'pressed.'     '  (liittly  distini^nislied  by  their  dark  color. 


idfi 


ices,  .'1  low 


forehead.'    ll'ih'^  Kiln 


Till 


feat 


'!!■■  m 


r 


h'x.  i:. 


ures  are  coa 


broail.  and  of  ,i  dark  chocolate 


ii.,  )) 


in  ('ill.   Fiiriiiir,   Nov.  'l.  ISdii.     \t  Drak- 


li 


just  above  San  Fiaiii 


T<i;/lnr, 


the  men  are   '  coinnioiilv  so  Ktroni.'   if  Imdv.  that  that  which  two  or  tint 


if 


uiir  men  could   lianllv  beare, 


if  tl 


lelu  woulil 


take  vpiin  his  backe,  ami 


ithout  urud^iu','  earrie  it  easily  away,  vp  hill  and  dowiie  liill  an  I'hiLtlisli  milt 


I'th 


l)r 


W'nrhl  /; 


'/'.,  p. 


i;ti. 


Los    Natlirales  de   este   sitio  y 


Puerto  soil  alu;o  tri^'Uefios.  jior  lo  ipiem.idos  del  Sol.  auiuiue  losveiiidos  de  hi 


otia  iiaiiila  del  I'uerlo  v  tlel  Kstero    .  .son  mas  blalicus  v  coriiulent 


!■;,/,(  ./,  ./ 


mil  fit 


Sfrrn.  p.  \1\- 


TVd\ 


stupii 


d 


lava;.,!' 


ith 


I'llhi 
th 


re  V  ell  formed,  tolerably  tall,  anil  of  a  dark  brown  coni|ile\i 


erwisi 
The  woiii 


lort.  and  verv  m; 


Iv:  tin  V  have  much  of  th 


,    Very  loni^',  smootli.  am 
riiey  all  have  a  verv  savage 


III  co.il-blaek  hair.'  h'utuhh 


,'ro  in  thiir  countenance. 
1'')//..  vol.  i.,  jiji.'iS'J  :i. 


ik.  and  are  of  a  verv  ilark  color.'  I'lu 


Knlvlm 


Viijl- 


vol.  111.,    p 


47 


111  matle;  their  faci 


ull,  heavy,  ami  stu|)iil  counti'iiaii 


■s  U'.,'ly,  presentuiL;  a 


iinrmiri  ;•  .s' 


I'll//  ,  vol.  ii.,  )i.  l;t.     Thi 


I'liolovoiii  tribe   '  tlitt'.re  beaiieouii  tie  toufes  lis  autn  s  par  Its  traits  du  visa 


I'.ir  sa  physioiiomie.  juir  un  extcneur  assez  a<.;re 


ibli 


r/„ 


1' 


plat 


e  VI.,  vii.,  xn. 


Tl 


Al 


I'lioms    are  o 


I'll//.  /'/■//.  ji.irt 
111    lieii'ht,   and  the 


llluraios  were  tholl'^'ht    tube,   -1  ;>ertllly,  above  the  stallilard  of    l''.ll;4iMimell. 
'I'lieir  comjileximi   is  much  darkerihaii  that  of  the  South-si  a  Islanders,  and 


lliiir  features  fiir  inferior  in  btautv.'    Jlmh' 


■1.   ii.,  1 


).   7C. 


At 


Santa  Clara  tlii'y  are   'of  a  blackish  colour,  tiny  have  tlat  faces,  thick  lips. 


111. 


nU,  coarse 


straii'ht  hair.'    Knlnln 


r 


ii. 


'.IS. 


Th 


features  are  handsome,  and  well-jirojiortionetl:  tlnir  countenances  ancheer- 
fnl  and  iiiterestiii!,'.'   MnrnU's    Te//.,  p.  21'2.     .\t  riacerville  they  are  •most 


tipulsive-liiokiiii,'  wnUhi 


".'ly. 

are  Verv  da 
ll',/c/. 


They  are  nearly  blacU,  and  an 
Hiirlliir'hl.'s  Thrii'    l'r((/'N  i/i ''((/.,  p.  I'JM.      Ill  the  Vosiinife  V: 


>!'    )■. 


iliinil,'  and  'the  women  arc  peifi  et!y  hidei 


din^'ly 

•they 

f  hiinl'a 


V 


The  Clonus  oil  the   east 


if  Ih 


a  tine  looking  race,  Htraiyht,  and  of  good  height,  anil  apicar  to  be  iietivc. 


<  I 


i\  1] 


8G6 


CALIFOKNIAXS. 


others  Hint  tliov  are  Ijeardlcss  as  ^vomen.  Ilavinjr  care- 
fully  coiupiued  the  pros  and  cons,  1  think  I  am  jiistilied 
in  stating  that  the  Central  Calilbrnians  have  beards, 


I  !' 

I     1' 

!■    1 


1     ' 


..i 


T'.u  SrhiiiUlt,  in  TriiL  Af.  liept.,  1850,  p.  2-3.  At  MontciTy  'ils  soiit 
fii  (^I'm'riil  liii'ii  fiiits,  iiiiiis  faibles  (Vcsjji-it  ct  ilf  cdrps.'  In  thf  vit'iiiity 
(if  Sun  Mi^iicl.  they  iivu  '  gi'm'ralcuit'iit  il'uiic  cmiliiiv  foiici'c,  sides  tt  iiiiil 
fiiits. .  .  11  riX(t']iti<>ii  tdut  fois  (IfS  liidicns  (jni  liiiliitciit  sur  Ics  liiivds  dc  In 
rivii'vc  dfs  ti(  uihli'iiieiits  do  tt'iTe,  ot  sur  la  cntf  voisiiic.     t''iix-ci  sdiit  bliiiies. 


)li  1i'. 


ft  Icurs  fheveux  tircnt  snr  le  mux.'    I-U'iis,  iu  .\<iiirilli:i 


Aiiiiiilis  (Irs  \'"!/.,  IHIt,  toin.  c'i.,  ])!>.  3.12,  l'):{;  ulso  (|untfd  in  .I/a 


flllV 


l,s  Ih 


p.  2.%.     '  Sont  f^i'iii'ialfnicut   petits.  fiiililcs.  .  .  .liu 


onI(  V 


rst  tivs-.'iiiiu'dcliiuiti'  de  eelle  dcs  ni'^rcs  dont  Ics  diivi  ux  iic  sunt  point 
liiini'ux:  ccux  dc  ci  s  iicuijIck '-•:)Ut  lolit,'s  et  tn's-forts.'  Ln  /VVok.^c,  I'i.//.,  tnin. 
ii..  )).  2fS].  'Lit  tailk'  dcs  h(jinincs  est  plus  liauti-  (than  that  (pf  the  Cliih- 
(ins>,  ct  Icnis  nnisch's  nii<'ux  pi'ononci's.'  '1  ln' ti'^uri' of  the  wdunn  'cstiilus 
('•lcv('c  (tliiin  th;it  of  the  Chilian  women),  <'t  la  fonnc  <le  hurs  luciidircs  tst 
])lus  ii'i^uliiic;    cllcs  Hont  «n  gi'm'ral  d'un<*    sla»' re  niicux   d('v(li>ii[)i'i',  1 1 


d'unc  physii)ii(i)uic  nioins  repoussantc'   Hollin,  •-   I.ii  /'• 


I'')//.,  torn.  iv. 


p.  ")2.     At  San  Jcisi-  '  the  men  are  almost  all  i-.iucr  ahovc  tlic  middling' st 
tuvc.   and  Well  liuilt;  vcrv  few  indeed  are  -.iliat  niav  lie  called  undeisizfd. 


Th 


eir  comiilexions  a 


ire  dark  l)nt  not  ncLrro  like 


some  seemed   to  JiossesH 


f^reat  muscular  stren^'th;  they  have  very  coarse  Mack  hair.'  Some  of  the 
Women  were  more  tlian  live  feet  six  inches  in  hei'jht.  And  spe  diiuL;  of  the 
Californiaii  Indians,  in  Ljeiieral,    '  thev  are  of  a  middlin;^.  or  ratlier  of  a  low 


statiu'c,  and  <if  a  dark  lin 


own  colour,  api 


iroachiu''  to  lilack 


ll)S. 


lUfJ 

the  n 
]iortioned 


and  broad,  flat,  iiciiro-like  noses; 


ir^'e  )iroject- 


hear  a   strouu' risemlilance  ti 


if  the 


men  we  saw  were  ahove  tive  iiit  liiuh 


ill- 


'had  never  seen  a  less  ]ileasin^  s|.i(inien  of  the  liuman 


L'ni'ifi'li'riJ"s  Villi.,  vol.  ii.,  p]).  I'.M  5.  i(!t,  s.c  ]iiate.  .\iid  s|ieakiiiL;  j^'enei'- 
ally  of  the  Californian  Indians:  '  ])ie  Manner  sind  im  .Ml'^emeinen  ;.,'Ut  ^'cli.int 
mid  von  starker  isiiriierbildun;,',"  height  "  zwischeii  fiinf  Fuss  vier /oil  und 
fiiiif  Fuss /e)iu  oder  (ilf /oil.'     Complexion  '  die  nm  ein  kh  in  wciii;^  heller 


a 


Is    1)1 


den   Mnlatteii.  also  weit  dunkler  ist.  als  hei  d 


stiimmen.'    (issinihl,   CiiHi'iiniii II.  ji.  (12.     The 


-t  1 


en  uiaiL;eii 


Indi 


mer- 


feet  and  a  half  in  lieiL;ht,  and  rather  slender  and  fc  h 


ire  taller  and  more  robust.'    I-'iinili-nii'.'<  Li 


ndlaus    "are   abiait    live 
in  the  interior  tliev 


i-iil. 


V 


■M. 


'  Cubist'lie 


Siliadelform.  niedri.ue  Stirn,  breites  (iesiclit.  niit  hervorra;„'endeni  Jochbo<;en, 
1  '  ite  ]ji|iiM  n  und  j^'rosser  Mund,  niehr  jilatte  Nase  und  am  iniienwiiikel 
herab!,'e/.oL;elie  .VuL;en.'  Wuiiiinl .  CnHniriiiiii.  ]j]p.  v.,  177.  '  Les  Californiens 
8ont  ])resi|Ue  noirs:  la  disposition  de  leur  yeux  et  I'eiisemble  de  lenr  visaj^e 
leur  donneiil 
,S,iiin  nir.-i.    iio 


iivec 
■i7!l-M(l. 


les  euroiieens  nile   ressendilaiiee 


'1 
Th( 


>sez  marc|Ui 


/;. 


ev  are  small  in  stature:  thin,  sinialid,  dirtv.  and 


dcLtraded  in  aiiiiearancc.     In  their  habits  little  b.tterthai 


1  an  oui.iiiu'-o 


utanu 


th 

vol.  i.,  ]v.  -2  I',). 


ct  rtainly  the  worst  tyjie  of  sava^'e  1  have  ever  seen,'    /.oci/ s  .\iU. 


y\< 


oieswaithy  in  complexion,  and  of  less  stature  than  those 


east  of  the  liockv  Mountains   ,  .  .more  of  the  .Vsiali  •  cast  of  countenance  than 


the 


stern  tiib 


Ihh, 


LiO 


till    I'liliiis.  ]i.  :l   4.       •  I)e|.asse  raremellt 


hauteur  de  ciiaj  ]iieds  deux  on  trois  ponces;  leur  memlnes  sont  Liicles  et 
inediocrenielit  milscli's.  lis  out  de  grosses  hvns  ijui  se  projetteiil  en  avalit, 
le  lie/.  lar),'e  et  aplati  comme  les  F^thiopieiis;  hurs  cbeveiix  son,  ■.  irs,  rudo 
I't  droits.'  Aiifr.  i'ni/.iit  >'(il.,\}.  1(1").     '<lenerally  of  sm  ill  stature,  robust  a|i- 


jiear 


iiid  not  well  fornnd.'     'riinnitn 


II  III.    IDltl    I 'ill. 


]i.  !»l. 


Sclain    Liewachseii    und    viui    schwartzlich-bmniier    Farbe,"    MulihtipfuriH 


M 


/It'll. 


tii'.u.   ii.,    part  ii.,   ]).  Ii>">.     '  F-ow  foreheads  and  skins  as   black 


(luiiiea   ne.;roes. 


rh's   l)is<-rls,  vol.  i. 


Kn 


laiit  1) 


faiit 


s  s<int  ]ires( 


ue  blancs. .  .  .inais  ils  noircisseiit  en  ''landissant. 


le  nord  du  Uio  Sacramento  justiu'au  caji  San  I, 


Depuin 


leurs  caractrres  pliy- 


»i(pie,  luurs  moL'ur.s  et  leurs  usages  sout  les  lucnies.*  Mn/n^.s,  K.qilnr.,  U 


DRESS  IN  CENTRAL  CALIFORNIA. 


?,r,7 


tlioupli  not  stronjr  ones,  and  that  some  trilios  sufU'r  it  to 
grow,  wliik'  otliors  pluck  it  out  as  soon  as  it  a|)i«'ai"s.'*^ 

Purinji' sunnnor.  t'.\cei)t  on  festal  occasions,  the  apparel 
of  the  men  is  of  the  most  primitive  character,  a  slij^ht 
strip  of  coverin,tr  round  the  k)ins  heini;;  full  dri'ss;  ])ut 
even  this  is  uinisual,  the  majority  preferrinu'  to  he  per- 
fectlv  unencumhered  hv  clothin<r.  In  winter  the  skin 
of  a  deer  or  other  animal  is  thrown  over  the  shoulders, 
or  sometimes  a  sj)e('ies  of  i-ope  made  from  the  leathers  of 
water-lowl.  or  .strips  of  otter-skin,  twisted  together,  is 
wound  round  the  hody.  I'orming  an  ellectual  protection 
aiiainst  the  weather.  The  women  are  scai'cely  hetter 
clad,  their  summer  costume  heinu'  a  frinjicd  a])ron  of 
tule-urass.  which  falls  Irom  the  waist  hefore  and  hehind 


ii,.  ]ip.  2C3.  307.     '  Skin  of  such  a  dcfp  roddisli-brnwni  that  it  scrms  nlniost 


I- 


11)11)1  r 


II" 


l!'lr 


liiii' 


)2«; 


!• 


I'.t:!:  Iliisriii 


V' 


(/.  )■  .1:/'/,.  >■//, 


rli> 


I'i  of 


I'l.rhis    till.,  \.\t.    I.S(»-:;:     llnrpir's   M<'iilhli/,   veil,  xiii.,   \>.  'iKi. 


villi,  tliiin;,'h  l)(l()ii''iii!,'  1(1  (litl'ticiit  iiiitioiiiilitics.  hiid  vcrv 


iiiiicli  the 


sai 


tol 


liic  fiiltwanl  aliiiciivalU'i';  sii 


that 


wlicii  Vim  liavi'  s((  11  one  vmi 


11.-   /' 


lavc  seen  tllflll  a 
^'  On  th«-  Saciaiii'iiti)  liivt 


<l  S 


11  iiiiiiiii  .1 


Ihill'ni'is.  ]i.  1."). 


'  the  nun  nnivcrsallv   liad  sonic  show  of 


hraiil.  an  imli  or  so  in  h  nL;tli.  hut  virv  soft  and 


y ';<•/, 


iriml's  li'lliif^ 


in  r.  >.  /•;. 


.1. 


\<.  1(1.1 


'I'hfV  had  hcards  and  \vhisl<t  is  an  inch 


two  loic/.  viiv  soft  and  tini-.'    U'ilh.s'  .V 


!(>'. 


r.s.Kx.  i:. 


<  til   Uusr'la 


1' 


I'.IN. 


n  l;ivci-  •  thcv  have  (initc  heavy  nioiistachcs  and  hcards  mi  the  chin 


hut 


not  much  on 


th- 


■h 


Cli  ar  Lalie  Indi;Mi 


h 


dso  coli^ 


nd   tliev  almost  all   sutler  it   to  eiow. 


Til 


isidcrahlc   hcards,  and    hair  on    the  jJt  r- 


m.'     .\t  the  hcMcl  of  Sc>utli  Tork  of  Eel  Itivcr,   '  they  jihu  k  their  \'< 


'.';/./..' 


■ds 
in  .^,/(i>o/./f('7s  .1)-./,.,  vol.  iii..  jij).  lOS-1 1',).     At  Jlontcrcv   '  jilusic  iir.'- 


out  lie  la  harlii  :  d'aiitres.  s\iivant  lis  jjcrcs  niissionaires.  n'cii  out  jaii 
it  c'est  tin  ijucstion  ijui  n'est  jias  nicnic  decidec  dans  le  jiays.'    l.ii  J'l 


Chili 
]>arnii 


// .  vol.  ii,,  )i. -Js-J.     '  Lcs  Californicns  out   la  harhc  jiliis  tnurnic  (jiic  hs 


les  1. 
rhe;  les  fi 


it  les  oarties  (genitalis  iiiieux  pirnics:    cciicndaiit  j'ai  n  niari|nc 
lis,  .-,:;  ^;viind  noiiihrc  d'individus  totalcim  nt  dc]iourvus  di 


in  /,'(  /' 


cnillics  out   .lUss!    |iiU    lie   1 


11  all 


r 


jii'nil  ct  aux  aisseliis 


/;-.//; 


I'- 


Till  V    have   the    liahit   cnliiUlon    t( 


ill 


Alia  ricaii  Indians  of  ixtractiii!'  the  1 


icai'il  an< 


ilv.'   Furiili 


11  III  S  /.(/'    Ill 


(III. 


the  hair  of  otlii  r  |  arts  of  their 


1' 


;;(i4.     licards   '  short,  thin 


stiH.'   1,111 1- 


hir. 

full  tlowili;.,'  iieard  is  ohserved.'   Fiiflii 


vol.  ii  ,  p.  :{|.     'In  ^'ciieial  very  scanty,  althoULh  occiisioiiiilly  a 


'  ■'//. 


sh, 


]!]).   IM-".: 


Ii 


ds  tl 


lave  theiii  dose  with  ninssel-shclls.'   /.lo/i/.M/orf/'s  I'o//.,  vol.ii..  y.  Iiil. 


WW.  many 
IhV 


J'.iirt  istsehwnch.'   II' 


.  /.  I  III; 


vol.  v.     At  San  Anionic 


I  the  olili  n 


times,  hefore  '  •coniinL;  christians,  they  jiullcd  out  tluir  l^einds,'  Vc///" 
'■"'.  l-'iiyiiii'i\  .,|(ril  'Si.  is'iii.  Choris  in  his  I'o//.  I'ilt.,  ])latis  vi..  vii.. 
of   part   iii.,  draws  the    IndiaiiH   with   a   very  sli^^ht    and   scattired   heard 


I'liick  out   their  heard.'  .!' 


77,- 


i,^ 


I'o//.   hi  ('ill.,  |).   H'li 


'  ANciir  whiski  IS, 


ii's  (hill,  (//ii/ ('i//..  vol,  ii,,  p.  Ill .     '  les  Indiciis  (|ui  hahiti  lit  dans  la 


t  d 


CS     IIIOUS 


taclr 


direction  du  caji  dc  Xnuvcl-An  (del  .\\\o  Nuevo) 
/■W./i.s:.  in  .Voio-i//.  ,s  ,|i///<//».v  i/i.x  !''/(/,,  Isll,  toiii.  ci.,  p.  ;>;!.").  M  iihli  npfoidt 
iiieniioiis  that  at  the  death  of  a  relation,  "die  Mi'iuucr  raufeii  liaiipthaiu' 
und  IJiirt  sich  aus.'  J/'^/'c",  vol.  ii.,  puit  ii.,  p.  150. 


'  1"  P  ¥ 

ill 


3G8 


CALIFORNIANS. 


nearly  down  to  tlic  knot's,  and  is  open  at  tlic  sides. 
»Soine  tribes  in  the  nortliern  part  of  the  Saeran^'.-nto  Val- 
ley wear  tlie  round  bowl-shaped  hat  worn  by  tlie  natives 
on  the  Klamath.  During  the  eold  season  a  ball-tanned 
deer-.skin,  or  the  rope  pnnnent  above  mentioned,  is  added. 
The  hair  is  worn  in  various  styles.  Some  l)ind  it  up  in 
a  knot  on  the  back  of  the  head,  others  draw  it  back  and 
club  it  behind;  farther  south  it  is  worn  cut  short,  and 
occasionally  Ave  iind  it  loose  and  liowinu'.  It  is  not  un- 
counnoii  to  see  the  head  adorned  with  chapU'ts  of  leaves 
or  ilowers.  remindinjj:  one  of  a  badly  executed  bron/e  of 
Apollo  or  IJacchus.  J]ar-oruaments  are  nuich  in  vogue; 
a  favorite  variety  being  a  long  round  piece  of  carved 
1)0110  or  wood,  sometimes  with  IknkIs  attached,  which  is 
also  used  as  a  needle-case.  Strings  of  shells  and  beads 
also  siM'vo  as  ear-ornaments  and  necklaces.  The  head- 
dress lor  gala  days  and  dances  is  elaborate,  composed  of 
gay  feathers,  skillfully  arranged  in  various  fashions.*' 

>*'•  At  Fort  lidss  '])i(>  5I-iiiii('r  Ljclicn  '^un/.  iiackt,  die  rrimcii  hiii.t,'i'!,'cii  !»>- 
doekcii  mil-  dcu  mittli  rcii  Tluil  dcs  Jviirpirs  vo  i  vonic  uiid  vmi  liini'ii  iiiit 
(liii  rillcii  wilder  Ziii,'(ii;  dus  H.iiir  liiiidiii  dir  iMMiiiur  iinf  dim  SclioiilV', 
(lie  Fraiirii  iiiii  Xackiu  in  iiiischcl  /iisiuunii'ii;  lii>\vcil(ii  lassm  sic  ch  f  n  i 
]i  riuitcr  wallcii:  die  ^Liiiiicr  licftiu  dii'  JSiisclicl  iiiit  /.icinlicli  kim^llicli,  iius 
(iui-r  mtliiii  I'aliiic  Ljisclmitzttii  Hiilzcliiii  fi  st.'  IvixIrniiiilniKiir,  in  liner,  Slul, 
■II.  KUiiiii.,   |).  h2.     At  Clear  Lake  •(lie  woiik  ii  tjeiierally  wear  a  hliiall  round, 
liowl-sliaped  liasket  nu  tlieir  heads;  and  fliis  is  fri(|ii(  iitjy  iidirwoven  with 
the  red  feathers  of  the  woodpecker,  and  ed,i,'ed  with  tlie  phuiie  tufts  of  the 
Mue  <|iiail.'  '///<//.-.■,  in  S'-lidiilrriii'l's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>.  I(i7.     Si  c  also  p.  (i.S, 
]'late  xiv..  for  jilate  of  ornaments.     At  Kelsey  IJiver,  dress  '  consists  of  a  decr- 
nkiii  ruhe  thrown  over  the  shoulders.'   /(/.,  ]i.  I'll,     lu  the  Sacramento  Valley 
■  they  Were  perfectly  naked.'  IvHi/'x  Exri'rsicii  lo  Cnl.,  vol    ii.,  p.  111.      '  ]>oth 
Bexes  have  the  ears  jiierced  with  lar^e  holes,  throiiL,di  which  they  ]iass  a  piece 
of  wood  as  thick  as  a  man's  tin;4er.  decnrated  with  paintini^'s  or  el.iss  heads.' 
J'l'iiifii's  Sicniiil  ,lniirn.,  p.  ;t(l7.     '  'J'he  men  '^n  entirely  naked;  Imt  the  wnnii  n, 
vith  intuitive  modesty,  weara  small,  narrow,  i,'rass  apron,  which  extends  from 
tlie  waist   til  the  knees,  leavin;4  their  liodies  and   limbs  partially  exposed.' 
Ihhino's  l.'iU'  I'll  riniiis,  j)p.  ,'((1."),  ;t()7.     'They  wear  lillets  around  tluir  heads 
of  leaves.'    W'ilhrs'   .\iir.,   in   I'.  S.  Kf.   /i'r.,.  vol.  v.,  p.  I't'J.     ''J'he  dress  of 
the  women  is  a  cincture,  com[)oseil  of  narrow  sli]is  of  tihrous  hark,  or  of 
string's  of  •  Culiforniaii  Hax,' or  sometimes  of  rushes.'     Men  iiakul.   I'trhr- 
iii'l's  A''(c.s,  ill  r,  S.  A'.r   K.w,  vol.  ix.,  p.  lOS.     .\t  l!ode;;n  they  '  most  liberally 
]ireseiited  its  with  liluinesof  feathers,  losaries  of  hone,  i^'arnieiits  of  feathers, 
as  also  f^'arlands  of  thu  same  materials,  wliicli  iiiey  wore  round  their  head.' 
.)/'('((•('//.  '.s  .Imir.,  J).  47.     ''J'he  women  wore  skins  of  animals  about  th<  irsh'  ni- 
ders  mill  waists;'  hair  'clubbel  behind.'    Witifnurcr's  To//.,  vol.  ii.,  ]i.  i:)''. 
Around  San  Francisco  l?ay;  '  in  summer  many  ^iocr.tirely  naked.    The  women, 
liowever,  wear  a  deer-skin,  or  some  other  coveiini^  about  their  loins;  hut  sUiii 

dresses  aiHi  not  common.'     To  their  lars  the  women  'attach  Ioiil;  w Icii 

••yliliders.  variously  carved,  which  serve  the  double  jiurpose  of  ear-rines  and 
iiOL'dlc-cascs.'   JJ'jcclnij'ti  Foj/.,  vol.  ii,,  p.  77.     'All  yo  naked.'  Vlntinisso,  hi 


I'M 


PERSONAL  ADOKNIIENT. 


860 


Tiittooing  is  uiiivoi'sal  with  the  Avonien.  tlion^li  eoii- 
fiiied  within  narrow  hniits.     Tliey  mark  the  chin  in 


7u/?;''('(c's  T",'/.,  vol.  iii.,  p. 48.  'The  nion  either  go  iiakoil  or  wcm-  ii  sinijile 
lirtM'ch-cloth.  The  woiiicu  wear  ii  cloth  or  strii)s  of  Icatht  r  around  tlitir 
Inin^,.'  Iliirtli'll's  I'lrs.  Xar.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  lili.  Three  hnnilri(l  viars  aL;o  we  art! 
tolil  Ihal  the  nii'u  in  the  vieiiiity  of  San  Francisco  l>ay  '  for  the  iiuist  part  goo 
n.ikeil:  the  women  take  a  kindeof  hnlrnshes,  and  kenihing  it  aftt  r  the  man- 
ner of  hemp,  make  themselnes  thereof  a  loose  garment,  wliieh  hiiiiL;  kiiitte 
ahout  their  miildles.  hangis  downe  alxmt  their  hipjxs.  and  so  at1'ord(  s  to  them 
»  eoiiering  of  tiiat  which  nature  teaches  should  lie  hidden;  ahdUt  llnirshoul- 
dirs  they  weare  also  the  skin  of  a  deere,  with  the  haire  v]ion  it.'  The  king 
hid  npon  his  shoulders  'a  coato  of  the  skins  of  conies,  reaching  to  his  wast; 
his  guard  also  had  each  coats  of  the  same  shajie,  Imt  of  oth(  r  skin.' .  .  .  .Aft(  r 
tl'.ese  in  the  ir  order,  ilid  I'oUow  the  naked  sort  of  common  l)eo|  le,  whoso 
Imire  111  ing  lung,  w.is  gathered  into  a  hunch  lnhind,  in  whi'h  stucke  iilunus 
(if  feathers;  hut  in  the  forepart  onely  single  feathers  like  homes,  evi  ry  one 
pleasing  hiuiselfe  in  his  owne  device.'  DniLv's  W'mid  P'ur'.txii.,  pp.  l:i],  l:.(i. 
'  Asi  ciiiiio  .\daniilas  se  presentan  sin  el  mem ir  rulior  iii  vergi'n  n/a  (i  sto  es.  los 
lioudircs)  y  para  lihrarse  del  frio  (|ue  todo  el  ano  h.-ice  en  esta  Mision  (San 
Francisco },  principalmente  las  maiianas,  se  endiarran  con  lodo.  diciendo  (jno 
lis  preserva  de  el,  y  en  ipianto  ini)iieza  a  c.'dentar  el  Sol  se  l.ivan:  las  mu- 
gcres  andan  algo  honestas,  hasta  las  muchachas  chiipiitas:  >isan  para  hi 
hiiuestidad   de  un    delantar  (pie  hacen   de  hilos  de   tule,   t'\  jinicia,   (pie   no 


1'' 


de  la 


idill; 


I,  y  otro  atras  amarrados  a  la  cinturu,  (jiie  amlms  furmaii 

as,  con  (pie  s(^  presentan  con  alguna  honestidad,  y  en  las 

"ipaldas  se  pollen  otros  seiiiejaiites  para  lihrarse  (  n  alguna  niaiieia  del  frio.' 


ciinio  Unas  enagu 


rnin 


'lit  ill'  ,l"ii  jii-n)  Strrii,  p.  "iiT.     At  Monterey,  and  on  th 


st  hi 


tweeii  Jlonterey  and  Santa  Barharn  the  (h'css  '  du  ]ilus  riclie  consiste  en  un 
liianteau  de  peau  di*  loutre  (pii  coiivre  ses  reins  et  descend  au-dessous  di  s 
anus  . . .  L'haliillemeiit  des  feiiimes  est  nn  mantciiu  de  peau  de  cerf  mal 
taniK'e. . .  .Les  jeuiies  lilies  an-dessons  de  ncuf  ans  ifont  (pi'uiie  simple  cein- 


ture.  et  les  enfans  de  I'aiitre  sexe  sont  tout  nus.'  J.it  J' 


I'V 


■,m- 


il/.,  toll).  U. 


•lis  se  ))ereent  aussi  les  oreilles,  et  y  jiortent  (h's  oitieiiK  lis  d'un 


g'  nre  et  d'un  giuit  tr('s-vari('s.'   Ilnllin,  in  J.u   I' 


torn. 


1' 


;{. 


Ihose  hetweeii  Monterey  and  the  extreme  northern  lioundaiv  of  the  ^lexi- 


eaii 


domain,   shave  their  heads  close.'    Ilnsr'nni.  in   /i'i//h 


'.V  Jj/'i'  ill  I'dl. 


p.  '2;W.     On  the  coast  between  San  Diego  and  San  Francisco  'pres(pie  tons 

vont  elith'l'emeiit  lius;    ceiix  (pii  out  (piehpies  yet  nunts,  n'ont  autre 

rhiise  (pi'une  casiKjue  faite  do  courroies  de  peau  de  lapiiis,  de  lieyrcs  on  do 
hmtres,  tressi's  eiisemhle,  et  ((ui  out  consery('  le  poll ,  .  L(  s  femnies  out  uiie  es- 
jii'ce  de  tahlier  de  roseaux  tress('s  (pii  s'attache  aut(nir(le  la  taille  jiar  un  cor- 
'  jusiju'aux  geiioux;  une  ]ieaii  de  cerf  mal  taniK'e  et  mal  pn'pan'p, 


doll,  et 


„1 


jiteesiir  leiirs  ('panics  en  guise  de  manteau.  comph'tt!  leur  toilette.'    Fii'iis.  in 


Xonrillrs  An  unit's  (Irs  I' 


'!/■ 


mU,  tcim.ci..)i.l. ")•");  see  also  Mu 


\nl 


I'-i'.  in  1)11/ 


tint,  I'll//,  cu  I'dl.,  p.  '227.    '  Sont  trcs  pen  converts,  et  en  ('ti',  la  ]ilnpait  vont  tout 


mis.    Les  fe 


I's  font  usage  de  jieaux  de  daim  jiour  se  coiivrir.  ,('es  fe 


]iiirtent  eiiconi  coniiiK!  vi'teineiit  des  es])eces  de  eouvertures  sans  envers, 


fi'iti 


es  en  iilumes  tissues  tnseiiihh 


.il  a  I'ayaiitaue  d'('tre  tres-chaud   .  .EUes 


piirteiit  gi'iu'raleiuent.  an  lieu  de  houcles  d'nieilles,  des  morci mix  d'os  on  do 
hnis  en  forme  de  cylindre  et  sculpti"'s  dedirtenntes  manieres.  Ces  orneiiK  iits 
s  int  creiix  et  seryeiit  ('galenient  d't'tuis  pour  reiifermer  leiiis  aiguilles.'  I'tl'il- 
Tliiiitnrs,  I'll//.,  tom.  ii.,  ji.  135.  Sj>eaking  generally  of  the  Californian  In- 
dians, Mioth  sexes  go  nearly  naked,  excepting  a  sort  of  wrapper  round  the 
waist,  only  in  the  coldest  jiart  of  the  winter  they  throw  oyer  their 


hodii 


coyering  of  deer-skin,  or  tli(i  skin  of  the  sea-otter.  They  also  make  tlieiu- 
selves  g,ir:iients  of  the  feathers  of  many  dittereiit  kinds  of  water  fowl,  par- 
ticularly ducks  and  geese,  bound  together  fast  in  a  sort  of  ro])es,  which  ropes 
arc  then  united  (piite  clo.so  so  us  to  make  soaiethiny  like  ii  feather  skin.'  It 
VuL,  1.    '21 


870 


CALIFORNIAX;^. 


])crpon(ll('ultir  liiv's  drawn  downward  from  the  corners 
jind  ot'utro  of  the  mouth,  in  tlie  same  manlier  as  tiio 
Xoi'thei'ii  (^diCornians;  they  also  tattoo  sliulitly  on  tlio 
neek  and  hieast.  Jt  is  said  that  l)y  tiiese  marks  women 
ot'dilVei'ent  tril)es  can  ])e  easily  distin^iiiished.  The  men 
rarely  tattoo,  hut  paint  the  hody  in  stripes  and  grotes(jr.e 
};attern->  to  a  considerahle  extent.  l»ed  was  the  favorite 
color,  e\('ei)t  I'or  mourning',  when  hlaek  Avas  used.  The 
friars  succeeded  in  aholishing  this  custom  e.\cej)t  on  oc- 
casions of  m«)urning.  when  ail'ection  for  their  dead  would 
not  [HTMiit  them  to  relin(juish  it.  The  Xew  Almaden 
ciunahar  mine  has  heen  i'roni  time  innnemorial  a  sourci' 
of  contention  hetween  adjacent  trihes.  ^I'liither,  fi'om  a 
Innidred  miles  away,  rcM  ited  vermilion-lovini;'  savages. 
and  often  such  visits  were  not  free  irom  hlood-shed.-" 


is  vovy  wnvni.  '  Tii  the  samo  ninniicr  flify  cut  tlio  spii-ottcr  sl<iiis  into  simmII 
sti-i]>s.  wliifli  tlicv  twist  toL,'rtlici',  iinil  then  join  tli( m  iis  tlicy  do  llic  trallii  i>, 
so  tliiit  liiiih  siilis  luiv','  tlio  fur  alike'  lj'iii'is(liirjj"s  \'iii/..  vol.  ii.,  )]).  I(i:i  1. 
Si'i'  also  i'tiniliiiiii's  Life  in  I'ul..  p.  ;i(il,  ami  Fi'iii's'  <'iil.,\).  ls:i.  '  Ini  Wind  r 
Hi'llist  tra'^'cn  sic  wcnii,'  lickii'idun!,',  vi(lliiclit  nnr  rinc  l[ii'sclih;int.  wi'lrlif 
sic  iil'fi-  (lie  Sclinltir  wcvftn:  Manner,  Framn  nnil  Jundcr  j^'(  In-n  sclbst  iia 
AVintcr  im  Si'lmci'  harfuss.'  Wimnii'l,  Ciilifi'rii'icn.  p.  J77;  Ldnl's  .V((/.,  vol. 
1  ,  p.  •ii'.l;  I'nirh-I.-,  dilhert.   Jlinlil,  uml  \'fu'Srli.,ii<n,  in   liiil.  Af.  Hifil.,  isnc, 

jiji.   "Jill   1;   I'li'iris,   Vol/.,  I'ill,  ])art  iii.,  j).  4,  and  ]ilat(>  xi 

JA /ic'i.  v.'l.  ii.,  part  ii.,  j>.  4-")r>;   Ih, 

('■ititiiiic  ^fi> 

hi  itii/,   Vi'ii ,  i>.  4"i7:  .1' 


Mill,! 


ifiir^il. 


fli's   llimrl.i,  vol. 


r 


•j:;!t:  ,vA< 


>■.  p.  '.IS;  Jiilmsliiii,  in  SrliiKili'iuiil's  Arili.,  vol.  iv..  ji.  li'J.'f;  h'di 
4"i7:  All  ;i'r,    \'i>i/.  in  Ciil.,  ii.  101).     Alter  liavin;.;  collati  d  tli 


ites  I  was  rather  taken  aback  bv  nieetin''  the  fi 


111) 

(n'al  costume  of  n(  arlv  all  the  C'aliforniaii  Iiuiian 


OlIOWMl"! 


Th 


;ives  them  r.itlier  an  int( 


estni;^  appcaranc 


i  hen  fully  drissed,  their  h 


ihich   has  1 


)een    loose,  IS 


,'s  of  skin,  ovnanii'ii 


ted 


ticil  u]),  either  with  a  coi'onet  of  silver,  or  the  th' 

with  feathers  of  the  lai;.,'htest  colours:  bi'acelets  made  in  a  similar  niajin.  r 

are  \v(U'e:  breeches  and  leL;;_;in!^s  of  doe-skin,  sewed,  not  unfreciui  iitly  v.iih 


lU'.iian  hair: 


kind  of  kilt  of  varied  coloured  cluth 


or  silk  (  :) 


fastened   b 


scarf,  round  their  waist; 


Tl 


K'  women  weai 


Tiluc  or  red.  doe-skin  shirt,  and  lei'L;iiu's,  ■with  feathei'cd  b 


a  cloth  petlicoat,  dyed  eitii 


•lets  rouml  their 


Wiiist.'  Ciiiillir's  Ailn-iilnns,  vol.   i.,   pp..  \~--'i.     Surely  Mr  Coulli  r  shor.lil 
know  an  Indian  dress  from  one  coni])ose(l  of  ^[exican  cloth  and  trinkets. 

'^'i  At  Hode.u'a  the  women  'were  as  much  tatooed  or  punctured  as  ,iny  ef 
tlio  females  of  the  Sandwich  islands.'    \'iiiiri>iirir'n 


the  Sacramento  N'alley  'most  of  the 
tin  the  breast,  dispused  like  a  ni'ckl.-i 


\'iii/..  vol.  ii.,  J),  j; 
bad  some  slisjht  marks  of  tattooii:: 


)1. 


1' 


."i.     I'ana.  in  a  note  to  Ha!e,  sav 


ii'iiiil's  linns,  in  L'.  >.  7:'.r.  A'.r. 
s:     •  The  faces  of  the  men  weri 


colored  with  black  and  red  paint,  fancifully  laid  on  in  IrianiAlesand  ziuza^^lin 


'iii'i'i.,  in  /'.  >'.  Ki:  I.'. 
Most  of  them  had  some  slight  marks  of  tattooini;  on  tl 


1'  ir 


'J'he  women  were  tattooed  belowthe  mouth.'  Hull's  FJli 
vol.  vi.,  p.  "J 

breast;  somewhat  simil.ir  to  that  of  the  (  hinooks,  ,  .  .'I'he  fai'e  was  usually 
inted.  ihe  U|iper  part  of  the  cheek  in  the  form  of  a  trianele.  with  a  blia- 


ilack  sidistance,  mixed  witli  some  shiny  particles  th.at  looked  like  jiulveri/ul 


juica. 


Wilh-i 


Snw.  in  I'.  S.  I:'x.  A'.r.,  vol. v.,  \\]>.  llts,  '2:1 


Their  faces daiil"  d 


v.'illi  a  thick  dark  l'Iossv  substai 


lice  li!;e  tar, 


line  from  the  outside  cona  v* 


DWELLINGS  IN  CENTKAL  CALIFORNIA. 


371 


StlVilliCS. 


A  thick  coat  of  mud  soint'timos  aflonls  protection  from 
a  chiilv  Aviud.  It  is  a  convenient  dress,  as  it  costs  noth- 
iiiLi'.  is  easily  |)ut  on.  and  is  no  incuml)nince  to  the  ^vea^•e^. 
The  nudity  ol"  tlie  sava;j:e  more  ol'ten  })roceeds  IVom  an 
iiidilleieiice  to  clothinjjf  than  iVom  actual  want.  Xo  peo- 
[iK'  iue  found  eutirely  destitute  of  clothing'  when  th(; 
weathi'i'  is  cold,  and  if  they  can  nianaue  to  ohtain  j:;n- 
iiu'uts  of  an\-  sort  at  one  time  of  \ear  the\'  can  at  au- 
other. 

Their  dwelliugs  are  al)Out  as  ])rimitive  as  tlieir  dress, 
lu  suuuuer  all  they  i-e([uire  is  to  he  shaded  froui  the 
sini.  .Old  lor  this  a  pile  of  hushes  or  a  tree  will  suf- 
iice.  The  wiuter  huts  ai'e  a  little  nK)re  pretentiou.s. 
These  are  souietiuies  erected  on  the  level  ground,  hut 
more  fre(iueiitly  over  an  e.vcavation  three  or  lour  feet 
deep,  auil  varyiug  I'rom  ten  to  thirty  leet  in  diameter. 
Ivoiuid  the  hriuk  oi"  this  hole  willow  poles  are  siud\  up- 
lijiht  in  the  jzround  and  the  tops  drawn  toLiether.  forui- 
iug  a  couical  structure,  or  the  upper  euds  are  hent  over 


iif  the  eves  to  the  (luls  of  tho  iiioiltli,  iiml  linr-l;  from  tlirm  to  (lie  liilit,'i-  of  tlio 
jawlidiu'.  . .  .siiiuc  iilsd  had  tlu-ir  entire  t'orel leads  i-oati  d  over. '  AmV//'s  K.»-nr- 
KMi/i /ii  fV//.,  Vol.  ii.,  ]).  1 1 1.  • 'llic  woint  11  lire  a  little  tatloot  d  on  the  c-liin.' 
I'/' it'i'ir's  !^(ri}iiit  fliiiini.,  ]i.  'Ml.  At  Monterey  and  vieiniiv,  ■  se  jieiunent  lo 
(lilps  ell  roU(,'e,  et  ell  noir  lors(jll"ils  solit  eli  di  nil.'  /."  /'■  /oi'm,  Ii///.,  toni.  ii., 
li.:iii."i.  '^■•  |'(  iL;nciit  la  p<'an  ]ioiir  se  jiaii  r.'  UnHin/wi  /."  I'lrnnsi.  1  o//.,toni. 
iv..  [I.  ."i.'!.  '  This  one  tiling'  wasohsirued  toliee  i^eneiall  anionL;st  llit  ni  all.  that 
iilerv  one  had  his  face  ]iainted.  some  with  white,  some  hla.'ke.  atid  some  with 
othercoloiirs.'  hrnh'sWurhl  F.iniiiiip  ,]i.  luii.  ' 'J  attooiiiL;' is  jiiaetisi  d  in  tin  sc 
tril)es  liy  liotli  se\(  s.  liotli  to  ornament  the  |iirsoii  and  to  distinguish  one  elan 
fmiu  anotla  r.  It  is  remaikalile  that  the  wonun  marli  their  chins  |reeisely 
ill  the  same  way  as  the  lisiinimanx.'  Jlnrli- i/'s  \'i;/.,  vol.  ii.,  ]i.  77.  'Iah 
iihliL;eiies  iiide|iendents  de  la  Ilaute-Calil'oinii'  soiit  taloin's...  ec  s  siunt  s 
seiAiiit  d'oiiK  iiient  it  de  distiniti<in,  laiii  setih  m<  lit  d  uiie  trilm  a  nno 
autre  trilm,  mais  encore,  d'line  t'aiiiille  a  niie  autre  faiiiille."  I'll'it-'rinimirs, 
I  ■'/.,  toiii.  ii.,  |i[i.  i:!l-.").  ' 'rattooiiii,'  is  also  iisdl.  liiit  ]irilici)ially  aiiionj< 
till-  wniiK  11,  Jsonie  have  only  a  douMe  or  tiijile  line  fmni  i  aeh  corner  of 
the  mouth  down  to  the  chin:  otheis  have  111  >i(ii  s  a  cross  slri]ie  (  xteiidintc 
flelu  one  of  these  stri|ies  to  the  otln  1  :  and  most  have  sim|.le  lone  ami 
ein>s  stripeM  from  the  chin  over  the  neck  down  t-  ihe  hif  ast  and  iijion  \\h' 
^lioiilders.'  J.iiiiiis(lnift"s  I'll//..  v<j1.  ii..  [I.  Iii7:  si  e  |  ..ae,  (i.  Id',),  Winn  daiic- 
nii,',  '  ils  se  Jiciuiielit  sur  le  cor|  s  des  liL;lies  li'Llulierc  s,  noiris,  lon^'es  (t 
hialiches.  (,|iu  hiues-tms  out  la  nioitie  du  <(il)is.  di  )iuis  la  tete  jtlsiin't  li  has, 
hiirliouillee  de  noir,  et  I'antre  de  ronee;  le  tout  croisc'  |)ardi  s  raits  ManclKs, 
ri'aiitiis  so  liOiidi(  nt  les  eheveUX  avec  dn  duvet  d'oisiaux.'  I'h'iris.  \'i,i/.  I  ill., 
I'art  iii.,  p.  1;  see  also  jilate  xii.  'I  liave  never  (pliservtd  any  ]  arti<nliir 
fi'r;ured  desiLtns  ii]iou  their  jiersons,  hut  the  tattooiiiL;  is  j4''n  rally  on  tht« 
•  liiii,  lliounh  soiuetiincH  cm  the  wrist  and  arm.'  ^Mostly  on  the  jursons  of 
the  females.  ,liiliiistiiii.  ill  SrhiKili'nijTn  ..\nli.,  vol.  iv.,  )i.  '.ii.').  ■  Lc  s  femiiKB 
b'uks  eiiiiiloi(.ut  Ic  tutouiigc'  -1";//',  I'"//,  at.  (Jul.,  p.  JOG. 


m 


\i» 


,.i. 


!.■ 


. 


872 


CALIFOUNIANS. 


and  (li'ivon  into  the  earth  on  tlie  opposite  side  of  the  i)it, 
thus  givinji'  the  hut  a  senii-glohuhu"  sliape,  ]?ushes,  or 
Hti'ips  of  hark,  are  then  piled  up  against  the  jmles,  and 
the  uhole  is  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  earth  or  nuid, 
]n  some  instances,  the  interstices  of  the  frame  are  (illcd 
})y  twigs  Avoven  cross-wise,  over  and  under,  hetween  the 
poles,  and  the  outside  covering  is  of  tule-reeds  instead  of 
t'arth.  A  hole  at  the  top  gives  egress  to  the  smoke,  and 
a  smnll  opening  close  to  the  ground  admits  the  occu- 
])ants. 

Each  hut  generally  shelters  a  whole  family  of  rela- 
tions hy  l)lo()d  and  marriage,  so  that  the  dimensions  of 
the  ha])itati()n  depend  on  the  size  of  the  family.**' 

Thatched  ol)long  houses  are  occasionally  met  with  in 
Kussian  River  Valley,  and  Mr  Powers  mentions  having 
seen  one  among  the  (iallinomeros  which  was  of  the  form 
of  the  letter  L.  made  of  slats  leaned  up  against  each 
other,  and  heavily  thatched.  Along  the  centre  the  (lif- 
erent I'amilies  or  generations  had  their  tires,  while  thev 
slept  next  the  walls.  Thre6  narrow  holes  served  as 
doors,  one  at  either  end  and  one  at  the  elbow."**     A  cul- 

^'  '  II  I'st  bion  rnro  qn'nn  Indion  pnsso  la  unit  dans  sa  maison.  Vers  ]o 
soil'  cLiiciin  piiiiil  sun  arc  et  scs  ri('('ht's  et  va  se  i('univ  aux  autns  ilans  dc 
f,'randcs  cavci'iics,  ]iart'('-(in'ils  fi'aii,nicnt  d't'-tre  attaqni's  a  riminovisti'  pur 
Icuis  cnncniis  ct  d't'tre  snrpris  sans  di'fens*'  an  niilien  de  Icnrs  ftniiucs  it  di' 
Icni's  t'lifants.'   /•'(((/(■s.  in  Xmivellis  AdiiiiIis  (ha  lo//,,  1S44,  toni.  ci.,]!]).  ;!l(J-7. 

"•^  I'wo  authors  dcsfrilw  tlu'ir  dwelling's  as  bein^'  niucli  smaller  than  I  have 
Htated  them  to  be:  '  leur  niaisons ont  qnatre  jiiedsde  dianietre.'  Munn'ii  i\  .Vo- 
<(■'•(■,  in  llri/(ii(t,  Viiji.  I'll  ('id.  J).  238.  Their  \vij,'\vanis  have  '  une  elevation  au- 
dessns  dn  sol  de  einij  a  linit  jneds  et  nne  eireonferenoe  de  dix  a  donze.'  lliilhi- 
shi,  Lit  t'liH/ornh'.  p.  17"2.  The  anthorities  I  have  followed,  and  who  aj^ree 
in  essential  particulars,  are:  J'ich'r'niii's  7i'((ci's,  in  U.  S.  K.\\  A'.i'.,  vol.  ix., 
pp.  W.\,  liKl;  ir/Z/iCs'  Sur.,  in  U.  .S.  Ex.  K.w,  vol.  v.,  p.  Ht8;  Pfnlhr'n  SraM 
Jiinrn.,  ]ip.  ;J(I7-.S;  (iihhs,  in  Sfhonlcraft's  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  lOtl;  FinniDirs 
lix}ihif.  /i.e.,  ]).  '1\'}\  Killi/'s  KrcitvtiiDii  (<>  ('al.,  vol.  ii.,  jij).  3-1,  '2H'2;  rAo/w's', 
Fo//.  J'lV/.,  part  iii.,  p.  2;  Drake's  Warhl  Encomp.,  i^.  121;  JUidlill's  I'a-x. 
Nor.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  30,  with  out;  I'a ncourrr's  Votj.,  vol.  ii.,  pj).  13,  ],">;  Vnhni, 
Noth'ins,  in  l)<ir.  U int.  Mix.,  serie  iv.,  vol.  vi.,  i)p.  3(>7,  31)0;  .S"^7  y  Muriiinni, 
]'iiiiip,  p.  Hi."):  Lit  l'':ri)»se,  !'<)(/.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  205;  Ikhmu'H  Life  mi  tin  I'luihs, 
p.  3'(l(i;  drrslKi-rhr'.^  .town.,  p'  21H;  (;ilherl.  in  Iml.  Af.  Itipt.,  IH.'iC,  ]>.  24-J; 
I'litnch;  in  /(/.,  ]).  240;  Jemtt,  in  TiJ .  p.  244;  Biuku,  in  lil.,  IH.'.H,  p.  '1W-, 
Lonl's  XoL,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  248;  L(t)iii.'<ili)rfi''s  I'lfi/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1C3;  Wmiiinl.  dili- 
fiindi'H,  pp.  177,  170;  Fariiliiuii's  Life  in  Cat.,  p.  3115;  Jieiehey's  Vny..  vol.  ii., 
p.  51;  liuir,  Stilt,  nnil  Kthnn.,  p.  72;  KoxtruniHimoir,  in  hL,  j).  83;  IhDintiieli'x 
Jh'serts,  vol.  i.,  p.  230;  }fiilile)ipt'oy<U,  Mijiro,  torn,  ii.,  p.  45();  tJiiliiit^li'H.  in 
l-irliuijlcriifl'.^  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  223;  Thorhtim's  Oijn.  and  ('id.,  vol.  ii.,  p-  01; 
Jioiiue/iiiU'.-i  \'iii/.  h'uioid  the  World,  p.  20;  Fdijes,  iu  Xouvdks  Anmdes  dts 
Voy.,  1814,  torn',  ci.,  pp.  310,  3i3. 


i 


FOOD  AND  METHODS  OF  OBTAINING  IT} 


■373^ 


lection  of  native  lints  is  in  California  called  a  raDcJirrUf,^ 
iVuiu  rancho,  a  word  first  ai)})lied  by  the  Spaniards  to 
the  spot  where,  in  the  island  of  Cnba,  food  was  distrib-| 
uted  to  repartiniiento  Indians. 

'riie  bestial  laziness  of  the  Central  Californian  pre- 
vents him  from  followinji'  the  '^hase  to  any  extent,  or 
from   even    inventing  etlicient  <>anie-trai)s.      Deer  are, 


however,  sometimes  shot  with  bow    and   arrow, 


Ti 


10 


hunter,  disguised  with  the  head  and  horns  of  a  stag, 
('ree[)s  through  the  long  grass  to  within  a  few  yards  of 
till'  unsuspecting  herd,  and  dro}>s  the  fattest  buck  at  his 
pleasure.  Jrniall  game,  such  as  hares,  rabbits,  and  birds, 
are  also  shot  with  the  arrow,  lleptiles  and  insects  of 
all  descriptions  not  poisonous  are  greedily  devoiu'ed ;  in 
fact,  any  life-sustaining  su!)stance  which  can  be  j)ro- 
oured  with  little  trouble,  is  fo'r.l  for  tliem.     But  their 


mam    reliance    is   on   acorns. 


rootf" 


irass-seet 


Is,    I 


jer- 


ries and  the  like.  These  are  eaten  both  raw  and  pre- 
pared. Tiie  acorns  are  shelled,  dried  in  the  sun.  and 
then  pounded  into  a  powder  with  large  stijiies.  From 
this  Hour  a  s[)ecies  of  coarse  bread  is  made,  which  i.s 
sHuetimes    ilavored    with    various   kinds   of   berries  or 


herl 


)S. 


This  ))read  is  of  a  black  color  when  cooked,  t)f 


about  the  consistency  of  cheese,  and  is  said,  t)y  those 
who  have  tasted  it,  to  be  not  at  all  unjjalatable."''  The 
(lough  is  fre(picntly  boiled  into  pudding  instead  of  itei'ig 
baked.  A  sort  of  mush  is  made  from  clover-seed,  which 
is  also  described  as  being  rather  a  savory  dish.  (Irass- 
hoppers  constitute  another  toothsome  delicacy.     AVhen 


1 11 


m 


sll 


"'J  Wilkes,  and  tlio  ninjovity  of  writiTs,  (isscvt  that  tli(^  acorns  ai'c  swctt  and 
liiilatalilc  in  tin  ir  natural  state:  Ivistmniitimow,  hdwever,  says:  '  Naeliileni 
(lie  Eicheln  von  JJaunie  t^eptliiekt  sind,  wenlen  sie  on  der  Sonne  i,'ediint,  da- 
fauf  i;ereiniL;t  nnd  in  K(')rlien  niittelst  liesoiideis  da/ii  luliauener  Steine  L;e- 
slossi  11,  dann  winl  ini  Sande  o<ler  sonst  \vii  in  lockerer  Erde  eine  (iiul)e  in- 
's-Iiiilii  u,  die  Eieheln  wenlen  hinein^'eseliiittet  nnd  niit  Wassi  v  iilieindssen, 
Wejihis  l)cst:indiL,'  von  del'  Erde  iini,'e/.oi;en  wird.  Dieses  Ansspiilen  wieder- 
li"lt  man  so  lanL;e  liis  die  Eieheln  ade  iluc^  ei|^'enthi'iniliehe  iiiiterkeit  V4ilonii 
haliiii,'  Hiii'i\  ^/(/^  itivl  /vV/i/io.,  ]).  84.  The  aeorn  hvead  'IcKiks  'nd  tasti  h 
like  (11  use  black  tday,  stvoni,d;- veseniMinK  tlu^  sonndin:.;s  in  iIanr|iton  roads, 
auil  hi-in.^'  about  us  : '^vovy  and  dij^estihle.'  Ixrnn'n  Ttmr.,  \i.  121.  Never 
liaviii'^'  eaten  'coarse  black  clay.'  I  cannot  say  how  it  tastes,  but.  accordint^ 
tn  all  other  autliorities,  this  bread,  were  it  not  for  the  extrenu;  lilthiness  of 
tbu.se  who  prei)are  it,  would  be  by  no  means  disagreeable  food. 


I  >•■ 


III 


371 


for  winter  Mstv 


CALIFOllNIANS, 


tl 


R'V  iiro  (IntM 


1  in  tl 


10  .sun ;  u 


lien  I 


or 


pr 


cs- 


eiit  ('()n.sunii;ti()n.  tlicy  iuv  citlicr  miisliod  into  ii  jtiistc 
Avliich  is  oiitcn  Avitli  the  linjii'vs.  iiround  into  ii  line  jum- 
iler  and  mixed  ^vitli  nnisli.  or  they  ai'e  .sitmati'd  with 
^illt  water,  phieeil  in  a  hole  in  tlu'  <:i'oinid  ])i'(.'\ioii,-ly 
lieuted,  covered  with  hot  stones,  and  eaten  lil^e  shriiii|is 
when  well  roasted.  Dried  ehrvsalides  are  considered  a 
bonne  lioiiche.  as  are  all  varieties  of  insects  and  worms. 
The  boiled  dishes  are  cooked  in  water-tiuht  baskets, 
into  which  hot  stones  are  droi)jied.  Meat  is  roa>teil 
on  sticks  before  the  lire,  or  baked  in  a  hole  in  the  ;:roiiii 
The  food  is  conveved  to  the  mouth  with  the  liniicrs 


(I. 


(Jrassh(i[)pers  ai'e  taken  in  pits,  into  which  they 


ire 


driven  by  setting'  the  uras.s  on  fire,  or  by  lH>atiiiii'  tin 
;rass  in  a  <i'radiially  lessenin,u'  circle,  of  which  tlu'  pit  i.- 


tl 


le  ce 


ntn 


For  seed-uatherinu'  two  baskets  are  used 


large  one,  which  is  borne  on  the  back,  and  anothci' 
smaller  and  scoop-shaped,  which  is  carried  in  the  hand; 
with  this  latter  the  tops  of  the  ripe  grass  are  swept,  and 
the  seed  thus  taken  is  thrown  over  the  left  shoulder  into 
the  larger  basket.  The  seeds  are  then  jnirclu-d  and  [nil- 
veri/.ed,  and  usually  stored  as  pinole,'"'  for  winter  use.''^ 


'Ji'  ]'iiii)l<'  is  an  A/t( 


1,  and  is  ainilicd   to  any  liiud  of  uniin 


{.xirclicd  and  ^'vonnd,  biforc  litin.i,'  iiiadr  into  doiiLjli.     'J'iin'lii.  In  liarina  di' 


mav/  V  (Ilia,  an 


tiuiu 


itcs  (HU'  la  ill 


.1/.'/; 


lliltln 


The  A/ttcs  n: 


li-  cliiitiy  of  maize  or  Indian  com. 
'■"  '  Nos  trai^crou  sii  rit,'alo  do  tainalcs  f^raiulcs  <1('  mas  dr  a  Irrcia  con  su 


corrcsno 


ndicntc 


^'rncso,  ai 
.1 


nasados  dc  scniillas   silvi'str( 
1 


s    11,'uy  lil'lctas   {[WC. 


liai'fccu  brca;  ]<is  jivonc  y  no  tniicii  mal  ^nsto  y  son  muy  mrnucosc 


/'„/-, 


Aulirids,  iu  l>iir.   Hist.  J/'.i'.,  sciie  iv.,  torn.  vii..  p.  (iS.     Anion},'  llic  i:i(s 
cnts  "ivfU  to  l>vakc  liv  the  Indians  was  'a  inotc  \\iiiili  tin  v  call   Fi  t.'.li 


if  tl 


lev  maKc  a 


kind  of  nualc,  and  titlui-  bake  it  into  Imad  < 


'  t  ate  It 


raw;  liroylcd  lislics.  like  a  jiilchaid;  the  siide  and  downe  at'oicnami  d.  uitli 
Hiich  like.'  J>r<il,i's  W'liilil  F.iirt,tii)i.,  p.  VH\.    Catch  salmon  in  baskets.     •'Jlav 


neither  sow  nor  reaji,  but  burn  their  meadows  from  time  to  time  to  iia-K 


their  fertilitv.'  r/,-o 


in  Kill  id  1 1 


!'"(/.,  vol.  iii  ,  ]\  AH.     'Li  s 


lal> 
lis 


nt 


insectes.  les  serpentes,  tout  sans  cxceiitioii  leiir  serf  de  nourritnrt 

tro])  maladroits  et  trop  iiai-essenx  iionr  chasser.'  rA. ;/■;.<,   I'e//.  7'///..  part  iii., 

p.  2,     'lintre  ellas  tienen  una  especie  de  semilla  neei'a.  y  de  sn  harina  haci  n 


un( 


IS  tiunales,  a  inodo  de  bolas,  dt'  tai 


de  un 


la  n^irania,  line  son  nmv  sa- 


Lrt 
part 


osos,  (iile  liareceiu 


le  aliiieiidra  tostada  niiiv  mantec( 


«1 


p.  2iCi:   Sii  I II  1/  .M(.)'i 


r 


";/'•,  p 


KM;  Knliili 


I'l  .III,' 

I  !/..  M 


ii.,  p.  I  Hi.     ''I'lieir  fastidiousness  does  not  jirompt  them  to  take  the  eiitiail 


out '  of  fishes  and  birds.   Ikh 


Lit 


till-  J'ln 


V 


•Ml 


■Li 


ve  ll|iirn  v: 


rious  plants  iu  their  several  seasons,  besides  grajies,  and  even  use  the  -Viti 


Will,  I 


.Viir.,  in  r.  S.  K.r.  A'.i'.,  vol. 


IT 


lU-l. 


■  l!s    tll'UM  lit 

lis 


tisau'e 


aiissi  aiitour  d'eiix  nne  (pianlitt'  d'alocs  dont  ils  font  un  fn'qnent 

'utilisciit  cucoru  la  laciuc  d'uuc  (.spcce  dc  loocuu, .  ,  lis  luauj^en'  uussi  une  Ih  lU' 


ACOIINS  AND  WILD  FOWL 


.i,  .\ 


for  prcs- 
a  jKistc. 
liiu'  jxm- 
itcd  with 
rc'vioiisly 
'  sliriiiips 
sidci'cd  ;t 
I  worms. 
Iia>l\('ts. 
'  r(ta>tcil 
c  Lii'oiiiid. 

llu'V  arc 
:diiii:'  llic 
till'  pit  is 
V.  u^{'A  ;  a. 
[  aiHitluT 
lie  liaiul ; 
,v('ltt.  and 
ddcr  into 
and  [iid- 
tcr  list'."' 

lin  di'  sriils, 
a  liiiriua  i!t> 
A/tccs  luadi: 

I'Vcia  ciiii  su 
luirtas  quo 

,M.  .•  /'-/,„', 
IIL'  till'  \Vi>- 
l-lll  l'(t/.ll, 
ail  cr  I  ale  it 
iiiiiiK  i1.  witli 
;(!■-.  ■■Iliiv 
li'  iiicnasn 
Li^  lals.  lis 

...  nssiiit 

;//..  ]'ait  iii., 
laiiiia  liiii'(  n 
II  iimv  sa- 

i;,;,M'r  ,/»,.,- 

ir    \'i  II. ■  M'l. 

tlic  1  iitrails 
ivi'  n|'(iii  va- 
isr  tlif  Alie- 
ns  tldllVtllt 

isaur.  .  .  .  ns 
issi  uinj  til  ur 


When  acorns  arc  scarce  tlic  Central  ( '.ilifornian  resorts 
to  a  envious  ('.xjiedient  to  ol)taiii  tlieni.  Tlie  woodpecker, 
or  cfir/iliitcro  as  tlie  Spaniards  call  it.  stores  awav  acorns 


ior  its  own  n.><e  in  tlio  trunks  of  trc 


I'S. 


Kiicl 


1  acorn  is 


placed  in  a  separate  hole,  which  it  (Its  (piili'  tiiihtly. 
Tliese  the  natives  take;  hut  it  is  iieNcr  until  hiniLicr 
coni[)els  them  to  do  so,  as  they  have  |:ri'at  resjurt  lor 
their  little  caterer,  ami  would  hold  it  sacrileuc  to  i-oh 
him  I'.xcept  in  time  of  extreme  need.''-  Wild  I'owl  are 
taken  with  a  net  stretched  across  a  narrow  stream  he- 
tween  two  jioles.  one  on  either  hank.  l>ecoys  are  jilaced 
on  the  water  just  helbre  the  net.  one  end  of  which  is 
lastened  to  the  toj)  ol"  the  pole  on  the  farther  hank.  A 
line  passin,ii'  throuizh  a  hole  in  the  toj)  of  the  pole  on  the 
hank  where  the   I'owler  is  c(^ncealed,  is  attached  to  the 

Mirri'f  ([ui  i'css('inl)lc  I'l  cclltMlr  r(';.^la]itiir  (l'F.s])iij,')ir,  ('t([ui  cruit  dans  Ics  cn- 
(li'iiils  iiiari'caL;iux.'   MurinU  r.  Siil\<-'-.  in  llri/'dil.    \'i'i/.tii('iil..]]>.'S.'-\l-'.i,'SM. 


\\,n 


M<i, 
niil)al>an(l  llirir: 


•IS  still  cat  luinian  llcsli.    M'li'i 


/•;.r/./. 


tiini. 


PI' 


Ui'iC, -!).     'I'lic  .Mc<  Wdcs  "rat  all  cniituns  thai  swim  in  tlu'  wativs. 


ill  lliat  tly  tludiiuU  Uk'  air,  ami  all  that  i'iiti>.  crawl,  or  walk  ii|iiinthc  caitli 
uitli,  iHrlia|is  a  dnzcu  cxcciitions,'  I'ninrs,  in  On i-lnml  Mmililii.  vnl.  x.,  )i 
I'JI.     '  lis  sc  miiurissiiit  ('Ltalcnii  lit  d  niic  csiiccc  dc  I'atcanx  fahinnics  iivcc 


dn  L'laiid,  ct  <[U  ils  rmilcnt  dans  Ir  salili-  avaiit  dc  Ic   livn 


cr  a  la  ciiissuii;  id 


IJ 


VlCllt    l]l 


11  est  \<\ 


sunt,  jcimis  ciiciirc,  lis  dents  usees   jnsiiu'a  la  raciiic,  ct  cii 


uiiinic  Ic  (lit  Malle-i! 


!(;;«  ,', 


mj.  (11 


(id. 


V 


111 


iiiiif,'  1,'irls  cainc  frmii  th 


iiriiii.  jiarce  (lu'ilsinit  Ihaliitudc  dc  Ics  linn 
While  I  was  slaiidin;4  there  a  cmijile  of  jn'i  tly 


lods,  with  tlat  h, 


i  ts  full  of  tliiwi  i-secd,  cinit- 


tiiii,'a  iiiciiliar  fratjraiicc,  which  tin  y  also  prciiarcil  forcatiii.t,'.    'i'luy  ]ml  sonu 
live  coals  aiiapii'.,'  the  seed,  and  swin^'iiiL;  it  and  throw  iiiL;  it  to'^i  tin  r.  to  shaki 


liie  coals  and  the  seed  well,  and  hrini'  them  in  {■onlinual  and  clu-i 


inti 


ilhout  lnirniiiL;   the   latter,   they   roasted   it   coiiiiiletely,   and    the   mixture 

d  handful  of  it,  and 


I'Ucd 


■autiful  and  refrcshiiii,'  th  it  I  tasted  a 


found  it  most  excellent.'  (li  rsUinl.'  r's  •liiiiiii..Y.i\\.     S(  e  farther:   Ihuiilinlill 


/;■ 


/'"/..  t 


om.  1. 


I'l 


).  It.;  I  -■);   IhiUiisl'i.  l.ii  I  'iili/'i 


).  17t;  i.'ihl 


in  .ScAoo/- 


I  nii't's  .l/'<7/.,  vol.  iii..  \>]i.  10  ;-7.  I  i;i:  W'iiiiiinl.  I'dli/nrnii  ii,  ji]).  IT'.t.  isl;  Ivlhfs 

Kl  l)i,i-iiihi,   Vol.  i  .   ]!. -ll;   ]\i(iii\ 


I-:. 


tn    Cdl..   vol.  ii. 


ll'i'K.  in  I'lii/hir'a  FJ  Ih. 


V 


ll: 


T 
A    ii. 


li::!;  I.,.nVs  Xnt. 


l:;il 


u 


vol.  1.,  p 


■J  IX: 


.'/""■ 
V 


iiiirdiin  r  ,s' 


2 Ml;  Luinisilnitr 
il.'ii. 


.1.  ii. 


K,:  /•;, 


/•'/ 


1' 


r-v/.. 


V 


I 'hi., 


V 


•if.-i  l-:.viilnr.   A'.i'.,  11]).  -.>[■>.  •Ill;  ,/.-/-/ 


'  ■ill. 


'IJ..    tolll.  11.,    \\\t 


,1  V. 


Ilili'n  FAhii.„i.,  in   /■.  S.   !■:.>■.  /•.'. 


vol. 


III..  1) 


1I-. 


VI..    ) 


I.   'Iii;     I'lilrrrriHr    I  lull  X, 


l>i.V.i:  llriil,;/,  in   liiil.  Atf.  H'j.i..   is.">l,  ]>.  iJii:!:  I'nlnrl..   Mrlhriimii.  (iW„d, 
H'  nil:.  .Iniiiis'iii,   \'ijii  Sriiiiiiill,  Mr.\ilniii.  Ilnirllii/,  and  ,/i  c'l  II.  in  linl.  Jfl'.  Hi  jit.. 


\>\>.  is.  ll-l:  /,./  /' 


I'll!/.,  torn,  ii.,  \).  "iS-J;    Ihljir'.i  Lunil  nj  Hnlil, 


I'l'. '211:1  70;  lliitcliiiHis'  ('ill.  .!/'('/.,  vol.  iii.,  !>]).  411-2;  Mii'fi''.i  \' 


As/.,  \>i 


■"»ii-l;   Tlninitnii.'.^  Oiin.  mill  ('ill..  \>]).  ^•l\-i.  io2,  itKI;   Vnli'.i  ."^h hli  <ii'  lln  .'^V/c- 


■■iiiinilii\'iill,'i/  in  \HA'i,  M.S.;   D'Orl 


I'/f'll.    .l/.S'.;    I),i 

lolii,  ii..  ]it.  ii.,  ])]).  i^i'i-f'r,   ICh'i  ilil'.i  /' 


'.'/.  '".'/■•  !'•  I"'":   .Mi'l'Hiiiils'  F.iirlii  Itiii/.-^ 


/7.V,  vol.  i.,  pj).  liliK,  JiK!;  Muhkiqifin'iH,   Mijh 


I.ifi\  MS. 


\Nhcn  till'  Indian  tinds  a  Irec  stocked  by  tlii'  carpcntrT  l>ird  he  'Idndles 
■  at  its  base  and  keeps  it  U|i  till  the  tree  fulls,  when  he  hellis  himself  to 


a  tire  at  its  1); 


)riis.'   Ililp  r'.-i  Luiul  (if  (iiihl,  p.  201). 


370 


CALIFORNIAXS. 


m 


iirc'st  end  of  the  net.  which  in  allowed  to  hiiiiy;  1( 


»w, 


When  the  fowl  lly  rapidly  n\i  to  the  (lecovH,  this  end  i.s 
Huddenly  raised  with  a  jerk,  mo  that  thi>  hirds  stril\e  it 
with  great  Have,  and,  .stinnied  l)y  the  shock,  fall  into  a 
lar;:e  pouch,  contrived  for  the  pur^jose  in  the  lowei  part 
of  the  net;'' 

I'ish  are  l)oth  speared  and  netted.  A  lonji  jiole.  pro- 
jectinji  sometimes  as  nnich  as  a  hundred  feet  over  the 
stream,  is  run  out  from  the  hank.  The  farther  <•!'.;!  '.y 
sunpoi'ted  h\- a  small  raft  or  huov.     Alonuthis  hoom  the 

111  »/  > 

net  is  stretched,  the  nearer  corner  hcinj;'  held  In'  a  na 
tive.  As  soon  as  a  (ish  hecomes  entan;^led  in  the  meshes 
it  can  he  easily  felt,  and  the  net  is  then  hauled  in.^^ 
On  the  coast  a  small  fish  resemhlin*;'  the  sardine  is  cauulit 
on  the  heach  in  the  recedinji' waves  hy  means  of  a  hand- 
net,  in  the  maimer  i)rai1:.e(l  hy  the  Northern  Californiaii 


Iieretofore  described. 


ie  Central  Californians  do  '.njt 


hunt  the  whale,  hut  it  is  a  urei:;  »\iv  willi  them  when 


one  is  strain 


y 

led.'"'     In  realitv  then  lood  Avas  not  so  had 


as  some  writers  assert,  liefore  the  arrival  of  niineis 
jiame  was  so  plentilul  that  even  the  la/,y  natives  could 
sup])ly  their  necessities.  The  '  nohler  race,'  as  '.isual, 
thrust  them  down  upon  a  level  with  swine,  dohuson 
thus  describes  the  feeding' of  the  natives  at  Sutter's  Fort: 
''Long  troughs  inside  the  walls  were  filled  with  a  kind 
of  hoiled  mush  made  of  the  wheat-hrtiii;  and  the  In- 
dians, huddled  in  rows  upon  their  knees  before  these 
troughs,  cpiickly  conveyed  their  contents  by  the  hand  to 


tl 


le  moutn 


th 


But,"  writes  Powers  to  the  author,  '"it 


is  a  well-established  fact  that  (^difornia  Indians.  'AA  ii 
when  reared  by  ^Vmericans  from  infancy-,  if    'ie\    ja\e 


93  Biei'lici/'s  Vol/  ,  vol.  ii,,  p.  7'). 

"I  'When  11  st>ii-;,'c()U  is  (•1111','lit,  the  s))iniil  niiiiTow,  whi(  onsid 

dcliciicy,  is  (iiiiwii  out  whole,  tla-ouj^'li  a  cut  luiuli'  iu  the  hiuk,  I  di  v 
raw.'    liiirlkU's  /'r/'s.  Sar.,  vul.  ii.,  p]).  :!2-3. 

«'  liroirni',  in  llari)' r's  .IAm/..  vol.  xxiii.,  p.  lilii. 

9''  '  Thi'y  cook  the  tlcsh  of  this  iininiiil  iu  lioU's  dni,'  iu  tlic  i^'voiiin 
cur1)cil  up  with  stone  like  wells.  Over  this  they  build  lavj^e  tins,  hi  at 
thoi'ou^'hly,  clean  out  the  coals  and  ashes,  till  them  with  whale  tlcNli. 
the  opeiiini,'  with  sticks,  leaves,  j^'rass  and  earth,  and  thus  bake  their  r- 
FitrnlKiiit'n  Lifv  in  I'nL,  p.  ;{(i(')-7.  'lis  font  rotir  ci'tte  chair  dans  dcs 
creuKus  eu  tcrru.'  Mannkr,  \otia',  iu  Bryant,  \'oy.  cu  Cni,  p.  2U7. 


liV 


1  and 
tluni 
cover 
]iast.' 
irons 


CAL1I'(  )UNIAN  WEAPONS. 


;]7" 


ht't'ii  iH'niiltt('(l  to  associate  lU'antinu'  witli  otlii^rs  of  tlii'ir 
liici',  will,  in  the  season  of  lush  hlossoiiiiiiii  clover,  jio 
out  and  eat  it  in  |)rererence  t(»  all  other  fooil.'"'" 

in  their  personal  iiahits  thev  iire  lilthy  in  tlie  extreme. 
l)oth  their  (Iwellinjis  and  thi'ir  persons  alioinid  in  ver- 
min, which  they  oitch  and  eat  in  the  same  manner  as 
theii'  northei'n  neijihhors.'"^ 

Their  weap»ons  are  hows  and  arrows,  sjH'Mrs.  and  somi'- 
times  chihs.  The  lirst-nanied  do  not  diil'cr  in  any  es- 
sential res|)ect  from  those  ih'scrihed  as  heinji'  used  hy 
llie  .Xorthern  ( 'alifornians.  They  are  well  made.  I'rom 
two  and  a  \i  H'  to  three  feet  lon.ii'.  and  hacki'il  with  sinew  ; 
the  strinj;'  of  wild  tla.v  or  sinew,  and  partially  covered 
with  hird  s  down  or  a  piece  of  skin,  to  (U'aden  the  twan^'. 

The  arrows  are  short,  made  of  reed  or  liuht  wood, 
and  winiii'd  with  three  of  fonr  feathers.  The  head 
is  of  llint,  hone,  ohsidian,  or  volcanic  glass,  sometimes 
harhed  and  sometimes  dianiond-sluqied.  it  is  fastened 
loosely  to  the  shal't,  and  can  he  extracted  only  from 
a  woinid  hy  cutting  it  out.  Tiie  shaft  is  fre(|nently 
painted  in  order  that  the  owner  may  he  ahle  to  distin- 


uish   his  own  arrows  from  other; 


hears,  or 


I'atl 


ler 


javelins,  are  used,  seldom  exceeding  from  four  and  a  half 
to  live  iV'i't  in  U'ugth.  They  are  made  ol'  some  tough 
kind  of  wood  and  iieaded  with  the  same  materials  as 
the  arrows.  Occasionallv  the  point  of  the  stick  is  merelv 
sharpened  and  hardened  in  the  lire.''''     The  head  of  the 


■''  .A</(/iso)('s  Cii!.  nml  Oipi.,  ji.  l.'i'i;  I'mri rs'  Afcumd  nf  .Inlm  .1.  >»//■  ;•,  Ms.; 
mill  /./..  h lln-  III  tl,<'  mtthni;  MS. 

'■>^  ■  Jiciiilii'likcit  Kriuicii  sic  iiicht,  mul  in  ilinn  Iliittcii  siinl  ilic  divtrsc- 
strii  i'aiasitcii  vi'i'trcti'ii.'  W'iiiniirl,  ('urifiiniUn,  ji.  177.  "I  liavr  s^  tu  tliiiii 
1  itiii'.;  till!  vci'iiiiu  which  they  jiickcd  t'lDiii  ciich  other's  heads,  ami  timn  their 
Maiikcts.  .\lthi)Ui,'h  they  liallie  ficiiuciitiy,  they  lay  for  hours  in  the  dirt, 
haskili',' ill  the  sun,  covered  with  dust.'  I)i  liiim'.-i  l,'if(  untln  /'(Vid.s,  ]).  III).").  'Ju 
tlieir  [lersoiis  they  are  cxti'ciuely  dirty.'  Kat  lic^  like  the 'I'artars.  Ilnrlti  i/'.-i 
1'"//.,  vol.  ii.,  ])]).  7i)-7.  '  V.  1  \  i'illLy,  niid  showed  less  sense  of  decency  in 
i\'Y\  respeiit  than  any  wo  hud  over  met  vith.'  liUihs,  in  Scliiinlrrii''l's  Arch., 
vol.'iii..  p.  11)0. 

"■'•Kin  lioLjeii  init  I'feilen  und  cin  S|iiess  sind  ilire  Wafl'eii;  alles  dicst  s 
wild  iiieisteiis  ans  jun;4eiii  Taiineiihol/  verferti'^t.  Die  Spit/en  der  I'feile  und 
Spirsse  histi  hen  alls  seliarfell,  kiilistliell  liehaileliell  Steilleii,  Zlir  lio'jelisehlii) 
inliiiieii  sie  die  Sehiieii  wilder  Zie),'en;  ausserchiii  fiihren  sie  ill  Kii.es/iiten 
fine  .\rt  von  SclilcinU'r,  niit  wclcher  sie  Steiiu!  anf  eino  t,'idsse  Kntfernuiij^ 
Wtifeu.'  KuatroiiiUuhoic,  iu  B<.ur,  .ilat.  u..  Etlmo.,  p.  8'J.     Jiow  'from  three  tu 


n 


m 


i  ■  i 


P.78 


CALIFOKNIAXS. 


iisliin,ii-s[H'ar  is  moval)lo.  Ix'iuf:'  iittacliod  to  tlio  sliul't  l)y 
!i  line,  so  that  wlioii  a  lish  is  -truck  the  ])ole  serves  as  a 
lloat.  Some  ol'  the  ti'ihes  forinerh'  poisoned  their  ar- 
i"o\vs,  l)ut  it  is  prouable  that  the  ciistosu  never  prevailed 

fimr  anil  a  li:ilf  feet  loii<,'.'  F(iriihinti'n  I.'ifc  \ii  CuL,  p.  .'iUS.  'Thiiv  nrius  !in' 
clubs,  s|iciirs  iif  liiird  wood,  mid  thr  Ikiw  and  arrow  .  .  Ai'rows  arc  iiKistly  made 
ofict'ds."  T'ii/I'ii\  ill  <'<il.  l-'itriii' r,  l-'ih.  22,  isiin.  •  J)ii' ciiizi;4c  WalVi- /iir  I'lvlc- 
^'Uiil;  dcs  Wildes  ist  iliiu'u  (U'r  I'mil,'!!!  mid  Pl'iil.'  Wiiininl,  ('nUi'uni'K  n,  ]i.  iJSii. 
'  Tlifir  (inly  arms  were  liows  and  armus.'  //'(/■  's  Kthiiiiij.,  in  I'.  S.  lur.  J-.'x., 
vol.  vi,,  [),  222,  Hows  'aliont  thirty  iiulirs  loii^,'  .  .  ..arrows  arc  a  s|)cci(s  of 
rccd  .  .  ,  .s[)cars  ai'c  |ioiutcd  with  l)onc.'  Ihhtnu's  l.ifr  ati  I'luins.  ]>.'MH'i,  •']']!(' 
(('.liver  of  drcssiil  dccr-skiii,  holds  lioth  bow  and  arrows,'  liihli.i,  in  ScIhk,!- 
rfd/t's  -b'/'.,  vol.  iii,,  i>.  ]2.'i.  'The  ]ioint  (of  the  arrow;  its(  If  is  a  jii(  cc  of 
Hint  (dii]iiied  down  into  a  flat  diamond  sliajie,  about  the  size  of  a  diamond 
on  a  iilayin'.,'-card;  the  cdi^'es  are  very  sharp,  and  are  iioteh( d  to  receive  the 
tendons  with  which  it  is  lirnily  secure(l  to  the  arrow,'  ll'irllin-ii-L's  Tlinv  )'(<i/,s- 
//(  ('ill.,  \).  bfl,  '.Vrrowsaic  iiointcd  with  lliiit,  as  are  also  theirsp(ars,  which 
lire  very  sliort.  'I'licy  do  not  use  the  tomahawk  or  scalpini;  knife'  Tlinni- 
ton'n  Oijii.  iiii'l  Cnl.,  vol,  ii,,  p.  1*1.  'Leurs  amies  sont  I'.dv  ct  les  tleches 
arme('s  dim  silcx  trcs-artisteiiu'iit  travailh'.'  /,'(  /'•Vok.sc,  I'"//-  toni,  ii.,  p.  oiK"). 
'  Ces  arcs  sont  ei.core  ^'ariiis,  an  milieu,  d'liiK^  petite  lani('rc  de  cuir,  ipii  a 
]iour  object  d'einiK'chcr  la  llcchc  de  (h'vier  de  la  position  (|u'oii  liii  doiiiie  <  ii 
la  posaiit  sur  rare.... lis  iir<'teiident  <pie  cette  pr('caution  rend  lenis  coups 
encore  plus  siirs.  I.,es  tli'(dles  scuit  nioins  loli;_'lles  (|Uc  I'arc,  ellcs  out  onli- 
naircnieiit  de  Sii  k  S.")  ceiitiiii("'tres  de  lorn;,  ellcs  sont  faites  d'nn  bois  tiv>- 
li'^'er  et  so  I  it  ('stales  en  j^'rosscur  ;i  clia(pie  cxtr.'miti'.  .  .  .1 'autre  (  xtK'miti'  di  la 
tli'che  est  ;,Mrnie,  sur  (piatre  faces,  de  barbes  en  iiliimcs  (pii  lUit  10  c(  iiti- 
ni"'trcs  de  longueur  sur  (),(ll~)  niillini('tres  de  hauteur,'  PilM-'riini'iifn,  Vnii., 
tom.  ii,,  [1.  bis.  They  'maintain  urniories  to  make  their  bows,  and  arrows, 
and  lanc(s,'  Arrows  'are  tijiped  with  barbed  obsidian  heads.  .  .  .the  shaft  is 
lU'iiameiited  with  rin;.,'s  of  the  distillL!uishin^'  p  tint  of  the  owner's  ranclnria, 
'I'hcir  knives  and  spear-points  arc  made  of  obsidian  and  tlint.'  .Xirowsarc 
of  two  kinds,  '  one  slicu't  aiKl  liLflit  for  killing;  s^aliie,  and  the  other  a  war-shaft 
nieasuriii'4  a  cloth-yard  in  leiit;th.'  Jt'irn's  'I'mi,-..  jip,  121  2.  Mis  iIiCIks 
oil'rei'.;  pell  de  daiiLjer  a  uiu;  ccrtaine  distance,  a  cause  de  la  parabole  (pT  (Hi  s 
sold  forc(';'s  de  di'crire,  et  (pii  diuuie  it  cclui  (pie  les  voit  veiiir  le  tenuis  de  Ics 
I'viici,'  .1"/'/',  I'o.'/.  '■'*  '''('..  p.  bi't.  'La  cordc,  faite  avec  dii  ch.invre  sylves- 
trc,  est  u'arni(^  d'nn  petit  movceau  dc  ]ieau  (jui  (  n  ('toulle  Ic  sililnieiit.'  Mn- 
j'f't.-t.  /i'l'/i''!)'.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  I!7S;  see  AHiin,  plate  2").  'line  Watfeii  liestelicii 
nur  in  llou'eii  iind  I'feil,'  .][,iji!i'iijii'(ir(ll,  M'ji-'n,  tom.  ii..  jiart  ii..  |i.  loo.  ■'I'lc  y 
have  no  otleiisive  arms  at  all,  exc(>pt  bows  irid  arrows,  and  these  are  suiall 
and  pow«  rless.  , .  ,,Vrrows  ar((  about  two  feet  Iohl;.'  in  rsliii"-hi r's  ./"I'/n.,  p. 
'212,  '  Soaietinics  the  bow  is  merely  of  wood  and  rudely  made.  I'lKindssn,  in 
KulzchiK'^  Villi.,  vol,  iii,,  (I.  IH,  '  I'licir  weapons  consist  only  of  bows  ainl 
arrows;  neither  the  tomahawk  nor  the  sjiear  is  «  ver  seen  in  tin  ir  hands  ' 
It  i(7e// s  1'"//.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  77,  '  .V  |iortion  of  the  striiiL;  is  covered  with  douny 
fur'  to  deaden  the  Sound,  Arrows  are  invariiibly  pointed  with  tlint.  They 
li.ive  '  sometimes  woodei  barbs.'  Javelins  pointed  with  Iliiit.  or  soiiictiiin  s 
simply  sharpened  at  the  end.  I'lrlvr'in  i'^  Itdna,  in  l'.  >'.  A.'.r.  /'.'.i'.,  vol,  i\..  p 
]<i;i.  .Vrrows  Were  about  three  feet  lont;,  and  |)ointed  with  tlint,  SlioiL 
sp"ars  also  pointed  with  Hint,  li'i//.•■.^•'  Xnr.,  in  /',  .*<'.  /-.'.i'.  F..i\.  vol.  v.,  p.  1'.'"'. 
'Traian  iiiias  laii/.is  cortas  eon  sn  len'4ii(  ta  dc  ]iedi  riial  tin  bieii  labiadas 
como  si  fui'sen  de  hierro  d  acero.  con  solo  la  difereiicia  de  no  estar  li--as 
I' lion,  .Vi/i  ■/'(.•<',  in  /^l''.  Ifht.  Mi.i\,  scrie  iv.,  tom.  y\i..  ]i.  p.  (is,  'Los  mas 
de  fill  IS  traian  v.iras  liu^'iis  "ii  las  manos  a  modo  de  lanzas."  /(/,,  (i,  Cd  ;  /,"/■■/> 
,V''^,  vol.  i..  p.  ".il'i:    Litiiijsilofff'.^  I  "i/.,  vul,  ii,,  p.  Kiij;  Li/c  of  'mi',  L.  II. 

liil  I  IK,  III/  his  So:,  ^tS. 


TATTLES  AND  ^WEAPONS. 


r^  —  f-i 
111  J 


to  jinyfrroat  extent,  ^l.  dii  Petit-Tliouars  avos  told  tliat 
tliey  used  ibr  this  purpo.se  a  si)eeies  of  cliniltiiiij,'  plant 
\vliieli  fzrows  in  shady  places.  Jt  is  said  that  tliev  also 
l)ois(>ii  their  weapons  Avith  the  venijui  oi'  s(.'r[)ents."'*^' 
IV'di-o  laiics  iiiiTitions  that  the  natives  in  the  '.'oiiiitry 
round  St' II  Miuuel  use  a  kind  of  sal)re.  made  of  hai'd 
wood,  shaped  like  a  cinieter,  and  ediivd  with  shar[)  Hints. 
Ti)is  tliey  t'lnploy  for  huntinu'  as  well   as   in  war,  and 


with  such  address  that  they  rarcl\-  j'ail  to  hrcak  the  le; 
of  the  animal  at  which  thev  lrai-1  it. 


iiii 


]>attles.  thonuh  lrei|iient,  weiv  not  attended  \\ith  nnich 
loss  of  life.  Mach  side  was  anxious  for  the  (iiilit  to  he 
over,  and  the  first  l)lood  would  often  terminate  tiie  cou- 
test.  Challeni^inij;  hy  heralds  ohtained.  Thus  the  Shu- 
nieias  challenge  the  Pomos  ])\-  nlacinu'  three  little  sticks, 
notched  in  the  middle  and  at  hoth  ends,  on  a  mound 
which  marked  the  houndary  l)etween  the  two  trihes.  If 
the   Tomos  accept,   they  tie  a  sti'inji'  round  the  middle 

notch.      Heralds  then  meet  and  arran^tie  time  and  [)lace 

..,..1   fi...   i..,f+i,-  ,.,„.., iV ;..+,..i  iifj       \ ,,.....„>,. 


anil 


th 


l)a 


ttl 


e  comes  o 


If 


as  ani)oni 


W 


ited, 


Ai 


nonii'  some 


trilies.  children  are  .H'lit  hy  nnitual  arran^ii'ment  into  the 
enemy  s  ranks  durint:'  the  heat  of  l»attle  to  jiiclv  up  the 
fallen  arrows  and  carry  them  hack  to  their  owners  to  he 
UM'il  aLiain.""  W  hen  liiihtinii'.  they  stretch  out  in  a  lon,u' 
>inL:le  line  and  endeavor  h\-  shouts  and  ue.stuivs  to  in- 


tuuida 


te  tl 


le  loc 


Ml 


/■./.7-77,. 


m  /.' 


'  /'N,     111 


A'. 


•//.,  tmii.  ii.,  ]).  Kl'.l. 


S'l'l'iii-.  ill   llri/iiiil, 

liiiiilv  till'  S.i'ii  Miuiicl  iif  1' 


'.'/•  ' " 


'■"/. 


'/•s   I'".'/..  1^  1 1,  toni.  fi. 


KU;  ^r< 


]' 


It   is  iiniMis 


s>iM..  to  1, 


ati'  with  cii- 


'I'iii  II'  ai'i'  iiiiw  si'Vi  ral  iilaccs  of  the  liaiiii' 


ill  (aiiliiiiiia.  iif  which  the  .S.iii  Mi-iul  in  S.iii   Luis  ( )liis]iii  ('(Hiiit_\ 


iiii'st   thi'  iTuiiPii   ill  whii'h.  to  iiu'ii'i 


.ilh  lii> 


liavi'  hciii  ,'it  till'  tiliii' 


'J'l 


.  II  1  ,11  i.;livi'.  Fa^'cs   must 


liiiirti  r  iiiriiti.iiiiil  liv  him.  iiirst  liavi'  strmi'^lv 


ivMiiiMi'il  t! 


Ic  ///.( 


I'arlhi  1'  south  that  hi 


./.'.(/,  i/WnftI 


n-  alicli  11 


t  M 


I  xiralis,  aliil  it  was  [mssilily  liiurh 


saw   It. 


'11-    I'llll'lfs' 

iiii  i;,iit.  /,', 


/• 


./,  .1. 


ii'>  •  Siiiloi  ciitriii'  111 


MS.:  S,ilU  1/  .1/. 

/.,  is'ii;. 


(":;<■.  !> 


l<;;). 


I  I  lltnliallcli)  calltlrns 


militans  mczrlailns  ilc  ix- 


tlauiiH  iilaiidiis;  y  Mi'iisliiiiihiali  fniniaisc  Ins  (•aiiiiiiiiin  s  c  ii  ilns  l.m  as  iiiny 


i|''i\lliias   iiara   l■lll^'   /uv  ilisiial'iinl 


iiali. 


■•lii 


tlr.l 


laziis.      Coiiiii   iillK  ill'   sils   [il'iliri- 


lisisti'  111  lutimiilar  al  i  tuluiun.  JiaiM  ciiiisc'iuillo  |iVorUl'a  cail.'i 


I'.uti'i..  :i;ii'  ii|;,M  I  1  I'ciiitrariu  li.s  ini'palativ 


il.'  la  hiitalla.'  ^l'^7  »/   Mi 


j>.  I7i>.  "On  I'oiiiiiii,'  in  si'_'lit  of  till'  ( iiiiiiy  till  y  furiii  in  an  r\- 
ti  iiiliil  liiir,  Kiinii  thiiiL;  liUi'  li'.,'lit  infantry,  ainl  shmitiii','.  lil.i  liarchaiials 
liiM'i  fiiijii  siili' 1.1  siilc  to  111!  VI  lit  thi-  fill.-  fioiii  taking  tlililn  rati' aim."  Vi'i- 


VH'l 


I 


380. 


CALIFORNIANS. 


Xohvithstanding  the  mildness  of  their  disposition  and 
the  inlerioiity  of  their  Avea[)oiis.  the  Central  Californians 
do  not  Lick  coura<i;e  in  battle,  and  when  captured  will 
meet  their  fate  with  all  the  stoicism  of  a  true  Ind.ian. 
For  many  years  after  the  occu})ation  of  the  counti-y  hy 
the  Spaniards,  by  abandoning  their  villages  and  l,\ing 
in  ambush  upon  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  they  were 
enabled  to  resist  the  small  sfpiads  of  Mexicans  sent 
against  them  from  the  presidios  for  the  reco\ery  of  de- 
serters IVom  the  missions:  During  the  settlement  ol'  the 
country  by  white  people,  there  were  the  usual  skirmishes 
growing  out  of  wrong  and  op[)ression  on  the  one  side, 
and  retaliation  on  the  other;  the  usual  uprising  among 
miners  and  rancheros,  and  vindication  of  border  law, 
which  demanded  the  massacre  of  a  village  for  the  steal- 
ing of  a  cow. 

Trespnss  on  lands  and  abduction  of  women  are  the 
usual  causes  of  war  among  themselves.  Op[)osing  armies, 
on  ai)proaching  eacii  other  in  battle  array,  dance  and  leap 
Irom  side  to  side  in  order  to  [)revent  their  eni-mies  jrom 
taking  di'liberate  aiu\  L'})on  the  invasion  of  their  ter- 
ritory they  ra})idly  convc}'  the  intelligent  by  means  of 
signals.  A  great  smoke  is  made  ui)on  the  nearest  hill- 
top, whi(;li  is  quickly  repeated  upon  the  surrounding 
hills,  and  thus  a  wide  extent  of  country  is  aroused  in  a 
remarkably  short  time. 

The  custom  of  scalping,  though  nt^t  universal  in  Cali- 
fornia, was  practiced  in  some  localities.  The  yet  more 
iKirbiu'ous  habit  of  cutting  oil*  the  hands,  feet,  or  head 
of  a  lidlen  enemy,  as  trophies  of  \ictory,  jtri'vailed  nioit: 
widely.  Tiny  also  plucked  out  and  carefully  preserxetl 
the  eyes  of  the  slain. 

It  has  been  asserted  that  these  savages  were  cannibals, 
and  there  seems  tt»  be  good  reason  to  believe  that  tlity 
did  devour  pieces  of  the  tlesh  of  a  renowni'd  enemy  slain 
in  battle,  lluuian  ilesh  was.  however,  not  eaten  as  food, 
nor  for  the  pur[)ose  of  wreaking  Aengeance  on  or  show- 
ing hate  for  a  dead  adversai-y.  l»ut  because  they  thought 
that  by  eating  part  of  a  brave  man  they  absorbed  a  }tor- 


IMPLEMENTS  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


881 


tion  of  his  courage.  They  do  not  appear  to  have  kept 
or  sold  prisoners  a.s  slaves,  but  to  have  either  exchanged 
or  killed  them.'""' 

They  are  not  ingenious,  and  manufacture  ])ut  few 
articles  reciuiring  any  skill.  'J'lie  princii)al  of  these  are 
the  baskets  in  which,  as  1  have  already  mentioned,  they 
,;.:iy  water  and  hoil  their  food.  They  are  made  of  line 
grass,  so  closely-  woven  as  to  he  perfectly  water-tight, 
and  are  fre(|uently  ornamented  with  feathers,  beads, 
shells,  and  the  like,  worked  into  them  in  a  very  pretty 
maimer.  Fletcher,  who  visited  the  coast  with  Sir  Fran- 
cis Drake  in  1 -379,  describes  them  as  being  ■"  made  in 
lashion  like  a  deep  l)oale,  and  though  the  matter  were 
rushes,  or  such  other  kind  of  stulle,  yet  it  was  so  ctni- 
ningly  handled  that  the  most  i)art  of  them  would  hold 
water;  about  the  briuimes  the}'  were  hanged  with  peeces 
of  tlie  shels  of  })earles,  and   in  some  i)laces  with  two  or 

three  liidxcs  at  a  i)lace,  of  the  chaines  Ibrenamed 

and  besides  this,  tiuy  were  wrought  vpon  with  the  matted 
dowue  of  red  feathers,  distinguished  into  diners  workes 
and  ibrmes."'"'     The  baskets  are  of  various  sizes  and 

'"''  In  tlif  virinity  of  Fort  TJoss:  'In  ihron  Krioj^'r'n  wivd  Unrrsclirockon- 
lifit  ^,'1  iu-litit :  ^,'if:iiit,'tin;  Fciliili'  todtct  mall  iiiclit,  sinulcni  wtclisi  It  sic  iiiuli 
Ixi'iidii^teiii  Kiiiiijifi-  alls;  nic  vcnirtluilt  iiiau  sic  zu  Sklavtii.'  Ilm r,  Slat. 
V.  Kll'iiii,,  p.  77.  Near  Fiatlur  Itivtr  '  tlicy  ciirrv  otl'  tluir  dead  to  jircvcut 
llu-ii-  litiiii,'  scalprd.  wliic'li  next  after  dcatli  llicv  arc  most  fearful  of.'  /i'i7///'s 
/.".r.i//'.s;f,„  In  I'ltl.,  Mil.  ii  .  J).  H:i.  Ill  the  Sacraineiitd  Valley  'the  Califoriiiaiis 
ilitl'rr  fiKiii  the  other  North  .Viiierieaii  trilii's  ill  the  absence  of  the  tomahawk 
iind  of  the  iir.ietti-e  of  sealpin;^.'  I'h'l,<r!iiii's  Hiirrs,  in  [',  S.  Ex.  /'.'.I'.,  vol.  ix., 

ii.  IdX.  At  (liar  Lake,  'they  do  not  scalp  the  slain.'  Itnrir's  Tnni-.,  p.  122. 
11  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco  •occasional!;, .  they  appear  to  have  eat(  n  piecert 
of  the  liodies  of  their  more  di>tin:.4uished  adversaries  killed  in  liatlle.'  Siinlr's 
j\iiiiiils  of  Sim  Fiiiiiris'D.  p.  .">2.  At  .Moiii'rey,  '  lors(|u'ils  avaieiit  vailicii  et 
luis  ;i  iMort  sur  le  champ  de  liataille  des  chefs  <iu  des  liommes  tres-coiira;,'eux, 
IK  en  iiiaii'^'.iieiit  ipiehpies  inorceaiix.  nioiiis  en  sIljiic  de  liailie  et  de  veii^'eance, 
i]Ue  comme  1111  homiiia,i{i'  c|n'ils  leiidaieiit  a  hur  vahur,  et  dans  la  persua- 

Sinii  ijiie  cette  noiiriture  etait  |iropre  a  ail^'meliter  Icnr  coUI'muc.'  /,('  /'< Voi/sc, 
I'"//.,  toiii.  ii..  ]).  :iiM!.  •  Muchc.s  iiidios  armados  de  arco  y  tlechas  y  Uamalido- 
los  viliieriiii  ll'.et,'(i  y  me  rei,'alaron  miuhos  de  ellns  tlechas,  (pie  IS  (litre  ellos 
la  mayor  demostracioii  (1(  )ia/.'  I'ali'H,  Xaticins,  in  l)<ic.  Mix.  Ili.'^t.,  serie  iv., 
toiu.  vii  ,  ]).  ."):).  At  Santa  Cniz  tiny  eat  slices  of  the  tlesh  of  a  laave  talleti 
enemy,  thiiikini;  to  ^jaiii  some  of  ins  valour.  They  '  take  the  scal]is  of  their 
•  Ueluies  .  .  they  pluck  out  theeyesof  their  enemies.'  Funiliniii's  l.ij'i  in  I'ul., 
Ji.  H7tt.      '  (lefali'.'elie  werdell   niclit   lalli^'e  ^^ehaltell,  sollderil  ^,deicli  •,'cti'>dt(  t,' 

Winiiiiil.  CiiH/nnii'ii.  p.  17«.  Ill  order  to  intimidate  their  enemies  'conieteii 
Cull  (1  propio  tin  en  lis  |iriinera»  vfctimus  luscrueldudes  umshorrorosits,'  ISidil 
y  M x'li-iiini.  \"ni:i\  ]>.   17li. 

'*«'  DraLx'n  H'mid  Ein.otii}!.,  p.  120. 


it 


''^9 
<\li 


I  t 


I 


382 


CALIFOKNIANS. 


slinj'.'s,  tlio  most  common  heiiijr  conical  or  uielo  and  flat. 
I'lair  pipes  are  straight,  the  howl  Ix'inji'  merely  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem,  only  thicker  and  hollowed  out.'" 
It  is  a  sinjiular  fact  that  these  natives  ahout  the  hay' 
of  San  Fraiiciseo  and  the  regions  adjacent,  had  no  canoes 
of  any  (lescri[)tion.  Their  only  means  of  navigation 
v.ere  hundles  of  tule-rushesaljout  ten  feet  long  and  thre(; 
cr  four  wide,  lashed  firndy  togethei'  in  rolls,  and  ])()inted 
at  hoth  ends.  Thev  were  prt)[)elled.  either  end  loiemost. 
♦villi  long  douhle-hladed  paddles.  In  calm  weathei',  and 
on  a  river,  the  centre,  or  thickest  part  of  tlu'se  rafts 
might  he  tolerahly  drv.  ])ut  in  rough  water  the  rower, 
who  sat  astride,  was  up  to  his  waist  in  water.'"''     It  h;is 


'117  '^Miilcc  liaskcts  of  till"  l)urk  of  trees."   FurnlKtiii's  JJfi 


III 


fill. 


Un]iv 


ii  very  ili;4eiii(iiis  stiaw  liox  for  keejiiiii,'  their  worm  liaif  alive 


it  in  tlie  earth,  vet  not  alh)\viiii,'  the  worms  to  esea 


;/■■ 


I'"' 


ifnil  , 


hnr 

■i,il,' 


V 


■  J)ie  ^;e\V()hUehste  Form  fiir  (hii  Koi)]ist  liallx-ouisch,  ;i  I'lis 


I  IS /(ill  hreit.'   Wiiiiiiiil,  ('iili/nriiii  ,1,  \i.  IS-2.     '  Their  liaskets.  luaile  of 


nil''  un 


Villous,  are  pel 


fecth 


-ti''llt.'    Jliliiiiii's  l.'it'r  oil  till'  liilii 


;!(!.< 


Th 


sometimes  ornament  the  smaller  ones  with  lieads,  jicaii-shell.  tVathels,  ,Ve.' 
Iliriy.'a  Tiiiir..  \}.  ll'l.  '  Lenrs  niortiers  de  jiieire  tt  divers  unties  utinsili  s 
sont  artistii[iiem(  nt  incnisti's  de  nioieeanx  de  iiaere  de  perle. .  .  Lrarnissi  lit 
leiir  ealebasses  et  leiir  eniches  d'oUvra''es  de  vaiinerie  lilodes  avee  di  s  lils- 


lelies  iin'<'lles  tireli 


t  de  diviM'ses  raeines. 


.)/-/ 


lilh', 
Chill 


::t:i:  l.im  is'h>rj}"s  \'"i/.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  Km:  /•', 


.\'e/if(',  in  llif/iiiil,  ]'iij/.iii. 


•Ill's  Kfjiliif.  J: 


V 


in  Srhniilrni/rs  Afih.,  vol.  iii..  \k  1(17:  Mohns.  l-yjilnr.,  toiii.  ii.,  ji.  liii": 
in  h'lihi hill's  Viiij.,  vol.  iii.,  [i.  -IS;    I'.nilui-i  -l/s  Tlinv  Wars  in  I'nl., 


1 


).  KM:  ll'iiiihohll.  Kssiii  l;,l.,  t 


111'*  .l/.('0'  llf's  .In 


P 


17 


om.  I.,  p 
M   (lea 


M. 
Lake  'tin  ir  canoes  or  rather  raft^ 


are  iiinde  of  Immllesof  the  tuh'  plant.'  h"il>t,s.  in  Srlimilniifl's  Anh..  vol.  iii., 
]i.  107.  At  San  Fr.ineisco  IJay  and  \ieinit_v  'the  only  eaiiots  of  the  Indian* 
are  made  of  ]ila  led  leeds.'  hotziliitr's  ,\iir  I'ni/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  './('.  '  i  hey  do 
noi  possess  horses  or  canoes  of  any  kind:  they  only  know  how  to  fasti  ii 
to'^ether  liiiiidles  of  rushes,  which  carry  them  o\er  (he  water  tiy  tin  ir  com- 
j.arative  liL;li(iiess.'  ('Iiiiniissit,  in  Ivitnlni' '.-<  '",'/..  vol.  iii.,  ji.  4S.  'Les  Jii- 
(lieiis  font  leiir  pin);^nes  ii  I'instunt  oii  ils  veiih  nt  eiitrejinnd 


])ar 


•II. 


sont  en  rosisiiix.     Lors(jiie  Ton  y  eiiti 


Al 


■e  nil  voyai,e 
■lit  a 


OS    S  <  lllplls 


niojtie  il'eau:  ill'  sorte  (lu'iissis.  Ton  en  a  jns-ipi'aii  eras  de  la  jaihln-:  on  \i: 
fail  aller  avee  des  nviroiis  extrcinenieiit  lon;^s,  ct  jioinliisaux  dt  u\  i  xtieiiiiii 


r/,. 


\''ii/.  I'ilt.,  jiart  iii.,  p.  (> 


Hii 


had  previously  usi d  Imats  nia<le  of  rushes.    I'irl.ii'ni'j's 


o  lioats.  lull  it  was  l»  [lorh d  thai  Ihi  y 


/.' 


r 


/•.■, 


vol.  IX.,  p 


tioii  I  had 


l(l:i. 
heheld. 


'I'lic'  most  rude  and  sorrv  eoiitrivaiiei  s  for  emliiui 


Thev  were  coiistriictid  of  rushes  and  dried  uia^^s 


of  a  loll.,'  Iiroad  leaf,  made  up  into  rolls  the  li  ii^th  of  the  canoe,  the  Ihieki  st 


in  tl 


le  mill 


iiid  re'.,'ularly  tapering' to  a  point  at  each  end. 


lie  verv  ill  calcul.iti  d  to  contend  with  wind  and  w.ivi 


'I'l 


'I'l" 


d  1. 

duet. 


(ll.ir  .•alio.'  oi'  v.  ss.l  liy  lom,'  dolllile  lil.t.l.  il  j:ad.llis.  liki^  th.ise  us.il  by  the 


]■: 


;.pumaii\. 


r. 


r 


of  the  liulrush 
K.  I.l.im  lise  al 


•//..  \ol.  11  .  p 


lis 


elltin  Iv  foili;.  .1 


iimolilvdi.'  rowers  sit  on  them  soal.il  in  wal.  r. 


;lh< 


th 


/•'. 


'"/..  Ji.    i'.'l.     Huilil   no  (alio,  s,  1  ut 


D.'.'asi.nially  make  use  of  ra'ts  comj.os.d  of  one  or  two  lo;;s,  ^'.iieially 


r.  N.  Ex.  A',.'.,  vol.  v.,  i«.  VM. 


M';//,. 

■I'iu''  of  the  li.'at  kind  known  amo 


th. 


11 
ll  i 


i'.al 


sa 


th 


.lll^ 


s  constructe.l  .■nlii.  h  "f 


NO  BOATS  IN  SAN  FRANCISCO  BAY. 


383 


Ixrii  nsst'i'tcd  that  tlicv  own  ventured  far  out  to  soa  on 


tlu'Mi.  hut  that  this  was  counuou  I  uuich  (U)ul»t. 


iif.i 


Tl 


U'\- 


WX'IV  US(. 


ful  t( 


()  si)C'ar 


llsh  i'roui.  l)ut  lor  Uttk' else ;  in  proof 


pn 


R' 


of  which  1  may  mention,  on  the  authority  of  K041 
I'cuil.  that  in  1801)-11,  the  Koniajzas  ennjloyed  hy  tlie 
Kussians  at  Ilodeiiii.  hilled  seals  and  otters  in  San  I'l'an- 
cisco  Uay  under  the  very  noses  of  the  S})aniards.  and  in 
spite  of  uU  the  lattei".  who  ai)[iear  to  have  had  no  hoats 
of  their  own.  could  do  to  prevent  them.  In  their  lidit 
skin  haidarkas.  each  with  [ilaces  for  two  i)ei'sons  only, 
these  bold  northern  1)oatmen  would  dro[>  down  the  coast 
froiu  I)Oile,;:a  Hay.  where  the  Russians  were  stationed, 
or  cross  over  I'roui  the  I'arallones  in  tleets  of  irom  I'orty 
to  lifty  hoats.  and  enterin^ii'  the  (Jolden  (hite  creep  alonj;' 
tliv>  northern  shore,  beyond  the  rrnge  of  the  Pi'esidio's 
Liin;^.  securely  establish  tlu'mselves  u})on  the  islands  of 
the  ba\  :uid  pursue  their  axocation  nnmolesteil.  j-'or 
thi'cc  ycai's.  nauu'ly  fi'om  IcSOll  to  ISIl,  these  northei'n 
li^hcriuen  held  jiossession  of  the  hay  of  San  Francist'o. 
wlivj;  which   tiuie  tluy  ca[)tured  over  ei^tiht  thousand 


(li 


otters.      l'"iuall\-.  it  occurri'd  to  the  u'overi 


lor 


Don  1 


UlS 


Ar^ii'iello.  that  it  would  be  well  for  the  Spaniards  to  have 
boats  of  their  own.  Accordingly  ionr  were  built,  but 
tbcv  were  so  (duuisily  const rut'ted.  ill  e(pii]ipcd.  and 
pO()ily  maimed,  that  had  the  Iiussians  and  Kouiaiias  felt 
disposed,  they  coidd  easily  have  continued  their  incur- 
sious.     Once  within  the  I'utrance.  these  northern  bar- 


ii.iniuis  wi 


I'c   masters  ol'  the  ba\.  and    such 


was 


tl 


len' 


M'Msc  of  >ccui't\  tl:at  they  would  sometimes  \'euture  foi' 
a  timi'  to  strcti'li  tln'ir  liudis  upon  the  shore.  Tbe  cap- 
ture oj'  sc\cral  of  their  number,  howexei-.  by  tbe  sol- 
diers iVoui   the   fort,    made   tbeui   uiore  war\'  thei'catter. 


Maurelle.  who  t 


ouciiei 


1  at  Point  Arenas  in  1  <  7">.  I)ut  did 


I'lilni'ilics.  .  .sit  ll.it  ii)niii  till'  crafi.  soakril  in  watir,  lilyinur  tin  ir  ]iail.lli's.  .  .  . 
i:in,t  (if  tluui  ill  all  kiiuls  tif  wcatlur.  air  (  itlnr  luliiw,  m-  oil  a  1>  \i  I  w  ilii  the 
V  it(  r.'  l-'ii,iiliiiiii's  l.ii'i  ill  ('ill.,  ]\.  'M'iS.  ■  My  (i]iilliiiii  is  tliat  tin-  ili(iialisi.f 
t  ilil'iiriiia.  ]ircvi(pns  lo  tin'  occupatidiL  1>y  tlii'  .Icsiiit  Fat  In  is  had  im  (itlnr 
1"!  1I-.  than  those  made  fmiii  the  tulr,  and  ivcu  as  late  as  ISIH,  i  lu  vir  kiuw 
nr  ii'Mid  (if  ail  Indian  usiii.;  any  otlnr'    I'lnljis'  Lilln',  MS. 

'''•'  I'ii-hrlii'i's  7,'(((.'.s',  iu  ('.  ,S.   L'j:.    J-J.v.,  vol.   ix.,  p.  1(13;  C/v./i/.s. ',s  .\iit. 
Wudtli.  ji.  -JJ,  ' 


3S4 


CALIF0RNIA\8. 


not  enter  the  l)ay  of  San  Francisco,  says  tliat  "a  vast 
niinil)or  of  Indians  now  presented  tlieinsehxs  on  both 
points,  who  ])assed  from  one  to  the  other  in  small  canoes 
made  of  I'ule,  where  they  talked  loudly  for  two  hours 
or  more,  till  at  last  two  of  them  came  alongside  of  the 
s!ii[),  and  most  liberally  presented  us  with  plumes  of 
leathers,  rosaries  of  bone,  jiaruients  of  feathers,  as  also 
•larlands  of  the  same  materials,  which  they  wore  round 
their  head,  and  a  canister  of  seeds  which  tasted  nuich 
like  walnuts."  The  only  account  of  this  voyajie  in  my  pos- 
session is  an  Ihijilish  translation,  in  which  "canoes  made 
of  fule"  mijiht  easily  have  been  mistaken  for  boats  or 
iloats  of  tule.""  Split  lojrs  were  occasionally  used  to 
cross  rivers,  and  fre(piently  all  means  of  transportation 
were  dispensed  with,  and  swimming  resorted  to. 

Captain  Phelps,  in  a  letter  to  the  author,  mentions 
liaving  seen  skin  l)oats,  or  baidarkas,  on  the  Sacramento 
lUver,  but  su[)poses  that  they  were  left  there  l)y  those 
same  Russian  employes."^  Vancouver,  speaking  of  a 
canoe  which  he  saw  below  Monterey,  says:  "Instead  of 
being  C()UH)osed  of  sti"aw.  like  those  we  had  seen  on  our 
first  visit  to  San  Francisco,  it  was  neatly  formed  of  wood, 
nnich  after  the  Xootka  fashion,  and  A\as  navigated  with 
much  adroitness  by  four  natives  of  the  country.  Their 
l)addles  were  about  four  feet  long  with  a  blade  at  each 
end;  these  were  handled  with  great  dexterity,  either 
entirely  on  one  side  or  alternately  on  each  side  of  their 
canoe."  "'  1  account  for  the  presence  of  this  canoe  in 
the  same  manner  that  Captain  Phelps  accounts  i'or  the 


""  liivjHpfmirs  Vol/.,  pp.  25-0.  Tulo  is  nn  Aztec  word,  from  tulloi,  sipni- 
fviiij^  rushrs,  rtiii,'s,  or  rccilH.  Molina,  \'(>rah)il(iri<>.  Mendozit  says  that  vliiu 
till'  (iiK'iciit  Mt'xitMiis  urrivcil  at  the  siti'  of  Mexico,  it  wiis  ii  conipliti'  swiiiiip, 
oovtrccl  '  odU  j,'r!iiiili's  iiiiitorriilcs  <lt'  ciu'ii,  (pio  lliiinaii  tnli.'  KsiiUcar'inn  ihi 
t'oiliir,  in  lun'iftlioriiinili'x  Mux.  .[  ili<i.,  vol.  v.,  ji.  40.  That  the  Sjiaiilanls 
Ihcuiselves  ha<l  not  lioats  at  this  time  is  also  asserted  iiy  Kotzelun;:  'Tliat 
iio  one  ha!»  yet  attempted  to  Imild  even  the  siniph'st  eanoe  in  a  country  wliiili 
])roduees  u  superabundance  of  tlie  finest  wood  for  the  jiurjiose,  is  a  striluiii,' 
])roof  of  tlie  indolence  of  the  Spauiards,  uud  the  stupidity  of  the  Indians.' 
J\'vic  Vol/.,  vol.  ii..  p.  '.'(). 

111  /'//.//-s'  Irlh'i;  MS. 

112  \'(ini'onri'r\'<  Voi/.,  vol.  ii..  p.  4V>i.  'Sending;  off  n  man  with  great  ex- 
pedition, to  vs  in  u  canow.'  J>r(tla's  World  Eacoiiip.,  yi.  li'J. 


i 


CHIEFTAINSHIP  AND  ITS  KIGHTS. 


383 


.skin  canoos  on  tlio  Sacramento,  and  think  that  it  must 
have  conic  either  from  the  wuth  or  north. 

The  probable  eaut<e  of  this  absence  of  lx)ats  in  Cen- 
tral CaUfbrnia  is  the  scarcity  of  suitable,  favoral>ly  lo- 
cated timber.  T)oul)tless  if  tlie  banks  of  the  f^acramento 
.lud  the  shores  of  San  Francisco  liay  had  been  lined  with 
large  straight  pine  or  fir  trees,  their  -waters  would  ha\e 
been  fdlcd  with  canoes;  yet  after  all,  this  is  but  a  poor 
excuse;  for  not  oidy  on  the  hills  and  mountains,  at  a 
little  distance  from  the  water,  are  forests  of  fine  trees, 
but  (juantities  of  driftwood  come  floating  down  every 
streaui  diu'ing  the  rainy  season,  out  of  which  surely  suf- 
ficient material  could  be  secured  for  some  sort  of  boats. 

Sliolls  of  different  kinds,  but  especially  the  variety 
known  as  (Cihi/e,  form  the  circulating  medium.  They 
are  [)()lished,  sometimes  ground  down  to  a  certain  size, 
and  arranged  on  strings  of  different  lengths."'' 

Chieftainship  is  hereditary,  almost  without  exception. 
In  a  few  instances  I  find  it  depending  u})on  wealth,  in- 
fluent'c,  family,  or  prowess  in  war,  but  this  rarely.  In 
some  parts,  in  default  of  male  descent,  the  females  of 
the  family  ai'c  empowered  to  a})})oint  a  successor.^'^  Al- 
though consi(lera1)le  dignit}'  attaches  to  a  chief,  and  his 
family  are  treated*  with  consideration,  yet  his  power  is 
limited,  his  ])riucipal  duties  consisting  in  making  i)eace 
aud  war.  and  in  appointing  and  presiding  over  feasts. 
Every  band    has    its   separate  head,  and  two  or  even 


"^  Tlio  sli(>lls  'theyln'oke  and  nil)l>iil  dinvn  to  a  circnlar  sliapo,  to  the 
tiizf  of  a  iliiiic,  and  strunt;tlifni  on  a  Ihi'iad  of  sinews.'  'I'ni/h'r.  in  '  'ul.  F'Iiiik  r, 
Miircli  '1.  iMiO.  'Tliifc  kinds  of  luomy  wire  (Hi|ilo_vi'd  .  .  .  wliite  sin  11-1  ■(  ads, 
or  vatliti- linttons,  jiicrcid  in  tht*  ccntn^  and  strung  tof^'cthcr,  wtic  latrd  at 
?•")  a  vanl;  pi'riwinklfs,  at  SI  a  yard;  fancy  niarinc  shoUs,  at  various  iiiccs, 
from   S:t  to  !:?H),  or  i?lj,  act'ordinj,'  to  their  lieauty.'    I'mrirs,  in   OnvUind 

M'uillih/.  vol.  X.,  ]).  '.il~). 

'"  'I'hn  ottii'o  iif  chief  is  hereditary  in  the  male  line  only.  The  willows 
and  daughters  of  the  chiefs  are,  however,  treated  with  distinction,  and  .ire 
ii'it  reijuii'i  d  to  work,  as  other  women,  liiifltci/'s  \'i>i/.,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  7;!.  In 
one  case  near  Clear  Laki,  when  '  the  males  of  a  family  had  Income  i  xtiiu  t 
and  a  female  only  remained,  she  appointed  a  idiief.'  d'ihlis,  in  N.7/i/f</')V(;Y'.s' 
.l/v7t.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  112.  At  the  I'ort  of  Sirdinas  '  dnriniil  dos  nuehisin  la 
ca[)itana  una  India  anciaua,  <[U(!  (>ra  seii'ira  de  estos  pueblos,  iicomxiaiiad* 
Je  muchus  Indios.'  Sutil  ij  JUaxicana,  Viiuje,  p.  xxxii. 
Vot.  1.    25 


3.SG 


CALIFORNIANS. 


i  \ 

■   A 

I'll' 


i  ■} 


tliroo  lifivo  boon  known  to  preside  ut  tlie  same  time.""' 
Sometinu's  when  .several  ])an(ls  are  dwellinjj;  to>:etlier 
they  are  united  under  one  head  chid",  who,  however,  cni- 
not  act  ibr  thc^  whole  without  considtinti'  the  lesser  duels 
I'ractieally,  the  heads  of  ianiilies  rule  in  their  own 
circle,  and  their  internal  arrangements  are  seldom  intei- 
lered  with.  Their  medicine-men  also  wield  a  very  pow- 
erful inlhience  among'  them."''  F^ometiuies.  when  a  fla- 
grant nuu'dcr  has  ))een  committed,  the  chiefs  meet  in 
council  and  diH'ide  upon  the  punishment  of  the  offender. 
The  matter  is,  however,  more  frequently  settled  hy  the 
relatives  of  the  victim,  who  either  exact  ))lood  for  hlood 
from  the  murderer  or  let  the  thing  droj)  for  a  considera- 
tion. Amoug  the  Necshenams  revenge  nuist  he  had 
within  twelve  months  after  the  nnu'der  or  not  at  all."' 
According  to  Fletcher's  narrative,  there  seems  lohaxc 
been  nmch  more  distinction  of  raidv  at  the  time  of  Diakes 
visit  to  California  than  subsecpient  travelers  ha\  e  seen ; 


,i3 


"■'•  Tlio  Kiiinainoahs  hiul  three  hprcclitiiry  chiefs.  Oi'ihs,  in  ScIicoIrrnjT.'i 
Arch.,  vol.  ill.,  [>.  lil.'t. 

i"'lii  Jliissiaii  l.ivpv  Viilloy  niul  thovioinity:  '  Dir  .Achtiinj;  (h'l'  niim  fiir 
don  Vati'i'  ht'Lttc.  ^ilit  liantiL;  (luf  den  Solm  iilier;  uber  die  (iew.ilt  des  (ilur- 
hiinptes  ist  ill!  Allj^'tuieineii  sehr  nichtit,';  <!<  iiii  es  .stelit  ciniiii  jeden  fiti, 
Kcineii  <  lel)ni'ts<irt  /ii  verlassen  nnd  einen  andi  ivn  Aufentluilt  zii  \v:ilil(  n.' 
Jiwr,  Sliil.  II.  FJliun.,  jij).  77-H.  '  Derjenij^'e.  der  inn  nieisten  ■Ativerwaiultc 
besitzt,  wird  als  Ifauptlin^,' oder  Tojon  luierliaiint;  in  f^riisseren  Wulmsilzi  n 
{j;ieht  es  niehvere  sdIcIht  Tojnne,  aher  ihi'c  Ant(jril;it  ist  ni<'hts  Ka;jinil.  Sic 
habei 
Kiisir 


•diT  das  lleelit  zu  befehlen,  noeh  (hii  l'n''(  liorsani  /u  ziic  hti''f  ii. 


ri>iiiii"ii('ii\  m 


llw  r,  Kt'il.  II.  Ethno..  p.  Hi\.     At  (.  lear  Lake  elii,  fd. 


heivdit.aiy.  Hilihs,  in  Srhoolcrdt't's  Airli.,  \o\.  iii.,  ]>.  112.     Se(>  also  j>p.  l(i:t, 
110.     AiuoHL,'  the  (iualaliis  nnd  (lallinonierf)s,  chieftainshi])  was  heiedilarv. 

>r  ;!(>  jiersons  riladd  to 


21) 


Tho  Saiii'ls   live  in   laVLje  lints,  each  containin 

eiieh  other,  each  of  these,  families  has  its  own  I'overniiieiit.     The  (dniaclios 


paid  vi>'inntary  trihnte  for  support  of  chief.  /'' 


y. 


^fS.     in  thi'  Sii 


raniento  \'a]ley  a  chic  f  has  more  authority  than  that  arisint,'  merely  fimii  his 
personal  rhara<'ter.  /'i^/.o'Jm/'.s'  Hmin,  in  /'.  S.  E.v.  /-.'.i'.,  vol.  vi,,  ]i.  I(  n.  <  'n  tlie 
coast  between  San  Diej^'oand  San  Francisco,  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Mit;i!rl 
'  cha(pie  villaL;eest  L;onvern('despoti(iuenient  par  un  clu  f  (pii  est  seid  aihitre 
do  hi  paix  et  de  la  L;iierre.'  Fni/i'^,  in  Xonirlhs  .l/uia/cs  /.lis  Vny.,  WW,  tola. 
ci.,  ]).  bi;{.  See  also  MdniiiiT,  Xdtire,  in  liri/'Uil,  Voii.vn  Cal.,  ji.  "227;  tlintl, 
ill  IikJ.  Atf.  Ilvpf.,  IH."))!.  p.  241;  (ii-r.'itiifrhrr'.i  ,Ji<iir)i.,  p.  2i3;  Jll-ilnire  t'lm- 
lienne  ih'  hi  Col.,  p.  ."iJ:    Wliiunrl,  ('alifornien,  pp.  177-!S. 

delitocasi  deseonocido  rn  ambus  naciones.     Enfre  los 


1"  'Elrol 


lo  ira  nn 


Itunsienes  se  niirabi  {juasi  con  indiferencia  el  homicidio;  pero  no  asf  <  iitr^ 
h)s  Eslenes.  los  <piales  casti^'aban  al  deliiupicnte  con  pena  demnerte.'  >■»/(/'/ 
^[v.l•il^lm't,  \"iiiii'\  ]i.  171.  '  Im  Fall  ein  Indianer  ein  Verhrecheii  in  ire(  lul 
pinem  Sfannne  venibt  hat,  nnd  die  lliiuptlinge  sich  bestimmt,  haben  ihu  /a 
todten,  so  L,'eschieht  dies  dnrch  l{o},'en  nnd  I'feil.' iri»u;ic'/,  Cuiij'unikn,  pp. 
177-b;   I'oinrs,  in  Unrlawl  Mordhly,  vol.  xii.,  p.  24. 


|l|i 


>r.1 


RULERS  OF  NEW  ALBION. 


887 


Sclioiilrraft'.i 


liowevcr,  allowniico  must  be  made  for  tlie  exaggerations 
in\arial)ly  Ibuiul  in  the  reports  of  early  voyagers.  In 
proof  of  tliis,  Ave  have  only  to  take  up  ahnost  any 
hook  of  travel  in  foreign  lands  printed  at  that  time; 
wlierein  dragons  and  other  impossible  animals  are  not 
Old}'  /A)()logieally  described,  ])ut  carefully  drawn  and  en- 
giiived.  as  well  as  other  marvels  in  !•'  lance.  Cap- 
tain Drake  had  several  temptations  tc  o.  ggei'ate.  ^fhe 
richer  and  more  important  the  country  he  discovered, 
the  more  would  it  redound  to  his  credit  to  have  been  the 
discoverer;  the  greater  the  power  and  authority  of  the 
chief  who  formally  made  over  his  dominions  to  the 
([lU'cn  of  England,  the  less  likely  to  be  disputed  Mould 
he  that  sovereigns  claims  to  the  ceded  territory.  I'letcher 
never  s[)eaks  of  the  chief  of  the  tribe  that  received  Drake, 
hut  as  "the  king,'  and  states  that  this  dignitary  was 
treated  with  great  res[)ect  and  ceremony  by  the  courtiers 
who  surrounded  him.  These  latter  were  distinti'uished 
I'roni  the  canaille  by  various  badges  of  raid\.  They 
wore  as  ornaments  (chains  "of  a  liony  substance,  euery 
liiikc  or  pai't  thereof  being  very  little,  and  thinne,  most 
liiK'ly  burnished,  with  a  hole  pierced  through  the  mid- 
(lest.  The  number  of  linkes  going  to  make  one  chaine. 
is  in  a  manner  infinite:  but  of  such  estimation  it  is 
amongst  them,  that  few  ])e  the  persons  that  are  admitted 
to  wcare  the  same;  and  enen  they  to  whom  its  lawfull 
to  ust'  them,  yet  are  stinted  what  nundier  they  shall  vse, 
as  some  ten,  some  twelue,  some  twentie,  and  as  the\-  ex- 
ceed in  number  of  chaines.  so  therel)y  are  they  knowne 
to  he  tlie  more  honorable  personages."  Another  mark 
of  ilistinction  was  a  "certain  downe.  which  groweth  vp 
ill  the  countrey  vpon  an  herhe  nnich  like  our  lectuce, 
which  exceeds  any  other  downe  in  the  world  for  fine- 
iiessc.  and  beeing  laved  vpon  their  cawles,  by  no  winds 
''ail  he  remoued.  Of  such  estimation  is  this  herhe 
amongst  them,  that  the  downe  thereof  is  not  lawfull  to 
he  worne,  but  of  such  persons  as  are  a])out  the  king  (to 
whom  also  it  is  permitted  to  weare  a  plume  of  feather 
on  their  heads,  in  signe  of  honour),  and  the  seeds  are 


;)88 


CALIFOIINIANS. 


:  n 


not  vsod  but  ondy  In  sacrifice  to  tlioir  gods."  The  king, 
Avho  wjis  gorgeously  attired  in  skins,  with  a  crown  ol' 
leather-work  npon  liis  liead,  was  attended  ))y  a  regnliii- 
hody-giiard,  unilorinly  dressed  in  coats  of  skins.  His 
«!()ining  was  announced  by  two  heralds  or  ambassadors, 
one  of  whom  ])i-om[)ted  the  other,  during  the  proclaniii- 
tion,  in  a  low  voice.  His  majesty  was  jjieceded  in  tlic 
}>i'ocession  l)j  "a  man  of  'arge  body  and  goodly  asi^'ct, 
hearing  the  septer  or  royall  nia(!e;"  all  of  which  h!i[)- 
peued.  if  we  may  believe  the  worthy  chaplain  of  the 
expedition,  on  the  coast  just  above  k^an  Francisco  l^ay, 
three  hundred  years  ago.'"* 

Slavery  in  any  form  is  rare,  and  hereditary  Ixmdiigo 
unknown."''  rolygamy  obtains  in  most  of  the  tribes, 
although  there  are  exceptions.'""  Jt  is  conuuon  lor 
a.  man  to  maiM'v  a  whole  family  of  sisters,  and  some- 
times the  mother  also,  if  she  happen  to  be  free.'"^     Jliis- 

"t  A>)V(/,t's  Worhl  Eiirowp.,  pp.  124-G. 

"''  Wiiiiiidl,  ('iilifuriiii'ii,  J).  17!s. 

''"  Niiir  Sail  Fiiincisco,  '  ttiiiciido  nindias  riingfros,  sin  quo  riitvf  rlLn 
H(f  oxjicviiiiciittt  la  luciior  ciiiuluciDii.'  I'lilnn.  \"nlii  ilr.  JiiKijiiro  Sci-ra,  ji, 
'2l7.  At  Moiitcicy  "111  i)oly},'iiiiiic  Iciir  t'tait  jiciiiiisc.'  J.k  /'cVokw,  I'i'//., 
toiii.  ii.,  J).  ;ii:!.  In  'J'liolimiiii'  ('niiiily  '  jiolv^Miiiy  is  iiriicticcd.'  lldhij.  \n 
liiil.  .If/'.  It' III.,  185!i.  j>.  '21i.  .\t  (  1<  ar  liakc  •  iiolvj^aniy  is  iinicticcd  only  l.y 
llii'  cliiffs.'  Ill  nri's  Tmir.  j).  125.  '  Jjci  niaiiclicii  Staiiiiiu'ii  winl  Milwi  On  ii  i 
ficstattft.'  W'iiiiiiiil,  I'lili/iirii'fii.i).  ITS.  'A  man  uflcii  niarrifs  a  whcili' family, 
till!  niiitlu'i'  and  licr  ilau),'htt'rs. .  No  jialousits  ovi-r  aiiin  ar  aiming'  tlusc  fuiu- 
iiics  of  wives.'  h'ornli'dii's  Lifii  In  I'nL,  \).  .'}il7.  'An  Indian  man  may  have  as 
111. my  wives  as  he  fan  keeji;  Vmt  a  woman  cannot  have  a  jilinality  of  liii^;- 
h mils,  or  men  to  whom  she  owes  obedience.'  tilth Kslnii,  in  >:fliifiilirii;l's  Anli., 
V  1.  iv.,  |).  211.  In  the  Sacraiiii  iito  V.dley  '  the  iie  n  in  j,'eiKral  liave  hut  oin' 
wife.'  Ph-hniiijA  /iV/ccs,  in  U.S.  H.v.  A'.r.,  vol.  ix.,  p.  IdS.  Mtf  these  lii- 
(liiiiis  it  is  reported  that  no  one  has  more  than  on<!  wife.'  ]\'Uli-s'  Xur.,  in 
If.  S.  A',c.  A'.i'.,  vol.  v.,  )).  '201.  'Entre  los  llmisieiies  y  Esleiies  n.t  <  ra  jier- 
iiiitido  a  cada  liom'ire  tener  mas  de  una  niii^,'er.'  .S'(//('/  //  Mn'iiniut,  ]"ii(;:i-.  p. 
170.  .\t  Clear  Lake  and  down  the  coast  to  San  Francisco  ]>ay  'they  liave 
lint,  one  wife  at  a  time.'  (lilihs,  in  Schiiiilrrii/t'n  Anli..  vol.  iii.,  p.  ll'i.  In  tlie 
vicinity  of  Fort  l{oss  '  es  ist  nich  I'liaiiht  iiiehr  ills  eine  Fran  zii  IimIm  ii.' 
K'lalroinituwiir,  in  Huer,  Slut.  ii.  Etlnio.,  ]i.  S8.  In  the  coiintiy  round  San 
Miguel  '  nuii-senlenK'iit  cc  capitaine  a  lu  droit  d'avoir  deux  feiiimes,  tamlis 
cpie  les  tuitres  Indielis  n'eii  out  (pi'nne,  mais  il  pent  les  renvoyer  (plaiul  ci  l.i 
lai  plait,  pour  en  prendre  d'ailtres  dans  In  villa;,'e.'  Ftu/i.-i,  in  Mininlli's  AKiidr.-i 
(l.'S  Voij.,  IHll,  toiii.  ci.,  p.  HJ:i.  See  ul.so  Manitiir,  \()liie,  in  Uryanl,  Vi'ij. 
en  duL,  p.  -I'l". 

'•"  At  Monterey,  '  ils  etaient  memo  duns  rnsaj^o  d'epouser  toutes  les  sours 
il'uno  famille.'  Lu  J'i'r<iiisf,  I'd//  ,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  ;i(i;{.  Near  Fort  lioss,  'die  iJluls- 
verwaiidtschaft  wird  stren'_!  ijeachtetnnd  es  ist  nicht  (,'estattet  aus  dein  eisti  n 
cdoi  zweiteii  tirade  der  Verwaiidschaft  zil  heiiatheii;  sellist  iiii  Falli'  eiiar 
Sclioidillii,'  darf  der  niiehstu  .Viiverwaiidte  die  Fiau  nich  eheliclu  n,  dmli 
gidlit  es  uuch  .\usuahmcii.'  K'jsiroini.lunij'i},  in  Ilittr,  Slat.  u.  Ethnu.,  p.  Stj.    .Vt 


i     .■  .i 


!'5       ,., 

;i         n 


HOW  A  DRIDE  IS  AVOX, 


ns!) 


IkukI  an<l  Avife  aro  united  witli  vorv  little  oereinouv. 
Till'  inclinations  of  the  \n''u\v  seem  to  he  consulted 
here  more  than  anion;::  the  Xorthern  (^dilornians.  It 
is  true  she  is  sometimes  houuht  iVom  hei'  parents,  hut  if 
she  violently  o[)poses  the  match  she  is  seldom  compelled 
to  marry  or  to  he  sold.  Amon^'  some  trihes  the  uooer. 
iil'ter  s[)eakin,i:'  with  lu-r  pari-nts.  retires  uith  the  i:irl;  if 
tlicv  aiiree,  she  thenceforth  heloniis  to  him;  if  not.  the 
match  is  ])roken  oil'.'"  The  Xeeslienam  hnvshis  wile  in- 
directly  ])y  making  presents  of  game  to  her  family,  lie 
Icavi'S  the  gifts  at  the  door  of  the  lodge  without  a  word, 
and.  if  they  are  acce[)ted,  he  shortly  after  claims  and 
takes  his  hride  Avithont  further  cei'emony.  In  this  trihe 
the  girl  has  no  voice  whati'ver  in  the  matter,  and  resist- 
aucc  on  her  pai't  merely  occasions  hruto  force  to  be  used 


l)\-  her 


pui 


rciiaser 


li:i 


\Vhen  an  Oleejta  lover  wishes  to  marry,  lie  first  obtains 
permission  from  the  paivnts.  The  damsel  then  Hies  and 
i'ouccals  herself;  the  lover  searches  for  her.  and  should 
lie  succeed  in  findinn'  her  twice  out  of  three  times  she 
belongs  to  him.      Should  he  be  nnsucvessful  ho  waits  a 


lew  weelvs  am 


1  tl 


len  reiK 


ats  tl 


u>  performance 


If  she 


again  elude  his  search,  the  matter  is  decided  against 
him.'-*     The  Ixmds  of  matrimony  can  be  thrown  asiile 

Sail  Fi'uufisco  'no  coiioceii  ]iiini  sns  casiiinitiitos  I'l  puvciitt'zco  do  iitiiiidiid; 
iiiitis  h\vn  tstc  los  incitii  a  rccibir  por  sits  prdjiius  iiniLjii'cs  a  sns  ciiriadas.  y 
HUM  a  las  suc;,'ras,  y  la  (•ostniiilirc  (juc  olisi  rvaii  (  s,  (|ii('  el  ijiic   l(it,'i-i 


iwvj;  r,  tu'iii'  por  snyas  a  todas  sns  luTiiianas 


I'oh'ii.  Vhh-  ,1:-  .h 


iiiij)i'i-(i  ,\i  mi. 


p.  'J17.  •  l'ariiita.L,'c  and  other  fi  lations  of  coiisaiiLtiiitiity  aic  ii<>  olistacli  s 
til  iiiati'iiiiiiiiy.'  Funilniiii'x  l.ifi  hi  dil.,  p.  'M'll ,  'Smivcnt  niic  ffiiinu'  iircssn 
Mill  mai'i  d'c'ponscr  scs  sociirs,  ct  iiir-iiu'  sa  nirrc,  it  cittc  proposition  est  fi  ' 


(lUiMiiiiriit  acccpti 


M'li 


Xntii:!',  in  Uri/'iiit,  ]'iii/.  m  Cnl.,  p.  -j:!.').      •];si( 


in  todcp  di;  (Miiiiprar  las  inn^'crcs  ii'a  coninn  a  I'litranilias  nacioiics  (  Kniisirii- 


V  Iv 


i),  1. 


(pic  cntrc  los  Itunsiciii  s  hacia  iiiucliu  i 


lias  solciimc  1 


cniitrato  la  intcrvoiirion  dc  los  ]iariintis  ilc  los  novios,  contrilmycndo  los  del 
virmi  con  su  ipiota.  la  i|nal  sc  di\  Idia  ciilrc  los  dc  la  uoviti  id  ticiupo  dc  cii- 
trc.'ar  a  csta. '>'((/;/// .1/i,  ■ 


171. 


./,/i.S'/l 


>n.  111 


SrlitiiilcraiTs  Arili..  v< 


V 


::(. 


I'(iirri;<!,  in  Ori-rliiml  Moiilldi/,  vol.  \ii..  p.  '!'■]. 


'-'I  Ihlmio's  Life  on  the  I'luius,  ji.  ',i  (1.    At  Santa  f'rnz,  '  the  Gentile  Indian, 
Wiuu  he  wishes  to  niarrv,  l'ocs  to  tlic  hut  of  her  lie  desires  for  a  wife,  and 


silillc'  himself   close  liv   her. 


lit  liir   feet  so 


lieuds 


stglis 


111  II  strin''. 


without  speakiiiu;  ii  word,  and  ca-tiii! 


lies  out,  aiul   withiiiit    further 


UMiiv  ho  is  married.'  I'litmllns'  Lilhr.  in  C'll.  Fnv 


1. 


'  rape  exists  aiiioti 


tl 


iciii  in  an  luitliorizei 


■d  f(i 


.lyi,;/.",.  ISCO.     At  (  leiir 
d  it  is  the  ciistdlii 


fiiv  a  party  of  ynnnu  im  n  to  surprise  and  ravish  a  young  yirl,  who  beconics 
th'- wifu  of  one  of  ihcui.'  Jkrvn's  7 


I'l 


111.  Ili.j-U. 


li 


":i 


nod 


CALIFOIINIAXS. 


Ji>^  ('iisil\-  !is  t1io\  Mi'c  Mssiinicil.  'I'lic  liiis1);iii<l  lias  only 
in  sav  to  Ills  s[)()I1m'.  I  cast  you  olV.  and  tlic  tiling  is 
(liiiK'.'"''  TIk'  (lalliiioiiKTos  ac(|uii'C'  tlicir  wIm's  hy  |iiii'- 
cliasc.  and  arc  at  lilioi'ty  to  sell  thi'iii  apiin  when  tiled 
of  tlii'in.'-"  As  usual  the  wouu'ii  aiv  treated  with  j:r('at 
('oiitt'Ui[»t  l)y  the  uu'U.  and  forced  to  do  all  the  hard  and 
menial  lahoi';  the\'  are  not  e\en  allowed  to  ^it  at  the 
same  (ii'e  or  eat  at  the  same  repast  with  theii-  lords. 
I'oth  sexes  treat  children  with  comparative  kindni-ss;'-'^ 
hoys  are,  howexcr.  ludd  in  nmch  hijihi'i'  estimation  tliini 
•iirls,  and  I'rom  early  childhood  are  taii;iht  their  siiinii- 
ority  over  the  weaker  sex.  It  is  e\t'n  stated  that  many 
t'emale  children  are  killed  as  .soon  as  horn,'"'^  hut  1  am 
indiiu'd  to  douht  the  correctness  of  this  statement  as 
applied  to  ii  country  whert;  polygamy  is  practiced  as 
extensively  as  in  (^dil'oi'nia.  OKI  jjcople  are  treated 
with  contumely,  !)oth  nu'ii  and  women,  a^ed  warriors 
heiiii;'  ohliged  to  do  menial  work  under  the  super\i>i(iH 
of  the  women.  The  (xallinomei'os  kill  their  a;:ed  par- 
ents in  a  most  cold-hlooded  manner.  The  doomed  creu- 
tui'e  is  led  into  the  woods,  thrown  on  his  hatdi,  and 
firmly  fastened  in  that  position  to  the  ground.  A  stout 
pole  is  then  placed  across  tin;  throat.  u[)on  either  cud  of 
which  a  person  sits  nntil  life  is  extinc^t.'"'*  A  husband 
takes  revenji'e  for  his  wife's  infidelities  upon  the  pi'rson 
of  her  seducer,  whom  he  is  iustilied  in  killinii'.  Sonic- 
times  the  male  offender  is  com[)elk'd  to  laiy  the  ol)ji'(t  of 
his  unholy  passions.  In  conse(juence  of  their  stilrtncss 
in  this  ])ai"ticular.  adnlterx-  is  not  common  anions  tlitiu- 
scdxcs,  although  a  husband  is  generally  willing  to  prosti- 

i-i  M(triiiii)\  .\'nlU'i\  in  liri/'int.  Vi'ij.  m  ('<(!.,  p.  "Jiil.  At  Clciir  l.alu'  'if  tlu^ 
parties  St  jjiinitc  the  oliildruu  go  with  the  wife.'  Uihhs,  in  ScliuulcrujTa  Airh., 
vol.  iii.,  J).  1 1'J. 

l-'i'  I'nin-rs'  Poiiio,  MS. 

1-'  'The  Yulias  ure  ofti'n  lirntal  and  rvnel  to  their  women  inid  chililn  ii. 
ospeciiilly  to  the  women.'  ruinrs.  in  (h-'iidml  Mi.iilhh/.  vcjI.  i\.,  p.  :iis.  in 
the  vicinity  of  Ftirt  Koss,  '  siu  lichen  ihre  Kinder  uiit  ^'rosscr  Zaitlichki  it.' 
litii-r.  Slid.  n.  KlliUd.,  j).  77. 

'!^'*  Wiimiirl.  Ciilij'tiniUii,  p.  17S.  'The  practice  oi  ahortion.  so  conmMiii 
iimon.L,'  tin"  ChinooUs  and  some  other  trilns  in  Uiij^on,  is  unknown  hue.' 
CUhli.'t,  in  Srlinnlfrii/r^  .l/v//..  Vol.  iii..  pp.  ll'J-1.'!. 

'-"■'  Mr  Powers,  in  his  I'umn,  J/S.,  makes  this  assertion  upon  what  ho 
titates  to  be  reliable  aiitho'-ity. 


(•Ilir,l>-I!I11TH  AND  THE  COUVADH. 


.'11)1 


tutc  liis  flciivcst  wife  (o  ii  wliite  m;iii  I'oi-  a  cnnshlfratioii. 
Tlif  ("ciitrjil  ( 'iiHroiiiiiin  woiiu'ii  aw  iiuliiicd  to  I'l-ljcl 
iipiiiist  tlic  tvraiuu  ol  tlicir  masters,  iiioiv'  than  is  usual 
in  oilier  trilics.  A  rclVat'tor^)  'I'alitoo  wiii' is  soiucliiia's 
I'li-Iitriicd  into  siilduissiou.  The  woiucii  liaM'  a  jii'cat 
(Ircai  ol'  i'\il  spirits,  and  iiim)Ii  this  weakness  {\\r  hiis- 
Kaiid  plavH,  He  paints  hinisell'  in  hlaik  and  white 
stiiin's  to  jKM'sonate  an  ojA're,  and  suddenly  jumping  in 
anion::'  his  terrilled  wives,  lirin^^s  them  s[ieedil>  to  jieni- 
tcnif.  ( "hilil-heai'in;^'  {'alls  h,uhtly  on  tlie  ('alilornian 
inotlnr.  \\  hen  the  time  Cor  »U'li\«.'rv  arri\(,s  sla'  he  takes 
lierscll'  to  a  quiet  plai't'  ]>y  the  si(U'  ol'  a  stream;  some- 
limes  aerompanied  hy  a  female  friend,  hut  more  fre- 
(|uently  alon(>.  As  soon  as  the  child  is  horn  the  mother 
wa-lies  herself  and  the  infant  in  the  stream.  The  child 
is  then  swaddled  from  heail  to  foot  in  strips  of  soft  skin, 
and  strajiped  to  a  hoard,  which  is  carried  on  the  mother's 
l).ick.  When  the  infant  is  suckled,  it  is  drawn  round  in 
front  and  alloweil  to  lian^'  tliere.  the  mother  meanwhile 
par>uiu;:'  her  usual  asocations.  So  little  does  child- 
Iieariu'^'  all'ect  these  women,  that,  on  a  ioin'ne\'.  they  ^vill 
fre(|n''ii;ly  stop  l)y  the  way-side  for  half  an  hour  to  he 
(leliscri'd.  and  then  overtake  the  jinrty,  uho  ha\e  trav- 
iled  on  at  the  usual  pace.  I'ainl'ul  parturition,  though 
so  rai'e.  usually  residts  fatally  to  hoth  mother  and  child 
when  it  does  occur.  This  comparati\e  «\\emption  from 
the  curse,  '"in  sorrow  shalt  thou  hrin.ii'  forth. "  is  donht- 
'ss  owin"'  itiu'tlv  to   the   \\\o.t.  that   tlie   s( 


na> 


tl 


len* 


less  ow■in^•  partly  to  the  fact  that  the 
regular  si'ason  for  coj)ulation,  just  as  animals  have  theirs, 
the  \vomen  ))rin;:'in;j,'  forth  each  year  ^\ith  ,ui'eat  rei:u- 
larity.  A  curious  custom  jirevails.  Aviiich  is.  however, 
liy  no  means  peculiar  to  California.  ^\  ln'ii  child-hirth 
overtakes  the  wife,  the  hnshand  puts  himself  to  hed.  and 
there  ,^runlinii'  and  Liroanin_ii,'  he  alVects  to  suf.'er  all  tlu' 
n;ionics  of  a  woman  in  lahor.  l^yinji'  tliei-e.  he  is  nursed 
and  tended  ft)r  some  davs  hv  the  women  as  cart'fulK  as 


though  he  were  the  actual  suiferer.      Uidiculou? 


as 


tl 


ns 


custom  is.  it  is  assi'rted  hy  Mr  Tylor  to  ]u\\r  heen  ])ra(! 
tieed  in  western  China,  in  the  country  of  the  r>asipie> 


Ml 
Jil 

H  Si 


I 


1    I 


I.:  I 


i^l- 


11  ^li. 


:}02 


CALIFORNIA'S. 


by  tlio  Vil)areni  at  the  south  of  tlio  Black  Pea,  and  in 
modiliod  forms  ])/  the  Dvaks  of  J^onieo,  the  Ara\\\iks 
of  Surinam,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Kamcbatka  and 
(Jreenland.'"'  The  femak's  arrive  early  at  the  ai:e  ol' 
})uberty,'''^  and  grow  old  rapidly. ^'^ 

^h)st  important  events,  sueli  as  the  seasons  of  hunt- 
inir.  fishing,  acorn-gathering,  and  tbe  like,  are  eelebi'atod 
\vitii  icasts  and  dances  which  differ  in  no  essential  i-e- 
spcct  iVom  those  practiced  ])y  the  Xorthern  Calilbrnians. 
Tlu'v  usually  dance  naked,  having  their  heads  adoi-ned 
with  feather  ornaments,  and  their  bodies  and  faci's 
painted  with  glaring  colors  in  grotesque  piitterns.  Ihoad 
stripes,  drawn  up  and  down,  across,  or  sjn rally  round 
the  body,  form  tl:e  favorite  device;  sometimes  one  half 
t)f  the  body  is  colored  red  and  the  other  blue,  or  the 
Avhole  person  is  painted  jet  black  and  serves  as  a  gi'ound 
for  the  rejjresentation  of  a  skeleh)n,  done  in  white,  which 
gives  the  wearer   a  most  ghastlj-  appearance.'''^      The 

no  Pdv  n.  full  iippnnnl  nf  this  enstom  of  the  rnnvnilp.  as  it  rxistdl  iu  viri- 
ons ]iiirts  i){  the  wiirld,  set'  '/'///it's  l!i'!<((ircliis.  ]^\).  2'J'A  •V''i,  and  Ma.e  Miiii  r's 
diijis,  viil.  ii..  ]ij).  271  'J.  F(ir  its  (iliscrvaiicc  in  Ciililnvniii,  s(  e  Wnnju^i,  A"- 
iirUts  ih'  ('ill.,  toni.  i.,  p.  'M.  and  Furnlimn'K  Li/c  in  I'i'l.,  \i-  •^''"• 

'■"  •  It  was  not  a  thin},'  at  all  iinconiinon,  iu  tlic  days  of  tlu-  Indians'  an- 
cient ])i'i)spciity,  to  SCI-  a  wi/inan  Ipccomc  a  niothci'  at  twilvc  or  foui'tcin. 
An  instanci'  wan  related  to  nic  where  a  <,'irl  had  l>oi-ne  Iu  r  lirst-lmrn  at  ten, 
as  nearly  as  her  years  could  lie  aseertaint  d.  her  hushand.  a  W  lute  ilan,  heing 
then  si\ty-odd.'   I'mnrs.  in  On  rliitnl   ^Inntlili/.  vol.  ix..  p.  •"il'O. 

1'^  For  further  authoritie;'.  oa  family  and  donustic  ali'airs,  sei':  Mnhkn- 
pt'orill,  Mijirn,  torn,  ii.,  jit.  ii.,  ji.  I-Mi:  liilnmi's  Lijv  mi  iln'  I'litiun,  pp.  lidd; 
h'lirhis'  ('ill.,  p.  1!U);  Fniii>!<,  in  yunnl'is  .[nwilift  ihn  'di/.,  1S4-1,  loni.  li..  \<\\. 
'AM  -li'i.  Also  quote  il  in  Miinn'nf,  SdI'uc,  in  liri/niit,  I'lifj.  en  Col.,  pj).  'J.Vl-'-i'i; 
W'umiii'},  Cfili/iinii'  II.  yi.  I7S:  .lnlinsUin,  in  .Sr/innlrrn/l'n  Arrh.,  vol.  iv.,  j  p. 
'2'2'.i— I;  CiniiiHiin'  Li tiir,  in  ('ill.  Furiinr,  .\pril '>,  IMlO;  I'li'mi,  Viihi  ■U-  .hni  i>i nt 
Sirra.\i.'l\l\  I'mi-i'is,  in  (Jn'rlnud  .\["iillili/,\i<\.  ix.,  pp.  '^x,  rtl()-().  vol.  x.  ]i, 
!t'25;  I'irh  riini's  Itucc^.  in  l'.  >'.  K.r.  F.w,  vol.  ix..  pjv  !•  •  S:  Suli'  y  Mi.riniid', 
I'i"!/''.  pp.  I7i>-1;  lioiiliirii-h''n  'I'/irn'  I'ldrs  in  Cnl..  \t.  \:  t;  bi  ]'<'riiiisi',]'iii/., 
toni.  ii.,  ]).  '.UK\:  l-tnUiii.  in  /</.,  toni.  iv.,  pp.  .'"i7-S;  Ln/ii  r» ,  ('irriniiinii'.,  toni. 
vi..  11.  ll");  'f'('/')N,  in  >i7yo'«/'C'(^'r.s' .I»v7/..  v'll.  iii..  pp.  II'  l:!;  Il'rV.'.s'  .Vifc,  in 
/'.  .S. /■>.  y-,'.r.,  vol.  v.,  PI).  "Jld, '2"i;i;  h'lirliiijiiji,  !'(.//..) I.  "i7:  <iiil)i:rl.  MrAihun, 
iiii'l  .fiirill,  in  fii'l.  At}'.  H'l't.,  !«.")(;.  pp. -il'ii;  /iViv;i  >■  /  nir.  p.  Pid;  //m'./,  iu 
Los  An'jilrs  Sliiv,  ]IS.")2;  Fiinilniin'n  JJ/fl  in  I'nl.,  ).)>.  ;iii7  "n;  Jimr,  >7'(/.  u. 
Etiiiui.,  p.  77;  Kiislriiiiiilioiiiif,  in  Uin r,  ."^Uit.  ii.  Elliim.,  j)p.  s:l-K. 

1  •' Kv<'ry  traveler  who  has  seen  them  dunce  enters  iutu  details  of  dri  ss, 
etc.;  htit  no  two  of  these  accounts  are  alike,  and  the  n  .isnn  of  this  is  that 
they  have  no  regular  tit^ures  or  cnstunies  ])ecidiar  tn  tin  ir  dances,  hut  that 
every  man,  wluu  his  dress  is  not  )iaint  oidy,  wears  all  the  tiiu  ly  he  imssc  sses 
with  an  utter  disreiraril  for  miifoi  niity.  '  At  some  of  t'leir  dances  ,  w.'  were 
tiild  that  they  avoid  ]iai'liculiir  ;ivlicles  of  fond,  eviii  fowl-,  and  cm;s.'  '/.■"',■.', 
iu  Si-hoiilcriijl's  Ai\li.,  vol,  iii.,  p.  U;j.     Uancine  is  t  x.n.utei.1  at  Santa  Crtiz, 


CALIFORXIAX  DIVERSIONS. 


3'.):? 


Ill 

;lli(l 

!    of 


(ImiciniT  is  ncoonnuuiicd  l)y  c-liantin^s.  claiipiiiLi'  ol"  hands. 
])lc)\viiig  (Jii  pi[>cs  of  twi)  or  tliivo  ivoils  and  [jlavcd  \\  itli 
the  nose  or  nioiith.  lieatinji:  ol"  skin  dninis.  and  rattlin,!:' 
ol'  tortoisc-sliclls  filled  with  small  pchhlcs.  This  lior- 
I'ihU-  dist'ord  is,  howevci'.  nioro  Tor  the  [)nrpos('  ol'  iiark- 
in;i'  time  than  lor  pleasini:'  the  ear.''*  The  women  aiv 
seldom  allowed  to  join  in  the  dance  with  tlu'  mm.  ami 
when  they  are  so  tin'  honoi'ed.  take  a  \ery  nnimportant 
part  in  the  ])ro('eedinL:s.  nieivlj"  swa\i:,^'  their  bodies  to 
and  iVo  in  sik'nee. 

IMays.  re[)resentini]!:  seeiies  ofwar.  hnntin,!.:'.  and  pri\ate 
lil'e.  sei've  to  while  away  the  time,  and  are  pertormed 
with  eonsiderahle  skill.  Thonsj.h  natin'ally  the  \eiy  in- 
carnation of  sloth,  at  least  as  far  as  nseful  labor  is  con- 
cernctl,  they  have  one  or  two  j^anies  which  iv(piire  some 
exertion.  One  of  these,  in  vojiiie  ainonjz'  the  Meewocs, 
is  played  with  hats  and  an  oak-knot  hall.  M'he  former 
ari'  made  of  a  pliant  stick,  having:"  the  end  lient  roimd 
and  lashed  to  the  main  pail  so  as  to  i'orm  ,  looj).  ^vhich 
is  fdled  with  a  netwoi'k  oi'  sti'inus.  Tlicy  do  not  strike 
liiit  push  the  hall  alonu,'  with  these  hats.  The  players 
take  sides,  and  each  party  endeavors  to  dri\e  the  hall 
l>ast  the  honndaries  of  the  other.  Another  Lianie.  which 
was  I'ormerly  innch  played  at  the  missions  on  the  coast. 
i'e<iuires  m(.)re  skill  .  nd  scarcelv  less  activitv.     It  cojisists 

liy  fnniiinc,'  a  oirclo,  nssiiniiii!,'  n  stoopiiii,'  pristnrp.  viiiHiii^'  a  loud,  discoiNliiDt 


I'iiaiil,  ami.  wit'ioiit  iiKiviii;^  from  tlnir  jilaci 
and  twistinu  tin-  Kndv  intu  various  cDiiturtious. 


liftiiiv;  and  lnwirin 


a  f.  (It. 


.\rrll, 


it'  Sunlit  ('rii:  Mi. 


Ill  tli'ir  dances  tlit'V  Sdinttinii'S  \m  ar  white  nuisks.'    W'ilL's'  y<ir.,  in  (".  >' 


Ki'.  /■->.,  vol.  v..  p.  I!i2.     '  Se  pdudnnt  les  clievi  u\  a 


dn  d 


nvet  (r(iis( 


(7„ 
d:l 


I'l)//.  rut.,  part  iii. 


11.  4.     WIj. 


\\'Mllie   eliief   '  di  eii 


to    li 


ill  lis  villa^'e.  he  dispatches  inesseiigers  to  the  iieii^hlioiini,'  rai 


\,. 


:.viii'4  a  stnnt;  \vh-  ii  on 


is  tied  (I  certnin  luunber  of  knots.     Every 


thereaft 'r  the  itivited  chief  unties  one  of  the  knots,  ai.d  when  the 


4  liut  o.Me  is  reach'-d,  tl; 


ih-i rhiml    M»>lh}jl, 


.vfullv  set  forth  for  the  da 


/' 


Ml 


vol.  X..  ]>.  .'i-"i.      For  (iesc  ijitions  of  daii<';s  of    Ne<she- 
iu  (Irfii'inil  Munlhh/,  vol.  xii..  pii.  '2i'>-7. 
Ill  'Each  one  had  two  and  sometimes  three  whittles,  made  of  reeds,  in 
th.'  S'Hi   Fidui'isiTi  Hiilli'lbi,  <><•!.  21.    infiM,     'Some  had  whistles  or 


nanis,  sec 


/'. 


ins  aioutli 


mlile  tlai'eolets  of  reiil  which  Wel 


ck  into  their 


/.'. 


v. 


1' 


:t:!. 


/.''/»')■,  ill  (V//.  Fur 


The  (leiitiles  do  not   |ios-<ess  any  instrument  whati 


April  r>.  isPid.     'Their  own  ori),'iiial  instrnment  con- 


sists  of  a   very  )iriinitive  whisth',  si>me  doulile,  some  siii;_;le,  am 


1  h.h 


in  the 


lilnuili   hy  one 
mill  len'_;th  of 


Ihc 


i  a! 


F, 


1.  without  the  aid  of  the  tin'_;ers;  they  ale  almiit  the  i.\/.v 
;l  coninioti  fife,  and  only  about  two  uutes  ciia  he  stiuiul  'd  on 
nnci;  (.irt.  'M,  l-sCO. 


?m 


CALIFORNIANS. 


ill  tlii'owinn'  a  ^tick  tliroiiiili  a  litntji  ^\l^u•ll  is  rapidly 
rolled  nlowj:  the  ground.  11"  the  pla_\or  Murce'ds  in  this. 
he  gains  two  jjoints;  if  the  stick  merely  passes  jiarlially 
throujili,  so  that  the  houp  remains  resting  upon  it,  one 
{)oint  is  scoic'd. 

l^ut.  as  usual,  names  of  ohanee  are  nnieh  pi'efencd  to 
gauies  of  skill.  The  ehiel"  ol"  these  is  the  same  as  that 
ahvaih'  des('ril)ed  in  the  last  ehaptei"  as  heiuu  ula  .nl  1»\- 
i\\v  natives  all  along  the  coast.-  of  Oregon,  Washington, 
and  Ih'itish  Cohimhia.  and  uhich  hears  so  close  a  re- 
semhlance  to  the  odd-and-even  of  our  school-da\s.  They 
{ye  as  inlatuated  on  this  suliject  as  their  neighhors,  and 
(juite  as  willing  to  stake  the  whole  of  their  pos.sessions 
on  an  issue  of  cliance.  Thev  smoke  a  species  of  strong 
tobacco  ill  the  straight  }iijM\s  Ix-lbre  mentioned;^''  hut 
they  have  no  nati\e  intoxicating  drink.'"' 

The  priiiripal  diseases  are  small-p<jx,  various  forms  of 
fever,  and  syj»hilis.  ()win;i  to  their  extreme  filthiness 
they  are  also  very  subject  to  disgusting  eruptions  of  the 
skin.  AVomen  are  not  allowed  to  pi'actice  the  healing 
art,  .is  among  the  Northern  Californians,  the  [)ri\ileges 
of  (piackery  being  here  reserved  exclusively  to  the  men. 
Chanting  incantations,  waving  of  hands,  and  the  suck- 
ing powers  obtain.      Doctors  are  supposetl  to  \ni\v  lower 

i3'>  '  They  nno  n  sppcic«t  of  nir?ivo  tobacco  of  ntnisfous  ami  ■.>-''  iuii','0(liiur.' 
(i'lbh^,  in  ScliooifmjTs  .•>"'',  vui.  lii.,  p.  Id".  '  Tliiy  bunnil  tin;  lUiluin'  hhill 
fur  til'-  inii' to  mix  Wifli  lli-ir  tulNiccn,  wLii'h  they  Hwall^iwi  d  t-i  in,\l.'  tlina 
dniiik.'  Titi/liii',  in  ('<r  f-''iiiiin\  Ajiril  27.  Ib'jO.  'A  siniis  nf  tulcuco  i.s 
fotiii'l  on  tljc  suiiily  litii  li'  *  whifli  tin-  Iinliuus  i»ri|N'in'  ami  m.h  kf.'  It"///,..s' 
\  ,  in  r.S.  Ex.  Ex..  Vol.  v.,  j>.  j«»2.  Si-  j^ti^icroii  a  v\v\  ar  y  i(  jiaiv  iii 
tllip.s  la  iiiisma  cci'i'iiinnia  di-  fspanir  fl  hunio  Lai-ia  arrilia  dicif  lulii  <  ii  caila 
l)i)canail  i  iinas  iialaliras;  sol"  ■  iifiiidi  una  ij'u-  fui'  ismi  ,i  (|iii-  ijuii  ri-  di  lif  m'1; 
oVi.siTvi'  la  iiiisiiia  coNtniid)!-*'  df  chnpar  priiui  ro  t]  Vn  ,s  prin  ■!•  a'  liU';..;ti  da  la 
jiijia  :i  (itro,  y  da  vuolta  a  otros.'  J'ulou,  Sutkhjii,  ii.  e  ■  Jlisl.  !.  .t.,  serif  i\., 
toui   vii.,  ]'.  f'l'.t;  si'(!  also  ji   77. 

•3i'i  On  th;'  subject  of  aiiiusiments,  hoc  Kniii'huif's  V •!/  .  vol.  1.,  p.  2><2.   /'f- 

J-Jlliiii>.,  j)p.72.  7ft  7;  Ktistroniitniii'ir.  in  /./..  jiji.  H")  '.ij;  //.  ',  '  ;,  l.n  ('oUu'rio'', 
|).  17:J;  I'liiifll'ts'  [.I'tlcr,  in  Cul.  Forthir,  Oil.'},  l»ri>:  M<"  • '.  riil!i'(„-ii!'i.  \i. 
J7.S;   llriilf's  W'nlil  Kurnniii..  p.  PiH;  Jlni.i>'»  T<'»r.  |  ii    '.  :!:>:   ^    ■■  //""- 

(•;\-  w  lliilhtill,  ()r(.  21.  lNr)>S,  \nv.  29.  1H71;  I'oir^r..  ill  ih.yit,.'  M  "//,  Vol. 
i\..  ]iii.  lt07-8,  501-5.  Mil.  X.,  pji.  325-7;  P<ncer'.i  /'<.(/io,  MS.;  LuitfiKr,  ('ir<in»' 
icii\,  tain  vi.,  J).  15);  Iviliilnn's  .V.  »/•  r<'_v.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  12"  '  '  I'ur^'iiil, 
Ml'].,  viil.  ill  .  ])p.  ■It2~(i;  lutriihfini's  l.'ifr  ih  Ciil..  p. .'((!/ ;  //'  '  •  '!'■ 

5:t   I;   Millth  iiitfi,rdl,  .Vij'n;,,  tuni.  ii.  pt.  ii.  \k  -IGi'i;  (  Ifiis,  \         .  it.iii., 

ji;i.  15;  La  I'divusi',  Vty.,  vjI   ii.,  pp.  3* "J  7. 


ir- 


•M 


i.  -1 


MEDICINE  AND  SWEAT-HOUSES. 


896 


over  life  and  (k'iitli.  liciicc  if  tli('_\'  Tail  to  efict-t  a  nnv, 
tlifv  art'  liviiiiL'iitlv  killcil."'  Tlicv  demand  the  most 
extortionate  fees  in  rettini   for  their  servi(;es,  and  often 


om- 


reliise  to  onieiate  unless  the  object  thev  desire  is  j)r( 
ised  tliem.      Sweat-houses  simihir  to  tliose  ab'eadv  de 


sen 


hed 


arc   111 


lil 


\e  iiianiu'r  use( 


1  as  a>  means  ol"  cine  for 


everv  kind  of  eoinidaiiit.'''**  The\'  have  another  kind  of 
siidi  tory.  A  hole  is  ihig  in  the  sand  of  a  si/.e  suiricient 
to  contain  a  person  l\ing  at  full  length;  over  this  a  f;re  is 
kept  lairniii;.:'  until  the  siiiid  is  thorou<ihl\-  heated,  when 
the  (ire  is  removed  and  the  sand  stii'ivd  with  a  >lick 
until  it  is  rediK.vd  to  the  re(iuired  temperature.  The 
patient  is  then  placed  in  the  liole  and  coveri'd.  with  the 
exception  of  his  head,  with  sand.  Here  he  r(  uiains 
until  in  a  .^tate  of  profuse  jjerspiration,  when  he  is  un- 
eartlied  and  plunged  into  cold  water.  They  are  said  to 
practice  phlehotomy.  using  the  right  arm  when  the  hody 
is  alVeeted  and  the  left  when  the  complaint  is  in  the 
liiuhs.  A  few  simple  decoctions  are  made  from  iier])s, 
hut  these  nre  .seldom  very  oiricient  medicines,  ("^lu'cially 
when  administered  for  the  more  complicated  diseases 
which  the  whites  have  hrought  among  them.  Owing  to 
the  ins'iflicieiit  or  erroneous  treatment  they  receive, 
many  di.«^oi-ders  which  would  he  easily  cured  by  us.  de- 
<ii'n»Tr<'<' with  them  into  chronic  maladies,  and  are  trans- 


111 


lt*i'd  to  their  children, 


l:r,) 


'-"  Tin-  Mi-i-\viii"s  'Ixlitvi-  thiit  tlicir  innlo  pliysiciniis,  wlio  nre  iiinri'  jimp- 
erly  Mirci-f'  t-.  fun  Mit  uu  ii  mi.uiitaiii  toj)  lifl\  niiiis  ili.^laut  fimii  ii  iiuii  they 
vi^li  til  a  ■■Uoy,  ali'l  i-i(iii]iii-,s  lii^  (IriUli  liy  IkIi  jJiil;  |iiii>,on  tnwuiils  liim  t'luiu 
tluir  tiii-;ir-'  mU.'  f'otn  rs.  in  Oniiniul  Mutithhi,  vol.  x.,  p.  ilL'7. 

'^'■I  iii'Mr.tidiisly  (Mill  nil  uui;  uf  tiii.si'  civrrns  during;  tlif  opi  rutinn 
atmvc  (IcHcril).  il.  nnil  was  in  n  fi  w  nii(i*,'iits  so  nearly  suttuc  iiUil  with  the 
lifiit.  KHinu"'.  ami  impure  uir,  that  1  fuuml  it  ilillii'ult  to  luiiiie  my  way  out.' 
BiytnVs  <  <('.,  p.  2~i'2. 

'  ' 'Ziir  U.  liiuiu;  1)tilienen  hiili  <1ii  ><eliamane  iler  Kriiiiter  nnil  Wurzi  In, 
^tnisstciuli'ils  iilii-r  want^i  n  Me  mit  deni  .Vluinlc  ilas  Hint  aiis  ti(  i-  krauiii  ii 
St''ll^'  mis,  woliei  ~if  Steinc  lien  <m1i  r  Kli  ine  S(liliiiiL;en  in  ili  ii  .Mund  ni  l.nitn 
mill  (l.iia'if  VL-rsiiiieru,  sie  haiieii  (lii«ii  Iheii  atis  ilef  WuniK  luraiis^'c  zoeen.' 
K"sli-'i,i<il.n'iir,  in  liner.  Slat,  a  I'"  no,,  p.  ',i."i;  sci  alsopp,  h;j,  'ji,  Dl  ,'>,  •  Iniil 
luiw  it  li.i.s  not  Ii'  en  ascf-rtaineil  i'lat  the  Indians  had  any  ifiaedy  for  ciiiiiig 
the  sick  or  allaying  their  stitt'eriri- -,  If  tin  y  im  et  witli  an  acoideiit  they  iu- 
Vari.dily  di  .'  I'tninllins'  L'th  r,  in  '  <»/.  i'lirinii.  A/nil  .0,  1m;().  •lunt,-uorm 
is  cured  liy  ]il-icini,'  the  milk  of  the  ]ioison  oak  in  a  cindc  round  th<    Nf- 

fectid  ]>art.'    //"/'Ai/if/.s*  '■.(/.  Mill.,   vol.   iii.,   p.    lid.      'Aiaon.i,'   the   Me(  woes 
KtuuiiU'Liu  ufti'i-tion.s   aiid   severe  travail   are   treated  with  a  planter  of  hut 


S'Jfi 


CALIFORNIANS. 


Tncromation  is  almost  universal  in  this  part  of  Cali- 
fornia/^ ^i^lie  Ijody  is  decorated  with  feathers,  flowers, 
and  heads,  and  after  lyin"!;  in  state  for  some  time,  is 
])urned  amid  the  liowls  and  lamentations  of  friends  and 
relations.  The  ashes  are  either  preserved  ])\"  the  iamily 
of  the  deceased  or  are  formally  huried.  The  wea[)ons 
and  effects  of  the  dead  are  hnrned  or  huried  with  them.'" 
When  a  hody  is  prepared  for  interment  the  knees  are 
douhled  up  airainst  the  chest  and  secm-ely  hound  with 
cords.  It  is  placed  in  a  sitting  posture  in  the  j:rave. 
whi<'h  is  circular.  This  is  the  most  comnKjn  maimer  of 
sepulture,  hut  some  trihes  hury  the  hody  perpendicularly 
in  a  hole  just  large  enough  to  admit  it.  sometimes  with 
the  head  down,  sometimes  in  a  standing  position.  The 
Tomos  formerly  burned  tlieir  dead,  and  since  tliey  have 
been  inlluenced  hy  the  whites  to  bury  them,  they  ijiva- 
riahly  place  the  Ixxly  with  its  head  toward  the  south. 

A  scene  of  incremation  is  a  weird  spectacle.      The 

ashes  and  moist  earth  spread  on  the  stomach.'  Powers,  in  Overland  MunUih/, 
vol.  X.,  1).  ;V27.  S(.H'  furthtr:  I'tlU-Tlmiiui-s,  Voij..  torn,  ii.,  j).  110;  Farn- 
ham's  Life  in  Cal.,  p.  ;)70;  IfiiHiishi,  La  Vuli/onne,  j).  ITIi:  liuinholiK,  }■'.:- 
Sit.    Pill.,  torn,  i.,  p.  \i'H;  Ikn-liey's    I'oi/.,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  3i>,  7H;  San  tfoiiijiiin 

H'puhll'an.  S  pi.,  lHj8;  La  /'eVoi/.s'c,  Vinj.,  torn.  iv..  ]>.  (!,'J;  Uilibs,  in  S-lmol- 
v.ni/l's  Ar<li.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  lOH,  107;  Witkts'  J\,'ur.,  in  (J.  S.  J:'x.  Eje.,  vol.  v., 
p.  l!Ki;  I'ickrrhufs  Jiuris,  in  /(/.,  vol.  ix..  p.  105);  Faijis,  in  XiKirellfs  Aininits 
(h'K  V(i)/.,  lS4t,  torn,  ci.,  j).  'A'M:  also  quoted  in   ^fan}til•r,  Xollce,  in   llri/tnit, 

]'o!/.  en  Val.,  p.  'IM;   Kin-nland's   Wninlrrs  of    rnseinilc,   j).  52;   lu'lli/'s   K.rr.nr- 


o,j. 
.sitin  to  Cal.,  vol.  ii. 


P 


284;  Aonr.s'  P, 


i'll,/. 
MS.;  Siilil  1/  Mcvicitna,  1  i»(f/e,  ji. 


Kid:    Tliornlon's  Oi/n.  and  Cal.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  94;  Delano's  Life  on  the  J'lai 


[.aiilac 


torn.  VI.,  p.  I.")'2. 


140  '  J.'i-()m  north  to  south,  in  the  present  California,  uj)  to  the  Culuiuli; 


river  Uiev  liurnt  the  di'.ul  in  some  trihes 


and 


in  others  imru 


d  th( 


■n 


modes    of    Sepulture  dilFered  every   few  leagues.'     'raj/hir'a   ludiani'loiii/,    h 


Cal.  /•'- 


J,' 


l«li(). 


X  dead  Oleep.'i  was  huried  hy  i 


ine  woman  iii    a 


jiit  ahiiut  four  feet  dt'ep,  ami  ten  feet  in  front  of  the  father's  door.'  />r ///,./,< 
JA/contlw  f'lain.t,  p.  :!0I.  At  Siiiita  Cru/  'the  (ieiililes  hum  the  hodii  s  if 
their  warriors  and  allies  who  fall  in  war;  those  who  die  of  natural  death  tliey 
inter  at  sundown.'  Connilas'  hihr,  in  C<d.  Farmer.  A)>r'd  i>,  IKCO.  'J'he  In- 
dians of  the  Hiiy  of  San  Francisco  hurned  their  <lead  with  evi  rythiiiK  hi  loui,'- 
iiij<  to  them,  'hut  those  of  tin*  more  southern  rej^imis  Iniried  llieirs."  Uninf- 
v'l'li'x  lidicrls,  vol.  ii.,  ]>.  ;U',:{.  in  the  vicinity  of  Clear  Lake  all  the  trilns 
with  tlie  exception  of  tiio  Yuhas  uiirv  tin  ir  dead.  Cchjcr,  in  Jud.  Ajl'.  H'pl., 
Js,-,s,  p 


28!) . 


'II  '  I,cis  Itunsienesdi vidian  ulti:iiMin(Mite  entre  los  iiarienteslasi)ocascos:is 


<iUi 


iiiponiaii  la  \  r 


dad  <li  1  difuuln.   Los  Lsli 


q.i 

al  coiitrano.  no  si 


ri  paillan  cosa  alL'una,  sino  ([ue  todus  sus  ami'4os  y  sididitos  deliiaii  coiiIrilMiir 


M- 


I  al'.,'Uiiiis  ahalorios  ijiie  enteriali.in  con 


■adaver  del  falliciilo 


la  ir,  p. 


If  a  woinan  dies  in  li 


iimm 


ith' 


thi 


siii:i  V 
ii.i. 


Avhetlier  living  or  dead,  is  huried  with  its  mother.'    JIukhinijs'  Cal.  Maj.,  vol. 
iii.,  J).  137. 


MOUIlXINCi  FOR  THE  DEAD, 


897 


frlonds  and  rt'l.itivos  of  tlio  deceased  pitlier  round  the 
i'lineral  pyre  in  a  circle,  liouling  dismally.  As  the  llames 
mount  upward  their  enthusiasm  increases,  until  in  a 
])ei'rect  Ireirzy  of  excitement,  they  leap,  shi'ick,  lacerate 
their  bodies,  and  even  snatch  a  handlul  of  t;molderinj2; 
ilesh  tVom  the  lire,  and  devour  it. 

I'he  ashes  of  the  dead  mixed  with  urease,  are  smc  ared 


over 


the  f! 


ice  as  a 


had' 


jje  oi  mourniii";,  aiu 


1  tl 


le  comnouiK 


<l 


is  sud'ered  to  remain  there  until  Avorn  oil'  by  the  action 
of  the  weather.  The  widow  keeps  her  head  covered 
with  pitch  for  sevend  months.  In  the  iJussii  n  Uiver 
A'alley.  Avhere  demonstrations  of  urief  a})pear  to  lie  yet 
more  violent  than  elsewhere,  self-laceration  is  nuich 
])i'acticed.  It  is  customary  to  havo  an  animal  Dance  of 
Mourninu',  %vhen  the  inhabitants  of  a  whole  villai:e  col- 
Icct  toii'ether  and  lament  their  deceased  friends  with 
howls  and  groans.  Many  tribes  think  it  necessary  to 
nourish  a  departed  spirit  for  several  months.  'J'his  is 
done  by  scattering  food  about  the  place  where  tlie  iv- 
mains  of  the  dead  are  deposited,  A  devoted  Xeesheuani 
Avidow  does  not  utter  a  w(-)rd  for  several  nionth>  aftiT 
the  death  of  her  husband;  a  less  severe  siun  of  grief  is 


for  tl 


le  same  time 


HJ 


to  speak  oidy  m  a  low  whisper 

Regarding  a  future  state  their  ideas  are  vagut  :  some 
sny  that  the  Meewocs  ))elieve  in  utter  annihilation  id'ter 
death,   but  who  can  fathom   the  hopes  and   fears   that 


struiiule  in  their  dark  imaiiiniu' 


Tl 


ley  are  not   par- 


ticuku'ly  cruel  or  vicious;  they  show  nnich  sorrow  for  the 


'12  '  Diu  n:u'hston  Anvonv;uitlt(ii  si'hiicidi'U  sicli  das  iriUir  ul)  niul  wfrfcii 
fs  ins  Fi'iicr,  wolici  sin  sii'h  iiiit  St.iin'ii  an  ilic  Hrast  scli!a;4cii,  ant'  iliii  lln- 
ilru  stiii/i'ii.  ,ja  MswfiU'U  uus  btsouilcriT  Aiiliiiiiuliilikfit  /u  ilt'iii  \(  cstorlK'- 
iifU  sirh  hluti-iinsti^'iuliv  tjar  zn  'I'mli'  stossi'ii;  dnrli  ^iIlll  Sdlclic  Falli'  sclti'ii.' 
Kiistrniiiiliiiiiiir.  ill  liwr.  Stol.  k.  h'tlnm,,  p.  SfS.  '  'I'Li.'  Imdy  is  ciinsiunrd  u])(iii 
ii  soalViild  Imilt  over  u  liolf,  into  wliiidi  the  aslus  an  thrown  and  cDVtrtd,' 
(li'ili^.  ill  Srh<ii)lrriijVs  Arrlt.,  vol.  iii.,  j).  ll'J.  Sc(.'  alsn;  'rclminii  IkuiIIi  ,  Mci/, 
is,-)'.j;  Sutil  V  Mtxicnnii.  FiVfi/c,  pp.  171-J;  i'oim's'  I'mH').  MS.;  also  in  (h-irl'inl 
Moiitlihi^  vill.  ix.,  p.  r)02,  vo'.  X.,  ]).  H'iS,  vol.  xii.,  p.  'JS;  Sun  I''rnnclsi:i)  F.vni'in'i 
Ihdlil'i,,^  A)ir'di,^\>»''\:  Marnr's  I'unr.  /,s/..  j)p. -MS  50:  Ln  }'erii(if<( ,  Fn//..  lorn. 
ii.,  p..  .ti(V.  I'hu^ri'Uk  liidi-x,  ]H'u;  Marniiir.  in  lir;/init.  I'oy.  <n  ('<il..  )j]).  lilid, 
'i:iii;  f/i(''7(()«»s' ''</''.  3/'ff;.,  vol  iii.,  p.  137:  W'iimii'!,  ('idi/dnd'H,  ]k  llH;  l-'arn- 
h'lmt^s  Li/''  in  I'l^L,  ]i,  Dli'J;  [-'nhoni  llif^jintih,  in  <'(tl.  Fanner,  A"f.  9,  l^fi  ; 
Jiihiist'in.  ia  S''!!/ II lie nitTs  Arrh.,  vol.  iv..  ]i.  2-5;  D'Cr'i'wy,  Foy.,  p.  458; 
iiWty,  Hk  bid.  Aff.  R'-pl..  la5(i,  )).  'J  1-2;  Furbcs'  Val.,  p.  VJo. 


808 


CALIFORNI.VNS. 


(loatii  of  ;i  relative;  in  some  iustiiuccs  tlioy  uro  aftection- 
ate  toward  their  I'amilies."' 


■litntS 


:!i  ■    I 


'"  [ii  the  Tlu-isiaii  llivcr  Viilloy  tlip  Imlians  '  sind  wciclihorzij;,  nml  von 
Niitiir  nichi  iMciniirUti^'  . .  .sic  I'rlcinrii  luit  Li'i(:liti!^'krit  miinclKilci  IJiUidiir- 
1);'it'ii  mil  (r 'W 'i-l)i'.'  Hi  r,  SInl.  n.  hJllino.,  pj).  77-iS.  Sc-m  l\>rt  lliss  'sind 
Kio  saiift  iind  frii'dfortii,'.  ntid  sclir  fiiliij,',  lit'soiidfi's  in  dcr  Aurt'assim^,'  siiiii- 
li.^h  •!•  (r,'i;;Mi;-it:iii.lc.  \ui  iii  Fijli,'i'  iliH'i'  uiuiiassii^'fH  'rra^hcit  luul  Surj^'losiL;- 
k;!it,  H(diuiueiisif>  sohr  dumin  zuscyn'  KostnimilniKiir,  in  /(/.,  jip.  Hl-'2.     'Tlicy 

ii))^M'iir   by  no  imiiiis  so  Htupid  '   as  those  nt  the  iiiissioiis.     Kahihiu's 

iV  tc  I'"//.,  vol.  ii.,  J).  '2ij.  At  UodL'|:;a  Buy  '  thfir  disposition  is  ii;ost  lilicral.' 
Mt'trclle's  .lo)ii\,  p,  41.  At  Clear  Lake  '  tlioy  are  docile,  mild,  easily  man- 
a.i,'<'d.  .  .ro,L;uisli,  uuLtrateful,  and  incorrigibly  la/y.  . .  .cowardly  aad  ciin^'iiij,' 
towards  the  whites.  .  thoron^'li  sensualists  and  most  abandoncil  f,';uul)lers  . . 
■wretcle'dly  iurirosidcui.'  Jii:ri!ri''s  Tour,  pp.  120-1.  In  the  Sairamento  Val- 
ley tiny  are  '  excessively  jealous  of  their  S(iua\v.s  . . .  stin^'y  and  inliospitalile.' 
Ki''''/'s  I'J.i'i-nr.'<i'>ii  to  ('at.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  114.  'A  mirthful  race,  always  disposed 
to  jist  and  lau:-;ii.'  Doiik,  iu  tide's  EUinon.,  in  //.  >'.  hh\  K.e.,  v(d.  vi.,  p.  222. 
'l'ossess"d  of  mean,  treacherous,  and  cowardly  traits  uf  character,  and  the 
m  >st  thievish  propensities.'  Jahiison'n  ('id.  nwl  Oijii.,  p.  14:t.  In  the  vicinity 
of  Sin  Francisco  Hay  '  they  are  certainly  a  race  of  the  most  nuseralile  be- 
iu'^s  1  ever  s.iw,  poss(  s  ini,'  the  faculty  of  human  reason.'  Viiiiront-i.r'ti  I'e.;/., 
vol.  ii.,  p.  13.  '  Fortho  most  part  an  idle,  intenii)erate  race.'  TlmrnUin'ii  <)  in. 
an  I  L'id.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  78.  'They  are  a  people  of  a  tractable,  fre(%  and  louin^' 
nature,  without  ;.;uile  or  treivehery.'  Drak-'n  Wurbl  Encinnp..  p.  KU.  '  15as- 
tautes  ranclieri'as  di!  gentiles  mny  mansos  y  apaoiV)les.'  ('ri'Sjii.  in  Ihir.  Hist. 
-l/x..  siu'ie  iv.,  torn,  vi.,  \>.  I'.C.  '  Son  miiy  mansos,  afaV)les,  de  buenas  caras  y 
Ids  m  is  de  ellos  barbados,'  I'^dou,  Xnlirias,  in  Id.,  torn,  vii.,  p.  51).  At  ^Monte- 
rey  they  '  etaient  lourds  et  pen  intelliLjents.'  Tliose  liviui,'  farther  from  the 
inissi  )us  were  not  without  '  une  certaine  linesse,  connmiue  a  tous  les  homines 
elevi'-idans  I'elat  di!  natur\'  Pilil-Tltoitiirs,  •  o//.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  i;tl.  '  t'es  peu]iles 
sont  si  [>iMi  'our.e.,'eiix.  (pi  ils  n'opposent  jamais  aucune  n'sistance  anx  trois  on 
qii.itre  sold  it-,  ([iii  violent  si  cvideinent  a  leur  cu;ard  le  droit  des  '^'eus.'  Ln  P.'- 
•>«(«<  ,  I'oy.,  toui.  ii.,  p.  J'.lT.  '  Thti  Yiikas  are  a  tigerish,  truculent,  sullen,  thiev- 
ish, and  cviuw  way  bad,  Viut  bnive  raci^'  I'tKnTs.  in  <lv  Hiind  Mmilihi,  vol.ix., 
p.  'Mil.  The  1'  ditoos  were  very  cowardly  and  peace-loviu'.^.  I'oikii'h  P'Dti",  MS. 
Thiiu  th'  Ole  lias  'a  more  jolly,  laui,'hter-lovini^,  careless,  iind  good-natur.-d 
people  d  )  not  e\ist.  .  .  .For  intellit5?nce  they  arc;  far  behind  the  Indians  cask 
of  th  '  lloeky  Mouutaius.  Di'lann's  fAfr  on  thn  Plii'ins,  p.  2;I7.  The  Kanni- 
mires  "were  considered  a  brave  and  warlike  Indian  race.'  Tui/lnr.  in  Cid. 
F'lrnvr,  Mirrk  :il),  18()l).  The  condition  of  the  Wallas  '  is  the  most  ndserable 
that  it  is  p.)ssible  to  conceive;  their  mode  of  living,',  the  most  abject  and  dcs- 
titut'  kiiown  to  man.'  //••/('//,  in  [ml.  Ajf.  K  pL,  ISoi),  p.  211.  The  Frcsm) 
Kiv.r  Indians  'are  peaer;ibl(',  quiet  and  industrious.'  If'nlii/,  in  liid.  .Irf'. 
Ji  j/i.,  ls")t,  p.  3)1.  A  rational,  cahnilatiu'^  people,  i,'enerally  inihistrii^us. 
L-ipi-i,  in  //(■/.  .1/^'.  R' pt.,  bsriS,  p.  2'.)1.  On  thi^  coast  rani,'e  north  and  east  of 
M  'ud  icino  '  they  ar.'  a  timid  and  generally  inott'ensive  race.'  li'iil  i/,  in  Intl. 
A[f'.  11  id..  ISoS,  p.  301.  In  I'lacer  County  they  are  industrious,  honest,  and 
temperate;  tin'  femah's  strictly  virtuous,  liritica,  iu  Iwl.  .\ij.  H  I'l..  lS,")il,  ]>. 
213.  La/.y,  trilling,  drunken.  Applfijido,  Ih.  In  Tu(dunuii';  liieiully,  gen- 
erally honest,  truthful;  men  lazy,  women  industrious,  .fi  u-dl,  Id.,  p.  211. 
Iu  the  Yosenute  Valley,  'though  low  iu  the  scale  of  nniii,  they  are  no*  the 
abject  cr(>atures  generally  repi'eseut(>d;  they  are  mild,  harmless,  and  singu- 
larly honest.  /v/Ci/((/)(/'.s  W'tiidrfs  of  l'(W//u/(',  p.  52.  At  Santa  Clara  they 
havi'  no  ambition,  are  (Uitirely  regardless  of  rci)utatiin  and  renown.  \'iiii- 
c  )(ti''/-'.s  V'li/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  21.  In  stupiil  apathy  'they  exceed  every  race  of 
men  I  have  ever  known,  not  excepting  the  (h'graded  races  of  Terra  (I  ■!  Fuego 
or  Van  Dieinin's  Fiauil.'  Ivitm'ntn'.i  AVic  I'oi/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'J7.  At  Santa  ("ruz 
'ib'V  are  so  in, dined  to  lying  that  they  alaiost  alw.iys  will  conl'iiss  (»tteuces 
they  have  not  committed;'  veiy  lustful  and  inhospitable.  Conulkiti'  L^Ucr,  ia 


CENTRAL  CALIFORNIAX  CHAIIACTER. 


309 


Altlioii'ili  iieiirl;/  iill  tnivolcrs  wlio  liavc;  scon  ami  do- 
scrihi'il  this  peo[)lc,  place  them  in  the  lowest  scale  of 
hmiiaiiity.  vet  there  are  some  who  asseii  that  the  char- 
acter of  the  Califoriiian  has  heeu  inaliuned.  It  does  not 
foilou'.  they  say.  that  he  is  indolent  heeause  he  does  not 
work  wlioi  the  fertility  of  his  native  land  enables  him 
to  live  without  labor;  or  that  he  is  cowardly  liccaiise  he 
is  not  incessantly  at  war,  or  stupid  and  brutal  because 
tlie  mildness  of  his  climate  renders  clothes  and  dwellings 
su[)criluous.  But  is  this  sound  reasonin,<;?  H'urely  a  )»eo- 
ple  Ms^isted  by  nature  should  progress  faster  than  another, 
strug-ilinii;  with  depressing  dilliculties. 

From  the  frozen,  wind-swept  plains  of  Alaska  to 
the  malaria-haunted  swamps  of  Darien.  thci-e  is  not  a 
fairer  land  than  California;  it  is  the  neiitrrd  grouud, 
as  it  were,  of  the  elements,  where  hypt'rboreal  cold. 
strip[)eil  oi'  its  rugged  aspect,  and  e![uatorial  heat, 
taiucd  to  a  genial  warmth,  meet  as  friends,  inviting, 
all  blusteriniis  laid  aside.     Yet  if  we  travel  northward 

Ciil.  F'lriiir,  April  '\  1*^(10.  At  Kelsey  Rivor  they  aro  '.amia1)lo  mul  thievish.' 
ij'  ►'<»',  in  >' 7('<  j/'_'/v(i'r.-i  An-h.,  vol.  iii.,  \>.  \li.  '  In  L;fii,.v;il  tri'ius,  thr  Ciililnriii.-i 
lu^liaus  ai'o  uiorc  tiiiiiil,  poiieeablo,  iiiul  jnyDUs  th.ui  iuiy  of  their  iiei;j;hlinrs.' 
St-iilf.Hs.  in  Fixers'  /''<»e<,  MS.  'Theii'  stupidily.  iiiseiisiliility,  i.L;umMiice, 
iiii'(inHtatt«*y,  slavery  to  apjietito,  excessivo  sloth  and  la/iiiess.  heiuL;  alisorlx d 
f:)r  the  tiiut!  in  thJ  stir  aiul  din  of  ui,L,'ht-\vatehitij,'  and  liattli;.  ^'ive  tijeni  n 
new  uxLi.itv'ueo.'  Eirnli'dti's  Life  in  Cal.,  j>.  '.M\\>.  •  Fan!  uiid  jeder  Aiistreii- 
^'■1111,'  al)-;eni;i,J!t.'  O^-.-i'-tl  I,  Citlu'ond'ii,  p.  (11).  'Slu;  idity  seemed  to  be  their 
distiiictiv,'  eliaraiiter.'  I>m)i'n''rh's  rh'scrh,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  .'■VJ.  'Loose,  lazy,  eare- 
li'ss,  i-aii.ii'ioiis,  rhiidi.ih  and  tickle."  Tui/l'ir,  in  ('(t!.  Funnir,  Marrl,  2,  lS(Hi. 
'  They  arc  v"ally  th'  most  harmless  tribes  on  the  Aniei-i<'an  continent.'  hi  r- 
sliocbr':i  A';/v,'[).  21J.  Reven'..!eful.  timid,  treaeiieroiis  anil  iniu;rateful.  AW///  s- 
Exrnr.-ii},i  11 1"  .'/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2HI.  '  ( 'owariUy.  treacherous.  tilHiy  and  indolent.' 
J-)':i,i4i>n.  in  S.:'fiol  'fiiiTs  Arrh.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  ■12>.  '  Dull,  indolent,  i)lile^matic, 
timid  and  of  a  :_,'rnth\  submissive  tem[)er.'  //(('- '.s-  Ellmoi., in  ('.  S.  h'.e.  /•>.,  vol. 
vi.,  p.  1;!'.(.  '  la  stature  no  less  than  in  mind  are  certainly  of  a  very  inferior  raeo 
•  if  human  beiu.i:;s.'  Lan  ish^rfs  To//.,  pt.  ii..  p.  HIS.  '  J'usillaninious.'  l-'m-hin' 
''•«/.,  p.  lS;f.  'lis  sont  I'galement 'extremes  dans  rex]>ression  de  la  jnie  it  de 
l.icolere.'  lltll'm,  in  Ln  I'l'ronsf,  /"//.,  torn.  iv..  p.  ."iS.  'Seeint'ii  to  be  al- 
most of  the  lowest  yrade  of  human  beiui^'s.'  Khi'i's  /,',/./.,  in  llii/nril  'I'ni/hir'.t 
Kl  Dirihi,  Apirmln',  vol.  ii.,  p.  "210.  'JMe  Indianer  von  Californien  siiul 
physisch  uud  moralish  den  andern  Indianern  unter^'eordin  t."  Wiimntl,  r<ili. 
f'v'h'vn,  p.  177.  '  Su  estupidez  mas  pani'e  nn  entor]ieeimiento  de  las  ])i.len- 
cia.s  por  falta  de  accion  y  imr  pevoza  I'liraeter  stica,  ipie  limitacioii  ubsolutii 
de  .-ius  f  leultades  inielectuales;  y  iisi  i[uando  se  las  pone  en  moviiuiento.  \  mo 
les  dan  ideas,  no  dexim  de  dlscernir  y  de  iijiretiii"-  lo  ipie  se  lex  eiisiiia,' 
Salil  i;  M  .:■: '/i:<a.  Vii'/o.  p.  li'4.  '1  noticed  that  dl  (lie  Iiiiliidi^  from  ISouUi- 
eni  to  N'ortb -rn  California  won'  low,  shiftless,  indolent,  and  I'owardlv." 
.If' ('".s  /..;f'  .Vii'iitist  tl-  V<hs.  p.  Hi.  Cowardly  mul  tr'  uliei'onH  iu  tUa 
•xtreme.  L''f<i  of  Qov.  L.  W.  Boy^,  l>y  his  Hon,  MS. 


M 
si 


I!  ■ 


I'! 


400 


CALIFORXIANS. 


fi'oiii  the  Tstliimis.  we  must  pass  liy  rii'mod  cities  jiiid 
leiii[»les.  traces  ol' ini<ilitype()i)les,  who  there  tlourislied  he- 
lore  a  i'oreiiiii  civilization  extirpated  them.  •  On  the  arid 
deserts  of  Arizona  and  Xew  Mexico  is  I'onnd  an  incipient 
civilization.  Descendinj^  from  the  Arctic  sea  we  meet 
races  of  hunters  and  traders,  which  can  he  called  neither 
primitive  nor  primordial,  living  after  their  lashion  as 
men.  not  as  brutes.  It  is  not  until  we  reatsli  the  (Jolden 
Mean  in  (Central  California  that  we  lind  whole  trihes 
suhsi>tin^  on  roots,  herJjs  and  insects;  having  no  boats, 
no  clothing,  no  laws,  no  (iod;  yielding  submissivelv  to 
the  first  touch  of  the  invader;  held  in  awe  by  a  i'vw 
])riests  and  soldiers.  ]\Ien  do  not  civilize  themselves. 
Had  not  the  (i reeks  and  the  ICgyptians  been  driscn  on 
by  an  unseen  hand,  never  would  the  city  of  the  Violet 
('rowu  have  graceil  the  [)lains  of  Hellas,  nor  Thebes  nor 
.Mem[)his  have  risen  in  the  fertile'  \alK'y  of  the  Xile. 
Why  <«i'eec(!  is  civilized,  while  (^difornia  breeds  a  race 
inferior  to  the  lowest  of  their  neighliors.  sa\e  only  [)er- 
ha[)s  the  ^^hoshones  on  their  east,  no  one  ct  can  tell. 

When  Father  Junipero  Serra  established  the  Mission 
of  J)olores  in  iTTO,  the  shores  of  San  l*'rancisco  lliiy 
were  thickly  populated  by  the  .Vhwashtees,  Ohlones, 
.\ltahmos.  Koinanons,  Tuolomos.  and  other  tribes.  The 
good  Father  found  the  field  unoccu[)ied,  for.  in  the  ^•()cab- 
ulary  ol"  thesi>  peo[)le,  there  is  ibund  no  word  foi-  god. 
anuc'l.  Ol"  devil;  the\'  held  no  theorx"  of  origin  or  desti- 
ny.  .\  rancheri'a  was  situated  on  the  spot  where  now 
l)each  street  intersects  Hyde  street.  Were  it  t\\v\v  now. 
as  conti'asted  with  the  dwellings  of  San  Francisco,  it 
would  resemble  a  pig-sty  more  than  a  human  haliitatiou. 

On  the  Marin  and  Sonoma  shores  of  the  bay  were  the 
Tomales  and  Camimares.  the  latter  nund)ering,  in  1S21. 
ten  thousand  souls.  Marin,  chief  of  the  Tomales.  was 
for  a  long  time  the  terror  of  the  Spaniards,  and  his  war- 


riors were  ran 


ked 


as  amon"!; 


the   fiercest   of  the    ( 'ali- 


fornians.  He  was  l)rave,  ent'rgetic,  and  possesst'(l  ol'  no 
ordinary  intelligence.  \\  hen  ([uite  old  ho  consented  to 
be  baptized  into  the  llomish  Church. 


Ml 


YOSEMITE  VALLKY  INDIANS. 


401 


It  luis  Ik'CH  suspected  tliiit  the  cliier  Miiriii  was  not  ii 
full-hred  liuliuii,  hut  that  he  was  relati-d  to  a  certain 
S[)auish  sailoi"  who  was  cast  ashore  IVoiii  a  wrecked  ^aleou 
<m  a  voNiiue  IVoui  .\hinila  to  Acajjulco  ahout  tlie  vear 
1T")U.  The  shi[)- wrecked  rf[)aiiiar(ls,  it  has  hi'cu  sur- 
mised, were  kindly  treated  \>y  tiie  natives;  they  minrii'd 
native  wives,  mid  hved  with  the  Toinales  as  ol"  theiu, 


am 


1  fi 


tl 


roMi  them  desceni 


(led 


niai 


this  we  have  i 


lo 


l)roo 


ly 


of  tl 


leir  c 


hw[\ 


but  of 


Vo.semite  \'alley  was  formerly  a  stron<:hold  to  which 
tribes  in  that  \icinity  resorted  after  connnittinu  their 
depredations  upon  white  settlers.  They  ust-d  to  make 
their  boast  that  their  hiding  place  could  ne\er  be  dis- 
covered by  white  men.  But  (hn'in,Li'  the  year  IS'iO,  the 
marauders  <irowin,Lr  bold  in  their  iiuuiied  securit\-    the 


whites  arose  and  drove  them  into  the  mountains.  I'\)l- 
lowiuii;  them  thither  under  the  liuidancte  of  Tenaya.  an 
old  cliit'f  and  coufedei'ati',  the  white  men  wert'  suddeidy 
confronted  by  the  wondrous  ])eauties  of  thi>  \  alley,  'i'he 
Indians,  disheartened  at  the  discovei-y  of  theii-  ri'treat, 
\iclded  a  reluctant  obedience,  hut  becomintj;  ivsd'ni  disaf- 


ici 


ted  tl 


ley  renewed  tlu'ir  Ueprei 


dat 


ions. 


iortl\  afti'r- 


ward  the  ^'osemite  Indians  made  a  visit  to  the  Monos. 
Tlay  were  hos[)itably  entertained,  but  upon  lea\  iiii:.  could 
not  I'csist  the  te!n[)tation  to  drive  olV  a  few  stray  cattle  be- 
lonniiii:  to  their  friends.  The  Monos.  I'liraLicd  at  this  ln'cach 
ot':j,ood  faith.  [)ursued  and  pivethein  battle,  'flu-  warriors 
of  the  valle\'  were  ncarU'  exterminateil.   scarce   half  a 


(to/A 


II  rcmaininu'  to  mourn  tlicii'  loss. 


tiicir  woiucii 


and  children  weri'  carried  away  into  ca[)ti\ity.  Tliesi! 
Vosemite  Indians  consisted  of  a  mixture  from  \arions 
tribes,  outlaws  as  it  were  from  the  suiroiuidiiii:  tribes. 


Tlie\  have  li'ft  as  their  U'uac\  a  name  I 


o\'  e\(i'\  ell 


tv 


UK 


wa 


terfall  within   the  \alle\.      How  mar\ clous  would 


their  iiistoi'y  could   we  sio  back  and   trace   it    from    the 
i'inniu'.:-.  these  millions  of  human  bands,  who  tlirouLib- 


Oil 


t      tb 


aii'cs  liave   Iteen  comnu 


ai 


id 


I'oim:'.  uhInuow  in^i; 


and  unknowi 


Vol..  I. 


';' 


111 


402 


CALIFORNIANS. 


\'\      I 


I  1 


Til  tlio  Soi'TiiKiiX  (V\i,ii'()i;\iA.\"s.  whose  tcrritorv  iics 
poiitli  of  the  tliirty-liftli  piiriilli'l.  there  iire  less  tiihnl 
<lilVei'eii('es  th;in   iiiiioiii''  Mliv   people  whom  we   \\.i\r   \v\ 

■■II  ft> 

ciicouiiti'i'ed,  whose  (hmiain  is  ol"  «'i|iial  extent.  Those 
Avho  li\'e  ill  the  south-eastern  corner  ol"  the  Stale  ai'e 
thrown  hy  the  Siei'ra  Xi'Vada  raniic  ol"  mountains  into 
the  Shoshone  Tamily,  to  which,  indeeil.  ])y  allinity  they 
helonu'.  The  chiel"  trihes  of  this  division  are  the  Cn- 
/iiil/fifs  ami  the  liiciiiicl'Kif^.  the  lormei'  livinji  around  the 
San  i'ernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains,  and  the 
latter  in  the  southern  extremity  of  ('alilornia.  Around 
oacli  mission  wt'rc;  scores  of  small  hainls,  whose  ranche- 
ri'as  were  recorde(l  in  the  mission  hooks,  the  natiscs  as 
Ji  whole  heinu'  known  only  hy  the  name  of  the  mission. 
When  (irst  dis(H)vere(l  ])\  (\ihrillo  in  1')I2.  the  islands 
oif  tlu^  coast  were  inhahited  hy  a  superior  people,  hut 
these  the\'  were  induced  hv  the  padres  to  ahautlon.  fol- 
lowinir  which  event  the  people  rapidly  faded  away.      The 


n 


[itives  calleil  the  island  of  Santa  Cm/,   L 


iimtdli 


h. 


anta 


Kosa  lliinniil,  San  ^liguel  7)n>c(iii,  and  San  Nicolas  (Hki- 
las/idt. 

As  we  ajiproach  the  southern  hnundary  of  California 
,1  sliiiht  im[)rovement  is  manifest  in  the  ahoriiiiiu's. 
The  men  are  here  well  made,  of  a  stature  (juite  up  to 
the  averaii'e.  comparatively  fair-com[>lexioned  and  pleas- 
ant-featured. 'I'he  chiUlren  of  tlu  islandei's  ari'  descrihetl 
hv  the  earlv  vova<*:ers  us  heinir  white,  with  liiiht  hair  and 


ruddv  cheeks,   aiu 


I    tl 


le   women   as   haxiui:    fiiu 


heautiful  cm's,  and  a  modest  demeanor 


111 


forms, 
The  heard  i.- 


'■•<  At  Siuifii  Cataliniv  '  las  nuiji'res  son  inny  licnnosiis  y  limicst.is,  his  ninos 
son  lilaiicds  y  vubids  y  limy  risui'i'ios.'  SdlimrnK.  J!  Iiiri,,i,a,  p.  IS,  in  l)>ii\  ///>/. 
J/c,r..  srric  iii.,  tdiii.  iv.  Src  also  FurnlitDti'n  Ijfi-  hi  Cnl..  \\.  1  |0;  'rnri/m  hkiiIiI, 
MinKtvij.  Iinl .,  t.iin.  i..  !>.  712.  At  Santa  J>iirl>ava.  '  mhi  iiias  altus,  (lis]!iU'Stiis.  y 
luclubradiis,  (jUc  otr^is,  (juc  antes  sc  avian  visto.'  I'liniui  nnuUt,  Mimni'i/.  //"/., 
loin,  i.,  ji.  711.  ( )n  the  cnast  fiiiiii  San  l)i(  ;,'i>  tn  San  Fniiicisc-d  tin  y  ai(  '  iriiiic 
.('oulcnr  I'onci'o,  dc  jictftf  taillc,  ct  assc/  ni,al  fails.'  Fdijis,  in  .\i<tiri:i's  Aninil'S 
</c,s  I'd//.,  ISll,  tiini,  ci..  p.  l.j;!;  sec  also  Miirmiir.  .\-//;r. ,  in  lln/iinl,  \'iii/.iii  (HI., 
p.  2.:().  At  San  Luis  lu-y,  '  soiit  liii'ii  fails  it  (I'linr  taiUf  iimyt  imc'  /./.,  p. 
171;  ipioti'il  ill  M'lriiiin-,  y.  2'J',).  An  Imliaii  sii  n  at  S,inta  Iikz  Mission 
*  was  aliout  iwcnty-scven  years  olil,  with  a  lilack  thiik  lir.inl,  iris  of  the  eyi  s 
lii^'lit  chocolate-brown,  nose  small  and  rouml.  li]is  imi  tliick.  face  loiii,'  aiil 
anioilar.'  ' '"/.  Furim  r,  MniiA.  lsi;().  '|'li,.  Xdclies  •  aumpie  de  hiieiia  disjiosi- 
ciuu  sou  dclgados  y  bustautj  dclicudos  para  aiidar  a  pie.'  <iiirris,  ii.  JJoc.  Jiisl. 


DHKSS  IN-  SOrniEltX  CALIFOKNIA. 


41 1:) 


[)lii('k('(l   out   with  u   bivalve  sliell.  whicli  iiiiswcrs  tlio 
[)iii'l»()S('  of  pincers. 


A  short  ('lt)jik  (>r  (lc('r-sl<in  or  rahhit-skiiis  sewed  1 


o- 


'th 


111 


th 


ether,   siillices   the   men    lor    e 


ilotl 


ilW, 


ind 


sometimes 


e\en  this  is  dispensed  with,  lor  thev  think  it  no  shame 
to  he  nid\ed.'^'  The  W(»men  and  female  ehildren  wear  a 
petticoat  of  skin,  with  a  heavy  iVinj-c  I'earhin;;'  down  to 
the  kiiei's;  in  some  districts  they  also  wear  short  capes 


c()\'erm' 


the  I 


)reast." 


1411 


On  the  coast  and.  Ibrmei'lN,  on 


tlu'  islands,  seals  fnrnished  the  material. 


'V\ 


le  more 

indiisti'ions  and  wealthy  emhroidei'  their  ;j:'.iMnents  pro- 
fusely with  small  shells.  Aronnd  Santa  Uarhara  rinus  of 
hone  or  shell  were  worn  in  the  nose;  at  Los  An;^('les 
nasal  oi'naments  were  not  the  fashion.  'IMie  women  had 
c\ linder-sha[)ed  pieces  of  ivory,  sometimes  as  much  as 
eii:ht  inches  in  lenjith.  attached  to  the  ears  hy  a  shell 
linu'.  Bracelets  and  necklaces  were  made  of  pieces  of 
i\nr\  uronnd  ronnd  and  perforatetl,  small  pehhles,  and 
shells.' 

I*aint  of  varions  colors  was  used  by  warriors  and 
(JMiicers.  Mr  Ihiii^)  Reid.  who  has  eonti'ihnted  vahi- 
!iMe  information  concerninii'  the  natives  of  Los  Aniieles 
Cnimty.  states  that  .uirls  in  love  i)aint  the  cheeks  spar- 
iiiiily  with  red  ochre,  and  all  the  women,  before  they 
^row  old.  protect  their  com[)le.\ion  from  the  eifects  of 


lA.i"..  sri'if  ii.,  toin.  i.,  p.  •J'l").  •'Well  ()io[i(iiti(m(Ml  in  ti^'uro.  mul  of  iiolilc 
:i;i|MiiViiiU'f.'  Dniiniiii'lt'.i  /jrsd'ls.  vol.  ii.,  ]>.  lo.  "'riic  women  (of  tlie  l»ie- 
'-('■riiisi  iirt;  l)eillltiflllly  (levelopeil,  liml  superbly  fniiiied.  their  bodies  as 
siraiLjlit  as  an  nn'ow."  Mi'Jihr.  in  Kumi-ii'-:  C  S.  uml  1/r.i'..  liniiinL  Surrii/, 
V  '!.  i  .  p.  107.  The  Cahiiilliis  -are  a  lijthy  and  niiseralib'-lookiiiL;  set,  and 
Ltreiit  beL,';.,'urs,  pi'eseiitinij  all  nnfavoialile  contrast  to  the  Indian  ii|i(in  thi! 
(  I  'orado.'    Wlii/ijilc,  in  /''/«■.  /,'.  It.  /e//'.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  l.'ll. 

"'  riie  ordinary  eloak  di  sceiids  to  the  waist:  '  le  <diif  seiil  en  ii  line  ipii 
liii  tiiMilit'  jiis([n'aii  jarret,  et  e'est  la  la  seiile  iiiar(pie  di-  distinction.'  /Wi/'s, 
ill  X'Hinllts  AiiKiilia  ilisi'iii/.,  1M.I,  toiii.  ci.,  p.  172;  see  also  .Miiriii'n  r,  Xdliir, 
in  lifjiniit,  Villi.  I'll  (ill.,  )).  22'.(. 

'"'  I'liese  capes  Father  Crespi  describes  as  bein^'  '  niios  ca]iotillos  hechos 
d'-  pieles  de  liebres  y  coiiejos  de  (jile  hactli  tiias  y  tcrcidas  c(]nio  nii  cati  ; 
coseii  1111(1  con  iitro  y  las  deticndeii  del  frio  cubiit'iahdas  Jjor  la  lioliestidad  ' 
(V',v;i/,  ill  l)iic.  Hist.  M(.r..  serie  iv.,  torn.  vi..  pp.  'J'.tl  2:  see  also  III..  ]i.  ;irj. 

"'  The  lobii  niarino  of  lln'  Spanish  is  the  eoiiinion  seal  and  sea  call  of  the 
111"  I'.nulish;  le  veaii  niariii  and  iihoipie  connnnn  of  the  French;  vecchio  ina- 
niin  (if  the  Italians;  Meerwnlf  and  Meerhund  of  the  (lernians;  Zie-Hniiil 
of  the  hiilch:  Sael-hiindof  the  Manes:  Sial  of  the  Swides;  and  moelrhon  uf 
the  Welsh.    h'„:jl,rs  Kiiij.  Kmy.  .\iit.  m^L,  vol.  iv.,  p.  2'.)'J. 


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404 


CALIFORNIAN8. 


IIM 


11'.) 


the  sun  by  a  plentiful  up[)licati(>n  of  the  same  cosmetic 
Vizcaino  saw  natives  on  the  southern  coast  painted  hhie 
and  silvered  over  with  wnne  kind  of  mineral  substance. 
On  his  asking  where  they  obtained  the  silver-like  ma- 
terial tiiey  showed  him  a  kind  of  mineral  ore,  which 
tliey  said  they  used  for  pur})oses  of  ornamentation 

They  take  nnich  pride  in  tiieir  hair,  which  they  wear 
l<»njX.  It  is  braided,  and  either  wotuid  round  the  head 
turban-like,'""  or  twisted  into  a  top-knot;  some  tie  it  in  a 
(pieue  behind.  According  to  Father  Bos(nuia  the  girls 
are  tatto<H>d  in  infancy  on  the  face,  breast,  and  anus. 
The  most  usual  method  was  to  prick  the  tlesh  with  a 
thorn  of  the  cactus-j)lant:  charcoal  proc'uced  from  the 
maguey  was  then  rubl)ed  into  the  wounds,  and  an  inef- 
lUceable  blue  was  the  result.^'' 

Dwellings,  in  the  greater  part  of  this  region,  difter  but 


little  from  those  of  the  (^Mitral  Californiai 


IS. 


In  si 


lillK' 


they  are  conical  or  semi-globular,  and  usually  consist  of 
a  frame,  foruied  by  driving  long  poles  into  the  ground, 
covered  with  rushes  and  earth. '"'^  On  the  coast  of  the 
Santa  Barl»ara  (Miannel  there  srems  to  have  been  some 
iujprovement  in  their  style  of  architecture.  It  was  piob- 
ably  here  that  (\ibrill()  saw  houses  built  after  the  man- 
ner of  those  in  Xew  Spain.'"''     It  is  jx^ssible  that  the 

"^  Jie'iil,  in  Lou  .1»7(7<'S  Star. 

'•''  Siihnrnii,  /i'7'(i'ii//ii'.s,  in  /><>c.  Ifisl.  }fix.,  scric  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  IH. 

' '"  This  Imir  tnilian  or  coil  'sirvc  dc  Imlsa  parii  ^'uuvilar  en  lit  ciihr/ii  Ins 
iilmlorios  y  (Icniiis  cliiichi'i'iiis  '\\w  sc  Ics  «li.'  I'tilim,  VUhi  <l<>  .hwlfirri)  Snrn. 
\>.  215.  The  siinit'  (•ust()ni  hccuis  to  j)n'viiil  iiuion^'  tlit?  dibolos  of  N»'\v  Mcx- 
I'o,  iis  Marniii'i',  i)»  his  luMitional  chaptrv  in  the  Krrnch  i'(lition  of  lirijiuit's 
C'll  ,  p.  258,  siiys:  '  Ics  hotiinit's  ilii  pcuplc  tri'Kscnt  k'urs  <'hi'v<'nx  avcc  <lis 
ciirdoiis,  ct  y  pliiccnt  Ic  pfU  d'olijuts  (ju'iis  possi'dcut,  notiiuun(.'Ut  lu  curiic 
(jui  rciifcrnit'  Iimiv  tiihuc  .'i  fnnu'i-.' 

'■''  On  tilt)  Knl)jt'ct  of  (Iri'ss  him-  ulso  \'itriivrrU\  Introil.,  in  Siitil  i/  Mi.rii'miii, 

I'ld'/c,  p.  Ixiv.;  I'lilmt,  \"iilit  ill'  .hniifiifii  Sirrn,  p.  7'.»;   hniininrh's  Ihsirln.  vol. 

ii..  )).  4o;   li'isrimn.  in  li'i'ihimin's  l.ij'r  in  I'lit.,  p.  210;   Fitrnlntiii's  L'lff  hi  Cnl  . 

p.  IKS;  Uiirrrs,  in  Ihir.  .Vi.r.  Jl'ist.,  serie  ii.,  toni.  i.,  p.  21*1;  Miirin'ur,  XotUr,  iu 

Uri/'iiil,  Viii/.iii  fill.,  p.  2i'.». 

''■■*  On  tilt'  lios  .Vnfjt'h's  CoaKt:  '  La  ranchcrfa  sc  roinpone  ilf  vcinto  casus 
lii'chas  til!  zacalc  ilc  forma  csft'rica  a  nioilt)  tic  uno  nictlia  naranja  con  sii  rcs- 
jiirailcro  fU  lo  alto  por  ilondc  Ics  cntra  la  In/,  vlicnc  saliila  tl  hiinio.'  I'nsiii, 
ill  /'■>(•.  Hist,  .t/i'.r.,  serif  iv.,  toin.  vi  ,  p.  314;  linffinniin,  iu  Sun  Fntnrisrn  Mul- 
v''il  I'riss,  vol.  v..  p.  IIK. 

'^•'  'I'artii'ron  tic  alli  cl  !t,  ontraron  fu  una  rnscnaila  CHpaciosa,  y  si^^niiii- 
tlo  la  t'osta  vii'i'on  en  clla  nn  pncMo  <li'  Indios  junto  a  la  mar  con  casas  ^raii- 
il'S  A  muucnulc  las  dc  Xucva-Espanu.'  Mitnirnk  introd.,  iu  Sutil  y  Mvxuvnn, 


DWELLINGS  AND  FOOD. 


405 


iiilliionoos  of  tlio  soiithoni  civiUzation  mav  liavc  ex- 
ti'iiik'd  as  far  as  this  }H)int.  Fatlior  IViscana's  (k'scrip- 
tioii  of  tlu'  tc'in[)U'.s  or  nnKjucchu  erocted  hy  tlie  natives  in 
tlie  vicinity  of  San  .luan  (\'i])istrano,  in  honor  of  their 
"od.  (Miiniiichinich.  is  thus  translated:  '*Thev  f«>nned  an 
enclosure  of  {ilM)ut  four  or  live  yards  in  cinaunference. 
not  exactly  round,  hut  inclining  to  an  oval.  This  they 
divided  hy  drawing  a  line  through  the  centre,  and  huilt 
another,  consisting  of  the  hranches  of  trees,  and  mats  to 
the  height  of  alMHit  six  feet,  outside  of  which,  in  the 
other  division,  they  formed  another  of  small  stakes  of 
wood  driven  into  the  ground.  This  was  called  the  gate, 
or  entrance,  to  the  vanijuech.  Inside  of  this,  and  ck)se 
to  the  larger  stakes,  was  placed  a  (igure  of  their  god 
C'hinigchinich,  elevated  n^xni  a  kind  of  hurdle.  This  is 
the  edifice  of  the  vanquech."''" 

Almost  every  living  thing  that  they  can  lay  their 
hiinds  on  serves  as  food.  Coyotes,  skunks,  wild  cats, 
rats,  mice,  crows,  hawks,  owls,  lizards,  frogs,  snakes,  ex- 
ce[)tiug  him  of  the  rattle,  grasshoppers  and  other  in- 
sects, all  are  devoured  hy  the  inland  trihes.  Stranded 
whales,  animals  of  the  seal  genus,  fish,  and  shell-fish, 
fuim  the  main  sup]K)rt  of  those  inhahiting  the  coast. 
Veni.«^on  thev  are  of  course  glad  to  eat  when  thev  can 
get  it,  hut  as  they  are  [M)or  hunters,  it  is  a  rare  luxury. 
W  hen  they  did  hunt  the  deer  they  re.»<orted  to  the  same 
aitidce  as  their  northern  neighhors.  phuMug  a  deer's 
Ix'ad  and  horns  on  their  own  head,  and  thus  disguised 
appioaching  within  how-shot.     Bear-meat  the  majority 


V'uric,  ]ip.  xxix..  xxxi..  xxxvi.  The  Hpcoiiiits  df  Cabrillo's  voyiif,'f  nro  so  cnii- 
fusid  tli;it  it  is  iiniiiissilili'  to  kiiiiw  tlic  cxnct  Idi'iiiity  in  wliicli  he  suw  tlic  in  n- 

\i\f  lie  (Icscrilics.  On  fllis  |ii)int  (•(ilnpali'  >  nUriHn,  lliliirlnn,  in  '((/.  Ihic.  //<■>/. 
/•'/<./■/■(/</,  tiini.  i.,  J).  17:1;  limirni'x  l.uin  r  I'nl..  \i\i.  IH,  1'.);  linnu  ijaChniii.  Hist. 
Iiisrnr.,  vol.  i.,  j)j).  221   ">;  Cliiri'imi.  Starin  ihlln  I'ul..  tmn.  i..  pji,  151-5;  Hmn- 

IkiI  II,   h'^-i'ti   I'lil..  torn,  i.,  p.  ;12'.l;    .^/.<(l^(/("^•,    Xiiiirr    II'm/v/,/,  j)|i.  21(1    II;    >'(/- 

III  run,  It'liii'iiitifs.hi  Dm'.  Illsl.  Uc.i'.,  scritMii.,  toni.  iv.,  ]i.  IH;  /*(■  f^ml,  Xmiis 
ih-\is.  p.  .'lilCi,  '  Nur  nni  dif  Mccrcni^'f  vim  Suntu  IJ.irldim  fuml  niaii,  17<I!<, 
dii'  Iti^wnhncr  fin  weni^'  ni'sittii^tt-r.  Sit-  huntt'n  Crosse  Hauscr  von  pvni- 
iiii'lil.r  I'urni,  in  Dorter  vcivint.'  Mulileni>fi>rilt,  Mcjico,  toni.  ii.,  jit.  ii.,  \'\i. 
4")  I  ."). 

''  litis  ■una,  in   Ilu'iiiisiDi'.s  l.iff  in  Citl.,  p.  2."i'.(;   liiuirrnft'H  Snl.  HiifX,  vol, 
Mi.  \>i>.  10:t  U. 


406 


CALIFORNTANS. 


refii.se  to  cat  from  suporstitious  motives.*'"'  C!rassliop])ors 
!ire  ciiteii  rojistcd.  Aconis  are  shelled,  dried,  and  pound- 
ed ill  stone  mortars  into  Hour,  which  is  uashed  and 
rewashed  in  hot  and  cold  water  until  the  hitterness  is 
rem<>ved,  when  it  is  made  into  gruel  with  cold  water,  or 
l)aked  into  hread.  Various  knids  of  jirass-seeds,  herl)s. 
hiMries,  ;ind  roots,  are  also  eaten,  hoth  roasted  and  raw. 
Wild  fowl  are  caught  in  nets  made  of  tules,  spread 
over  channels  cut  through  the  rushes  in  places  IVe- 
<iuented  hy  the  fowl,  at  a  sufticient  height  ahove  the 
water  to  allow  the  hirds  to  swim  easily  heneath  them. 
The  game  is  gently  driven  or  decoyed  nnder  the  nets. 
when  sit  a  given  signal,  a  great  noise  is  made,  and  the 
terrified  fowl,  rising  suddenly,  hecome  hoiMjlessly  en- 
tangled in  the  meshes,  and  fall  an  easy  pre}'.  Or  select- 
ing a  sjMjt  containing  clear  water  about  two  feet  deep, 
they  fasten  a  net  midway  between  the  surface  and  the' 
bottom,  and  strewing  the  place  with  berries,  which  sink 
to  the  l)ottom  under  the  net,  they  retire.  The  fowl 
approach  and  dive  for  the  ))erries.  The  me.shes  of  the 
net  readily  admit  the  head,  but  hold  the  prisoner  tight 
\\\yon  attempting  to  withdraw  it.  And  what  is  more, 
their  |)osition  prevents  them  from  making  a  noise,  and 
they  serve  also  as  a  decoj-  for  others.  Fish  are  taken  in 
seines  made  from  the  tough  bark  of  the  tiofie-tree.  They 
are  also  killed  with  spears  having  a  movable  Innie  hi'ad. 
attached  to  a  long  line,  so  that  when  a  fish  is  struck  tlie 
barb  becomes  loosened;  line  is  then  paid  out  until  the 
jlsh  is  exhausted  with  running,  when  it  is  drawn  in. 
Many  of  the  inland  tribes  come  dow  n  to  the  coast  in  tlic 
fishing  season,  and  remain  there  until  the  shoals  leave. 
wht'ii  they  return  to  the  interior.  FimuI  is  either  l)()iled 
by  dropping  hot  stones  into  water-baskets,  or,  more  fie- 
ipiently,  in  vessels  ma  le  of  soa^j-stone.*'" 

1'^  'Olio  of  tht'ir  most  reiniirkalilc  sniicrstitions  is  found  in  tho  fact  of 
tlit'ir  not  t'iitin<4  the  tirsli  of  liii'j,'<' t;iinu'.  This  iirisi'S  from  their  lulicf  tli;it 
ill  tho  hnilit'sof  ill!  hirj,'c  iiiiiiiiiils  tlu'  souIh  of  cortaiu  ^ji'iicratious,  Ion;,'  siiu<' 
jiiist.  hiivo  tiitcri'd  .  .A  ti'ini  of  roproiicli  from  ii  wiM  tribe  to  thosi'  in  re 
ta'.neil  is,  '•(liey  eat  venison."'  ,'<chi>iilrnijTs  Anli.,  vol,  v.,  pp.  '21.">-();  sei' 
ul-to  Itii  I.  in  fj'is  Aii'ifhs  Slur. 

'■'''  ■  .Vll  tlieir  fooil  was  either  eoltl  or  ni'arly  so,  .  .  .Rait  was  used  very  >[>m- 


I  \  9 


^VEArONS  AND  WAR. 


407 


In  tlieii"  cooking',  as  in  otlior  rL\s[K'ct!s,  tlii'v  are  oxccsh- 
ively  unck'an.  Thoy  hathe  lVcM|nt'ntly,  it  is  true,  hut 
when  not  in  the  water  they  ave  wallowinj;  in  (iUh.  Their 
(IwellinLis  are  Tnll  of  oH'al  and  other  impurities,  and  ver- 
min aljonnd  on  their  |)ersons. 

l)i)\vs  and  arnnvs,  and  chihs,  are  as  nsnal  the  weajwiis 
most  in  use.  Sahres  of  hard  W(M)d,  \vitli  edjies  that  ent 
like  steel,  are  mentioned  hy  Father  Juin'jiero  Seira.''^ 
War  is  a  mere  pretext  for  plunder;  the  slijihtest  \vron^\ 
real  or  imaginary,  being  sullicient  eause  for  a  strong  trihe 
to  attack  a  weaker  one.  The  smaller  hands  form  tem- 
porary idliances;  the  women  and  eiiildreii  aceomitanying 
the  men  on  a  raid,  carrying  provisions  foi-  the  march, 
and  during  an  engagement  they  pick  up  the  fallen  arrows 
(;'."  the  enemy  and  so  kee})  their  own  warriors  supjjlied. 
I)0,sc:nia  says  that  no  male  })risoners  are  taken,  and  no 
(piarter  given;  and  lingo  lieid  allirms  of  the  natives  of 
Los  Angeles  County  that  all  prisoners  of  war.  after  Ije- 
ing  tormented  in  the  most  cruel  manner,  are  invariably 
j)ut  to  death.  The  dead  are  deca[)itated  and  sealjKid. 
lemale  prisoners  are  either  sold  or  retained  as  slaves. 
Scalps,  highly  prized  as  trophies,  and  pid)licly  exhibited 
at  leasts,  may  be  ransomed,  but  no  consideiation  would 
induce  them  to  pai't  with  their  living  cajttives.'"'^ 

Among  the  few  articles  they  manufacture  are  fish- 
hooks, nei'dles,  and  awls,  made  of  ])one  or  shell;  mortars 
and  [)estles  of  granite,  and  soap-stone  cooking  vessels, 
and  water-tight  baskets.'"'     The  clay  vessels  which  are 

iiis^'ly  ill  their  fooil,  fvoiii  lui  idcii  that  it  liad  a  tfjidtncv  tn  turn  tlnir  hair 
1,'iay.'  h'l  i  I,  ill  //">■  Aii'iil'S  Sl(ir.  '  1  have  hicii  iiiaiiv  iustaliics  of  thi  ir  tak- 
iii'^'  a  lalilat.  ainl  sucking'  its  Idodd  witli  cai^'cnii  ^s,  jirc  \i.'iis  tn  cnHMiiniii;,' 
tlic  tlcsh  ill  a  criidf  stale'  linxfiniii,  in  Jtnlihison's  J.ii'e  in  i'hI..  ]i. 'J:!',!.  •  \  ivcii 
luuy  ir^alados  cuii  vaiias  siii.ilhis.  y  ciPii  la  ptsca  (jiir  hai-cii  in  sus  l)iiUa,stin 
tiilc  y  ijuirii  iiddhs  dar  I'usa  di'  ('(iiiiiila.  soliau  dccir.  i|iii'  dc  ai|iii  ijo  no, 
c|Ut'  ].» ((lit'  (jucrian  era  miu;  y  sulo  <'i)n  cosa  di'  rstr  "^'I'licio.  iiaii  1.).s  raiiiha- 
i.u  Ins  (jiif  haiiaii  (h'  sii  inscadu  cdii  Ids  Soldadus  y  Arricrus.'  I'lilmi,  I'iilii  ile 
.hiit'fiifi)  Srrrii,  ji.  71>.  Sec  also  Tiin/iiiiiniiln.  MuKiin/.  In  I,,  tmii.  i  ,  j).  71'.'; 
F'tnihiiin'ii  Uh  III  c<il.,\i.  i;i'.t;.s/«o(/' V.  ill  lii'l.Af.  H'lil.,  l.s<l(;,i>.  lii2:A/.,  IHiM, 
\n>.  VM  ->;  n'llhn:  in  /-/.,  1  v 2,  p.' (17;  ll'iilli'lCs  /'.cs.  A-ic,  m,\.  ii..  p.  l^'r, 
ll'ity.iiiiiin,  in  >'(/(  h'lHii'isci)  .\[iiHnil  I'lrns,  vol.  v.,  ji.  ll'J;  MoUlninfn  n,  lliimn, 
ill  (/(''  Fil.s  mill).,  vol.  i.,  jij).  s.'-:t. 

'"'  I'lilnii,  !'/(/'(  (/)'  ,hiii  jitm  Sirrn,  pp.  83-1. 

'"'  /) />•  am.  in  U'lhin.i'in'n  1,1 1'r  'lit  I  III.,  pp.  .'{ii(!-!t. 

'-'''  iliL'  baskets,  though  watur-proof,   '  wcrf  usuil  only  for  dry  purposi-s. 


408 


CALIFORNIANS. 


frequently  found  among  tliem  now,  were  not  nmtle  b\- 
tlieiii  before  tlie  arrival  of  the  ^paniaids.  The  stone 
implements,  however,  are  of  alwriginal  manufacture,  and 
are  well  made.  The  former  are  said  to  have  Ixjen  pro- 
cured mostl  V  hv  the  tribes  of  the  mainland  i'rom  the  San  hi 
Rosa  islanders.""  The  instruments  which  they  used  in 
their  manufactures  were  flint  knives  and  awls;  the  latter 
Faji'es  describes  as  being  nuide  from  the  snudl  bone  of  a 
deer's  fore-fcM)t.  The  knife  is  double-edged,  made  of  a 
flint,  and  has  a  wooden  haft,  inlaid  with  mother  of 
pearl. ^"^ 

On  this  coast  we  again  meet  with  wooden  canoes,  al- 
though the  l)alsa,  or  tule  raft,  is  also  in  use.  These  Jjoats 
are  made  of  planks  neatly  fastened  together  and  })aid 
with  bitumen  ;*"*  prow  and  stern,  both  eipially  sharp,  are 
elevated  nhwc  the  centre,  which  made  them  ai)i)ear  to 
Vizcaino  "como  barquillos"  when  seen  beside  his  own 
junk-like  craft.  The  paddles  were  long  and  double- 
bladed.  and  their  Iwats,  though  generally  manned  l)y 
three  or  i'our  men,  were  sometimes  large  enough  to  carry 
twenty.  Canoes  dug  out  of  a  single  log,  scraped  smooth 
on  the  outside,  with  both  ends  sha])ed  alike,  were  some- 
times, though   more   rarely,   used. 


l(Ki 


The  circulating 


The  vessels  in  nse  for  liquids  were  roughly  made  of  rushes  nud  plustered 
outside  luul  in  with  bitumen  or  pitch,  culled  hy  tluni  snnol.'  lnhl.  in  Loa 
A)iiivlrs  Slur;  Mulihufifurdt,  Mejico,  vol.  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  pp.  454-5;  and  Mullliauaen, 
Jieisvn  in  itii'  Fflsinijeli.,  vol.  i.,  p.  82. 

\w  '  Leurs  mortiers  de  i)ierre  et  divers  autres  ustensiles  sont  incrustes  avee 
heauconp  d"iirt  do  niorceaux  de  nacre  de  perle.'  Fuijen,  in  A'i/kcc/A.s-  .Id/iri/rs 
d'H  \'<>!/.,  1S44,  toni.  ci.,  p.  319.  'Mortars  an  '".  i>cstles  were  nmd<'  of  j.;vaiiite, 
about  hixteen  inches  wide  at  the  top,  ten  at  the  bottom,  ten  inches  hi(,'h  and 
two  thick.'  Soapstone  pots  were  '  about  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  procured 
from  thi^  Indians  of  Santa  Catalina;  the  cover  used  was  of  the  same  material.' 
J{i-i(l,  in  l.iis  Atifiilis  Star.  On  the  eastern  slojies  of  the  San  lierniirdino 
Monntiiins,  blankets  are  made  which  will  easily  hold  water.  T((i/I<ii\  in  Sun 
Fraiii-isri)  ISnllithi.  ISii'J,  also  cpioted  in  Shwh's  Cal.  Striiji  llonl.-,  p.  4'  5.  'To- 
das  sus  obras  son  primorosas  y  bieu  ucabadas.'  t'resjn,  in  Ikx;.  Hist.  J/cr., 
Berie  iv.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  ;M5. 

i<ii  I'liiis,  in  \iiiirelhH  Annaks  (lesVoy.,  1844,  torn,  ci.,  jip.  319-20. 

lf.2  'The  ])laiiks  wi-vi^  bent  and  joiiied  by  the  heat  of  lire,  and  then  jinyed 
with  asphaltuni,  called  by  them  chapapote.'  Taylor,  in  <'al.  Farmer,  Jiinr  1, 
18(>(). 

iij^  At  Santa  Catalina  Vi/caino  saw  '  vnas  Canoguelas,  que  ellos  vsan,  de 
Tablasbien  hechas,  como  BarquilloH,  con  lasPopas,  y  I'roas  levantadas,  y  mas 
altas.  (|ue  el  ("nerpii  de  la  Harca,  o  t'anoa.'  Tuniiifiiniilii,  Mimani.  IikL.  (om.  i., 
p  712;  see  also  Sdhiteri'u,  Ilelaciones,  in  Doc.  Hid.  Max.,  serieiii.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  18. 


GOVERNMENT  AND  rUNISIIMENTS, 


4(VJ 


some- 


incdium  consisted  of  small  round  pioros  of  the  white 
mussc'l-slu'll.  Tlicso  wore  iXTfoiJitcd  an«l  iuninjicd  on 
strings,  the  value  of  which  deiKMided  n|H)n  their  length.'"* 
1  have  said  hefore  that  this  money  is  supposed  to  have 
iK'cn  manufactured  for  the  most  part  on  Santa  Rosa 
Island.  Hence  it  was  distrihuted  among  the  coast  ti-ihes, 
who  hought  with  it  deer-skins,  seeds,  etc.,  from  the  jx}o- 
ple  of  the  interior. 

Each  trih(^  acknowledged  one  head,  whose  province  it 
was  to  settle  disputes."""  levy  war.  make  peace.  apjH)int 
feasts,  and  give  g(K)d  advice.  Beyond  this  he  had  little 
power."*  He  was  assisted  in  his  duties  hy  a  council  of 
elders.  The  office  of  chief  was  hereditarv,  and  in  the 
iihsence  of  a  male  heir  devolved  u|H)n  the  female  nearest 
of  kin.  She  could  marry  whom  she  i)U'ased.  hut  her 
hushand  ohtained  no  authority  through  the  alliance,  idl 
the  power  remaining  in  his  wife's  hands  until  their  eldest 
)>()y  attained  his  majority,  when  the  latter  at  once  as- 
sumed the  conunand. 

A  nuu'ilerei's  life  was  taken  hy  the  relatives  of  his 
victim,  unless  he  should  gain  refuge  in  the  temple,  in 
which  case  his  punishment  Wtas  left  to  their  god.     A'en- 


•11  jiaj'cd 


On  tlip  coast  of  Los  Anfjeles  Fixthor  Crespi  saw  'canons  hoclias  Ac  Inienns  tnMas 
lie  jiiiio.  bit'ii  lij^inlas  y  de  una  forma  ^raciosa  con  dos  iiroas  I'san  n-nios 
liiri,'iis  (Ic  (Ids  pulas  y  vo^an  con  iiultrible  lijcri/a  y  vtlociilad.'  I'lis/.i,  in 
.l>'„\  Hisl.  M<y.,  sciiti  iv.,  toni.  vi.,  p.  U15.  At  San'  Ditf^'o  I'alou  dt  sciilii  s 
'Imlsiisdf  tulc,  cii  forma  dc  Caiioas,  con  lo  que  ciitraii  iiiiiy  adiiitro  del  mar.' 
I'nh'ii,  Viiht  (Iv  .lunljtrro  Seri'ii,  p.  71*;  HosniiKt,  i'l  Italihisdii's  Lift'  in  '  "'., 
J).  2411;  Miiriiiiir,  .SHIire,  in  ISryaiil-  VoiJ.  en  ('"/.,  p.  '2-S.  l)csciii)tiou  of  bal- 
Nis,  wliich  dirt'ci  in  no  vcsjicct  from  tliosc  used  north. 

u<\  ''I'lic  worth  of  H  rial  was  jnit  on  a  string,'  which  passed  twict>  and  n-half 
rniiiid  tlie  hand,  i.  e.,  from  end  of  middle  tiuj^'tr  to  wrist.  ]'.i;,dit  of  tliest; 
siriiiL!s  passed  for  the  value  of  a  silver  dollar.'  l'<iL  l-'nnniv,  Jnuf  1,  1(S(H). 
'  KJLilit  vards  of  tlieso  beads  made  about  one  dollar  of  our  currency  '  lil., 

.hill.   IH,"  iNlil. 

''•'  'It'  a  quarrel  occurred  between  parties  of  distinct  lodj^es  (viUa^'Ps), 
each  chit  f  heard  the  witnesses  produced  liy  his  own  |ieoplc;  imd  then,  asso- 
riiilcd  with  the  chief  of  the  o|)posite  side,  they  jiassed  sentence.  In  case 
tlicy  could  not  aKree,  an  impartial  chief  was  called  in,  wlio  heard  tlie  statt- 
iMiiits  iiiad('  by  both,  and  he  alone  decided.  There  was  no  appeal  from  his 
decision.'  Hi'itl,  in  l.ns  Aiiiii''(!s  Star. 

im  '  p,„if  tout  ce  (pii  concerne  les  affaires  interit'ures,  I'intlnence  des 
dtTJiis  est  bieii  superieure  ii  la  lent.'  Mufivs,  KxpUir.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  ISTH.  .\t 
San  l)iiL;o  'Chucpie  village  est  soniuis  aux  ordres  altsolus  d'uii  chef.'  hinj's, 
ill  Xiiiirclivs  Aiiiitihs  ilfji  Vitij.,  I84t,  tom.  ci.,  J).  15:);  or  see  Mitnn'iir.  .Vc/iif, 
ill  liri/<iiil.  \'iii/.  ill  I'lil.,  p.  "•i'iCi,  'I  have  found  that  the  captains  have  very 
little  authority.'  .Stuiiliy,  in  Inil.  Aff.  llept.,  im\),  p.  I'Ji. 


'410 


CALIFORNIANS. 


gt-nnco  was,  liowovor.  only  doferrt'd;  tlie  cliildivn  of  tlio 
iiiiinlored  iiiiiii  invariubly  avenji;ed  his  jkiitli.  snoiu'i-  or 
later,  \\\)im  the  miirderer  or  his  deseeiidiiiits.  When 
a  chief  grew  ttw)  old  to  govern  he  abdicated  in  Itivor 
of  his  son,  on  which  occasion  a  great  feast  was  given. 
When  all  the  people  had  Ix^en  called  together  ])y  criers, 
'the  crown  was  [)hiced  npon  the  head  of  the  chief  elect, 
and  he  was  enrol)ed  with  the  imperial  vestments,"  as 
Father  Boscana  has  it;  that  is  to  sa}',  he  was  dressed  in 
a  head-ornament  of  feathers,  and  a  leather  pt'tticoat 
reaching  from  the  waist  half-way  down  to  the  knees, 
and  tiie  rest  of  his  Ixnly  painted  black,  lie  then  went 
into  the  temi)le  and  jxirformed  a  pas  seul  before  the  god 
f/hinigchinich.  Here,  in  a  short  time,  he  was  joined  by 
the  other  chiefs,  who,  forming  a  circle,  danced  round 
him,  accompanied  by  the  rattling  of  tnrtle-siiells  tilled 
with  small  stones.  When  this  ceremony  was  over  he 
was  publicly  acknowledged  chief. 

As  I  said  before,  the  chief  had  little  actual  authority 
over  individuals;  neither  was  the  real  |R)wer  vested  in 
the  heads  of  families;  but  a  system  of  inlluencing  the 
people  was  adopted  hy  the  chief  and  the  ehlers,  which 
is  somewhat  singular.  Whenever  an  im[M)rtant  step  was 
to  be  taken,  such  as  the  killing  of  a  malefactor,  or  the 
invasion  of  an  enemy's  territor>,  the  sympathies  of  the 
people  were  enlisted  by  means  of  criers,  who  were  sent 
I'ound  to  proclaim  aloi:  I  the  crime  and  the  criminal,  or 
to  dilate  njxjn  the  wrongs  suffered  at  the  hands  of  the 
hostile  trilie;  and  their  elocjuence  seldom  failed  to  attain 
the  desired  object.^"^ 

The  chief  could  have  a  plin*ality  of  wives,  but  the 
common  people  were  only  allowed  one.^"**     The  form  of 


ICT  Tiosrnna,  in  Tln}>infinn's  Life  in  Ca\,  pp.  2f>2-9. 

"'**  Dr.  Hott'iniiii  stivtos  that  in  th  vicinity  of  Han  Diogo  'tlipir  laws  allow 
tlu'in  to  keep  us  iiiuny  wives  an  they  can  Hupport.'  Son  Fruticttifo  Mvilicnl. 
I'irss,  vol.  vi.,  p.  l'>{).  Fagea,  8^jeakiu{{  of  tlio  Imliuns  on  the  const  from 
Sun  Dic^o  to  Sim  Frunciseo,  sa;"  s :  'Ceslndiens  n'ont  qn"une  stulc  fcninie 
ii  la  fois,  niuis  ilsen  i'lianf,'eut  aussi  sonvent  que  cela  leur  coiivicnt.'  .\iiiirtllis 
Aniiokstlis  I '('_(/.,  lS4t,  toin.  ci  ,  p.  153.  Of  those  in  the  vicinity  of  Sun  Luis 
Key  the  same  author  says:  '  Les  chefs  de  ce  district  out  Ic  privilc^'c  ile  pnnilre 
deux  on  trois  ftmnus,  de  Its  repudier  ou  de  Its  ebauger  aussi  Bouveut  quils 


MARRIAGE  IN  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA. 


411 


contractiii'i:  a  niarriafro  varied.  In  Los  Angeles  C\)unt3', 
uiH'onliiig  to  Mr  Jle'ul,  the  matter  was  arranged  \>y  a 
preliiuinary  interchange  oi"  j)reHents  Ix^tween  the  male 
relatives  of  the  hridegnnnn  and  the  female  relatives  of 
the  hride.  The  former  proceeded  in  a  ImmIj  to  the  dwell- 
ing of  the  girl,  and  distributed  small  sums  in  shell 
money  among  her  female  kinsfolk,  who  were  collected 
there  for  the  occasion.  These  afterward  returned  the 
com[)liment  by  visiting  the  man  and  giving  ))askets  of 
meal  to  his  jKJOple.  A  time  was  then  fixed  for  the  fnial 
ceremony.  On  the  apiKjinted  day  the  girl,  decked  in  all 
her  finery,  and  accompanied  by  her  family-  and  relations, 
was  carried  in  the  arms  of  one  of  her  kinsfolk  toward 
the  house  of  her  lover;  edible  seeds  and  l)erries  were 
scattered  l>efore  her  on  the  way,  which  were  scrambled 
for  by  the  s[)ectators.  The  party  was  met  half-way  by 
ji  deputation  from  the  bridegr(X)m,  one  of  whom  now 
ttx)k  the  young  woman  in  his  arms  and  carried  her  to 
the  house  of  her  hus))and,  who  waited  ex|)ectantly. 
She  was  then  phiced  by  his  side,  and  the  guests,  after 
scattering  more  seeds,  left  the  cou[)le  alone.  A  great 
feast  followed,  of  which  the  most  prominent  feature  was 
a  character-dance.  The  yoiuig  men  took  \r,irt  in  this 
dance  in  the  roles  of  hunters  and  warriors,  and  were 
assisted  by  the  old  women,  who  feigned  to  (^arry  off  game, 
or  dispatch  wounded  enemies,  as  the  case  might  be. 
The  s[)ectators  sat  in  a  circle  and  chanted  an  accompani- 
ment. 

According  to  another  f*)rui  of  marriage  the  man  either 
asked  the  girl's  parents  for  })ennission  to  marry  their 
daughter,  or  commissioned  one  of  his  friends  to  do  so. 
If  the  i)arents  approved,  their  future  son-in-law  took  up 
iiis  abode  with  them,  on  condition  that  he  should  provi«le 
a  certain  quantity  of  food  every  day.  This  was  done  to 
afVord  him  an  opfwrtunity  to  judge  of  the  doiuestic  qual- 
ities of  his  future  wife.  If  satisfied,  he  appointed  a  day 
for  the  marriage,  and  the  ceremony  was  conducted  luuch 

1(>  vcnlcnt;  niiiis  les  mitros  habitimts  u'fii  out  qu'une  seule  et  lie  iHUvtiit  lea 
iL-pudier  (juVii  ciis  d'udultc'ie.'  Id.,  p.  173. 


412 


CALIFORNIANS. 


in  tho  same  mnniicr  ns  tluit  last  di'scribod,  except  tliat 
lie  received  tlie  jiirl  in  a  teniiMirarv  Hhelter  i-rected  in 
front  of  his  Init.  and  that  hIic  wan  disrobed  before  bein<r 
placed  by  his  side. 

Children  were  often  Ix'trotlied  in  infaircy,  kejjt  con- 
tinually in  each  other's  society  njitil  they  j:re\v  np,  and 
the  contract  was  scarcely  ever  broken.  Many  obtained 
their  wives  by  abductit>n.  and  this  was  the  cause  of 
many  of  the  inter-tribal  (juarrels  in  which  they  were  so 
constantly  engaged. 

If  a  man  ill-treated  his  wife,  her  relations  t(K)k  her 
away,  after  paying  l)ack  the  value  of  her  weddinji  pres- 
ents, and  then  married  her  to  another.  Little  dilliculty 
was  experienced  in  obtaining  a  divorce  on  any  ground  ; 
indeed,  in  many  of  the  trilx's  the  parties  separated  when- 
ever they  grew  tired  of  eaoh  other.  Adultery  was  se- 
verely punished.  If  a  husband  caught  his  wife  in  the 
act,  he  was  justified  in  killing  her.  or,  he  could  give  iier 
np  to  her  seducer  and  appropriate  the  six)use  of  the  latter 
to  himself 

At  the  time  of  child-birth  many  singular  ol)ser\- 
ances  obtained;  for  instance,  the  old  women  washed  the 
child  as  .soon  as  it  was  lK)rn,  and  drank  of  the  water; 
the  !udiap[)y  infant  was  forced  to  take  a  draught  of 
nrinc  medicinally,  and  although  the  husband  did  not 
affect  the  sufterings  of  lalM)r,  his  conduct  was  su})posed 
in  some  manner  to  .iffect  the  unlK)rn  child,  and  he  was 
conse(juently  laid  under  certain  restrictions,  such  as  not 
l)eing  allowed  to  leave  the  house,  or  to  eat  fish  and  meat. 
The  women  as  usual  suft'er  little  from  child-])eaiing. 
One  writer  thus  (lescril)es  the  accouchement  of  a  woman 
in  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego:  "  A  few  hours  before  the 
time  arrives  she  gets  up  and  quietly  walks  ofl'  alone,  as 
if  nothing  extraordinary  was  al)out  to  occur.  In  this 
manner  she  deceives  all,  even  her  husband,  and  hides 
herself  away  in  some  secluded  ncwk,  near  a  stream  or 
hole  of  water.  At  the  foot  of  a  small  tree,  which  she  can 
easily  grasp  with  both  hands,  she  prepares  her  "lying- 
in-couch/  on  which  she  lies  down  as  soon  as  the  labor 


CHILD-mUTII. 


4ir( 


jiiiiiis  coiiu'  on.  AVlu'ii  tlic  i)iiiii  is  on,  slie  p'iisjH  tlu'  tivo 
w  itii  lK>tli  liiinds,  thrown  up  luickward  uvor  li(>i-  liriid.  iind 
(iiills  and  stniinH  >vith  all  lior  nii<;lit,  tliu.M  assistin;:  oacli 
pain,  nntil  Ikt  awonc^licuK'nt  i.s  over.  A.s  wM)n  a.s  tlu' 
child  is  horn,  the  mother  li(.'r.><i'ir  ties  tho  nuvtl-cord  witli 
a  hit  of  hnck-.skin  .stnn<r,  Nevoi'in«r;  it  with  a  pair  of. sharp 
scissors.  pro})ared  for  tlie  <x'eu.sion,  after  wiiich  thi  end 
is  hinned  with  a  coal  of  lire;  the  child  i.s  then  thrown 
into  the  water;  if  it  ri.se.s  to  the  wnrface  and  cries,  it  i.s 
taken  out  and  cared  for;  if  it  .sinks,  there  it  remains, 
Mud  is  not  even  awarded  an  Indian  hurial.  The  aiVair 
heiuji'  all  over,  she  retuin.s  to  her  usual  duties,  just  as  if 
uothiuii  had  happened,  so  matter  of  fact  are  they  in  such 
matters."  Purilication  at  child-hirth  la.^ted  for  three 
(lavs,  during  which  time  the  mother  was  allowed  no 
f(M)d.  and  no  drink  hut  warm  water.  The  ceremonv,  in 
which  mother  and  child  participated,  was  as  follows:  In 
the  centre  of  the  hut  a  pit  was  lilled  with  heated  stones, 
iil)on  which  herhs  wore  pla(!ed,  and  the  whoh^  <'overed 
with  earth,  except  a  small  ajjcrture  throuiih  which  wati-r 
was  introduced.  The  mother  and  child,  wrapped  in 
blankets,  stood  over  the  pit  and  were  s(M)n  in  a  \iolent 
l)erspiration.  When  they  hecame  exhausted  from  the 
elVect  of  the  steam  and  the  heated  air,  they  lay  u|M)n 
the  uround  and  were  covered  with  earth,  after  which 
they  aiiain  took  to  tin;  heated  .stones  and  steam.  The 
mother  was  allowed  to  eat  no  meat  lor  two  moons,  after 
which  pills  made  of  meat  and  wild  to])acco  were  jiiven 
her.  In  some  trihes  .she  could  hold  no  intercour.se  with 
her  hushand  until  the  child  was  weaned. 

Children,  until  they  arrived  at  the  ajie  of  puherty, 
remained  under  the  control  of  their  parents,  aftei'ward 
tluy  weie  suhject  oidy  to  the  chief.  Like  the  Sjjartan 
youth,  they  were  tau;;ht  that  ah.stinence,  and  indiil'erence 
to  hardship  and  privations,  constitute  the  oidy  true 
manhood.     To  render  them  hardy  much  unnecessary- 


"■'  '  Los  veiifn  dfrt  deux  sexos,  qui  votilf nt  se  rcniurier,  ne  iwnvt'nt  If  fairo 
•lu'iivoc  (rmitrcs  vciifs.'  F'/</<'s,  in  .V'<inW/',s  Aiiiiulin  ilis  V'l).,  Jf^ll,  tuiii.  i-i., 
!>.  17;J;  BUI!  also  Murmkr,  Xotii.t,  iu  llri/nnl,  Toy.  twt  fa/.,  p.  1.30. 


414 


CALIF0RN1AN8. 


j)ain  was  inflicted.  Tlicv  wvw  lorlmMon  to  upproucli 
tlir  (ire  to  warm  tlu'iuselvos,  or  to  oat  certain  need-s  ami 
J)erries  wliicli  were  considered  luxiu'ies. 

A  yontii,  to  become  a  warrior,  must  first  imder<:<)  a 
severe  ordeal;  ids  naked  ImmIv  was  l)eaten  witli  stinjiini; 
nettles  until  lie  was  literally  unable  to  move;  tbeu  lie 
was  placed  ii|Hjn  tbe  nest  of  a  8[K'cies  of  virulent  ant, 
wiiile  bis  friends  irritated  tbe  insects  bv  stirriu"  tbeiii 
up  witb  sticks.  Tbe  infuriated  ants  swarmed  over 
everv  part  of  tbe  sulferer's  IkkIv,  into  bis  eves,  bis  ears, 
bis  moutb,  bis  nose,  causinjj;  indes<'ribable  pain. 

Hoscana  states  tbat  tbe  }oun<r  were  iiistructt'd  to  1()V(> 
trutb.  to  do  {food,  and  to  venerate  old  aj-e.'""  At  an 
early  ajie  tbey  were  placed  under  tbe  ])rotection  t)f  a 
tutelar  divinity,  wbicb  was  sup|H)sed  to  take  tiie  form  of 
some  animal.  To  discover  tbe  particular  K'ast  wbicli 
was  to  guide  bis  future  destinies,  tbe  cbild  was  intoxi- 
cated.'"' and  for  tbree  or  four  days  kept  witbout  food  of 
any  kind.  During  tins  pericxl  lie  was  continually  lia- 
I'assnl  and  (juestioned,  until,  weak  from  want  of  foixi. 
crazed  witb  drink  and  innK)rtunity,  and  knowing  tbat 
tiie  persecution  would  not  cease  until  be  yieldi'd.  1m> 
confessed  to  seeing  bis  divinit  and  described  wliat 
kind  of  brute  it  was.  Tbe  ouiline  of  tbe  figure  was 
tben  molded  in  a  paste  made  of  cru.sbed  lierbs,  on  tlie 
breast  and  arms  of  tbe  novitiate.  Tins  was  ignited  and 
allowed  tt)  burn  until  entirely  consumed,  and  tliiis  tbt; 
figure  of  tbe  divinity  remained  indelibly  delineated  in 
tbe  llesli.  Hunters,  before  starting  on  an  exju'dition, 
would  beat  tbeir  faces  witb  nettles  to  render  tbem  cleai- 
sigbted.  A  girl,  on  arriving  at  tbe  age  of  pul)erty.  was 
laid  upon  a  bed  of  brandies  pkiced  over  a  bole,  wiiidi 


170 

reiimi 


'  Till'  perverse  chilli,  inviiriably.  was  destroveil,  anil  the  imrtiits  of  siidi 

lied  dishouorcd.'  liosviiun,  in   linlthisnn's  JA/e  in  Vol.,  p.  '27(1.     'lis  lie 

l)i'nsent  pus  ii  (li)uner  d'autre  ediieation  a  lenrs  enfants  (pi'a  ensei^jncr  aiix 
tils  fxactcnient  ce  que  faisait  lenr  pere:  quant  aux  tiUcs,  ellcs  out  Ic  droit  do 
choisir  roeenpation  qui  lenr  eouvient  le  mieux.*  Fiujes,  iu  Xouvclkn  Annuhs 
(les  Vitif.,  1844,  torn,  ci.,  p.  \Ty.\. 

i"  The  intoxieatin^;  licpiur  was  'made  from  a  plant  called  Pihal.  which 
was  reduced  to  a  powder,  and  mixed  with  other  mtoxicatiug  ingredients.' 
Jioseaua,  iu  liobiimou's  Life  in  ('«/.,  p.  271. 


AMl'SEMEXTS. 


■Ji; 


liiul  Ix'iMi  provioiisly  luMtcd,  wlioiv  shv  ^vils  kept  \ut\t 
viTv  littk*  I'ood  lor  two  or  tUrvv  tluvs.  Old  women 
chanted  soniis,  and  vonivj:  woineu  danci'd  round  lier  at 
inter\uls  during'  Ii'T  »  ■  ri(i(;;ition.  In  the  vieinity  of 
San  l>ie;io  the  ^im  \h  hurled  ull  hut  lier  head,  and  the 
^I'ountl  alM)Vt^  her  is  heateii  until  nlie  is  in  a  j)rol'usi' 
|iers|tiration.  'I'his  is  contiiuiod  for  twenty-lour  hours, 
the  patient  heinjr  at  intervjils  dnrin;:;  this  time  taken  out 
and  washed,  and  tlieii  reinihedded.     A  least  ami  (hmee 


lollow 


17J 


When  the  missionaries  first  arrived  in  this  r,  ;;ion. 
they  found  men  dressed  as  women  and  jMilormin^f 
women  s  (hities.  who  W'er<'  kept  for  unuatu  '  ])urposes. 
IVom  their  vouth  up  thev  were  treated,  instrueti'i!  and 
used  as  ii  i.iides.  and  were  even  freipiently  i)uhIi«lN  iuai'- 
]'    I  to  the  ehiels  or  Lireat  men 


\-j 


(lamhlini:  and  (hnieing  i'ormod,  as  usual,  tiieir  ]M-iiu'i- 
pal  nu'ans  of  recreation.  Their  <:ames  ofcliance  dilVered 
httk'  from  those  pkiyed  fartlior  n»)rth.  'I'hat  of^ue.-^.s- 
inii  in  whicli  hajid  a  piece  of  W(K)d  was  lieM.  hefore  (U'- 
scrihed.  was  ))kiyed  hy  eijiht,  four  on  a  sick',  iusti'ad  of 
l(»nr.  Another  }j;ame  was  pkiyed  l)y  two.  Fifty  small 
jiieces  of  W(M>d.  placed  uprijiht  in  a  row  in  the  jiroun<l. 
at  distances  of  two  inches  ajjart,  formed  the  scoic.  1'he 
players  wei-e  provided  with  a  mmiher  of  pie<'es  of  split 
reed,  blackened  on  one  side;  these  were  thrown,  points 


,s',/(r).>/r/v/^V's  Arc!).,  vol.  v.,  J).  21.").     Forfitlu-r  (liscriitioiis  of  ctniiioiiy 


■.1  ,a 


(if  imlii'ity.  sec:   ll'i/i'iii'in,  in  Sun   I 


I'lhtrisf" 


Viil.  vi.,  j)|>.  l.'dl    I;     i/cA'/'/is//'//,  in  Sdn  /•Vvnici'.si'd  llirnhl,  Jmn,  l.S.'i.'t. 


Mi'uicdt    VVr.v.s 


171  .  |. 


1,1  Mi 


(!.■  S.  .\iit 


oniii  St'  jiui 


nil)  ak 


simli)  i'l  1  i-i  I'luh'is,  (juc- en  una  ilc  las  ciisiis  ilc  Icih  Nc 'til 


avcnL,'Miir.  jiuis  nvi- 
>'  liaM.ui  nictidii 


s  (liiitiiis,  (1  lino  con  el  ti'ajr  natural  dc  til 


il   oil 


>1  tl 


(I. 


IIS  asi  I  n  Ml 


iMii'^ir,  cxiinsanilolo  con  d  iionilirc  dc  .loya  (i|iic  iliicn  Uaniurl 

lingua  nativat  fiii'  lucj^o  el  I*.  Misioiicro  con  cl  ('alio  v  iin  Solilado  a  la  I'Msa 


,  vcr  1( 


lo  i[iic  i)nscalpaii.  v  los 


liallaron  cji  cl  acto  dc  jncado  ncfando.  (  asli 
Kaniiilos  auiii|iic  no  con  la  pciia  nicrccida,  y  afcaroiili  s  cl  hcclio  tan  cnornic; 
y  respond!  I  cl  (lintil.  qui'  aijucila  .Toy  a  era  sn  niu^cr.  .  .  .Solo  en  cl  tramo  dc 
la  Canal  d'  Santa  IJarliarii,  sc  liallan  niuclios  .Joyas,  puis  raro  cs  cl  I'ui  hi  i 
doiulc  no  s<'  vcan  tlos  o  trcs.'  I'uhin,  Vuln  ik  •hm  '>itni  Srrni,  ]>.  2J'J.  '  Asi  en 
csta  ranclicn'a  conio  en  otros  dc  In  ciinal,  henios  visto  id^ninos  j^cntilcs  con 
tnijc  dc  niiiLjcr  con  sns  naKiiitas  dc  ^ainUHii,  y  niuy  en^'nit  s:i<ias  v  liiiij  ias:  no 
liciiios  [lodido  entcndcr  lo  ([Uc  si^'iiiticii,  ni  a  (jU''  tin.'  In.-iii  in  //<"•.  JJi.st, 
l/'.p.,  scri<' iv.,  toni.  vi.,  ]>.  IJj,").     See  also  lidsciiini.  in  / 


'  IKS' 1)1   S    /.I, I'    III 


pp. -iS-'M;  Mufriis,  /•>;./.>»•.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  :}71;  7 


on]  I 


I'lilil,  Mtiimrif    lull.,  toni. 


pp.  -127;  i-Kiys,  iu  Xouvdlvs  Aioiales  desVoy.,  1814,  toni.  ci.,  p.  173. 


41C 


CALIF011.VIANS. 


U  m 


down,  on  the  jrround,  and  tlic  thrower  counted  out'  for 
everv  piece  tliat  remained  white  ><ide  uj)i)ejiuost;  if  he 
jiained  eiiiht  he  was  entitled  to  another  throw.  11'  the 
pieces  all  I'ell  with  the  hlackened  side  up  they  counted 
also.  Small  pieces  of  wood  placed  against  the  upright 
pegs,  marked  the  game.  They  reckoned  from  oj){)osite 
ends  of  the  row,  .ind  if  one  of  the  players  threw  just  so 
lUiuiy  as  to  make  his  score  exactly  meet  that  of  his  oppo- 
nent, the  former  had  to  commence  again.  Throwing 
huices  of  reed  through  a  rolling  hoop  was  another  source 
of  auuisement.  Professional  singers  were  emj)l()yed  to 
furnish  nnisic  to  a  l)arty  of  gamblers.  An  iun[)ire  was 
engaged,  wiiose  duty  it  was  to  hold  the  stakes,  count  the 
game,  [trevent  cheating,  juid  act  as  ivferee;  he  was  also 
expected  to  supply  wood  for  the  fire. 

When  they  were  not  eating,  sleeping,  or  gam])ling, 
tluy  were  generally  dancing;  indeed,  says  Father  liosca- 
na,  ■■  such  was  the  delight  with  which  they  took  ]tart 
in  their  festivities,  that  they  often  continued  dancing  day 
and  night,  and  sometimes  entire  weeks."'  They  danced 
a,t  a  birth,  at  a  marriage,  at  a  burial;  they  danced  to 
])ropitiate  the  divinity,  and  they  thanked  the  divinity 
for  being  proi)itiated  by  dancing.  ThcN' decorated  them- 
selves with  shells  iind  beads,  and  painted  their  bodies  with 
divers  colors.  Sometimes  head-dresses  and  petticoats 
of  feathers  were  worn,  at  other  times  they  danced  naki'd. 
The  women  [)ainted  the  u[)per  part  of  their  bodies  brown. 
Tliey  fre(pieut]y  danced  at  the  siune  time  as  the  men,  but 
seldom  with  them.  Time  was  kept  by  singei's.  iuul  the 
I'attiing  of  turtle-shells  filled  with  })el)bles.  They  were 
good  actors,  and  some  of  their  character-dances  were  well 
executed ;  the  step,  however,  like  their  chanting,  was 
monotonous  and  unvarying.  Many  of  their  dances  were 
extremely  licentious,  and  were  accompanied  with  oli- 
s(renities  too  disgusting  to  bear  recital.  Most  of  them 
wen;  connected  in  some  way  with  their  superstitions  and 
religious  rites.'"^ 


"*  '111  siiinc  tvilii'«  the  nicTi  mid  tlu'  wnnicn  uiiitr  in  (hr  dance  ;  in  otlurs 
the  uu'U  iildiif  trip  t.)  ibu  music  of  thu  woiiu'U,  whose  sou^s  art'  by  uu  muans 


CUSTOMS  AND  SUPERSTITIONS. 


417 


I  oiu'  for 

•st;  it"  lit' 

ir  the 

counted 
:  uiiri-ilit 

opljositc 
V  just  so 
lis  oj)[)o- 
'lirowini:- 
>r  source 
loved  to 
[)ire  >v;is 
ount  the 
Avus  also 

!Ull])lillg, 

T  lioscii- 

ook  part 

ciu^dav 

r  daucod 

uiccd  to 

divinity 

'd  thcin- 

lics  w  itli 

ictticoats 

I  iiaki'd. 

s  J)rowii. 

ncn,  hut 

and  the 

ey  wei'e 

ere  well 

iitr.  was 

ces  wen' 

ith  oh- 

of  them 

ions  and 


:  in  ntlurs 


Those  pe()i)le  never  wandered  far  from  their  own  ti>rri- 
tory,  and  knew  little  or  nothing  of  the  nations  lyinp;  he- 
\()nd  their  immediate  noiuhhors.  Mr  Reid  relates  that 
Mie  who  tra.veled  some  distance  beyond  the  limits  of  lii.s 
own  domain,  returned  with  the  report  that  he  had  seen 
men  whose  ears  des(!ended  to  their  hips;  then  he  had 
met  with  a  race  of  Ldliputians;  and  finally  had  leached 
a  })eople  so  subtly  constituted  that  they  '*wt)uld  take  a 
rabbit,  or  other  animal,  and  merely  with  the  breath,  in- 
hale the  essence;  throwing  the  rest  away,  which  on  ex- 
amination proved  to  be  excrement." 

They  had  a  great  number  of  traditions,  legends,  and 
lables.  Some  of  these  give  evidence  of  a  poweri'ul  imagi- 
nation; a  few  are  pointed  with  amoral;  but  the  majority 
are  pueiile,  nieaningles.s,  to  us  at  least,  and  filled  with 
obscenities.  It  is  said  that,  in  some  parts,  the  Southern 
('ulifoi'uians  are  great  snake-channers,  and  that  they 
allow  the  re[)tiles  to  wind  themselves  about  their  bodies 
and  bite  them,  with  impunity. 

Feuds  lu'tween  lamilies  are  mn'sed  for  generations; 
the  war  is  seldom  more  than  one  of  words,  however,  un- 
less a  murder  is  to  be  avenged,  and  consists  of  mutual 
vituperations,  and  singing  obscene^  songs  about  each  other. 
IViends  salute  by  incpiiries  after  each  others  health.  On 
parting  one  sa,ys  '  1  am  going,'  the  other  answers  '  go.' 

They  are  very  superstitious,  and  believe  in  all  sorts  of 
omens  and  auguries.  An  eclipse  irightens  them  beyond 
measure,  and  shooting  stars  cause  them  to  ildl  down  in 
the  dust  and  cover  their  heads  in  abject  terror.  Many 
of  them  believe  that,  should  a  hunter  eat  meat  or  fish 
which  he  himself  had  procured,  his  luck  would  leave 

uiiiilcasuiit  to  till'  cur.  ^^•h'il>sll•l/.  in  S.  Frinirism  Iferahl,  Jnn<>  l^r>:i.  'In 
llirir  rclij^imis  ciniui  iilnl  il.iiui's  tlity  dilt'i  r  imich.  While,  in  sdinr  trilics, 
:ill  uniti'  to  (•(  lihriitt'  til,  t;i,  in  ollurs,  nicii  alone  are  allowed  to  (lance,  while 
the  women  assist  in  sinL^ill^'.'  .s'c/c/o/cjv/ry's  Aiclt.,  vol.  v.,  ji.  ■_'!  I    !•"». 

'"'  •  La  (lansc  est  eXerillec  Jiar  lleUX  conjlles  an  son  d'uili'  es]iici'  ill'  tllltc, 
les  antics  restellt  simples  spectatenvs  ( t  se  eontcntent  (railj^nii  nil  I  le  lirilit 
I  u  frap|i.int  iles  roseaux  sees  '  /'Vi/is,  in  Xdiinllis  Atnidlen  ihs  I  o,iy..  1>'l  I,  tom, 
'i..  [).  17(i;  liiisrinm,  in  Utilihisnu'a  l.'ifc  in  ('<il.,  pj).  "JSll  il.");  Scliui'liii'i'l's 
Anil.,  vol.  v..  pp.  'Jlt-l,'i:  Me ICiiisIri/.  in  N.  Frniirisra  lliralil.  .Iiiiie  l^.")li; 
H'l'l,  in  /."■  !ie/r/>s'  stir;  Vn.-iiii,  iu  JJuc.  lli^l.  Mix.,  mnu  iv,,  torn,  vi.,  i.  IJ22. 
Vol.  I.    '27 


418 


CALIFORNIANS. 


liim.      For  this  reason  tlioy  {rpiiorally  hunt  or  fish  in 
I  "hen  the  dav's  si)ort  is  over,  eaeh  takes  what 


tiirs.  and 


till'  other  lias  killed.  Livintj;  as  they  do  fVoni  hand  to 
tnoiith,  eontent  to  eat.  sleep,  and  dance  away  their  exis- 
tence, we  cannot  e.\|»ect  to  find  nnich  glimmering  ol"  the 
^<inll)lel•  ai'ts  or  sciences  among  them. 

Their  year  hegins  at  the  winter  solstice,  and  they  count 
1)V  hmar  months,  so  that  to  complete  their  vear  the\  iU'e 
ohliged  to  a,dd  several  supplementary  days.     All  the.^e 


mon 


ths   h 


[ive   svmoohc   names. 


Thus    December  and 


January  are  calleil  the  month  of  cold;  Fehi'uarv  and 
March,  the  rain;  Mari^h  and  Ai)ril,the  first  grass;  April 
and  May,  the  rise  of  waters;  May  and  dune,  the  month 
of  roots;  June  and  July,  of  salmon  fishing;  July  and 
August,  of  heat;  August  and  ►Sej)temher.  ol'  wild  fruits; 
8e[)teml)er  and  October,  of  bulbous  roots;  ()cto)»er  and 
November,  of  acorns  and  nuts;  November  and  Decem- 
ber, of  bear  and  other  hunting. 

J^orcerers  are  mmierous.  and  as  unbounded  confidence 
is  jdaeed  in  their  power  to  work  both  good  and  evil. 
their  inlluence  is  great.  As  astrologers  and  soothsayei's, 
they  can  tell  by  the  appearance  of  the  moon  the  m'»st 
propitious  day  juid  hoiu"  in  which  to  celebrate  a  feast. 
or  attack  an  enemy.  Sorcerers  also  serve  as  alnuniacs  for 
the  people,  as  it  is  their  duty  to  note  by  the  as[)ect  of 
the  moon  the  time  of  the  decease  of  a  chief  or  prominent 
man.  and  to  give  notice  of  theamiiversary  when  it  comes 
round,  in  order  that  it  may  he  duly  celebrated.  They 
extort  black-mail  fi'oin  individuals  bv  thi'eateniim'  them 
with  evil.  I'he  charm  which  they  use  is  a  ball  made  of 
mescal  mixed  with  wild  honey;  this  is  carried  under  the 
left  arm,  in  a  small  leatlu'r  bag. — and  the  spell  is  elVectid 
by  sitnply  laying  the  right  hand  uj)on  this  bag  Neither 
does  their  power  end  here;  they  hold  intercourse  witii 
.supernatural  beings,  metamorphose  th'Mnselves  at  will, 
see  int(>  the  future,  and  even  control  the  elements.  They 
are  potent  to  cure  as  well  as  to  kill.  For  all  comi)laiiits. 
as  usual,  they  '  [)ut  forth  the  charm  of  woven  paces  iind 
of  waving  hands,'  and  in  some  cases  add  other  reiiie- 


MEDICAL  TREATMENT. 


419 


dii's.  Im)!'  internal  ooinpluiiit.s  tlicy  prescribe  cold  hiiths; 
wounds  and  sojvs  are  treated  with  lotions  and  poultices 
ol'  crushed  herbs,  such  as  sage  and  roseniarv,  and  of  a 
kind  of  black  oih'  resin,  extnicted  from  certain  seeds. 
Other  maladies  they  aflirm  to  be  caused  by  small  pieces 
of  wood,  stone,  or  other  hard  substance,  which  by  some 
means  have  entered  the  ilesh,and  which  they  pretend  to 
extract  by  sucking  the  affected  part.  In  a  case  of  paraly- 
sis the  stricken  parts  were  whij)ped  with  nettles. 
Hlisters  are  raised  by  means  of  dry  paste  made  from 
ni'ttle-stalks,  phiced  on  the  bare  flesh  of  the  patient,  set 
on  fu'i'.  and  allowed  to  burn  out.  Cold  water  or  an 
emetic  is  used  for  fever  and  like  diseases,  or,  sometimes, 
the  sufVi'rer  is  i)laced  naked  upon  dry  sand  or  ashes,  with 
a  lire  dose  to  his  ll'et,  and  a  bowl  of  water  or  gru«'l  at 
his  lii'ad.  and  there  left  for  nature  to  take  its  course, 
while  his  friends  and  relatives  sit  round  and  howl  him 
into  life  or  into  eternity.  I^nake-I)ites  are  cured  by  an 
internal  dose  of  ashes,  or  the  dust  found  at  the  bottom 
of  lints'  nests,  and  an  external  apj)lication  of  herbs.''" 
The  medicine-men  fare  better  here  than  their  northern 
hiethren.  as.  in  the  event  of  the  non-recoverv  of  their 
l),itient.  the  death  of  the  latter  is  attributed  to  the  just 
auicr  of  their  go.l.  and  conseiiuently  the  physician  is 
not  held  res[)()nsible.  'fo  avert  the  displeasure  of  the 
divinity,  and  to  countenict  the  evil  inlluence  of  the  sor- 
ctTci's.  regular  dances  of  pr()i)itiation  or  depreciation  Jire 
hilil.  in  which  the  whole  ti'ibe  join, 

Tiie  temescal.  or  sweat-house,  is  the  same  here  as  else 


177 


A\ 


d 


dl 


lere.  winch  renders  a  descri[(ti()n  unnecessar\ 


.  17S 


'n 


fli-u.lii 


M'f> 


h 


i-jiidr. 


\V;is  ^'IVi'ii 


to  til 


tdiii.   ii..   p 


;iHi). 


10 


Wlu'U  till'  new  viiir  lici'im,   no 


;ist;  iiml  on  tlii-i  iU'roimt,  I'vni  iiiiion-'st  tlic  most 


iiit'  lliL;iiit,  till  V  coulil  not  tfll  tin'  imiiiln'r  of  yriivs  which  liiid  triiiispircil, 
w'.i  n  ilisiiiiiis  of  j^iviii^'  iiii  idea  of  aiiv  ninotf  cviiit.'  linxi'Unn,  in  llnhinsnti's 
J.'/  ;.i  '■'//..  p.  ;»ii:i. 

'•'  '  For  (loiiorrhd'ii  they  iisrd  u  stroii'^'  d ii'tion  of  un  Inrl)  thiit  j,'imw4 

virv  |ilintifiill_v  hcri',  ainl  is  callcil  l>_v  tlif  S|ianis]i  "  ihiiiicrl  .•M^ua."  ami  wild 
lii'4  oil  iiianurc.  roUid  up  into  pills.  'I'ln'  dicoction  is  a  vii  y  Mtlcr  astiili;,'!  nt, 
uinl  may  curi'  sonic  sores,  but  that  it  fails  in  many,  I  have  uiidcni.iMc  proof. 

livinu'   coal  Ol   tire  aprli' il  to   llm 


111  sv,i|l 


ills  tlicv  use  the  actual  caulciv. 


I'llllllc 


■r,  .ind  a  d<'coi'lion  of  an  licrli.  said  to  Itc  sonicthiii'^  like  sarsaparill.i, 


r.ulcii  rosia. 

i; 


iintr 


h'iii.  111  S'lii 


h\ 


Ml  it'll  III   /'/'INS,    vol.    V.   (l.    I." 


;t. 


I  am  iiii'chted  for  the  only  iiiforniatioii  of  value  rcliitiic,'  to  llic  medi- 
cal u.sagesof  the  buuthcru  Culifuruiu  tribes,  to  liijscanu'n  MS.,  liteniU^'  trails- 


!    i     I 


f' 


M. 


:i    It 


420 


CALIFORNIANS. 


(Iciul  wore  oitlior  biinied  or  biir'uHl.      FatluT  Bosoaiiu 


.sa\s 


that 


lU)  par 


I'tioiil 


ar  ('t'lvinonies  \voro  ohserved  diuiim 


tl)o  binniiiji'  of  tlio  corpse.  TIio  ImmIv  Avas  allowed  to  lie 
iiiitoiu'lied  some  davs  after  death,  in  order  to  be  certain 
that  no  spark  of  life  remained.  It  was  then  ])oi-ne  out 
and  laid  npon  the  fnneral  pyre,  which  was  ignited  hy  a 
pci'soii  specially  ap[iointed  for  that  })nrpose.  Kvervthiiiu 
Ix'lon^ing  to  the  deceased  Avas  hnrned  with  him,  \\  hen 
all  was  over  the  mourners  betook  themselves  to  the  out- 
skirts of  the  vdlajie,  and  there  gave  vent  to  their  lauien- 
tation  for  the  space  of  three  days  and  nijihts.  During 
this  [)eriod  songs  were  sung,  in  which  the  cause  of  the 
late  death  was  related,  and  even  the  ])rogress  of  the 
disease  which  bi'ought  him  to  his  grave  minutely  de- 
srri])ed  in  all  its  stages.  As  an  emblem  of  grief  the 
hair  was  cut  short  in  proportion  to  neai'uess  of  relatiou 
to  «)r  aiVection  for  the  deceased,  but  laceration  Mas  not 
lesoi'ted  to."*"  Mr  Taylor  relates  that  the  Santa  Ine/. 
Imlians  buried  their  dead  in  regular  cemetei'ies.  The 
body  was  placed  in  a  sitting  ])osture  in  a  l)ox  made  of 
slabs  of  cla\stone,  and  interi'ed  with  all  the  eiVects  of 


the( 


lead 


))ei'son 


ISl 


Accoi'ding  to  lieid.  thenativi'sol'  Lo.< 


Antivles  Countv  waited  until  the  bod v  ]»ei;au  to  show 
simisof  decavand  then  bound  it  tou'cthei'  in  theshai)e  of  a 
bidl.and  buried  it  in  apliice  seta])art  forthat  [)urpose.with 
olVerings  of  seeds  contiibuted  ))y  the  family.  At  the  first 
news  of  his  death  all  the  relatives  of  the  deceased  gatli- 
ei'ed  together,  and  mourned  his  departure  with  groans, 
each  having  a  groan  ])eculiar  to  himself.  The  dirge  was 
presently  changed  to  a  song,  in  whii^h  all  united,  while 
an  accomi)animent  was  whistled  through  a  deer's  leg- 
bone.     The  dancing  consisted  merely  in  a  monotonous 

1  itcd  by  Ri>1)ii»soii  in  his  T.il'i'  in  Cul.,  jiii.  Kid  14,  mid  iilsf)  j^'ivcn  in  snlistiiinc 
in  lA'/V'iN,  A'.ryi/c/'..  tmii.  ii.,  \\\t.  .'ITS-',),  nnd  tci  Kcid'sjuipt  is  dii  tln' Indian-;  of 
Ij'is  Anu'i'lt's  ('t)iuitv,  in  tlu'  ./><i.s -Id'/c/cs.s/a)',  also  (jiiotcd  in  (''(/.  l-'iininr.  .hm. 
li,  ISill. 

'■'J  Sci!   l/';/')v(s,   Ksiihir.,  tnni.  ii.,  jiii.  .')77-S,  imd  pliitc,  \t.  '21H,  and  Ih'jj- 


iiiann,  in 


Sail,  Fniiifi.-irti  Mdlinil  I'riss,  vol.  v.,  j>.  I'l'i. 


i.sii  ''I'lif  siuiif  custiini  is  now  in  use,  Imt  not  only  iipplii'il  to  di'utlii-',  I'lit 


to  their  disiippointintnts  iii 


d  advri'sitics  in  life,  thus  niakiii''  puhlic  driiion 


itnition  of  tlii'iv  sorrow.'    /{a 


1    lillllillSDll's 


Li/i 


Oil. 


'-''I  CiiUforiiid  Far 


M'ly  -l-l,  1803. 


I'l' 


511  K 


DEATH  A\D  BURIAL, 


421 


sliuniinp;  of  tlio  firt.'"'-  Pedro  Fajios  tliiis  descnlu's  a 
l)mial  ciTciiioiu-  at  tlu'  plaiv  iiaiiu'd  l»y  him  Sitio  dc  los 
rcdcniali's."^'  iiuiiu'diatoly  alter  an  Indian  lias  Invatlicd 
liis  last,  the  cor[)so  is  horno  ont  and  placed  hel'ore  the 
idol  which  stands  in  tiie  vill{i,iie,  there  it  is  watched  hy 
persons  who  pass  the  nij^rht  ronnd  a  larii'e  fire  huilt  lor 
the  purpose;  the  following  morning  all  the  inhabitants 
of  the  [)laeo  gather  aliont  the  idol  and  the  eereinoiiN' 
ooiiiinences.  At  the  head  of  the  procession  marches  oiu* 
smoking  gravely  from  a  large  stone  [)ipe;  followed  hy 
three  others,  he  three  times  ualks  round  the  idol  and 
thi'  cor[)se;  each  time  the  head  of  the  deceased  is  passed 
the  coverings  are  lifted,  and  he  who  holds  thi'  pipe  blows 
three  pulls  of  smoke  n[)on  the  body.  When  the  feet  are 
reached,  a  kind  of  })rayer  is  chanted  in  chorus,  and  the 
parents  and  relatives  of  the  defunct  adviuice  in  succes- 
sion and  olVer  to  the  priest  a  string  of  threadt'd  seeds, 
about  a  fathom  long;  all  present  then  unite  in  loud  cries 
and  groans,  while  the  fom-,  taking  the  eorjjse  upon  their 
shoulders,  proceed  with  it  to  the  place  of  interment. 
Care  is  taken  to  place  near  the  l)ody  articles  which  have 
been  maimfactnred  by  the  deceased  during  his  life-time. 
A  spear  or  javelin,  painted  in  vai'ious  vivid  colors,  is 
planted  erect  over  the  tomb,  and  articles  indicating  the 
occupation  of  the  dead  are  [)laced  at  his  foot:  if  tlii'  de- 
ceased be  a  woman,  baskets  or  mats  of  her  manufacture 
are  hung  on  the  javelin.'" 

Heath  tluy  iK-lii'ved  to  be  a  I'eal  though  invisil)le  ]«'- 
iiig.  '  •  gratified  his  own  anger  and  malice  liy  slowly 
taking  a\vay  the  breath  of  his  \ictim  until  linally  life 
was  t'xtinguished.  The  future  al)ode  of  good  sjjirits  re- 
seiiililed  the  Scandinavian  N'allialia:  there,  in  the  dwcll- 
ing-place  of  their  god.  tluy  would  live  for  e\'er  and  ever, 
eating,  and  drinking,  and  dancing,  and  ha\ing  wi\t's  in 
abundance.  As  their  ideas  of  reward  in  the  next  world 
uere  matter-of-fact  and  material,  so  wvw  their  fears  of 

'■■-'  /i''/i/,  in  Liin  Ainiilis  Slur. 
''•'  'I'lii'  liititudf  of  wLicli  li.'  )i\.s  at  'M    H-T. 

'^'  /•'(,!>•,  in  \,nirill'.i  Ainmlrs  ilt.i\'i,i/..  Isll.  timi.  ci.,  ])]i.  IT.'t-t.  l^untid 
uluaist  litimlly  liy  Muniikr,  SoCirt,  in  Uryant,  Vinj.  i /(  '.(//.,  \\.  2M). 


422 


CALIFOKNIAXS. 


])miisliinont  in  tliis  life;  all  Jiccidciits,  siu'li  as  lirokcn 
lim))s  or  liereavi'iiu'iit  by  (k'atli,  Avcre  attrihutod  to  tlic 
direct  vongoaiicc  ol'  their  god,  for  crimes  which  they 
liad  f'oininitte(h"*'' 

Though  good-natured  and  inordinately  fond  of  annise- 
nient,  they  are  treacherous  aiul  unreliahle.  IikKt  a 
grave  and  composed  exterior  they  conceal  their  thou;j!its 
and  charaxstor  so  well  as  to  dely  inter[)retation.  And 
tliis  is  why  we  find  men,  who  have  lived  among  thi m 
for  years,  nnahle  to  foretell  their  proljuhle  action  under 
any  given  circinnstances. 

Tin-:  ?nosiio\K  Family,  which  forms  the  fourth  imd 
last  division  of  the  Californian  group,  may  he  said  to 
consist  of  two  great  nations,  the  Snakes,  or  Shoshoncs 
l)roi)er,  and  the  L' talis.  The  former  inhabit  south-east- 
ern Oi'egon,  Idaho,  western  Montana,  and  the  northciii 
])ortions  of  Utah  and  Nevada,  are  subdivided  into 
sevin-al  sniidl  tribes,  and  incdude  the  moi'O  considerable 
nation  of  the  l^annacks.  '^^fhe  I'tahs  occujiy  nearly  the 
whole  of  rtah  and  Xevada,  and  extend  into  Arizona 
and  California,  on  each  side  of  the  Colorado.  iVmong 
the  many  tribes  into  which  the  I'tahs  are  divided  may 
be  mentioned  the  rtdJia  })roper,  whose  territory  covers 
a  gieat  pai't  of  I'tah  and  easteriv  Xevada;  the  WiD^limx 
along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Sierra  Xevada.  betwet'U 
Honey  Lake  and  the  west  fork  of  \Valker  River;  the 
l^ah  [((X.  or,  as  they  ari'  sometimes  called.  Piutes.  in 
western  and  central  Nevada,  sti'etching  into  Arizona 
and  south-east<'i'n  California :  the  Pa/i  \'(nif!<  in  the  vicin- 
iiV  of  Sevier  Lake,  the  PI  lu/cs  south  of  them,  and  the 
^V;s/i  rtc.'^,  a  mixed  tribe  of  Snakes  and  I'tahs,  dwelling 
in  the  vicinity  of  (iosli  I'te  Lake  and  Mountains. 

The  Shoshones"^"  are  below  the  medium  stature;  the 


I'*''  Biisi'fina,  in  HoliiDson'ti  L'lJ'c  in  ('<il.,  j).  HIT. 

''*''  In    S|ifllillH;   till'    Wonl    Slltislldlir,    I    llllVi'    fnllnwcil    tllc    lllcist    roIlililiiU 

•  irtlidu'rajiliy.  Many,  Ikiwcvi  r,  Mi'itc  it  Sl^ll^l^<ltl('^',  otluis,  Sli"slioiii'-.  i  iil^'  r 
<if  wliicli  wniiKl  |)('i'lia])s  L;ivc  u  bctti  r  idea  of  thi'  iivoiniiiciatinii  nf  tin-  w  I'l- 
as  till'  iirciiif  falls  (III  tlir  liiial  c.  'i'lir  wiinl  iiiiiiiis  '  Siialir  Indian.'  arc  i  nl- 
iii'^  to  Stuart,   Jloidnnd.  p.  SO;  and  'inland,'  ucLdUliny  to  lluss,  Fur  Jinnlus, 


Tin:  SHOSHONE  family. 


■12;} 


I'tiilis.  tliou^li  more  iMnvorAilly  Imilt  than  tlic  Snakes, 
art.'  coarscr-iV'aturc'd  and  loss  a^ik".  All  aiv  of  a  ilai'k 
1)r()ii/,('-('ok)i'\vlKMi  five  IVom  paint  and  dirt,  and,  as  usual, 
lii'ardk'S.  TIk'  avoiuoh  are  clumsily  luadc,  altlioujih 
some  of  tlicin  liavo  gooil  hands  and  IVrt."'' 

On  the  harrcn  [)lains  of  Xi'vada,  axIktc  tlurc  is  no 
JMi'p' .liamc,  the  rahh't  furnislR-s  nearh  tln'oidy  clothing. 
The  skins  aiv  sown  tout'thi'i'  in  the  I'orni  of  a  cloak,  which 
is  thrown  over  the  slujuldcrs.  or  tied  ahout  the  hody  with 

Mil.  i.,  p.  211*.  T  iiiiply  till'  iiaiiit'  Shosliiiiics  to  the  wlinlcdf  this  f;iiiiil\;  the 
Shii>luiii(s  ]ii<)pt  r.  iiicliKliiiL;  tlu'  liuuuiicks,  1  vAl  the  Siiakcs;  the  it  iiiiiiuiiiji 
tiiliis  1  imiiif  ciillcctivcly  I'tiilis. 

1-'  Sie  li'dss'  Fid-  llidilirs,  vol.  i.,  j>.  211);  I'ail.vr's  h'.i'jilnr.  'I'liiir.  pji. 
•JJ^  'I;  li'iiiii/  iiml  liriiirlihi's  tliiiinii ji.  vol.  i.,  p.  {Z\\  ('lniniUi t-s'  \"ihil.  \>.  IIS; 
l-'iiriilciiii's  l.'ii'f  ill  Cat.,  J).  ;t77;  <'aniilliii's  Imiil.  uf  'J'rnr.,  ji.  •.'IHl;  1,'iiiris, 
ill  /("/.  Air.'lli'iil.,  1H.')4,  jt.  178;  Hirhii-itli,  in  I'iir.  It  /.'.  /.Vy/r,  vol.  ii., 
|i.  I'l:  Furliif's  Sini'iliiri/  Uipt.,  in  Sun  FruKcit^cn  Mul'mil  I'riss.  \ol.  iii.,  ji. 
Ill;  /y"('(/',s  Mill.,  vol.  i.,  p.  21IS;  liiiiiifiiifli'x  hisciix.  vol.  i.,  \>.  x^:  l/isju- 
1(1111  M'tiiuiliii',  vol.  X.,  ]).  2"i");  SiliiKiliidft's  Anli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  11*7;  I'riinr, 
ilMntnl  ill  ''"/.  Funiiif.  (Irl.  IS,  ISlll;  Tnn-nsi mi's  .\iil\,  pp.  I;;"),  1:  Ii;  Uri/Hiil, 
I'll//,  IK  ('ill.,  pp.  loj,  I'.ll;  CdI.t's  ttiirhji  Mniiiiliiiiis,  \t.  'Alt',;  l-'riiiiutirs  K.f- 
/i'"/-.  F.r..  pp.  IIS,  2(17;  /,!  ('•/.-.•  (((((/  I'liir/.r's  'I'ldr.,  p.  1(12;  Fi'iiikr'a  lliniinn 
Uiifi .  p.  ISl;  Jill  I'll  Ill's  ('ill/ uf  llii'  Siiiiils.  p.  .")«."(.  Mtiitioii  is  liMclc  liy  Sal- 
iiiiidii  of  ii  JK  (ijilc  liviii!,'  south  of  I'tith  I.iikf.  who  wire  '  hliiiii'as.  y  vosiidiis 
lis  uirjilliis  coiiio  los  fraiici  SIS.'  llur.  Nisi.  .lA.c  ,  sirie  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  p.  101. 
Ksialaiiti',  spciikiiiL,' of  Iiuliaiis  st'cii  in  tlic  same  i-r^^ioii,  lat.  liH  .'M  .'i7'  ,  says: 
■  Kraii  (stos  (Ic  los  liailioiics.  ,v  nariccs  ii-.;!!]!  iiulas.  y  ni  sii  idioiiia  sc  iiom- 
liiaii  'riraii'.,'a)ini.  'liau  los  cincii.  ipic  con  su  capitaii  vinirroii  i^iiinrro.  tan 
iTiciJa  la  l>arlia.  ((uc  parccian  jiadri's  capiicliiiios  I'l  Ipclcinitas."  I)i,r.  llii^l. 
M'.c.  SI  lie  ii..  toiii.  i.,  p.  I7il.  Wilkts  wiitcs.  ■Soutliwrst  of  tln'  Voiit.i 
Lake  livi'  a  tiilic  who  arc  known  l>y  thc'  iiaiiic  of  the  Moiiki  y  Indians;  a 
t'  nil  which  is  not  a  mark  of  coiitciii)it,  Imt  is  sii])])oscd  to  lie  a  ion  uption  of 
tlii'ir  name.  .  .  .'I'lny  arc  reported  to  live  in  fastnesses  amoliL;  hi:.;h  iiiniintaiiis; 
to  have  j^'ooil  clothilii,'  and  hiniscs:  to  iiianiifactiii'c  lilankets.  sho.  s.  and  vari- 
ous other  arti.les,  which  they  sell  to  the  m  it,dilioriii^'  trilies.  Their  ci  lour  is 
a^  li_;ht  as  that  of  tie'  Siiaiiiariis;  and  the  wiiiiieii  in  iiaiticiilar  are  very  heaii- 
tifiil.  witli  delicate  fcatiiri's,  and  Ioiil,'  tlo  villi,'  hair  .  .  .  Sonic  have  attem])ti  d 
I  I  rouui  it  these  wiHi  all  account  of  an  aiici'iit  Welsh  colony,  which  others 
had  thmiuht  they  discovered  aiiioiii,'  the  Mandaiis  of  the  .Mi^soiiii;  while 
others  Were  disposed  to  liilieve  they  nii;,'ht  slid  exist  ill  the  .Monkeys  of  the 
\\'i  -Ii  rn  Mountains.  There  is  an  liier  account  w  hii  h  speaks  i.f  the  .\ioni|yi.i 
Iieliins,  who  formerly  iidiidiited  l.ouer  California,  and  were  paiiially  eivil- 
i/i  d  liy  tic  Spanish  missionaries,  hut  who  have  left  that  country,  and  of 
wlima  all  traces  have  loiii,'  since  lieeli  lost.'  W'ilhs'  Sur.,  in  /'.  S.  F..r.  Fx., 
Vol.  iv..  jip.  ridJ-K.  '(In  the  southern  hoiindary  of  Utah  exists  a  peculiar 
lac.  of  wiioiii  little  is  known.  Tiny  are  said  to  he  fair  skinned,  and  are 
I  ili'ii  the  "  W  liite  Indians;"  have  Miie  eyes  and  straight  hail,  and  sjieak  11 
kin  I  of  Spanish  lan;_;ua|4e  ilirt'irini^  from  other  triln  s.'  Siiii  Fniinisiu  Fniiiini 
li'illil',11.  Mill/  \T),  ls(i;|.  Taylor  has  11  note  on  the  huhjeit,  in  which  he  says 
tliat  these  fair  Indi.llis  were  douhtless  the  Moiplis  I  f  Westi  111  New  ^Mexico. 
C'tl.  Furiinr,  .li:iii  -li;,  \W.i.  .\ltlioUi,'h  it  is  evident  that  this  mysli  lioiis  and 
)inilial)ly  mythic  ])eople  lieloii^'  in  no  way  to  the  Shoshone  faiiiily.  yet  as 
lliey  are  mentioned  liv  several  writers  as  dwi  lliii;.;  ill  a  rei^ioii  whicli  is  siir- 
loiiiiihil  on  all  siih  s  liy  Shoshoiies.  I  have  ^iveu  this  Hole,  wheretrom  tho 
readi  r  can  draw  his  own  eoiiclusioiis. 


if  ;J 


424 


CALlFOriNIAXfl. 


tlioiiirs  of  the  snmo.  Tii  warm  woatlior,  ov  nvIiimi  tlicv 
cannot  obtain  rabhit-skins.  men,  uonicn  and  cliiMicii 
arc,  foi"  the  most  ]>art,  in  a  state  of  niiditx .  The  iiair 
is  <xon('rally  allowed  to  jirow  lon<i',  and  to  How  loosely 
over  the  shoulders;  st)metinH's  it  is  cut  sti'aijjilit  over  the 
forehead,  and  amonii;  the  I'tahs  of  New  Mexico  it  is 
])laited  into  two  lonj;' ((uenes  by  the  men,  and  woi'n  short 
by  the  woukmi.  Ornaments  are  nnc;  I  fnid  mention  in 
two  instiMiees"*'^  of  a  nose-ornament,  worn  by  the  Tiili 
rtes.  eonsistinji  of  a  slender  piece  of  bon«'.  sevi-nd 
inches  in  length  tluMist  thi'onjih  the  sejitmn  of  the  nose. 
Tattooin":'  is  not  practiced  but  paint  of  all  colors  is  used 
unsparinjily 

The  Sindses  are  better  dressed  than  tbe  T  tidis,  their 
clothinu:  beinji'  made  from  the  skins  of  buyer  ^ame,  and 
ornamented  with  beads,  shells,  frins^'es.  leathers,  and. 
since  tlu'ir  ac(|uaintance  witli  the  whites,  with  pieces  of 
brilliiiiit-coloi'ed  cloth.  A  connnon  costume  is  a  sbirt. 
lefTiiins.  and  moccasins,  all  of  buck-skin,  over  which  is 
thrown,  in  cold  weather,  a  heav\-  rol 


i«y 


)e,  "'eneralU  o 


lb 


buf 


falo-skin,  but  sometimes  of  wolf,  dei-r,  elk,  or  beiivei'. 
The  dress  oi'  {he  women  differs  but  little  from  thiit  of  tin 
men.  except  that  it  is  less  ornamented  and  the  shirt  i> 


onu'er 


IIK) 


l!<s  llirlririth,  in  Pnr.  n.  n.  TJfpf;  vol.  ii..  p.  42:   IT-np's  f'rnl.  liivife.  p 
!>'"  S)  I  hUiiil;  of  Wdimii:   'tlitir  hicusts  and  stdiniiilis  wcii'  idvi  red 
red  luiistic.  iiiadr  from  mii  riivtli  ])i('nliitr  to  tlioc  iixlis.  uliicli  n  iidi  nd  t 
liidoous.     'I'luir  only  (Mivcriiii^  was  ii  jiairof  drawers  of  lian -skin,  liadiv  ? 
to|-!tllur,  and  in  lioli  s.'  Iliini/  mul  lln  iiclih  i/'s  Ji'i'in.,  vol.  ii.,  \\.  :i>(l;  ^t  i 
vol.  i..  ]).  127,  and  vol.  ii.,  )i]).  IW.K  4(14.  4()7.     '  Thf  wonnn  oftin  dn  ss  in  si 
made  of  intlails,  dnsscd  and  sewed  tof,'ether  in  a  sid)stantial  wav.'    I'r 
in  (ill.  l-'dnmr.  Oil.  IS.  Ihdl.     Ilareskins  '  tin  y  cut  into  coids  with  tin 
iitlhevin'4:  and  lir.aid  tlieiu  toj,'etlier  so  as  to  fonii  a  sort  of  cloak  witli  r. 
in  the  middle  .  tliioULjli  which  they  thrust  llieir  heads.'    Fiiniliiiiii'a   I. in 
Ailfii..  \i.  -17(1.     The   I'euiainiiij,'  authoiities   desiiihe   tin  ni   as   naK(<l 
ulij^htly  and  niisei'aMy  dressed;  see  SIkiikIiiiij/'s  It'i/it..  jip.  S'J,  •id'J-I!;  'A 
/..s.s'   \"isil.  \).  '.ilU;   lliiiji's  ('fill.  Umile,  p.  Kit):   Irrimi's  Jlniiiii  rHli's  Ailrm 
255:  l>,niii„r>i  Col.,  p.  I!t4:  Forun/,  in   lud.  Af.   It'jil.,  IK.V,!.  p.  ;i(i5:   l>. 
III.,  jip.' .174-5:  /•V/,^„^  in  hi..  lH(ii»,  ]>.  2();t;  linin.i.  in  /(/.,  is5l,  p.  17S; 
tim's  ("ill/ lit'  till'  .*>'((i.//.s-,  p]).  217    IN,  272-:!.  5S1,  5S5;   Fn intnil'.'i  K.^jilnr. 
])p.  MS.'  ll"iS-',l.  212.  21S.  225,  227.  2(17;    lUillfiuvh's   Onyim.  ]..  p.lt:  >'(. 
(iiilihii  dull',  p.  •-'51;  Nc(/,(.s'  ill  till:  lanky  Mis.,  p.  11)7;  linnmvU's  Juil.  Ji 
)).  5,'t!(:   lliniii's  Oriiiiii,  \).  '.\',\]. 


I'MI 


Tiiirii.iitiir.-i  \iir.,\)\).  125,  131!;  I)v  .'^inet.  1'"//.,  p 


Diiiiti's  Oriiji 


;525:   I'lirl.i-r'fi  F.i-iilni:  Tmir.  ]ip.  22H-;iii.  .'(DK-K:   /.'-w'  Fm-  llnuliis.  \u].i. 
2l'.l  51).  257  H,  vol.  i'.,  pj).  22-L!;  I'liiimlkfis'  \"i.iit,  p.  UN;  VKi-ridliv's  Infi 


102. 

wilh 
la  in 
.(  wn 
al-o 
kirts 
inn  , 
■  fur 
Inile 
u,;l 
,  or 
mill- 

'■'  I'- 
ll III-  . 

Iliii- 

F.,- . 

Vim's 
lln  s, 

11.  p. 
•  1  1'- 
(/.  ".f 


tii- 


DUESS  OF  TIIK  SNAKES. 


425 


Tlic  dress  of  tlic  Siiiikos  soon  l>v  oiintii'ms  T.euis  iuid 

•'  1 


n.irk 


liii'ko  Wiis  riclicr  tliaii  is  iisiiiillv  uoi'ii  by  tluiii  now;  it 
wiis  coiiiposod  of  Ji  roho,  short  clouk,  shirt,  kmg  k'j:|:iiis, 
and  nioci'iisiiis. 

Tlic  roho  was  of  laiffalo  or  sniaUor  skins,  drossod  with 
til  '  hair  on;  tho  oolhir  of  tho  (doak,  a  strip  of  skin  IVom 
tlu'  hack  of  tlio  ottor.  tlie  lioud  ]»oiiip,'  at  oiio  i'lid  and  tho 
tail  at  tho  other.  From  tliis  colhir  wore  susjjoiuh'd  Ironi 
one  hundred  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  orinino-skins. "'  or 
rather  strips  from  tho  hack  of  tho  orinine.  inchidin|i  tho 
head  and  tail ;  each  of  those  stri])s  was  sewn  round  a  cord  of 
twisted  silk-iirass,  which  tajiorod  in  thicknoss  toward  tho 
tail.  The  soanis  wore  ooneoalod  with  a  frin<ii' of  ermine- 
skin;  little  tassels  of  white  fnr  wore  also  attached  Ut  each 
tail,  to  show  oif  its  hlackness  to  advantage.  The  collar 
was  further  ornamented  with  shells  of  the  pearl-oyster; 
the  shirt,  made  of  the  drossod  hides  of  various  kinds  of 
deer,  was  loose  and  reached  half-way  down  the  thi^h; 
the  sleeves  were  open  on  tho  under  side  as  low  as  tho 
i'IImiw. — tho  ediics  heiiig  cut  into  u  fringe  from  tho  elhow 
to  the  w  rist. — and  they  iittod  dose  to  tho  arm.  The  col- 
lar was  .s([uaro,  and  cut  into  frinjio,  or  adorned  with  tho 
tails  of  the  animals  which  furnished  tho  hide;  the  shirt 
was  liarnished  with  frini-os  and  stained  j)orcupine-([uills; 
the  k'uiiins  uero  made  each  from  nearly  an  «'ntire  ante- 
lope-skin, and  reached  from  the  ankle  to  the  upper  part 
of  tho  thidi.  Tho  hind  logs  of  tho  skin  were  worn  uinier- 
luost.  and  tucked  into  tho  girdle;  tho  neck,  highly  oiiia- 
iiieiited  with  Iriiiges  and  (piills.  trailed  on  the  ground 
hehiud  the  heel  of  the  wearer;  the  side  seams  wi'i'o 
IVinged.  and  for  tliis  purpose  the  scalps  of  fallen  ene- 
mies wore  fiv([ui'ntly  used. 

Tln>  moccasins  were  also  of  dros.^ed  hide,  ^vithout 
the  hair,  oxco[)t  in  winter,  when  hulfalo-hidi".  ^vitli  tho 


lair   inside,  answoroc 


I   tl 


10   |)iiri)ose 


Tl 


ie\'   were  niadi' 


with   a    siniilo    seam    on    the    outside    edue.    and    were 

7'/v/r.,  p.  -JOI);    MV-i/r's  am.,  p.  377;  Lunl's  \ti(.,  vol.  i.,  p.  'IW;  Ilnwnu  -ha 
Jlrsi-i'h,  vdl.  ii.,  ])p.  214,  2S1. 

'■"  •  'I'lir  ciiiiiiic  is  the  fnr  known  to  the  uovtli-wist  tvadi  vs  liv  the  nmi  c  of 


the  whitf  wi-usi  1,  but  is  tho  <'(/iniiiH'  truiiuc.'  Laxig  ainl  ClurL' 


7/ 


.1' 


n-i. 


I'Ji 


426 


CALirOltNIANS. 


I'liilicllisluMl  with  (juills;  .sonu'tinu's  tlitv  wnv  coscivtl 
Avitli  tlu.'  skill  ol'ii  |)(»U'(;iit.  tlu'  tail  oj'  wliicli  drjifiui'il  Ih'- 
liiiid  on  till'  ground.  Kar-oniaiiK'iits  oC  lu'ads.  iiirk- 
luccs  of  slu'lls.  t\vist('d-|j,rass,  olk-tiislios.  ruiiiid  lioiu's. 
like  joints  of  a  lisli's  hack-bone,  and  the  claws  of  the 
lirown  hear,  ^^c'lv  all  worn.  Kaj:lt's'  liatht  rs  stuck  in 
the  hair,  or  Ji  strip  of  ottci'-skin  tied  roinid  the  lu'ad. 
seem  to  have  hei'ii  the  only  head-dresp-ies  in  use.''"  This, 
or  soniethiiiii'  similar,  was  the  dress  only  of  the  wi'althy 
and  prosperous  trihes.  Like  the  I  talis,  the  Snakes  })aint 
extensively,  especially  wiicn  intent  upon  war 

The  Snakes  also  hiiild  hetter  dwellings  than  tlio  Utahs. 
Lonji'  poles  are  leaned  aij^ainst  each  other  in  a  circle,  and 
are  then  covered  with  skins,  thus  ibrinin-^a  conical  tent. 
A  hole  in  the  toj),  which  can  bo  closed  in  had  weather, 
serves  as  chimney,  and  an  o[)ening  at  the  l)ottoin  thrte 
or  four  feet  hi,iili,  admits  the  occui)ants  on  pushing  aside 
a  piece  of  hide  stretched  on  a  stick,  which   han^s  o\cr 


l;i;i 


tl 


10 


ap 


rtuH'  as  a  door.     These  skin  ti'iits.  as  is  necessary 


to  a  nomadic  people,  are  struck  and  pitched  with  vi-ry 
little  lalioi .  ^Vllen  bein.i;'  moved  from  one  place  to  an- 
other, the  skins  are  folded  and  packed  on  the  ponies, 
and  the  poles  aro  hitched  to  each  sitU'  of  the  animal  by 
one  end,  while  tlie  other  drags.  The  lial)itations  of  the 
peonleof  Xevada  and  the  jireater  part  of  I'tah  are  \ery 
})rimitive  and  consist  of  heaps  of  brush,  under  which 
they  crawl,  or  even  of  a  mere  shelter  of  bushes,  semi- 
circular in  t-liape.  roolless,  and  three  or  four  feet  hiiih, 
w  hich  serves  only  to  break  the  force  of  the  wind.  Some 
of  them  build  absolutely  no  dweHin,t:s.  but  live  in  cavi's 
and  amonu'  tho  rocks,  while  others  burrow  like  reptiles 
in  the  jiround.  Farnham  gives  us  a  very  doleful  picture 
of  their  condition;  ho  says:  "When  the  li/ard.  and  snail, 
and  wild  roots  aro  buriod  in  tho  snows  of  winter,  they 


m-i  Lnr'is  (luil  ri'trhr's  Trav.,  pp.  312-ir). 

'•''  '  Oil  y  riiicdiitiT  missi  dcs  ttrrcs  iiit'tii]lii[nt's  dc  dilVi'i'iiitcs  coulinrs, 
ttlli'S  (jiic  vcrtfs,  lilciics,  jiiutu's,  noiiis,  liluiiulus,  d  iliu\  surtis  iluciis, 
riiiii'  |i.il''.  r:iuti('  (run  nm^'c  lii'illant  ('(iiiiiiic  dii  vciiniliinn.  Lis  liiditiis 
«'n  fiiiil  tl'rs-i^riiinl  ciis;  ils  s'tu  scrvciit  pour  sc  pciiulic  Ic  cuips  ot  le  vis;it;i'.' 
,>laarl,  in  Sunn  lit  s  Aiuuiltfi  tksWii/,,  ISiil,  tom.  xii.,  ji.  tSJ. 


i>wi:llin(;s  and  food  of  the  shosiioneh. 


427 


•  \'M 


iiri'  smuI  to  ictir*'  to  tlu>  vicinit\'  of  timlirr.  dig  liolt's  in 
tlic  t'onii  of  oNciis  in  tlu'  >tr('p  sides  of  the  .siiid-liills, 
and.  liiiviiig'  licati'd  tlicin  to  ii  ccrtjiiii  di'jii'cc.  (U-posit 
tluMiisclvcs  in  tlicni.  and  slci'))  and  last  till  the  wi-iillici' 
|»i'rniits  tlii'iu  to  <id  alu'oad  again  foi"  Ibod.  IVtsoiis  who 
liavc  visited  their  haunts  after  a  severe  Avinter,  have* 
found  tlu'  gi'oinid  around  tiiese  faniih ovens  strewn  with 
the  unliuried  hodies  of  the  di-ad.  and  otiiei's  eriiwling 
aniouir  them,  who  had  various  <U'grees  of  stivngth,  from 
a  hare  sulhciencv  to  gasi)  in  (h'ath,  to  those  that  <'rawU'd 
upon  their  hands  and  feet,  eating  grass  Wke  eatti 
Naturiillv  pusihanlmous,  Aveak  in  development,  sunk  l)e- 
low  the  common  haser  passions  of  tiie  savage,  more  im- 
pro\  ident  tiian  hirds.  more  heastly  than  heasts,  it  may 
lie  possihk'  to  conceive  of  a  k)wer  phase  of  humanity,  hut 
I  confess  my  inahility  to  do  so. 

riue-uuts.  roots,  herries.  reptiU's.  insects,  rats,  mice, 
and  occasionallv  rahhits  are  the  onl\  ftunl  of  the  poorer 
Shoshone  trihes.  '!'iiose  living  in  the  vic^inity  of  streams 
or  hd\es  depend  more  or  k'ss  for  tiieir  suhsistence  upon 
fish.  The  Snakes  of  hhdio  and  Oregon,  and  the  trihes 
occupying  the  more  fertik'  parts  of  I'tah.  having  ahun- 
(knice  of  (ish  and  game,  live  'well  the  year  round,  hut 
the  miserahle  root-eating  peo[)le.  partly  owing  U>  their 
inherent  improvidence,  partly  to  the  scantiness  of  their 


I'll  >  'piuy  remain  in  ii  sciiii-doriiiuiit.  inactive  state  the  entire  wintei',  lenv- 
iuj,'  tiieiv  liiwly  retreats  only  now  ami  then,  ut  tlie  nrjient  calls  of  nature,  or 
to  wiiiiii  their  liurrows  . .  in  the  s)irini;  they  creeii  from  their  holes.  .  .  jxior 
and  e:iiaei,itiil,  with  barely  tlesh  enoii;,'h  to  hiile  their  hones,  and  so  ener- 
vated from  hard  fare  ami  freiiueiit  ahstinence,  that  they  can  sciircc  ly  move.' 
>'•■/(  .^■  (II  li'iifl,!/  .l//s.,  J).  IT'.t.  Stanslmry  mentions  lodges  in  T'tah.  east  of 
of  Salt  r.alce,  wliich  Were  constrn<'ted  of  '  <'e(lar  jpoiis  and  lo;,'s  of  a  consid- 
er.ihie  si/.e,  thatched  with  i)ark  and  hranches,  and  were  ijuite  warm  and  coni- 
fortahle.'  Slitiis'iiiri/'f<  lliiil.,  \t.  Ill;  .^linns,  in  l'<i<\  I!,  It.  Itfiil.,  vol.  i.,  |). 
I>U;  [rriii  I's  lliiniirrilli''s  Aih'ili.,  p. '25.");  Ilnni/ itml  liirtirliliii'  s  •liunn ..  \n\.  i., 
lip.  X'\\,  li'.l,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  WVl,  'M'-\:  Sdliiicriin,  ll'larii.nx,  in  lim:.  //'V/.  .l/'.r., 
serie  iii..  toni.  iv.,  p.  1(M;  Fiirl(i/.  in  Smi  Fiiiiici.-<ii>  Miilhul  I'riss.  vol.  iii.,  j>. 
l")l;  l-'ttnili'iiii's  l.'ih-  in  Cul..  ]).  'MX\  lirinriiiirs  linl.  Huns,  ]i.  TiliS;  lluiji's 
I'l'iil.  U,„ili\  pp.  !),S-!»:  Dp  Sunt.  To//.,  p.  -JH;  Diiininirh's  Ihsirls,  vol.  i.,  |,.  247, 
Vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  J'.!)-";  ('iiht''s  Ilncl.i/  .}fiiiniliiiiis,  ]).  'I'u;  Unss'  Fur  llmili  i:<.  vol. 
ii.,  p.  !]":  W'liitr's  (>;ii..  ji.  It7<!;  Irriiai's  Aslnrin,  pp.  'I'lJ,  2W:  J.i  i-'is  inul 
</.(,/.  V  Tiitr.,  p.  ;i(l.");  Frniiniifs  Fxjihir.  F.e..  ISPJ-li,  p)).  IJ'i.  -J!-.'.  2IH; 
7''i'i'»Ni')i(/".s'  Xi(r..  p.  i;t  i;  Diiiiii's  "/ir/o/i,  pp.  ;t2."»,  IMl  'i.  It:!?  S;  llnh'j'iirl.'a 
Ori'imi.  ]).  IT'.I;  h''iri)liinii's  'I'nir..  )ip.  "iS,  lil-2:  Siiniisnii's  llnuli:  In  (Hi.,  p. 
.jl;   liiu-Uiii'.-i  ("till  of  the  Sniidg,  x>.  57ll;  KnUjtd's  I'iuntir  Lijc,  MS. 


128 


rALlFonXIANS. 


foo(l-sii[)|)ly.  ncvor  store  suHiciciit  provision  for  tlic  \\\u- 
tiT.  iukI  coiisciiui'iitly  Ik'I'oii'  the  iiri'ival  of  s[tiiii|Li  tlicy 
are  iusiii'iiihly  reduced  to  extreme  destitution.  To  avoid 
starvation  tiiey  will  eat  dead  Itodies.  antl  e\en  kill  their 
ehildi'en  lor  food.''"  A  ratora  rahhit  is  |)re|)ari'd  H»r  eat- 
in;i  \)y  sinLicinii  the  hair,  pressin;:;  the  oll'al  I'roni  the  en- 
ti'ails  and  t'ookinu  hody  ami  intestines  to;i('ther.  Li/ards, 
.snakes,  <j.rasshoi)[)ers,  and  ants  are  throun  alive  intoadi>h 
containinji'  hot  endu-rs,  and  are  tossed  alnMit  until  roii>ted  ; 
they  are  then  eaten  dry  or  used  to  thicken  soiii».  (Jrass- 
ho[)[>ers,  seeds,  and  roots,  are  also  <:'athered  ajid  cooked  in 
the  siune  manner  as  hv  the  nations  idreadv  descrilied. 


rv 


riie  (iosh  rtes  take  rahhits  in  nets  made  of  llax-twine, 
iihout  three  i'eet  \vidi>  and  of  considerahle  length.  A 
fence  of  sage-hrnsh  is  erected  across  the  rahhit-palhs,  and 
on  this  the  net  is  himji'.  The  rid)hits  in  ruiminm|uickly 
aloni;'  tlu'  trail  heeome  entangled  in  the  meshes  and  aio 
taken  hefore  thev  can  escam'.  Li/.ards  aredianLicd  from 
their  holes  hy  means  of  a  hooked  stick.  To  catch  ants 
a  piece  of  IVesh  hide  or  hark  is  placed  ujm)!!  the  ant-hill; 
this  is  soon  covered  hy  vast  swaiins of  the  insects,  which 
are  tlu'ii  hrnshed  olV  into  ahaji'  and  kept  there  until  dead, 
when  they  are  dried  for  future  use.  Amonji  the  hunt- 
in,!i'  trihes  anteloi)e  are  jiradually  closed  in  upon  hy  a 
circle  of  horsemen  and  ht'aten  to<leath  with  clnlts.  They 
are  also  stalked  aftei"  the  fashion  t)f  the  Californians  pro- 
jH'r.  the  hunter  plicinu;  the  head  an  1  horns  of  an  autc- 
lo[)e  or  deer  ujion  lis  own  head  and  thus  disuuised  ap- 
proachiuii  within     lootinj;'  disttnice. 

l-'isli  are  killet  with  spears  liaA'ing  movalile  lu'ads, 
which  become  deti  "lied  when  the  <iame  is  struck,  and 
are  also  taken  in  i    ts  made  of  rushes  or  twi^is.      In  tiie 


latti 


>li 


th 


d 


er  case  a  place  s  ciiosen  wliere  tlie  river  is  crossei 
hy  a  har.  the  net  is  then  lloated  down  the  stream  and 
on  reachint;-  the  har  hotli  ends  are  drawn  tojiether.  The 
iish  thus  enclosed  are  taken  from  the  circle  hy  hand, 
and  the  Shoshone  as  ho  takes  each  one,  puts  its  head  in 

i^'i  ('<,l.r's  Unrhij  Mis.,  ji.  •J7";    Do  Sm-/,  Vol/.,  p.  29;  Diunlsun,  ill  Iml.  .1/. 
liept.,  IS", ij  |).  .'(7");  :ui!iit-Aiiiiiiil,   I  I'y/ycs,  I).  325, 


NATIVE  FisiT-wr.in. 


490 


Ills  iMoiitli  Mild  kills  it  with  liis  tt'ctli.  rjiptiiiii  Cliirkt? 
ilt'scrilK'.suii  iii^cnioiislv  con.striu'ti'd  wrii'oii  SiiaUc  llivcr. 
Avlu'ii'  it  \\'.\>*  divided  into  lour  I'liaiiiU'ls  hy  tiiiir  Miiail 


^liiiid? 


Till 


vv   o 


f  til 


•ll 


U's<'  riiaimcis  wore  narrow 


aiK 


I 


stoiipcd  l)V  iiicaiis  of  ti'i'i's  wliii'h  wvw  .stri'tt'lK'd  across, 
and  sii|t|)ortt'd  l)_v  willow  stakes,  sullicicutlx'  near  to  \>\v- 
\('iit  tlic  passage  of  tlic  lisli.  Alioiit  the  (rntiv  ol'  each 
was  placed  u  hasket  loniu'd  ol'  •  'Hows,  eighteen  or  tweiitv 
I'cet  ill  leiiiith,  of  Ji  evliiidiical  I'oiiii.  and  teniiinatiiiu  in 
a  conic  shape  at  its  lower  extfeiiiitv;  this  was  sittiati'd 
Asith  its  nioiith  upwards.  o|)posite  to  an  aperture  in  the 
weir.  The  main  <'haiiiiel  of  the  water  was  then  con- 
diicteil  to  this  weir,  and  as  the  (isli  enteicd  it  the\  were 
so  eiitaiiLiled  with  each  other,  that  tliev  e<)nld  not  move, 
ami  were  taken  t)nt  hy  eniptyinji  the  small  end  of  the 
\\illow  haski't.  'I'lio  weir  in  the  main  channel  was 
lormeil  in  a  manner  somewhat  dillerent;  there  were,  in 
fact  two  distinct  weirs  iormed  of  poles  and  willow  sticks 
(|Mite  across  the  river,  approachinji'  each  other  ol)li([iiely 
with  an  aperture  in  each  side  of"  the  aiij^le.  This  is 
made  hy  tyiii^'  a  numher  of  |M)les  together  at  the  top,  in 
parcels  of  three,  which  were  then  set  up  in  a  triangular 
I'onn  at  the  hase,  two  ol'  the  poles  hi'lnj;-  in  the  ranjiu  de- 
sired I'or  the  weir,  and  the  third  down  the  stream.  To 
these  poles  two  raiiiivs  (A'  other  |M)les  are  ne.xt  lashed 
hori/oiitalh-.  with  willow  hark  and  withes,  and  willow 


4ic 


101 


ned 


in  wi 


th  tl 


lese  crosswise,  so  as  to  I'orm  11 


kind  of  wicker-work  from  the  hottom  of  the  river  to  the 
lieiiiht  of  three  or  tour  feet  al»ove  the  surface  of  the 
water.  This  is  so  thick  as  to  prevent  the  fish  from  pass- 
in.u'.  and  even  In  some  jiarts  with  the  hel[)  of  a  litth; 
4one  enahles  them  to  "iive  anv  direc- 


iiravi. 


1  and 


some 


tioii  which  they  wish  to  the  wati'r.  These  two  weirs 
liciuii'  plai'ed  near  to  each  other,  one  for  tin*  ])urpose  of 
catchiii;^'  the  lish  as  tlie\  ascend,  the  other  as  they  uo 
down  the  liver,  are  provided  with  two  haskets  made  in 
the  form  already  desin'ihed,  and  uhieh  are  placed  at  the 
apertures  of  the  weir." 

lor  present  consumption  the  fish  are  hoiled  in  water- 


430 


CALIFORNIANS. 


tijilit  ])asl\ots  l)y  moniis  of  rod-liot  .stones,  or  arc  l)n)il('(l 
on  tilt'  oimImts;  soiiu'tiiiios  tlie  Ijoir's  Jiiv  iviuovod  hclorc 
tlic  (isli  is  cooked :  '^wid  (|Uiiiitities  are  also  dried  lor 
Avinter.  l^olne  lew  of  the  I'talis  oultixate  a  little  iiiai/e. 
veirctaMes,  and  tohaeeo.  and  raise  sto(;k.  Imt  eilorts  at 
ajirieultnre  are  not  fieneral.  The  Snakes  sometimes 
ai'('omi)any  the  more  northern  trihes  into  the  eonntrv  of 
the  IMackl'eet,  for  the  purpose  of  killint;'  huffalo.'" 

In  their  luMsons,  ihvelhngs  and  hahits.  the  Ttahs  are 
filthy    beyond    description.     Their    bodies   swarm  uitli 


um 


>  "'riicv  fat  tlio  seed  (if  two  siiccirs  of  Coiiifirs.  ono  iil)ont  the  sizo  of  n 


lmzt'1-iiut,  till'  otln  r  iiincli  siiiallfr.     TIkv  also  tat  a  si 


■itolli 


-fniit. 


wliat   11(1.  or  black  in  colour,  and  ratlur  insiiiid;  ditVcri  ut  lici 


itlr 


th 


.f   lo 


rncs.  aiiioii' 


'■I'liiiiiiii, 


V 


.,/; 


They  collect  tile  seed  of  the  Alriiili.f  alal  (  7i< 


and  occasionally  sonic  j.!rasses.  Anioii^'  roots,  iIkv  IiIliIiIv  valiu 
that  cif  a  Imshy,  yellowish  and  toleialily  larf,'c  hvooinrajie,  wliicli  tiay  ccirk 
or  dry  with  the  base,  or  root-stock,  which  is  enlarL;ed.  and  consliluti  s  the 
most  iiutritioiis  jiart.     They  also  ^'ath  '■"•    naiiiform  root  of  a  '  i/si"/)i ''((O'/c, 


liiieli  thev  eat  rav 


iked;  when  cooked,  it  becoii 


les  ipllU 


lilaeU.  resiinr.s 


as  pilch  and  rather  siicciileiit:  when  raw,  it  is  whitish,  soft,  and  of  a  jih  a^aiit 
liavoiir.'  It' 1)11/ tiiiil  Uri  iiilih  i/'s,/ii)iriii  i/,\ft\.i..]).  120.  '1  he  Shosliones  of  L'l^di 
and  Nevada  'eat  certain  roots,  whicli  in  their  native  st.ite  are  rank  jici'^dii, 
called  Tobacco  root,  '.nt  when  put  in  a  hole  in  the  t,'roiind,  and  a  lari,'e  lire 
burned  over  them,  becoiiit!  wholesome  diet.'  Scliiidlrrdl't'.'i  An  li.,  vol.  vi.,  p. 


(■,'.17. 


Of  11 


ic  r'.'iiis  use 


d. 


.tl 


ic  j.ap-i 


a,  or  wild  iiolah 


iiidant.'   Ill 


vol.  iv.,   p.'J'iJ:  see  also,    /(/.,   vol.  v.,   J))).  l'.l'.t-"2(IO.     .\t  Hear   Wivd-,    '  evi  ry 


liviii'^'  animal,  thin^'.  insect,  or  \\^^ 


thev  eat.'     /•': 


'it's     h'xtlln 


/•;. 


1' 


111 


also  jij).  US.  ICO,  I7;M,  -ill',  •ilS-m,  2(i7,  -JT:!.     Inland 


jiiissionately  fond  of  salt;  those  livii 


ir  the  sea  detest  it.    StiKirl.  in  .Y. 


I'll'S  Ainiiilis  ilis  \'i'i/..  ISJi,  toiii.  \ii.,  )).  K'>.  'Ihe  I'lalis  eat  'the  cactus 
leaf.  )iirion-nut.  and  v.irious  barks;  the  seed  of  the  buiich-Lfiass.  and  of  (he 
wheal,  or  viliow  L;rass,  somewhat  resembliiii'  rve,  the  rabbit-bush   twius, 


which  are  diewi d.  and  i'ui(nis  roots  and  tubers;  th 


.ft  I 


I  bulb,  the  root- 


h't  of  till'  cat-tail  II.il;.  and  of  the  tide,  ■,>liieh  wh(  n  sun-dried  and  j»iwd(  n  d 


to  Ih 


Keeps  throil 


ii,di  th^ 


ter  and  is  i.;'.latal>le  CV(H  to  white  liu 


tna's    ("ill/    1)/    till 

lirilicipaliy  on  lizards,   s\v 


Is,    1).  .")Sl, 


iift^ 


see  also  ])]). 


:t. 


The  ri-F.d. 


liv. 


id  luu-lled  toads.'  J  ml.  Atf.  /.'c/./..  l.'^C").  ]i. 
11,");  sic  .also  /,/.,  lS.-,t.  p.  •J2!t;  l.S.-)(i.  p.  2;tl;  18(;i,  p.  11'.';  IS.-.',),  p.  ItG-");  lH\'i. 
pp.  111.  ISCII;  ),p.  •jn;t,  2I(;;  is7(t,  pp. '.•■">,  114;  1,S72,  p.  5;).  The  Snal;es  c.it  a 
white-lleshed  kind   of  beaver,  which   lives  on  poisonous  roots,   v\lio:^o   Ih  sh 

luj^h  the  Indians  roast  and  eat  it  with  inij.miily. 

117,  SCO  also  vol.  i.,  p.  '2('i'.t-72;   DrnirmH  ■<  ii'il. 


itt'ccts  whit(;  ])eo]ili'  badly,  thouj^h  the  Indians  roast  and  eat  it  with  ini|.iini 


Jtiiss'  Fxr  Iftnili 


Iliirvs.  ]>.  i">;i9;  Fiiniliinii's  l.il'r  iiinl  Ailrm.,  pp.  1171,  ,'{7(5-8;  //•fi/i;/'.s  IJiniiii'- 
villi's  Ad  nil.,  ]tp.  2-)">,  2."i7,  101-2;  ir;//,<.s''  Siir.,  in  I'.  S.  h'a'.  Ki\.  vol.  v..  ]>. 
noi;  [l/il''s  Ktliun,/.,  in  r.  S.  K.r.  K.r..  vol.  vi..  p.  210;  llrj/inil's  (  al..  y.  '21  2; 
Sliiiishiiri/'H  ll(iil  ,  pp.  77,  11.8,  •_;}:!;  Kilti/'s  K.rrvrs-iov,  vol.  i.,  ji.  LiliS;  >'r'.r"/''> 
tinlilrii  dnti'.  p.  •'."))  ;  .imilli, 'in  XiniriHis  Aiiiinhs  ilis  I'"//.,  1S2S,  toni.  xxxvii..  ]>. 
2  111;  ^  ce  I  s  hi  tlio  }}<irl.ij  Mts.,  p.  17S  0;   Tnirnsnurs  \<ir.,  p   IM;  Wiiitr's  < 


/.;/, 


;17('.;   /'(//•/, 


Ki-jilnr.  7 


s;tl,  ;»•;»;  I'nhf's  llorl.i/  Mis.,  p.  277;  /,- 


ri(/;/'.s' .l.sVrici';.  ])]).  2.")S,  2!1.">;   /><■  .^wtl.    I'o//.,   pp.  2S-;iO,  127;    Sli-rms,   ill  /'"- 

li    II    ll'i>t.,  vol.  i.,  1>.  :!:U;   Farnliinii's  'I'r'ir..  ]>)>.  "i.s,  (;i;   /Vomnic'rv  Ihsirls, 

vol.  i..  1  p.  212.  270.  vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  Ill,  (io,  (11,  ()\.  211,  IH  1 ;  Jinlrliimis'  Ciil.  .1/":;., 


)1. 


11..  !> 


Siiiijisiiii  •^ 


Hiiiilf  til  ]', 


vv 


.1-2;    I.I 


I  (  liirli'.'i  Tn 


pp.  27t>,  2^8  'J,  2118  'I;  Jliijl'i-'ti  Emlij  liai/s  in  i'Utltaiul  Xinokt,  .!/>'. 


WE.VrONS  OF  THE  f-HOSIIONES. 


431" 


v(MMniu  wliicb  tliov  oati'li  and  eat  with  ivli.-li.  Sonio  of 
tlic  Snakes  aiv  of  a  more  cleanly  tlis|)osition.  l)nt.  ucne- 
rallv  siH-akinu.  the  whole  tSho.shone  family  is  a  remark- 
ably dirty  one.''"' 

The  how  and  arrow  arc  universally  used  hy  the  Sho- 
shoues,  exceptiuiT  only  some  of  the  most  deiiraded  I'oot- 
eatrrs.  who  ai'e  said  to  have  no  weapon,  olfeusive  or  (h*- 
i'ensive.  save  the  eluh.      The  how  is  made  ol' cedar,  pine 


or  other    wood,   hacked    with    sii 


lew 


after  the    manner 


ah'eady  described,  or.  more  rarely,  of  a  piece  ol' elk-horn, 
'j'he  strinir  is  of  sinew.  The  lenjith  of  the  how  vaiies. 
Aecoi'dinu"  to  Farnham.  that  used  hy  the  Pi  Ttes  is  six 
li'ct  lou^'.  while  that  of  the  Shoshones  seen  hy  Lewis  and 
Clark  was  only  two  and  a  hall"  feet  in  leni.:lh.  'I  he  ar- 
rows are  from  two  to  foui*  feet,  and  are  point<'d  with 
obsidian.  Hint.  or.  amoni:'  the  lower  tribe 


i)\    nu'relv 

hardcninu'  the  tip  with  lire.     Thirty  or  forty  a'v  usually 
cari'ied  in  a  skin  <[ui\('i'.  and  two  in  the  hand  ready  for 


inmiediate  use.      Lance 


^\ 


hid 


I   are  u.-eil  ni  some  locali- 


ties, are  pointc(l  in  the  same  mannei' as  the  ari'ows  when 
no  iro's  can   be   procured.     The  Snakes  ha\e  a  kind  (d" 


luacc  or  ( 


lul 


).  wliicu  tue\'  ca 


th 


dl 


j)(ii/(/(nii(i(/(/i>ii. 


It 


con- 


sists of  a,  heavy  stone,  sometimes  wrapped  in  leather,  at- 
tached by  a  sinew  thouu  about  two  iui-hcs  in  leu,i:th.  to 
the  end  of  a  stout  leathei'-covered  handle,  measurini: 
neai'ly  two  feet.  A  loop  fastened  to  the  euti  held  in  the 
haul  pre\'euts  the  wiU'rior  from  losiui:  the  weapon  in  the 
liiiht.  and  allows  him  to  hold  the  club  in  readiness  while 


tl 


le  uses  the  how  and  arrow, 


Tl 


ie\  also  iia\('  a  circulai 


Till'  Wiii'Mri'i'i 


(liit\'  ill  tlicir  ciiii 


ill  tiiiir  dress,  miil  in  tliiir 


prisons. 


/.': 


//•',./. 


1' 


•  )ii. 


Tl 


'lis  (jf   the   J'iulis 


iiiori'  (lis''iistin''  iliaii  llmsc  of  tin'  Ilnttintcits.     'i  In  ir  li 


till'  1,'i'niis  of  criiwIiiiL;   liltli.'    Furiilnnn'ri   'I'l 


U'l'V    fif 


(llilii 


1' 


ails  ail'  white  \\  illi 
A  tiltliv  tiitx  --  thi. 


anil    VI 


riniii.'    FiiiiiIkiiii's   l.ii'i    uml  A'hii 


allt   savs,    of  till'   I'talis  In  Iwn  ii   Salt    Lat 


the  fe 
I'llil 


email's  liiintui'4  I'lr  the  veriimi  in 
ilreii: 


the  h 


mil   Of,'ilen's   Hi.le. 
Ills  ami  oil  the  lioilii 


I 


.    i;iv- 

lli'llei  il 

.f  til  ir 


II  iTs  fill. 


liiuliii'.,'  whieli  they  ate  the  animals  \,itli  an  a{  pari  nt  nlish.'      /•'///- 


1' 


I  •)  I . 


p.  I:i7 
1( 


le  .'>iiakes    •  are  llltliy  lieyoliil   ilesellptimi 


nirii-,1  1,11   s 


veniiiiie   les   11 


IIH    ill 


U  lesSl 
allti 


leVi  lilies,  les  ^eI•pl 


llts.  h  s  ^  olll> 


Sua 


Ives  are  rather  ^ 


leanh 


"   1 


leil 


their 


1"1S,'1 


llr 


'I.  r 


I '.17 


l).> 


rl,  \i  l)isi  ris 


I  te 


<  V  l.l 

'lh« 
.(11. 


tl 


.\  weapiiii  calli'il  liv  the  ('iiip]ie\vays.  \t\-  whom  it 


lornieilv  used. 


le  (iO'4'.,'anio! 


'iron.'   I.iii'ls  mill  i'!nrki 


•/■/ 


1' 


;{lill.     I'.ultineli,  It 


l-lllllll.  ]) 


12(>,  siiys  thi'  sti^ne  weighs  ubuui  two  puuuds.     Siiliiu  luu  also  nii  ntions  ti 


432 


CALIFORXIANS. 


Vliicld  al)ont  two  and  a  lisilf  feet  in  diameter,  Avliieli  is 
eonsidered  a  very  iniportiint  part  of  a  wurriors  eiiuij)- 
lueiit.  not  so  niiieh  fVoui  the  i'aet  that  it  is  arrow-pvool'.  as 
iVoin  the  peculiar  virtues  supposed  to  he  j^iAen  it  h\  the 
niedieine-nien.  The  nianulaeture  of  a  shield  is  a  season 
of  great  rejoicing.  It  nuist  he  made  from  the  entire 
fresh  hide  of  a  luale  two-year-old  hufl'alo,  and  the  ])i'occss 
is  as  follows.  A  hole  is  dug  in  the  gromid  an(i  lilled 
with  red-hot  shnies;  uj)on  these  water  is  poured  until  a 
thick  steam  arises.  The  hide  is  then  stretched,  hv  as 
many  as  can  take  hold  of  it,  over  tlie  hole,  until  the  hair 
can  he  removed  with  the  liands  and  it  shrinks  to  the 
re(|uired  size.  It  is  then  i)laced  upon  a  pi'epared  hide, 
and  pounded  hy  the  hare  feet  of  all  prisent,  until 
the  ceremony  is  concluded.  When  the  shield  is  com- 
l)leted,  it  is  supposed  to  render  the  hearer  invulner- 
ahle.  liCwis  nnd  Clarke  also  make  mention  of  a 
species  of  defensive  armor  "something  like  a  coat  of 
mail,  which  is  i()rmed  hy  a  great  many  folds  of  dresM'd 
antelope  skins,  united  hy  means  of  a  mixture  of  glue  and 
sand.  With  this  they  cover  their  own  bcxlies  and  those 
(>f  their  horses,  and  find  it  imi)ervious  to  the  arr( 


ow 


I  (ind  mention  in  one  instaiu^e  only,  of  a  shield  heiug 
used  hy  the  I'tahs.  In  that  case  it  was  small,  circulai'. 
and  worn  sus[)ended  from  the  neck.  ^I'lie  lishing  sjiear 
I  have  already  described  as  being  a  long  jiok'  with  an 
elk-hoi-n  ])oint.  AVhen  a  fish  is  struck  the  shal't  is 
loosen(>d  froui  its  socket  in  the  head,  but  remains  con- 
nected with  the  latter  by  a  cord.™     Arrows  are  occasion- 


siiiiiliir  Weapon  ii'^oil  1>y  the  proplc  living  south  of  Utnh  Lake;  I'oiiccriiiii^' 
vhoni  SCI'  note  \h7.  p.  l'j;{. 

'''■*  Till'  Ut.ihs  '  no  nsiui  mas  arnias  (|uc  bis  tlcchas  y  ali^nnas  lanzas  di-  [ur- 
(li'i'iial,  ni  tirncii  otii)  piti),  imirrion  ni  cspaldarcjui'  <■!  ipic  sacaron  dtl  vii  titii' 
(1  ■  siis  iiiaili'i'S.'  F.nritliiiili,  ijuiitcil  in  Suliinnm,  llildcidin's,  in  llnr.  Ilisl.  Mi.r., 
Sir.  iii.,  part  iv..  \).  12(1.  '  liows  made  of  the  liorns  of  the  lii^lioin.  .  .  ain 
f.ii'nuil  tiy  ctniiiitin;.,'  with  ^'liic  llat  jiicccs  of  the  horn  to;;!  Ilur,  idvcrin,!,'  the 
li  ick  witli  sincwi'S  anil  ylilc,  and  loading'  the  whole  with  an  unusual  ipiantity 
of  oriiaiiii'nis.'  I^ririn  (hhI  t  litrk's  Tnir.,  ]t.  'M)',l.  >t  O^'dtn  llivi  r.  in  I  lali. 
tlii'y  work  olisidian  s|)linti'rs  'into  the  most  hcautiful  and  deadly  imints, 
with  whieh  they  arm  tlie  end  of  their  arrows.'  'I'hdndiDi's  Oiin.  itml  int..  vol. 
).,  p.  ;U:t.  '  I'our  toute  arme,  un  are,  des  lleehes  et  un  haton  jmintu.'  /''' 
>Hi  /,  Villi  .  \>  '.'.S.  •  Hows  and  arrowsare  their  i  Itanatt'cs )  only  wmpons  of 
defence.'  iiWi'  Far  Uankrs,  vol,  i.,  p,  "JOl,     The  urrowa  yf  the  i'u-l'tes  '  aru 


MANNER  OF  MAKING  WAR. 


433 


ally  poisonod  Ijy  pliinginf;  them  into  a  liver  which  has 
been  })reviou.sly  bitten  hy  a  rattlesnake. '•'•' 

1'iie  tribes  that  ix)ssess  horses  always  fijiht  mounted, 
and  manajie  their  animals  with  eonsideral)le  address. 
In  war  they  place  their  reliance  upon  »trate;:v  and  sur- 
prise; fires  ujMMi  the  hills  give  warninir  of  an  enemy's 
aj)proach.  Prisoners  of  war  are  killed  with  great  tortures, 
especially  lemale  captives,  who  are  given  over  to  the 
wouien  of  the  victorious  tribe  and  by  them  done  to  death 
most  cruelly;  it  is  said,  however,  that  male  prisoners 
wlio  have  (listinguished  themselves  by  their  ])rowess  in 
l)attle,  are  frequently  dismissed  unhurt.  J^calps  are  taken, 
iuid  sometimes  portions  of  the  llesli  of  a  ))rave  lalien 
enemy  are  eaten  that  the  eater  may  become  endued  with 
the  valor  of  the  slain.  He  who  takes  the  most  scali)s 
iiains  the  most  glorv.  ^Vhether  the  warriors  who  fur- 
iiislied  the  trophies  fell  b\  the  luuid  of  the  accunndator 
or  not,  is  innnaterial;  he  has  but  to  show  the  spoils  and 
his  fame  is  established.  The  t^nakes  are  said  to  be  ]k»- 
oidiarly  skillful  in  eluding  pursuit.  When  on  foot, 
they  will  crouch  down  in  the  long  grains  and  remain 
motionless  while  the  pursuer  passes  within  a  few  feet 
of  them,  or  when  caught  sight  of  they  will  double 
and  twist  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  catch  thein.  The 
custom  of  ratifying  a  peace  treaty  by  a  grand  smoke, 
cuunnon  to  so  many  of  the  North  American  aborigines, 


b;ir1)i'il  with  a  very  clear  transluoont  stnno,  a  spoi'iea  of  opiil,  nonrly  as 
li.ii'd  iis  till'  (liiiiu  lud;  aiul,  shot  from  tlitir  l<)iij<  1)  i\v,  arc  iiliiiost  us  ttl'i  clive 
as  a  ^'luisliot,'  Fniiiiiid's  Hxpl.  /',',r.,  j>.  2i.7.  'I'lif  I'i-l'tfs  ami  I'iti  lu!S 
'  hiivi'  no  wcaiiou  of  (Icfciicc  cxci'iit  the  dill),  ami  in  tin'  use  (if  ili.it  llic  y  aro 
vi'i'v  imsldlfiil.'  FnrnlKiiii's  Trar..  \\.  r)S.  Smitliwist  i>f  (iifal  Suit  J.alsc, 
'their  arms  arc  clubs,  willi  small  hows  and  arrows  made  of  reeds.'  Srmnf  \n 
lie  /i  i'/,7/  .l/(,s.,  p.  l!Sl).  The  I'i-l'tfS  '  make  some  weapons  of  defence,  as  lioWH 
iiiid  iirr.iws.  The  hows  are  ah mt  six  feet  Iom)^';  made  of  the  savine  ^.liini|  i  rns 
saliinal.'  Fiiriilniiii's  I.'i/i- iniil  Adr  ii.,  p.  ;t7S:  sec  fiiither,  li' ini/ inal  llnnfli- 
l'  1/^  Jiiiirii.,  vol.  ii.,  ])])  "JIH.  '2(11;  Stmishioi/'n  Hi ]il.,  ]^.  •.'.i'l;  Sihnnli  vulVs  Arih., 
Viil.  v.,  p.  IDS;  Jliitji's  Ceitt.  limitr.  pp.  i")!'),  72.  (7,  St,  '.•'.»;  I'lthin  r's  Jimr. 
]>.  l.'U;  linlliifli's  (Irciinii,  \>.  l'2'.t;  Irriifi's  liniiDi  rilli''!<  Ailni'  ,  ]i\i.  ]\l'i.  'J.^hi, 
4  HI;  II  ill's'  Fthnn  I.,  in  r.  S.  A'.f.  AV  ,  vol.  vi,  p. '.Jill;  I'lir/.n-'a  hxplor.  V'r. <//■., 
pp.  'J'iS-!),  'iiM;  frrhii's  Asli)ri<i,  p.  "iT'.l;  Stmirt.  in  Xnitnllis  Aimuli s  ih s  I''//  , 
1^J2.  torn.  xiii..  p.  50;  JiiijUr's  Early  Itai/s  in  rtahmul  yii'dila,  MS.;  Kn'uihdi 
riiifir  Lij'i',    MS. 

''•"'  li-')iii/  ami   Brcnchki/'A  Juiir.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  407;    Jfiap's  Cod.  Itntde,  p. 
09;  Thoniioii'a  ihin.  kikI  tul.,  vol,  i.,  l>.  171. 
Vol.  I.    U 


43 1 


CALIFORNIANS. 


is  <)l).sc'rvc(l  l)v  the  Slioshones.™  The  pipe,  the  l)ovi  of 
wliu'li  is  usually  of  red  stone,  painted  or  carved  with 
various  tijiures  and  adorned  with  feathers,  is  solennily 
passed  from  mouth  to  mouth,  each  smoker  ))lowing  tlie 
smoke  in  certain  directions  and  nmtterinii;  vows  at  the 
same  time. 

The  only  tools  used  before  iron  and  steel  were  intro- 
duced hy  the  whites  were  of  flint,  hone,  or  horn.  The 
Hint  knife  had  no  regular  form,  and  had  a  sharj)  edne 
ahout  tliree  or  four  inches  lonir,  which  was  renewi'd  when 
it  became  dull.  Elk-horn  hatchets,  or  rather  wcdiics, 
Avere  used  to  fell  trees.  They  made  water-})roof  baskets 
of  [ilaited  grass,  and  others  of  wicker-work  covered  with 


hi(l( 


The  k^nakes  and  some  of  the  Utahs  were  vcixmI 


in  the  art  of  pottery,  and  made  very  good  vessels  iVoiu 
baked  clay.  These  were  not  merely  open  dishes,  but 
often  took  the  form  of  jars  with  narrow  necks,  having 
stop[)ers.'-"^ 

5<io  '  Tiiluui,'  an  cnomy's  sral])  is  an  liniionr  quite  iiidcpi-iHloiit  (if  tlio  act  (f 
TaiKiuisliiii^  hiiu.  To  kill  y<iur  advtisarv  is  .if  no  iiii|.ortaiui'  niijiss  thr 
seal])  is  lii(iiiL,'lit  fi'oiii  tlu;  titld  of  liattlc  and  wcvf  a  warrior  to  slay  any 
iminhcr  of  his  cni'inics  in  action,  and  others  wcro  to  ohtain  tlic  scai|is  or 
first  touch  tlic  (lead,  they  wonhl  have  all  the  honours,  since  they  have  1  oriio 
otf  tlic  tro|ihy.'  /,(■('•/>•  (iml  ('hirl^r's  'I'ritr.,  ]i.  IJd'.l;  sei'  also  p.  ",^(15.  'J'ht,'  Vtalis 
'will  devour  the  heart  of  a  brave  man  to  increase  their  conrai,'e,  or  clu'ii  it 
up,  lioil  it  in  soup,  en^'orf^'t^  a  ladleful,  and  boast  they  have  drunk  the  i  ik- 
lliy's  blood.'  IliirliDi'rf  I'ili/  iif  tin'  ■'^niiils,  p.  .")H1;  see  also  j).  110.  'J'he  I'talis 
never  carry  arrows  when  they  intend  to  tii,dit  on  horseback.  IIkiji's  Cihl. 
]{iiilti',  p.  77;  set!  also  p.  lOK;  ]!('iiii/  ami  lircnchlii/'s  tii'iini..  ]ip.  Il7,  !•'.);  Stuns- 
lure's  III  jit.,  p.  HI;  l)r  Snot.  I'"//,  ])p.  2S-',(;  Jtuss'  Fur  lliniti-r.i,  vol.  i..  [>. 
275,  vol.  ii.,  ii]).  Hit  -(!;    Unljinrli's  O/M/no,  p.  1211;   lutmlnini's  Tvnv..  ]>.  Dd. 

-"'  The  pipe  of  the  chief  'was  made  of  a  dense  transpan  nt  ^reiii  stone, 
very  hi;,'hly  polisheil,  about  two  and  a  half  inclies  lon^',  ami  of  an  oval  liuure, 
the  bowl  lieiic^  in  the  same  situation  with  the  stem.  A  small  jiiece  of  burnt 
day  is  pl.ici  il  in  the  bottom  of  the  bowl  to  separate  the  tobiicco  froiu  the  eml 
of  the  stein.'  Li'iris  iinil  Clarh's  7V((c.,  ]i. -(17.  I'ots  made  of  •  a  stone  found 
in  the  hills  ...which,  tliouijli  soft  and  whift:  in  its  natural  state,  beconns 
very  hard  and  black  after  (  x])osure  to  the  tire.'  /»/.,  \^.  ',U'2.  '  Thi'Se  vessels. 
althouuh  ruch'  and  without  f,doss,  ari'  nevertheless  stroni/,  and  reflect  mucli 
oredit  on  Fuilian  ini,'enuily.'  /ui.ss'  Fur  Hunl'i's,  vol.  i.,  j).  "274.  I'ipe-sti  nis 
'resemble  a  walkiiiLj-stick  more  than  anything.,'  else,  and  they  are  generally 
of  ash.  and  fnuu  two-and-a-half  to  three  feet  loii}.;.'  /(/.,  vol.  ii.,  ]'.  b '.'. 
'I'ookin^'  Vessels  very  much  resemblin;,'  reversed  bee-hives,  made  of  basl  c  t 
work  covered  with  butt'alo  skins.'  Iiniin  ncrh's  Ihntrls.  vol.  ii..  ]i.  "211.  Stans- 
liury  discoverecl  pieces  of  broken  Indian  pottery  and  obsidian  about  Salt 
Lake.  Sfiiinliiiri/'s  liipt.,  p.  182.  The  nniterial  of  tiaskets  'was  mostly  willi'W 
twii,'.  with  a  layer  of  t,'um,  probably  from  the  pine  tree.'  Ilnrtnti's  <"ili/  nf  'A-' 
Sniiit^.  p.  5711.  The  Utahs  'manufacture  very  beautiful  and  serviceable 
blan'icts.'  Si-liiinlrrdft's  Arrh.,  vol.  v.,  j).  '2(10.  'Considering,'  that  they  h:i\'' 
nothing  but  stoue  liamuiers  uad  tiiut  kuives  it  is  truly  wonderful  to  see  the 


i; 


LAWo  AND  GOVEUNIIENT. 


435 


Boats,  as  a  rule,  the  Sliosliones  have  none.  Tliev 
usually  cross  rivers  by  fording;  otherwise  thev  swim,  or 
jiass  over  on  a  clumsy  and  dangerous  rait  made  of 
bi-anches  and  rushes.-"^  By  way  of  compensation  they 
all,  except  the  })oorest,  have  horses,  and  these  constitute 
their  wealth,  ^i'hey  have  no  regular  currency,  but  use 
lor  purposes  of  barter  their  stock  of  dried  iish,  their 
horses,  or  whatever  skins  and  furs  they  may  possess. 
They  are  very  deliberate  traders,  and  a  solemn  smoke 
nuist  invariably  pre(;ede  a  bargain.-'"  Although  each 
tiibe  has  an  ostensible  chief,  his  power  is  limited  to  giv- 
ing advice,  and  although  his  opinion  may  influence  the 
tril)e,  yet  he  cannot  compel  obedience  to  his  wishes. 
J'Aery  man  does  as  he  likes.  Private  revenge,  of  coui-se, 
occasionally  overtakes  the  murderer,  or.  if  the  sympa- 
thies of  the  tribe  be  with  the  nuu'dered  man,  he  may 
})()ssibly  be  publicly  executed,  but  there  are  no  fixed 
laws  for  such  cases.  Chieftainship  is  hereditary  in  some 
tribes;  in  others  it  is  derived  from  prestige.""* 

Tiie  Utahs  do  not  hesitate  to  sell  their  wives  and  chil- 

fX(]uisite  finish  and  ncutncss  fif  their  iiiii)hnniits  of  war  and  hunting',  as 
Well  iiH  tlii'ir  far-rings  and  waist-bands,  mailo  of  an  amalgam  of  silver  and 
Lad.'  J'riiifc,  in  ('<il.  Fdnmr,  Orl.  l.s,  ISOl.  '  J^cs  Indicnstn  font  (h's  jam  s, 
d;s  jiots,  di'S  ]ilats  di'  divcrscs  formes.  Ces  vaisseanx  eommuniijnent  uno 
odeiir  et  une  saveur  tri's-agrealiles  a  tout  ce  (lu'ils  renfeinient;  ce^cnii  |iro- 
\ient  sans  doute  <U'  la  dissulutiou  ile  ([uelijue  siilistance  liituniiiieuse  conti  inio 
dans  I'argile.'  Stmtvt,  in  Xnin'ill' a  AniKilv^ilm  Vmj.,  \HJ.\.  toni.  xii.,  p.  K\.  ' '1  ho 
liipes  of  these  Indians  are  either  made  !)f  wood  or  of  red  earth;  sometimes 
tiiese  earthen  pipes  are  exeeedingly  valnalile.  and  Indians  have  heen  l;'.io\vu 
to  give  a  horse  in  exchange  for  one  of  them.'  Jliiin/ und  llroicldiy's  J  mrn.. 
Vol.  i..  p.  i:i(l;  /'((/■/.(/■'.s'  kfjilnr.  Tiinr,  pp.  l'28-;t2,  228--^,  -I'M. 

i"i  /i'ws'  /•'-»•  If'dilr,-^,  vol.  i.,  p.  274. 

'"'  Among  the  Snakes  in  Idaho  garments  of  four  tf>  five  beaver-skins  wero 
Bold  for  a  knife  or  an  awl,  and  other  articles  of  fur  in  pro|Mirlion.  Hcases 
Were  )iiirehas((l  for  an  axe  each.  A  ship  of  seventy-fo\ir  giins  migiit  have 
heen  loaded  with  provision,  such  as  dried  Imtt'ido,  houglit  with  hnttons  and 
rings.  Articles  of  real  value  they  thus  disposed  of  eht  ajily.  while  articles 
of  comparatively  no  value,  such  as  Indian  head-ih'ess  and  other  curiositiis, 
Were  held  high.  .\  heaver-skin  could  thus  lie  had  for  a  lirass-ring.  while  ix 
necklace  of  hears'  claws  could  not  he  ]iurchased  for  a  dozeu  of  the  Siime 
rings.  Axes,  knives,  iimmunitioii,  heads,  huttons  and  rings,  were  most  in 
deiiiMud.  Clothing  w.is  of  no  v.due:  a  knife  sold  for  as  much  as  a  hlanket; 
and  an  ounce  of  vermilion  was  of  more  value  than  a  yard  of  tine  cloth,  ]!<iss' 
F'lr  lliiDlcru,  vol.  i.,  j)p.  'J.")?-'.*.  See  further,  l.iiri.'i  anil  i'lurh's  Trnr.,  p.  liKi; 
TnirKsi'ii  I's  Xar.,  pp.  13.i,  138;  J'riurf,  iu  C(d.  l-'iiniKr,  Oct.  18,  18<)1;  Farn- 
kiun's  Tnir,,  p.  (il. 

yo4  ''I'hey  iiitlict  no  penalties  for  minor  ofl'eiicps,  excpjit  loss  of  character 
and  disffllowship.'  I'l'lnci'.  in  (dl.  Fnninr,  (>t.  18.  18<)1;  l.iiri.i  and  CliirLi's 
Tnii:.,  pj).  3U(J  -7;  Ikmy  and  BntiMci/'s  Juurn,,  vyl,  i.,  p.  128. 


43G 


CALIFORMANS. 


^    I 


(Iron  into  slavery  for  a  few  trinkets.  Great  numbors  of 
tiiese  unfortunates  are  sold  to  the  Navajos  for  blankets.' 
An  act  which  pas.sed  the  legislature  of  Utah  in  18;yJ, 
legalizing  slavery,  sets  forth  that  from  time  immemorial 
slavery  has  been  a  customary  traffic  among  the  Indians; 
that  it  was  a  common  practice  among  them  to  gamble; 
away  their  wives  and  children  into  slavery,  to  sell  them 
into  slavery  to  other  nations,  and  that  slaves  thus  ob- 
tained were  most  barbarously  treated  by  their  masteis; 
that  they  were  packed  from  place  to  place  on  miilos; 
that  those  unfortunate  humans  Avere  staked  out  to  grass 
and  roots  like  cattle,  their  limbs  mutilated  and  swolk'u 
from  being  bound  with  thongs;  that  they  were  frozen, 
starved,  and  killed  by  their  inhuman  owners;  .iiat  fam- 
ilies and  tribes  living  at  peace  would  steal  each  othoi's 
WiVes  and  children,  and  sell  them  as  slaves.  In  view 
of  these  abuses  it  was  made  lawful  for  a  pro])ate  judge, 
or  selectmen,  to  bind  out  native  captive  women  and  chil- 
dren to  suitable  white  persons  for  a  term  not  to  exceed 
twenty  years.'^"^ 

Polygamy,  though  common,  is  not  universal;  a  wife 
is  generally  bought  of  her  parents;'^  girls  are  frequently 
betrothed  in  infancy;  a  husband  will  prostitute  his  wile 
to  a  stranger  for  a  trifling  present,  but  should  she  be 
imfaithful  without  his  consent,  her  life  must  pay  the 
forfeit.  The  women,  as  usual,  suffer  very  little  from  the 
pains  of  child-bearing.  When  the  time  of  a  Shoshone 
woman's  confinement  draws  near,  she  retires  to  some 
secluded  place,  brings  forth  unassisted,  and  remains  there 

sf''  '  It  is  virtuous  to  seize  and  nunsh  the  women  of  tribes  with  whom  they 
are  at  war,  often  iimong  themselves,  and  to  retain  or  sell  them  and  their 
children  as  slaves.'  Dreics'  Oicj/hee  llccon.,  p.  17.  The  Pi-Edes  'barter  tluir 
children  to  the  Utes  proper,  for  a  few  trinkets  or  bits  of  clothing,  by  whom 
they  are  aj,'ain  sold  to  the  Mava.jos  for  blankets.'  Simpson's  lioiite  to  Cal.,  p. 
45.  '  Some  of  the  minor  tribes  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory  (Utah  i. 
near  New  Mexico,  can  scarcely  show  a  sin<?le  aipiaw,  haviiiR  traded  them  otf 
for  horses  and  arms.'  liitrton's  Oitj/  of  the  Saintu,  p.  582.  '  Vienuent  trouver 
les  blancs,  et  leur  vendent  leurs  enfants  pour  des  bagatelles.'  De  Stud,  Voy., 
p.  2!);  f-Cniiiht's  Piowcr  Li/'',  MS.;  Utah,  Acts,  Resolutions,  etc.,  p.  87. 

20(i  'A  refusal  in  these  lands  is  often  a  serious  business;  the  warrior  col- 
lects his  friends,  carries  off  the  recusant  fair,  and  after  subjectin<»  her  to  the 
insults  of  all  his  companions  espouses  her.'  Burton's  City  of  the  Saints, 
p.  582. 


O.VMBLING  AND  DKIKKINO. 


487 


for  iibjut  a  moiitlj,  alone,  and  procnrini;  her  subsistence 
ii-<  Itcst  slie  can.  When  the  ai»i)i)inte(l  time  has  ehipsed 
she  is  considered  purilied  and  allowed  to  join  her  iVit'nd.s 
azain.  The  weaker  sex  of  course  do  the  hardest  labor, 
and  receive  more  blows  than  kind  words  for  their  pains. 
These  people,  in  common  with  most  nomadic  nations, 
have  the  barbarous  custom  of  abandoninji  the  old  and 
iiidrm  the  moment  they  lind  them  an  incumbraiKv. 
Lmvis  and  CMarke  state  that  chihlren  are  never  Hogged, 
as  it  is  thought  to  break  their  s[)irit.""^ 

Tlie  games  of  hazard  played  by  the  Shoshones  diiVer 
little  from  those  of  their  neighbors;  the  [)rin(^i[)al  one 
a[)[)ears  to  be  the  odd-and-even  game  so  often  mentii^ncid  ; 
hut  of  late  years  they  have  nearly  abandoned  these,  and 
have  taken  to  'poker,'  which  they  are  said  to  i)lay  with 
such  adroitness  as  to  beat  a  white  man.  With  the  voice 
they  imitate  with  great  exactness  the  cries  of  birds  and 
beasts,  and  their  concerts  of  this  descri[)tion,  which  gen- 
erally take  place  at  midnight,  are  discordant  beyond 
measure.  Though  they  manufacture  no  intoxicating 
rupior  themselves,  they  will  drink  the  whisky  of  the 
whites  whenever  o[)portunity  oilers.  They  smoke  the 
l/ndk'k'ouk  leaf  when  no  tobacco  can  l)e  [)rocure(l  Iroin 
the  traders.-"'^     In  connection  with  their  smoking  they 


507  <  Ti,,,  \vi>mon  aro  pxoooiliusly  virtnmis. . .  .thoy  aro  a  kiml  of  nii'i'can- 
tilo  coiiriMility  in  t\u'  hamls  of  their  iiiustt'fs.  I'olvLjaiiiy  (ircviiils  iiiiii)iit( 
till'  cliii'fs,  init  tilt'  lUlinher  of  wives  is  not  lUllililiteil.'  llrnn/ uml  lln-nrlili/'fi 
•  I'lnrn.,  vol.  i.,  jip.  Ti  l-S.  'riicy  are  f^iveii  to  siiisiial  excesses,  uiul  other 
iniiunMlities.  F'iriihdiii's  Tnir  .  |>.  (J-J;  set^  also  p.  (!((.  '  i'lostitiition  and 
ille.,'iti;iia(:y  are  unknown.  .  .  .they  are  not  permitted  to  marry  until  eiuthteen 
or  twenty  ye:irs  old.  . .  .it  is  a  capital  ott'enee  to  marry  any  of  another  nation 
without  special  sanction  from  their  council  and  head  chief.  'I'hey  allow  hut 
vne  wife.'  I'niicf,  in  ('til.  Funrn'r,  Oft.  IS,  ISfil.  At  the  time  of  their  con- 
tineinent  the  women  '  sit  apart;  they  never  touch  a  cooking,'  utensil,  ulthonuh 
it  is  not  held  im[)nre  to  aldress  them,  and  they  return  only  when  tlie  si^niH 
of  wrath  have  passeil  away.'  Hiirloii's  Cili/ d/  Oiv  Sitinix,  ]>.  ")7.'{.  'Intiilelily 
of  tile  wife,  or  prostitution  of  an  unmarried  female,  is  pnnishahle  by  death.' 
/''c/'S  in  [uil.  Aff.  Rijil  .  IS'il,  p.  i;!:t.  'Our  I'i-l'te  has  a  ))eeiili,'ir  way  of 
^'etiiii,'  a  foretaste  of  I'onimliial  liliss,  coh  ihitint,'  e\|ieriniintally  with  his  in- 
tended for  two  or  three  days  previous  to  the  nuptial  ceremony,  at  the  end  of 
which  time,  either  party  can  stay  further  proceeding's,  to  indul^,'e  other  triii.s 
until  II  c.iaiptinioi!  m  no  conijenial  is  found.'  Firhi/,  in  Sin  Fruiirl.t -o  Mnt'ird 
Pi'f.-i,  vol.  iii.,  n.  IJJ;  L;ms  ami  Ci(iiL-':'s  Trai\,  pp.  :JI)7-S,  31.");  D^  Sinct, 
1''.'/  ■  p.  '27. 

'-'"''  The  Snakes  'ont  line  sorti.'  de  talwe  sanv.a'.:;e  (pii  eroit  dans  les  iilaiiu's 
coiitiyues  iiux  luoutiiyues  du  Spuuish-llivur,  il  a  les  feuilks  plus  otroites  ipio 


I 


438 


CALIFORNIANS. 


ha\'e  many  strange  observances.  AVlien  the  pijw  is 
passed  round  at  the  solenniization  of  a  treaty,  or  this 
confirmation  of  a  barj^ain,  each  smoker,  on  receivinj;  it 
from  liis  neiglibor,  makes  dift'erent  motions  witli  it;  one 
turns  the  pipe  round  before  placing  the  stem  to  his  lips; 
another  describes  a  semicircle  with  it;  a  third  smokis 
with  the  bowl  in  the  air;  a  fourth  with  the  bowl  on  tiie 
ground,  and  so  on  through  the  whole  company.  All 
this  is  done  with  a  most  grave  and  serious  countenance, 
which  makes  it  the  more  ludicrous  to  the  looker-on. 
The  ^5nakes,  before  smoking  with  a  stranger,  always  draw 
off  their  moccasins  as  a  mark  of  respect.  Any  great 
feat  performed  by  a  warrior,  Avliich  adds  to  his  reputa- 
tion and  renown,  such  as  scalping  an  enemy,  or  success- 
fully stealing  his  horses,  is  celebrated  by  ii  change  of 
name.  Killing  a  grizzly  bear  also  entitles  him  to  this 
honor,  for  it  is  considered  a  gi-eat  ft.it  to  slay  one  of 
these  formidable  animals,  and  only  he  who  has  performed 
it  is  allowed  to  wear  their  highest  insignia  of  glory,  the 
feet  or  claws  of  the  victim.  To  bestow  his  name  uijoii 
a  friend  is  the  highest  compliment  that  one  man  can 
offer  another. 

The  Snakes,  and  some  of  the  Utahs,  are  skillful  riders, 
and  possess  good  horses.  Their  horse-furnitui-e  is  sim- 
ple. A  horse-hair  or  raw-hide  lariat  is  fastened  round 
the  animal's  neck;  the  bight  is  passed  with  a  single  half- 
hitch  round  his  lower  jaw,  and  the  other  end  is  held  in 
the  rider's  hand;  this  serves  as  a  bridle.  When  the 
horse  is  turned  loose,  the  lariat  is  loosened  from  his  jaw 
and  allowed  to  trail  from  his  neck.     The  old  men  and 


lo  n!"ptre,  il  pst  plus  af:fr('aWe  »  fiimor,  sps  pflfots  c'tniit  liion  moins  violiMis.' 
Stioiii,  ill  Xinirelka  Anniikn  ilfs  Vol/.,  1S21,  toui.  xii..  pp.  Hi-3.  Tlie  Kiiiik-liiiiik 
'  tlu'y  obtiiiii  from  thrcu  dirterout  pliints.  Out!  is  a  I'lVimx.  rcst'iiililiii;,'  our 
CnritKs  s(niiiiiin'a;  after  havin;,'  di'tiU'luHl  tlie  epidermic  i-ntick'.  they  scrape 
the  hark  and  dry  it.  when  it  is  re.idy  for  use.  .\nother  is  a  Vaecmium  wiili 
reil  berries;  they  feather  the  leaves  to  smoki'  them  when  dry;  tlie  tliinl  is  a 
Hiiiall  shrul),  tlie  fruit  and  flower  of  whieh  I  have  never  seen,  hut  resenihli  s 
certain  species  of  Daphuads  i  particularly  that  of  Kauai),  ihc  leaves  of  wliieii 
are  in  like  manner  smoked.'  kiini/  mul  liirnrhli'i/'i  .Imirii  ,  vol.  i.,  p.  l^i'i;  see 
also  p.  i;t'2;  A'oss'  Fur  IfiDili'rs,  vol.  i..  ]\.  i')0,  f.i'iria  iiiiil  i'lnrh-'s  Tnir..  p. 
300:  Fri'nin,)t'n  F.rjilm-.  H.v..  p.  174;  fk  Sunt,  I'ni/.,  pp.  25-0.  J'urkvr'ts  Krplor. 
Tour,  pp.  -iM-'J,  237,  212-3. 


DISEASES  AND  BURIAL. 


489 


the  women  have  saddles  similar  to  those  used  for  pack- 
ing by  the  whites;  they  aie  a  wooden  i'rame  made  of 
two  [)ieees  of  thin  board  (ittini;;  close  to  the  sides  of  the 
horse,  and  held  together  by  two  cross-pieces,  in  shape 
like  the  legs  of  an  isosceles  triangle.  A  piece  of  hide 
i.'  placed  between  this  and  the  horse's  ))ack,  and  a  robe 
is  thrown  over  the  seat  when  it  is  ridden  on.  The 
younger  men  nse  no  saddle,  excejjt  a  small  pad.  girthed 
on  with  a  leather  thong.  When  traveling  they  greatly 
overload  their  horses.  All  the  lujusehold  goods  and  pro- 
visions are  packed  npon  the  })oor  animal's  back,  and  then 
the  women  and  children  seat  themselves  u\){)n  the  i)ile, 
soim 'times  as  many  as  four  or  five  on  t)ne  hoise.-'"'' 

The  poorer  LT talis  are  very  subject  to  various  diseases, 
owing  to  exposure  in  winter.  Ihey  have  few,  if  any, 
ellii'ient  remedies.  They  dress  wounds  with  |  ine-gum, 
after  S([uee7/mg  out  the  blood.  The  Snakes  are  much 
alfected  by  rheumatism  and  consumi)tion,  caused  chietly 
by  their  being  almost  constantly  in  the  water  lisliing, 
and  by  exposure.  Syphilis  has,  of  course,  been  ex- 
tensively introduced  among  all  the  tribes.  A  few  plants 
and  herbs  are  used  for  medicinal  puri)oses,  and  tlu^  medi- 
cine-men practice  their  wonted  mumineries,  l)ut  what 
particular  means  of  cure  they  ado[)t  is  not  stated  by  the 
autiiorities.     1  find  no  mention  of  their  having;  sweat- 


liouses 


•210 


Concerning  the  disposal  of  the  dead  usage  differs.  In 
some  parts  the  body  is  burned,  in  others  it  is  |)urie(l. 
Ju  either  case  the  })roperty  of  the  deceased  is  destroyed 
at  his  burial,     llis  favorite  horse,  and.  in  scjiue  instances, 

2™  '  En  (Ipux  oerasions  divorsrs,  jc  comptiu  oinq  ]iorsnnr.os  iiinsi  mon- 
th's, (lout  ili'iix,  c't'rt(.s,  iniruissiiitiit  luissi  cipiiMcs.  cliiiciim'  a  cUc  siiilc,  di' 
]ioi't('r  la  paiivre  ln'ti',  <iiii'  li'  clifval  I'-tait  a  iiiiMiic  dc  s\i|i|ioitiT  Icurs  poids 
J)i'  SiiK't.  I'liy.,  ji.  127;  Lriris  niul  I'lurk'  '.s  Tntr.,  pp.  2('i(j,  IfU'.i  11,  .ilii:  <irar(s, 
ill  linl.  .UJ.'ll.pt.,  1,S51,  p.  17.S. 

■Jiu  '  Willi  stroUL;  coiistitiitinns  ^.-MUfrally,  they  citlu'r  die  at  once  nr  readily 
ii'iNivcr.'  llurliiii'a  Citi/  (if  tlif  .si/i/i/.s,  p.  '>Hl.  ''riicrc  is  no  lack  <if  puliiHUiary 
ditticultit's  aiiioiit;  them.'  Fur/ii/,  in  Sud  Pmrnisro  Muliml  J'n.-is,  v(jI.  lii.,  p. 
LV'i.  Sypliilis  usually  kills  tlniii.  Ln-is  uml  I  larki't  'I'lHr.,  p.  'Mi't.  "I'ln! 
riiiiriillurid  slillntd.  .  .  .is  thf  licst  ri'Uicdial  plant  known  aiiioni,'  those  Indians.' 
Fn  nil  mi's  lu-iihr.  /•>.,  p.  27:i;  Dnr'ns.  ii\  Iml.  Aft',  liij't.,  iM'.i.  p.  \;]->;  I'l'ui'f, 
in  I'nl.  Fiinii'i;  drt.  \H,  IWl;  CuLt's  lincl.y  .ills.,  p.  27C;  Fitrtcn's  Ex^ihi-. 
Tour.,  pp.  22«-y,  240-2. 


i40 


CALIFORXIANS. 


his  favorite  Avifo,  arc  killed  over  his  grave,  that  he  may 
not  he  alone  in  the  spirit  land.  J^jiceration  in  token  of 
grief  is  nniversal,  nnd  the  lamentations  of  the  dead  i)ei - 
Kon's  relatives  are  heard  for  weeks  after  his  death,  and 
are  renewed  at  intervals  for  nianj  months.  Child-like 
in  this,  they  rush  into  extremes,  and  when  not  actually 
engaged  in  shrieking  and  tearing  their  llesh,  they  appear 
perfectly  indilferent  to  their  loss.'^" 

The  character  of  the  hetter  Shoshone  trihes  is  not 
much  worse  than  that  of  the  surrounding  nations;  they 
are  thieving,  treacherous,  ciuniing,  moderately  hrave 
after  their  I'ashion,  fierce  when  liercencss  Avill  avail  them 
anything,  and  exceedingly  cruel.  Of  the  miserable  root 
and  grass  eatinj^'  Shoshones,  however,  even  this  much 
cannot  he  said.  Those  who  have  seen  them  unaui- 
mouslv  auree  that  they  of  all  men  are  lowest.  L\ing 
in  a  state  of  ,semi-tori)or  in  holes  in  the  ground  during 
the  winter,  and  in  spring  crawling  forth  and  eating  grass 
on  their  hands  and  knees,  until  able  to  regain  their  feet; 
having  no  clothes,  scarcely  any  cooked  food,  in  many 
instances  no  weapons,  with  merely  a  few  vague  imagin- 
ings for  religion,  living  in  the  utmost  squalor  and  (ilth, 
putting  ao  bridle  on  their  passions,  there  is  surely  room 
lor  no  missing  liidc  between  them  and  brutes.'-^-     Yet  as 


)l\y^^ 


21'  '  Tlio  Yntns  mftkc  thoir  Rravos  lii;;;li  up  tlip  kanyoiis,  nsu/illy  in  cUft^i 
of  rock.'  linrtun's  ('it'/ of  tin'  Sd'oUn,  p.  150.  At  the  olist'(iuics  (if  a  chief  of 
the  riiiiipeiiii;.,Michyii  trihe  'two  scjuinvs,  two  Pa  Yuta  children,  and  liftei  n  of 
liis  best  horses  comiiosed  the  "  eiistoius."  '  /(/.,  p.  ."iTT.  'When  a  deatli 
takes  I'laco,  they  wrap  the  hoily  in  a  skin  or  hide,  and  di'ai:;  it  by  tlie  le^'  to  a 
j,|rave,  whicli  is  heaped  )ip  with  stones,  as  a  protection  a','ainst  wild  beasts.' 
/;/.,  p.  5SJ;  /,'(■)(('/  (did  liritcJili'ij's  Juiim.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  131,  ^-l");  JJe  Siiitt,  1'"^., 
p.  '2S;    Ddtiit'twrli's  Ih'svrlx,  vol.  ii.,  j)]i.  of)!),  'M'i. 

"'-'The  Shoshones  of  Carson  Valley  '  are  very  rigid  in  their  morals. 'ZiV- 
inji  II, rl  lln  Ill-Ill'  i/'s  Jiiiirn.,  vol.  i.,  p.  S5.  At  Haw's  lianch,  '  honest  and  trust- 
worthy, but  lazy  and  dirty.'  Id.,  \).  12:!.  These  Knsi-Utidis  'were  vi  ry  iiioi- 
feiisive  and  si'enied  perfectly  j^'iiileless.'  /</.,  vol.  ii.,  j).  412.  TIk;  I'ai-uelies 
lil'e  considered  as  mere  dogs,  tlu^  refnsi'  of  the  lowest  order  of  hniiianity. 
Fiiriiliitiii'.i  l.'ij'i'  (Dill  Ailrcii.,  )).  ;i7().  The  Tinijianii^'os  Yntas  'are  a  noble  rar<' 
.  .  .  .brave  and  hospitable.'  Id.,  p.  ;!71.  The  IM-utes  are  '  the  most  diL;va(le(l 
and  least  intellectual  Indians  known  to  the  trappers.'  Fariiliiini'.'i  Tnir.,  yi. 
M.  '  The  Snakes  are  a  very  intelli,L,'ent  race.'  Id.,  p.  G2.  The  ISannacks  are 
'a  tri'aeherous  and  dani^eroiis  race.'  /'/.,  |).  7().  The  I'i-Edes  are  'timid  and 
d  jected;'  the  Snakes  are  '  tierce  and  warlike;'  the  Tosawitches  '  very  tn  acli- 
erons;'  the  Bannacks 'treacherous;'  the  Washoes  '  p(Micable,  but  indolent.' 
Shtijisun'.'i  liontf  to  (.'(iL.  ]>.  4.")-',).  The  I't.dis  'lire  brave,  inipndent,  and  war- 
like....of  a  revenyeful  disposition.'  Uraixs,  iu  Ind  Aff.  livjit.,  1851,  p.  ITS. 


SIIO.  HONE  fllVRAc  TER. 


441 


ill  all  men  there  stands  out  some  prominent  <:o()«l.  so 
in  these,  the  lowest  of  hnmanitv,  tliere  is  one  virtne: 
they  are  lovers  of  their  eountr\  ;  lo\ers,  not  of  fair  hills 
and  fertile  valleys,  but  of  inhospitable  mountains  and 
hMrren  plains;  these  re[)tile-lil\e  men  love  their  mis- 
erable biu'rowing-places  better  than  all  the  eomfoi'ts  of 

'  Industrious.'  Aniistrnii'i,\n  Til.,  IS.'iO,  ji.  21:1.  'A  racoof  incn  wIkisc  cruelty 
is  siMici  ly  a  striilc  rcinovcil  fi(.m  tliiit  nf  ciiiiiiilialisiu.'  Unit,  in  l<l.,  ji.  2:11. 
'Till'  I'iili-nti'H  lire  uiiilonl)t»(lly  tlKMMiist  intcnstiii^,' ami  diK'Hc  Indians  mi 
till' cDntiniut.'  I)iiilii'\  in  hi.,  1H.")1»,  |).  liTl.  Thf  I'talis  arc  'fox-like,  crafty, 
and  cunniii','.'  Arrlmhta,  in  /'/.,  istirt,  y.  1(17.  The  I'i-l'tes  are  •  teac  liahle, 
kind,  and  industrious.  . .  .scru])ulous]y  cliaste  in  all  their  intercourse.'  I'url,- 
cr.  in  /•/.,  1m;  1,  \).  11">.  Thi'  Wclier-l'tes  'arc  tln^  nm^t  worthless  and  indo- 
lent of  any  in  the  Territory.'  Il'ii'l.  in  II.,  [t.  I'J.'t.  The  li.innocks  '  seem  to 
b"  ind)Ucil  with  ii  spirit  of  dash  and  liraveiy  ((iiite  unusual.'  ('iiinii'.iH,  in  /(/., 
J).  120.  The  Itannaeks  arc  '  ener>,'ctic  and  iinlustrious.'  Iiiinilsnii,  iu  II,,  IfSdl), 
J).  2SS.  The  Washocs  arc  docile  and  tr.icfaldc.  Ihni'tliia,  in  //.,  InTu.  ]>.  ;)i;. 
Tlie  I'i-utes  aro  '  iu)t  warlike,  rather  cowardly,  Init  pilfering;  and  tieacherous.' 
I'l'ii-'ll,  in  II.,  1871,  p.  ."><i2.  The  Shosliolioes  'are  cxtrenndy  indoh  nt,  Imt  ii 
niild,  iiiort'ensivo  ''ace'  Irrhni's  liniinvnll  'x  Adrm.,  ]i.  2')7.  'i'lie  Snakes  'art) 
a  Ihorou^'hly  savaj^'i!  and  lazy  tril)c.'  Fninrln-iv's  .V'/r.,  ]>.  J.'iU.  The  Slio- 
sluiiiis  are  'franli  ancl  coiuniunicative.'  /.u'/s  diul  (lurhi's  Tnir.,  ji.  ;i  iC,. 
The  Snakes  arc  'pacific,  hosi)ital)l(!  and  honest.'  huiiu'.'i  Drci'in,  ji.  ,'!2r(. 
'The  Snakes  arc  n  very  intclli^,'ent  rac<'.'  W'h'iU'n  Vii)i.,\i.  UTD.  The  I'i-ufes 
'are  as  de;.,'radcd  a  class  of  humanity  as  can  In-  found  iijion  the  earth.  Thti 
male  is  jiroud,  sullen,  intensely  insolent.  . .  They  will  not  steal.  Thi'  women 
arc  chaste,  at  least  toward  their  white  hrethn  n.'  Farli'i/.  in  San  Fnim  i.iri) 
.V'lUffil  ,hiiif,,  vol.  iii.,  ]).  151.  The  Snakes  have  hcen  considered  '  as  rather  ii 
dull  and  dc|,'radc<l  |)eoi)lc  .  weak  in  intellect,  and  wanting'  in  coura;^'e.  .\nil 
this  ojiinion  is  very  ])rol)al)le  to  a  casual  observer  at  tir.->t  siL;ht,  or  when  seen 
in  sni.dl  numbers;  for  their  apparent  tinddity,  t,'rave,  and  reserved  habits, 
t,'ivc  them  an  air  of  stu])idity.  An  intimate  knowled|;c  of  the  Snake  charac- 
t  r  will,  however,  ]dacc  them  on  an  i-qual  footiuL;  with  that  of  other  kindred 
nations,  either  cast  or  west  of  the  mountains,  both  in  resjicct  tu  tin  ir  men- 
tal faculties  and  moral  attributes.'  //a.ss'  /•'(()•  llmilvrs,  vol.  ii.,  p.  b")l.  '  Les 
S.iiupectches,  les  l'aL,'outs  ct  les  Ampayouts  sont.  .  .  .im  jieujile  jdus  nusera- 
hle,  plus  li';.^radc  ct  plus  jiauvre.  J-es  Frani;ais  les  appeih  ut  comniuni'ment 
1'  s  UiLjnes-dc-pitie,  ct  cc  noni  leur  convient  a  inerveille.'  Ik'  .'^iml,  Icji.,  p.  '-H. 
The  I'tahs  'paraissent  doux  ct  afl'ablcs,  trcs-polis  ct  hospitaliers  ))our  It  h 
i'traii|_!ers,  ct  charitablcs  cntrc  cux.'  I<l.,  \i.  .'!((.  'The  Jiulians  of  Itah  art! 
the  most  miserable,  if  not  the  most  dc;,'radi(l,  beings  of  all  the  vast  .\mcr- 
icau  wilderness.'  Ihniu'inrh'.'i  y>i  .si /'(.<,  vol.  ii.,  p.  (14.  The  I'tahs  '  ]!ossess  il 
capacity  for  improvement  whenever  circumstances  favor  them.'  .sci/k.s  in 
ill''  Itnrl.i/  ,l//,s'.,  p.  18  1.  The  Snakes  arc  'la  plus  nauivaisc  des  raci  s  ih  s 
-l'eanx-riou;_;cs  que  j'ai  fri'tpicntt'cs.  lis  sont  aussi  parcsseux  tpu'  ]it  ii  jm'- 
vnyants.'  Siniit-Aiiiiud,  Vdii.,  j).  li-o.  The  Shoshones  of  Llaho  are  •  highly 
in:ellij,'(  nt  anil  lively.  ..  .the  most  virtuiuis  and  unsophisticateil  of  all  the 
Indians  of  the  rni'.ed  States.'  Tiii/lur,  in  Ciil,  Fanmr,  Aiir'il  '-7.  lM!l>.  'I  he 
AV.ishocs  have  "superior  intelli^eiict' and  aptituth'  for  learning.'  /'/.,  ,lii)ii'  It, 
I'^il;  see  also  /(/.,  June  2(1,  18(13.  The  N'eVatla  Shoshones  'are  the  most 
pure  and  uncorruptcd  aborigines  upon  this  continent.  ..  they  are  scrupu- 
li'usly  cle.in  in  their  perst)ns,  and  chaste  in  their  habits.  .  tin >u^di  whole 
faiailies  live  together,  t>f  all  iigcs  and  both  sexes,  in  the  same  tent,  im- 
)ii.  ri'ity  and  crime  are  of  rare  occurrence.'  J'riinr,  in  Jil,,  Ort.  18,  ]8(;i. 
Tie  n.innacks  'are  cowardly,  treacherous,  tiltliy  anil  indtdeiit."  .'^rlninlrnnVs 
Anh.,  vol.  iv.,p.  22;!.  The  Utahs  are  predatory,  voracious  and  jiertidious. 
riumlerors  umf  umrderers  by  biibit. . .  .when  their  ferocity  is  not  excited. 


442 


CALIFOIINIANS. 


m 


*  J 


civili/iitlon;  indi'od,  in  niiiny  iiistiuiccs.  \\\\vn  (Ict.iiiicd 
In-  forco  {uiioiiii  tlio  whitos,  tlu-y  liuve  hocii  known  to 
\nnv  away  and  dii'. 

llicir  Hiispicii)iis  urn  so  ^,'iviit  ns  to  nnilcr  what  they  sny  uiirrliiililc,  if  tin  y 
(li)  licit  niiiiiiii  ultiiL,'(  tlirr  uiK'iJiiiimiiiicalivc,'  I'l.,  vul.  v,,  ii|).  lit?  H,  '11,',. 
I'li-Vaiits  'arc  as  ln-avc  and  iiiijiniv.ililc  as  tin  ir  ii(i>,'lili(iiirH  art'  iinaii  icinl 
vil'.'  li  'rlmi's  (  ill/  iij'lli''  Sidiil^,  p.  T)??.  'Tin'  Viita  is  less  Mrvilc,  and  ii.n- 
Hi'i|ii('iitly  lias  a  lii^licr  ctliiiic  status  tlian  tlir  African  ncj^'m;  he  will  nut  toil, 
and  he  turns  Ml  a  kick  or  a  hlow.'  hi.,  p.  r),s|.  'I'lic  SlKPHhcikucs  '  uru  harm- 
less and  excel  (linyly  timid  iiiul  shy  '  JlrDU-iKll's  Iml.  JUtcia,  ji.  ijj.s. 


T  11 1  Tl  A  I.      II  ()  r  N  D  A  II I  K  S  . 

To  the  XoitTiiKr.N  f'Ai.ii'iUiNiANs,  whose  territory  extends  from  llo^'iic 
Biver  on  the  north  to  Eel  River  south,  jind  from  the  I'ucilie  Ocean  to  tlie 
f'alifornian  lioiindary  east,  inelndin;^'  the  Klamath,  and  other  lakes,  are  as- 
sit,'ned,  aceordin;^'  to  the  authorities,  the  followiiij;  trilutl  l)oundari<s:  'I'lu  ic 
are  'the  Hoopahs,  and  the  I'kiahs  of  ^lendocino;'  '  the  I'miMjuas,  Kowoosi  s 
or  {'(loses,  Maeiinootoony's  of  the  I'mpipia  river  section,  Noinee  I'ults,  aud 
Nomee  Lacks  of  Tehama  County;  the  Copahs,  naniif^s,  Yatuckets,  Terwars 
nnd  Tolowas,  of  the  lower  Klamath  river;  the  AVylaks  and  Nooliimucks  df 
Trinity  county  mountains  west  from  Sacramento  plains;  the  Modocs  of 
Klamath  Luke,  the  Yliickas  of  I'itt  lliver,  the  Ukas  and  Slmstas  of  Shasta 
county.'   Toi/ltir,  in ''<//.  I'ltnmr,  Jum  H,  IH(.I). 

'The  Tiititlliis  are  divided  into  twelve  haiiils;  eii,'ht  of  them  are  locatid 
on  the  coast,  one  on  the  forks  of  the  Coqnillo,  nnd  three  on  Ro^'Ue  river.' 
•The  Tototins,  from  whom  is  derived  the  {i;eiuj-ic  mime  of  the  whole  ixopli' 
speaUiii},'  the  lunj^na^'c,  reside  on  the  north  hank  of  the  Tototin  river,  ahcmt 
four  miles  from  its  mouth.  Their  country  extends  from  the  eastern  IhhiikI- 
ary  of  the  Yahshutes,  iv  short  distance  helow  their  villui^e,  uj)  tlu'  strcaiu 
ahout  six  miles,  where  the  fishinj,'-j,'rounds  of  the  Miickanotins  commence' 
'The  country  of  the  Eucjuiiclipep  commences  nt  the  "Three  Sisters,"  and 
extends  idonj,'  the  coast  to  a  ])oint  ab'  ut  three  miles  to  the  south  of  tliiir 
village,  which  is  on  a  streani  which  .■ears  their  name.  The  niininj,'  tnwn 
of  Kli/.ahi'th  is  aliout  the  soutVii'.  lioundavy  of  tlie  Enciuachces,  and  is 
called  thirty  miles  from  Fori  Orf'ird.  Next  southward  of  the  Eutiuacliccs 
are  the  Yahshutes,  whose  villaj,'es  occujiy  lioth  hanks  of  the  Tototin  or  Ivo^'uc 
river,  at  its  mouth.  These  people  claim  hut  aliout  two  nnd  n  half  miles  hai  k 
from  the  coast,  where  the  Tototin  country  comniences.  The  Yahshutes  claim 
the  coast  to  some  remarkahle  headlands,  ahout  six  miles  south  of  rioj,'iie 
river.  South  of  these  headlands  are  the  Chetlesseiituns.  Their  villa,L;c  is 
north  of,  but  near,  the  mouth  of  a.  stream  bearing  their  name,  but  betti  r 
known  to  the  whites  as  Pistol  river.  The  CLetlessentuus  claim  but  alumt 
ei;;ht  miles  of  the  coast;  but  as  the  country  east  of  theiu  is  uninhabited,  Ike 
others  similarly  situated,  their  lands  are  supposed  to  extend  to  the  siniiiuit 
of  the  mountains.  Next  to  the  (  hetlessentuns  on  the  south  are  the  'Wisli- 
teiiatins,  whose  vilhige      at  the  moutli  of  ii  small  creek  bearing'  their  luiuu . 


NOimiERX  CALIl'ORXIANrt. 


448 


Th'  v  cliiim  tlio  roiiiitry  to  ii  miiiiiU  tiiuliiiR-jxist  known  an  the  NMiali'V  lit  nd, 


iiliiiiit  Iwciifv-m'Vi'U 


mill 


)Uth  (if  till'  numlli  of  Hounc  Itivcr,     Nt  \t  in 


oiiliT  iir<i  tin'  Chciittci'  or  Cliitco  liiuul,  wliosr  villiif,'(s  wni'  Kitimtid  on  <  at  li 
siilt'  of  till'  nioiilh,  anil  iilioiit  Hi\  niilrs  U|i  a  hiiiuII  I'ivrr  luarhi;.;  tluir  nan.o 
.  .  Till'  laiiils  of  tlii'Hc  |i<'oj)]('  cxtriiil  from  AVlialc's  Iliad  to  tlii'  (  alifuniiii 
liiii',  ami  liai'k  from  tlii'  coast  imlrlinitcly. .  .T'lic  Mackanotin  village  is  nliout 
M'Viu  mill's  aliovi'  that  of  tlii'  'I'ototins,  and  is  on  tlu'  samr  Kide  of  tlic  rivi  r. 


'I'licv  claim  iiliout  twelve  miles  of  stn 


'I'lic  Sliistakoostecs  siucci  il  llii  li 


(the  Mai.'kanotins).  Their  villa},'e  is  on  the  north  liank  of  lti>;,'iie  rivei',  niaily 
opliositc  the  contlucnce  of  ilie  llliiinis.  These  are  the  most  easterly  liiiml 
within  my  district  in  the  South."  1'nnif.li,  in  liid.  A(f'.  U'lil.,  lisVl,  p]..  -JM ,  11, 
'  l)r.  lliilil)aril,  in  his  notes  ( IS.'iiii  mi  the  Indians  of  llogmi  IJivi  r  and  South 
(•ii'^'oii,  on  the  ocean,  before  alluded  to,  nives  the  following;  list  of  names  of 
liuiicherias  and  clans  of  the  hototeii  or  Tutatamys  trilie.  Masonah  Hand, 
l.icaliiin,  Coiiuille  river;  ('lioekrelatan  liand,  location,  Coiiuille  forks;  (^iia- 
t'liiiali  liand,  location,  Flore's  creek;  I.a|,'uaachii  IJand,  location,  Klk  river; 
Ciisulhi'iiten  I'and  locution,  I'ort  Orford;  Ymi'iadic  Hand,  location,  Yu^jiin 
creek;  Chetlesscnten  l?and.  location,  I'istol  river;  Yah  Slmtes  linncl,  loca- 
tion, l{o(»no  river;  Wislitamitan  IJaiul,  location.  Whale's  head;  (  In  ahtiKS 
liand,  location,  t'hctko;  Tototen  Hand,  location,  six  miles  aliove  the  mouth 


.f  H 


river;  Sisticoosta  IJaiid,  locatii 


iibovc  Hi),'  lieiid,  of  Iioyue  rive: 


Maiiuelnoteer  Hand,  location,  fourteen  miles  above  the  mouth  of  l{o^,'un 
river.'  I'lil.  lutniiir,  June  IK,  l.s(;i(.  TJie  Tutotcns  were  a  lar^'c  tribe,  nuni- 
b'  riiiL!  thirteen  elans,  inhabiting,'  the  southern  coast  of  ()ref,'on,  (inlilnt.  Krc, 
M'lrrh,  ),si")t).  'Toiitiiunis  on  Cmjuins,  sur  la  rivii  re  d>'  ce  nom  et  dars  I'in- 
ti'iieur  lies  tcrres.'  Mn/rna.  J-yjilnr.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  llui.  'On  the  lower  jiart  of 
the  Claniet  Kiver  are  the  Totutnne,  known  by  the  nnfavorable  siuibriijui  t  of 
tlie  l!nL!ue,  or  llascal  Indians.'  ll'di's  ElhitDij.,  in  I'.S.  h'.r.  A'.i',,  vol,  vi.,  \>. 
'21\.  The  bands  of  the  T'outootoii  trilie  'are  scattered  over  a  },'reat  extent  of 
ciiiiiitry --alonf»  the  coast  and  on  the  streams  from  the  California  line  to 
twenty  miles  north  of  the  ('o(juille,  and  from  the  ocean  t<>  the  summit  of  the 
coast  raii},'c  of  mountains.'  I'lilmrr,  in  //"/,  .Uf.  I!'  jil.,  bs,")l,  p.  2.'i',».  Taylor 
I'lacs  the  Tntiuiahs  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Del  Norte  County,  MS.  M<iii. 


The  IhuKtx  live  in  California  a  little  south  of  I; 


Hi 


on  tile  wa 


north  from  Crescent  Citv.  I' 


,1  ,ln 


y 


V 


■Ml. 


Mii'liir,  by  some  Mmhlnr.  is  a  word  which  ori''inated  with  the  Sliasteei 


who  aiiplieil  it  indel'initely  to  till  wild  Indians  la' enemies,     'Their  ihoim  r 


habitat  is  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lower   Klamath  Laki 


on 


Hot    (reek. 


irouiid  Clear  Lake,  and  alon^'  Lost  Hiver  in  OrcLjon,'   I'ninrs.  in  ih-i  liuml 


Mn'hlij,  vol.  X.,  J) 


i:(.1 


Thev  own  the  Klamath    Liver   from    th 


to 


will  re  it  breaks  thn)UL;h  the  SisKivoii  ran;,'!'  to  the  westward.'   /•/,.  V( 


1  County.   MS.  Mu/k     'Tlie  M.kIc 


\<.  '.'i  .     In  the  northern  ]iart  of  Siskiyoi 

of  the    Kla:iiath   Lake  were  also  called   Moahtockna."   <'iil.  l-'nrin 

I'^i'i  I.     East  of  the  Klaniaths.  whose  eastern  boundary  is  tweiitv-li 


,/i. 


miles  cas;  of  the  Cascade  IJaii 


ill 


the  southern  boiuidaiv  of  Oj 


thirty 


'ami  extending  some  distance  into  California,  is  a  tribe  known  as  the  Mo- 
'l"ks.  East  of  these  again,  but  extending  further  south,  are  the  Jloetwas.' 
'  Till'  country  round  Auc  - 'se  and  Modoc  lakes,  is  elaimid  and  oceujiitd  by 


444 


T11II5AL  IJOUNDARIES. 


the  Md.loc  Indians."  Vahnri-,  in  /,»/.  AjJ.  l!,pl..  isr.l,  pi..  £(',2  .1.  'The  Mo- 
(li)cs  (or  Mo.uldc,  lis  tilt'  wiinl  is  iirdMiiunci'd )  known  in  their  liini,'UaL;'<  as 
the  Okkowish,  inhiiliit  the  (loose  lake  eounlrv.  anil  are  mostly  within  tlu^ 
State  of  Califoniia.  .  .  .The  wonl  .Modoc  is  u  Shasta  Indian  word,  and  means 
all  distant,  stnui^'er,  or  hostile  Indians,  and  beeame  applied  tt>  these  Indians 
by  white  men  in  early  days  from  hearinj^  the  Shastas  speak  of  them.'  Sen 
til  rk,  in   /»(/.  .1^".  Uipt.,  m\A.  ji.  121. 

The  OiihxKciiulis,  iu  the  north-western  jjartof  Siskiyou  County.  MS.  }rip. 

Tlie  hlitiiKilli.s  or  Liitiiitini — 'Lntuanii,  or  Tlamatl,  or  Clamet  Indians. 
Tho  first  of  these  names  is  the  proper  desij^nation  of  the  people  in  tin  ir 
own  lanj^uai,'e.  Tiie  seeoml  is  that  by  whieh  they  are  known  to  the  (  lii- 
iiooks.  and  tlirotii^'h  tlu  m  to  the  whites.  They  live  on  the  head  wat(  r.s 
of  the  river  ami  about  the  lake,  whieh  have  both  received  from  forei^m  is 
tlie  name  of  C'laniet.'  Ilah's  Ktlituij.,  in  I'.  S.  Ef.  J:\e.,  vol.  vi.,  ji.  uis. 
That  portion  of  the  eastern  base  of  the  Cascade  lianj,'e,  st)nth  of  the  foity- 
fourth  parallel,  'extj'udinj^  twenty-tive  or  thirty  miles  east,  and  south  to 
the  California  line,  is  the  country  of  the  Klamath  Indians.'  J'dliiur.  in  Iml. 
Aff.  Utjil.,  \Ky\.  J).  '.(IJ.  The  Tlanu'ths  'inhabit  the  country  alonj,'  the  (ast- 
ern base  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  siuUh  to  the 
(ireat  Klanieth  Lake.'  Tlioiiipsoii,  in  Iiul.  A_t}'.  li'/'t.,  IS,')!,  ]).  IK\.  'Ihn 
Clametti  inhabit  '  Ittajuas  Iiiver,  near  the  Kimth  boundary'  ^of  (.)|-eu;iMi). 
Wurre  unl  Varttsi'iir,  in  Miirtin's  Jlinhoii's  I'linj.  \i.  SI.  '  Lutuami.  (Iannis; 
also  Tlannitl — Indians  of  southwestirn  Orej,'on,  near  the  Clamet  I.a\e.' 
LiHlvich/s  Ah.  Ldifj.,  p.  100.  '  Klamaes,  snr  la  riviere  do  ee  nom  et  dans 
rinterieiu' des  terres.'  Jk'  Mo/rns,  K.vjildr.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  3;!.").  (  lamet:  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  river,  and  si.xty  miles  below  the  lake  so  naiiied.  Frdiiihiii.^.c, 
iu  l.iinil.  (leoij.  Stic.  iliiiir.,  vol.  xi.,  |).  '.."(."i.  '  Next  east  of  the  Shastas  are  |]i(> 
Klamath  Lake  Indians,  known  in  their  lan,L;uaL;e  as  the  Okshee,  who  iidiiMt 
the  country  about  tlie  Klamath  lakes,  and  east  about  half  way  ti)  the  (inoM^ 
Lake,  to  \Vri,u;ht  Lake,  and  smith  to  a  line  running  about  due  eas*  from 
Shasta  IJutte.'  Slirl,\  in  hul.  Aff.  h'i'i>l.,  bSOl,  pp.  120-1.  'The  nana'  of 
Klamath  or  Tlamatli,  bi  lou^iuj,'  to  "lie  tribt  s  on  the  lake  where  the  rivir 
rises,  is  not  known  anioiiL,'  those  farther  down ...  .Thus,  at  the  forks,  the 
AViitspi'ks  call  the  river  below  I'ohlik,  sij^nifyliiL;  down;  aiul  that  above 
I'ehtsik,  or  up;  giviliL;,  moreover,  the  same  name  to  the  po(iulalion  in 
Hpeakiuj,'  of  them  collectively.  'Ihree  distinct  tribes,  siieakili;.,'  ilitlrn  lit 
lanj;uai,'is,  oecnjiy  its  banks  between  the  sea  and  the  mouth  of  the  ^  li;isli', 
of  whi<h  the  lowest  extends  Up  to  ItliltV  Creek,  a  few  miles  above  the  forks. 
Of  thi'se  tlure  are,  acconlin^'  to  our  inf(Uiiiatioii,  iu  all,  thirty-two  villa^'is 
.  .  .  .The  names  of  the  jirineipal  vi!la.i,'es.  .  are  tlu'  \Vi  itspek  (at  the  forks\ 
Walisherr,  Kaipell.  Moraiuh,  Nohtselio,  Mi'lileh,  Seh  cljou,  Yaiiterih,  I'l  ■- 
quail,  KaMW(  h.  M'auhteet],  Seheiierih.  Oiyotl,  Naia^utl,  l^haitl,  lloi  aiali, 
Kekipia,  and  Wiht'lipia,  the  two  last  at  the  niiuith  of  the  river.'  di  ./•,•'■,  iu 
l>clii>i>lcr(iiTs  .\rrl(..  vol,  iii..  p.  b.M. 

The  /•,'i'C((i.s'  inhabit  'the  lower  Klamath  from  ^Vt•itsIleck  <lown,  iind  aloii'4 
the  coast  for  about  twenty  niihs  '  I'oinis.  in  Oi-rlnnil  Mniithlii,  vol,  viii  ,  p, 
U'M.     The  I'jiiroes  "inl.iabit  the  banks  of  the   Klamath   from  the  juiutioii  of 


THE  TRINITY  RIVER  TRIREfl, 


445 


riic  Trfn'ry  to  the  mouth,  nnd  the  soa  coast  from  (loM  Rliiff  up  <o  a  pfiint 
iiliout  six  mlloH  nl)ove  tho  mouth  of  tho  Khtmath.'   I'<:ri'rs'  I'muo,  MS. 

Tilt'  Cahrorit  Uv(>  l)<'t\V(><'u  tli<'  Eurr)cn  ami  th<'  foot  of  the  Klamath  Mount- 
nius,  also  a  short  ilistanci-  up  Saliiiuii  River.  'On  the  Klamath  liivir  thiro 
live  tliri'c  distinct  trihca,  called  the  Eurocs,  ('idiroes,  and  Modocs;  wliicii 
iKiiiics  mean  respectively,  "down  the  river,"  "up  the  river,"  and  ''head 
of  (lie  river."'  I'oim-s.  in  Orirlaiid  Mmitlih/,  vol.  viii.,  p.  'A'lH.  Speakin;^  of 
Indians  at  the  junction  of  Salmon  ami  Klamath  Itivii-s,  Mr.  (liMis  sa\s: 
'they  do  not  seem  to  have  any  f^eneric  aiipellalion  for  themselves,  hut  a))ply 
the  terms  "Kahrnk,"  uj),  an<l  "Yonridi,"  down,  to  all  who  live  almve  or 
lirldw  themselvcH,  without  discrindnation,  in  the  same  manner  that  t.he 
oihirs  ^at  the  junction  of  the  Trinity)  do  "IMitsik,"  and  "Pohlik."  Srlitnu- 
cni/l's  Arrli.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  1,")1. 

'I'lie  Tiilcirakt  are  the  tirst  tribe  on  the  coast  north  of  Klamath  River. 
(lil'hs.  in  Srliiiolrntj'l'n  Anli.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  IIW.  The  Tahlewahs  are  a  'Irilie 
on  the  Klamath  River.'  hi'lnrii/'n  Ah.  f.dwi.,  p.  1711.  '  In  th(>  vicinity  nf  ('res- 
et nt  City  and  Smith's  River  there  are  the. . . .  Lojias,  Talawas,  and  Laujoons.' 
lhiiil:iliiiaii,  in  hid.  At}'.  h'ii>l.,  ]S.')7,  i)p.  :i!ll  '2.  'In  l)el  Norte  County 
. . .  tli(^  IIayna}»gis  live  alou}^  Smith  liiver,  the  Tolowas  on  the  Laf^oon,  and 
tlii'rahatens  around  Crescent  City.'  I'liirirs'  }'iiiiiii,  MS.  The  Cops,  Ilana^s, 
Yantuckels,  and  Tolawas,  are  '  Indian  tribes  livin<^'  near  the  Ore^^on  and  Cal- 
ifornia coast  frontiers.'  Orc.-icnit  ('ill/  Ifinilil,  .lie/.  IH.")?.  The  Tolowas  at  the 
nil  itiiij,'  point  of  Trinity,  Ilunduildt,  and  Klamath  counties.  ^^S.  Mop. 

'I'lie  Tcrirar.i,  north-west  of  the  Tolowas.   .MS.  .Map. 

The  H'(i/.s7)f7>'.sari'  the  'piineijial  hand  on  the  Klamath,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Trinity. '  (tUilm,  in  Sili<iiilrnift'.i  Anii.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  I'l'l;  l.Mlni-iii'n  Ali. 
].<iii'i.,  p.  -ioo. 

The  Oppe'incliK  are  a  trihi^  at  Red-Cap's  Bar,  on  the  Kl.amath  River,  (illihs, 
in  >i7iiin/c;vi/'r.s' .lci7).,  viil.  iii.,  ]i.  MS. 

Tlie  Ifdiipiihs  live  'am  nnten  n  Itio  de  la  Trinidad,  oder  Trii'.ity  River.' 
JSiisi'IniKinti,  Ihts  Apui'hf  als  lim'  .\lliliiip<i.''l,\  Sjir..  p.  'JIS.  '  Indian  tribe  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  Triniiy  Rivev.'  /.inlnrhi's  ,l'i.  [.nini.,  yt.  H-1.  The  Hitopart 
live  'ill  Tloopa  Valley,  on  the  lo'\er  Trinity  liiver."  J't^inr'n  P'liiio,  .MS.,  p. 
S">.  ''I'lie  lower  'I'rinity  tribe  i-i,  as  will  as  th(>  river  itself,  known  to  tho 
isluiiiallis  I  y  the  name  nf  II  mii  ah.'  'I'l'/'/.s',  in  Silinnlfni/I's  .\rrli.,  vol.  iii.,  ]). 
b'l'.';  SIC  also  p.  I'J'i.      In  the   iinvtlii  rii  jiart  of   Klain.itli  Ciuinty.    MS.  Map. 

'  I'lMin  the  Trinity,  or  lloop'h,  below  the  entrance  of  the  south  fork  or 
Otahwi  iaket,  then^  art"   said  to  be  eleven   ranches,  the   Okenoke,  Ai;araits, 

I'l'lrk'oh,  Olleppauli'lUalili  htl  and  I'liilitsolr, and   the  llaslinlah,   .Mn  !- 

t ah,  Siikeakeit,  Tashhnaiita,  and  W'itspuk  aonve  it;  .\  twilfth,  the  Mi'yi  iii- 
iiia.  now  burnt,  was  situated  jiist  above  "Niw"  or  ".\rkansas"  liiver. 
'i'.''   ~,     1  Srhoolrrafl' n  .\rrli..  vol.  iii.,  p.  !:!!•. 

The  Copahs,  in  the  extreme  north  of  \lamafh  county,  north  of  tho 
Ib'^palis.  .MS.  .Map.  T!ie  Cops  are  nieiitioni  d  as  '  living.'  near  the  Orej^on 
mill  California  coast  frontiers,'  in  the  Crrsnit  ("ilti  llvviUI,  .\i'\i..  'H..7. 

'I'iie  A'(ii//(/.v  live  on  tlie  south  fork  of  Trinity  River.    Vmnra'  l\',,ii>.  MS. 

Till'  I'dlnwiii/s  occupy  ilie  banks  of  the  Trinity,  fr'  ir  the  vicinity  of  Riy 
!!ar  io  South  Fork.'   I'onrr.s'  ]\'!"",    V<. 


iMM 


416 


TllIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


i  '1 


\)l 


Thq  Chimalqvays  lived  on  Now  Kivtr,  u  trilmtftry  of  the  Trinity,  /'-^inrs' 
Porno,  ^'S. 

The  Siahn  •occupied  the  toii^ne  of  land  jutting  down  between  E«.l  llivcr, 
and  Viiu  Dusen's  Fork.'  J'oircrs'  rmiu),  MS.  The  Sians  or  Siiihs  lived  on 
the  heivdwiiters  of  Smith  lliver.  Gihljs,  in  tirhoolcrajTs  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  l;il». 
The  EhmkK,  Eenahs,  or  Eennf,'hs,  lived  aliove  the  Tolewas  on  Smith 
lUvcr.  Gihhs,  in  SchoolcrnJ't'sArrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  131).'  Ehnek  was  the  name  of 
a  hand  at  tlio  uiouth  of  the  Salmon  or  Quoratem  lliver.'  lil.,  p.  42'2;  J.mlr- 
u'i./'.s  All.  Luii'i.,  p.  (')7. 

WUhosk.  'is  the  name  }»iven  to  the  Bay  (Hnnjholdt)  and  Mad  River  luili- 
ans  by  those  of  Eel  River.'  Gibbs,  in  Si'lmolcraj't's  ArcU.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  I-J'J; 
Luileici'j'.'i  Ab.  Lanij.,  p.  201. 

The  B'i'(7/((/,v  are  'a  band  on  the  mouth  of  Eel  River  and  near  Humboldt 
Bay.'  LHih'ii-iifs  Ab.  Iadiij..  p.  200.  The  ll\nid)oldt  Bay  Indians  call  Ihiiii- 
selvcs  Wishosk;  and  tliose  of  the  hills  Tcokawilk;  'but  the'  tribis  to  the 
northward  denominate  both  those  of  the  Bay  and  Eel  River,  Weyot,  or  Walhi- 
walloo.'  Gibbs,  in  .'>rhinilcv(i/t's  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  1113. 

'The  I'almnita  live  on  the  lower  waters  of  ^lad  River,  and  around  Iliiiu- 
boldt  Bay,  as  fur  south  as  Areata,  perhaps  oriyinally  as  far  down  us  Eureka.' 
J'mcirs'  J'lmid,  .l/'.S. 

O.s.sv ;/'()!  is  tlie  name  ^'iven  to  the  Indians  of  Gold  Bluft',  between  Trinidad 
and  the  Klamiith.  Gibbs,  in  .Srhnob'ra/t's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  133. 

'The  Jjissics  formerly  dwelt  in  Mad  River  Valley,  from  the  head  wiit(  is 
down  to  Low  Gap,  or  thenabout,  where  they  borrowed  on  the  'Wheeleiltlas.' 
J'oiccrs'  I'oihi),  MS. 

Chori  was  the  name  given  to  the  Indians  of  Trinidad  by  the  'Wei  yots. 
Oibbs,  in  School  ■rajT a  Arch.,  \o\.  iii.,  p.  lit:!. 

The  Chilliihth.  '  occupied  the  banks  of  Redwood  Creek,  from  the  co,i--t 
uj)  about  twenty  miles.'  I'oa-ir.s'  J'oiiui,  MS.  The  Oruk,  Tchololali,  or  llald 
Hill  Indians,  lived  on  Redwood  Creek.  Gibhs,  in  SchoolcnijTs  Arch.,  vol.  iii., 
p.  l;i',». 

The  WiiHics  occupy  the  sandy  country  north  of  Humboldt  Bay.  Onrliin'l 
Moidhli/,  vol.  ii.,  !>.  530. 

'Till'  Wlmli'iitbis  had  their  jilace  on  the  Upper  Redwood  Creek,  fro  ii  tlic 
l.ind  of  the  Chi'lulahs  n\)  to  '''e  mountains.  They  ranged  across  soutliward 
by  the  foot  of  the  Bald  Hills,  which  a[)pear  to  have  marked  tlie  boinniary 
between  them  and  the  Chilluluhs  in  that  direction;  and  penetrated  to  \:iu 
Hiisen's  Eork,  auent  the  Siahs  and  Lass-ics,  with  whom  they  occasionally 
came  in  bloody  etdlision.'  I'oircrs'  J'oiiin.  MS. 

The  \'iKinls  'live  around  lower  Hiuiiboldt  Bay,  and  up  Eel  Rivei-  to 
Eagle  Prairie.'  Poieers'  I'oiiio,  MS. 

The  .S7if(,s'/r(,f  live  to  the  south-west  of  the  T.utuami'-- or  Klamaths.  //"/■'■< 
Ethnoij.,  in  ('.  S.  /-.'.i-.  Ke.,  vol.  vi.,  j).  2IM.  •  Sastes,  duns  I'lnteric  ur  !Ui  Nei.l 
de  la  Californie.'  Mojras,  Kx}>h>r.,  torn,  ii.,  y.  3:..").  'The  Shasta  lii.liaii-i, 
known  in  their  language  as  Weohow  -it  nuaiiiiig  stone  housi',  from  the  laru" 
cave  in  their  country  -oct'upy  the  land  east  of  Shasta  river,  and  south  of  tlnj 
Siskiyou  mountains,  and  west  of  the  lower  Khimath  hdu'.'  Skilf,  in  /cm'.  .1', 
lliltl.,   ISOl,  p.   Vh).     The  Shastas  occupy  the  centre  of  the  county  .'f  ;b:'t 


THE  CENTKAL  CALIFOKNIAXS. 


417 


,s.  Il'l''^ 
■in  Nii'l 
lii.liaii-, 

ah  i)(  tliu 

I  „<!..[■>'. 

tv.'f  ;l.:: 


i 


impo.  -VS".  ^^(lp.  '  Indiiins  of  south-western  Oi-ef,'on,  on  the  northern  fron- 
tiiis  of  T'pper  C'liliforniii.'  Ludewii/s  Ah.  Lmui.,  p.  KiH.  AViitsiihewiih  is  tho 
ii.iiiie  'of  one  of  tho  Scott  River  b.iiitls  of  the  Shiistii  family.'  (IViUh,  in  Srhiml. 
rriijTs  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  422.  The  niiniu  is  sjjelled  variously  as  Shasty, 
Sliaste,  Saste,  &e. 

The  Pnldihs  live  to  the  southeast  of  the  Lutnanijs  or  Klamalhs.  Jfith'a 
J-JlliitO'i.,  in  r.  S.  Ex.  Kx.,  vol.  vi.,  \).  218.  '  Indians  of  south-western  Ore^'oii, 
on  the  northern  frontiers  of  Upper  California.'  Ludeiriti's  Ah.  LdiKj.,  p.  14r». 
On  the  Klamath  are  the  Odeiilahs;  in  Shasta  Valley  the  Ikarueks,  Kose- 
tahs,  and  Idakarii'ikes;  and  in  Scott's  Valley  the  AVatsahewas  and  Kehs. 
(rihiis,  in  Schdolirdft'.i  Arrh.,  -v-ol.  iii.,  p.  171. 

'The  Ifitiiihurij  /»(/ia»(,s',  known  in  their  lan^unge  ns  th(^  Tka,  inhabit  ini- 
inediiitely  at  the  mouth  of  Scott's  river,  known  in  their  language  as  theOtte- 
*ie\va  river.'  ,Sti-di\  in  Iitd.  Aff.  liijit.,  1>m;4,  p.  120. 

'The  SrotV.f  I'alh'y  liuliiin.-<,  known  in  their  language  ns  the  Iddoa,  inhabit 
Scott's  Valley  above  the  caiien.'   /'*. 

The  Ynht  (a  misnomer  for  Yeka— Shasta  TJntte)  Indians,  known  in  their 
language  as  the  Hoteday,  inhabit  that  part  of  the  country  lying  south  of 
Klamath  river,  and  west  of  Shasta  river.'  Ih. 

The  Villa  or  I'ka  tribe  'inhabited  the  Shasta  Jlountains  in  the  vicinity 
of  McCloud's  fork  of  Pitt  lliver."  C(d.  Fanner,  ,rnm'  22,  IHCO.  Th<'  Ukas  aro 
(linitly  south  of  the  Modocs.  ^fS.  Map.  'The  Yukeh,  or  as  the  name  is 
variously  spelt,  Yuka,  Yu(|Ues,  and  Uca,  are  the  original  iidiabitants  of  thj 
Nwuu-t'ult,  or  Kound  Valley,  in  Tehama  County.  .  .  and  are  not  to  be  con- 
fniiiidcd  with  the  Yidiai  Indians  of  lUissiau  Kiver.'  liibbn,  in  lHi>t.  Maij.,  vol. 
vii.,  p.  12;i. 

'  Th;;  Xiiser  or  Xnza  Indians. ..  .live  in  the  vicinity  of  Lassen's  Butte,' 
l-"isl,h/i)H  ('hroiiiflv,  May,  1H51). 

TLc  Vlalx-an  are  to  the  southeast  of  the  I'kas.  MS.  Map. 

I'm  Cknikai.  C.\i.ifoi!NI.\ns  occupy  thi^  whole  of  that  )>ortion  of  Cali- 
f  uv.i.'i  .iiiitling  north  and  south,  fiom  about  ^0  'MY  to  ^i")  ,  and  east  and 
"  s:  .''■  iiu  th(!  Tacitic  Ocean  to  the  Californian  boundary.  They  are  tribally 
(l! .  i.'i'.l  as  f.iHows: 

'1)"  M  I'iiiikfi  hiu>'  their  habitat  on  the  creek  which  bears  tluir  name, 
ami  (-1,  ;.  ■  still  smaller  stream  dignified  with  the  appellation  of  15ear  liivcr. 
I'l'iin  the  coast  they  range  across  to  Ed  Kiver,  and  by  immemorial  Indian 
\\^n>j,i-  and  pnscriptive  right,  th(y  hold  tin-  western  banii  of  this  river  finni 
aliont  I'-agle  I'raiiic,  where  they  i)order  upon  the  Veeaids,  up  southward  to 
till'  month  <if  South  Fork.'   I'vinrx'  I'miiii,  MS. 

The  Uiliunlxin  live  on  the  South  Fork  of  Eel  Kiver.  (iihiis.  in  Srlioolfra/l'.^ 
Ar'li.,  vol  iii,,  p.  (134.     In  the  iiortlurn  jiart  of  Mi  inlociiio  County.  MS.  Muji. 

The  CliDirisliahs  live  on  the  head  of  I'.il  river,  'iil'lis.  in  Srlinnlrra/i's  Arrli., 
V..1.  iii.,  p.  -lil.  Tribes  living  on  the  Middle  Fork  of  Ei  1  Kiver,  in  the  valh  y 
"alUd  by  the  Indians  Ketundd  wt  r<'  the  Nabob  Choweshak,  Chawtt  uh  li.i- 
:  ua  aiil  Samunda.  Id.,  p.  lUi.  Tin;  Choweshaks  lived  on  the  head  of  Eel 
iiiv    I',    /,ie/(/r((/',s  Ah,  J.aiiiJ..  p.  4H. 

'Till    J.iiloncuuks  live  on  ISull  Creek  and  the  lower  South  I'ork  of   Eel 


■mUBiilri 


448 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


River,  owning  the  territory  between  those  streams  and  the  Pacific'  Poiccs' 
Fomo,  MS. 

The  H(tta)\d<th(necs  live  in  the  valley  of  that  name  on  the  head  of  Etl 
River.  Litik'U-'uj's  Ah.  iMni/.,  p.  17. 

The  I'omos  consist  of  '  a  greiit  nunilier  of  tribes  or  little  bands,  sometimes 
one  in  a  valley,  sometimes  three  or  four,  clustered  in  the  region  wlnre  llie 
headwaters  of  Eel  and  Russian  rivers  interlace,  along  the  estuaries  of  tlie 
coast  and  around  Clear  Lake.  Really,  the  Indians  all  along  Russian  river  to 
its  mouth  arc  branches  of  this  j.'reat  family,  but  below  Caljiello  they  no  lon^jc  r 
call  themselves  Pomos....Tht  broadest  and  most  obvious  division  of  tliis 
large  family  i .  ;i'to  Eel  river  Pomos  and  Russian  river  Pomos.'  I'oicvrs,  in 
Orerlniid  Mam:    ■,  v.,  pp.  4  08-9. 

The  Castel  i.\  live  between  the  forks  of  the  river  extending  as  far 

Bouth  as  Big  Cham..-       id  Blue  Rock.'  In.,  p.  4"J9. 

The  Ki- Pomos  'dwell  on  thi  .extreme  headwaters  of  South  Fork,  ranging 
♦■astward  to  Eel  River,  westvard  to  the  ocean  and  northward  to  the  Casii  1 
Pomos.'   Ih.,  MS.  Map. 

'The  Cahto  Pomos  (Lake  people)  were  so  called  from  a  little  lake  which 
formerlj'  existed  in  the  valley  now  called  by  their  name.'  Powers,  in  OcijflnhA 
Mimtlih/,  vol.  ix.,  p.  500. 

The  Choam  Chadela  Pomos  (Pitch  Pine  People)  live  in  Redwood  Valley. 
Id.,  p.  504. 

The  Matomey  Ki  Pomos  (Wooded  Valley  People)  live  about  Little 
Lake.    Ih. 

The  CainalM  Pomos  (Coast  People)  or  U.-^nls  live  on  Usal  Creek.  Ih. 

The  Shebalne  I'omos  (  Neighbor  People)  live  in  Sherwood  Valley.   Ih. 

The  Pome  Pomos  (Earth  Peojile)  live  in  Potter  Valley.  Besides  the 
Pome  I'omos  there  are  two  or  three  other  little  rancherias  in  Potter  Valli  y, 
each  with  a  ditt'erent  name;  and  the  whole  body  of  them  are  called  Bullo  Ki 
Pomos  (Oat  Valley  Peoph;).  Id. 

The  Camalel  Pomos,  Yonsal  Pomos,  and  Bayma  Pomos  live  on  Ten  Mile, 
and  the  country  just  north  of  it,  iu  Mendocino  County.  Toh'tn,  in  Ind.  A/. 
Ropt.,  1857,  p.  4(15. 

'  The  Salan  Pomas  are  a  tribe  of  Indians  inhabiting  a  valley  called  Pot- 
ter's Valley.'  Ford,  in  Ind.  Af.  nept.,  185fi,  p.  257. 

The  Nhihhdla  Pomos  live  in  the  north-west  of  Mendocino  County.  M''. 
Map. 

The  I'li'iahs  live  on  Russian  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Parker's  Baii'li. 
tUh'is,  iu  Srli<iiil(rnjTs  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  112,  i'll.  'The  Yuka  tribe  are  llii-'t 
mostly  witliiu  and  immediately  adjoining  the  mountains.'  Meiulorii,ii  llni'l, 
M'lrrli.  1871.  The  Yukai  live  on  Russian  Piiver.  Liidcirifi's  Ah.  i.iiitii.,  ]\  ■2-  'i. 
The  Ukias  are  iu  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mendocino  County.  ^[S.  Map. 

The  S()kinii(lli/s  or  Sotomieyos  '  lived  iu  Russian  River  valley.'  Val.  Fanm  r, 
March  :10,  ]8(i(). 

The  SItnwi'ms  '  lived  on  the  extreme  upper  waters  of  Eel  River,  opllo^ill^ 
Potter  Valley.'  Powirs'  Pi,mo,  MS. 

The  TdhtiK^a  'live  in  the  extreme  npjier  end  of  Potter  Valhy.'  7/). 

The  riiutlis  live  at  Cape  Mendocino.   Tobin,  iu  Ind.  Aff.  llvjd.,  1857,  p.  lUO. 


RUSSIAN  IlIYEIl  AND  COAST  TRIBES. 


Aid 


The  KiiahUsh  Iiuliftiis  live  at  Shelter  Cove.  /'/.,  p.  40.'). 

The  Co)iiiirhi>it  live  in  ItusKian  River  Valley,  iu  Rauchcria  and  Anderson 
VftUeys.  I'liicirs'  I'omo,  MS. 

The  KdjdisrhimH,  3f(tkani(is,  and  Jiipiavis  live  in  the  Rtissinn  River  Valley, 
north  of  Fort  Ross.  Hdir,  .Slitt.  nnil  Klhvn.,  p.  80. 

The  <!iiHhi))»teros  occupy  ])ry  f 'rc(  k  Valley  and  Russian  River  Valley  he- 
low  Hcaldsliurg.  Poucrs'  Pmiio,  MS. 

The  Miisdlla  ^[dl|llnn,•<  'live  alont,'  Russian  river  south  of  Cloverdiile.'  Id. 

The  Jliiifotis  Vivr  youth  of  the  Masalla  Maj^nons.   /(/. 

The  Gudldlds  live  on  Guulala  or  Wullalla  Creek.  Jil. 

The  Xahlohs,  Carlotsupos,  Chowechaks,  ( 'hedoehof,'s,  Choiteen.  Misal.ihs, 
Bacowiis,  Saniindas,  and  CaclK'nahs,  Tuwanuhs,  lived  in  tlie  country  Ik  twtcii 
Fort  Ross  and  San  Fra»  "isco  liay.  Uihlis,  in  SfliDiilrrdfl'n  Arrh,,  vol.  iii.,  p.  fi.'U. 

Chtcdchditiiiju  (Russia..  ScvcniovsKia)  or  Northerners,  is  the  name  of  ono 
of  the  triht:j  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Ross.  Knslroiii'itniKnr.  in  /,V((  c.  Slat,  mid 
Ethiio.,  p.  HI).  '  Severnovskia.  Severnozcr.  or  "  Northerners."  Indians  north 
of  Rodct,'a  Bay.  They  call  themselves  Chwachamuja.'  Liuli  win's  Ah.  l.itiuj., 
p.  17(1. 

The  Oldmpntkes  live  at  Bodega.  Kotitrontitonow,  iu  Ban-,  SU...  iind  KIIiikkj., 
p.  8.(;  Lmliichi's  Ah.  Lidkj.,  p.  '10. 

The  Kahiamnres  or  Kaiiianieahs  are  at  Fitch's  Ranch,  (xtcJidini:;  as  far 
hack  as  Santa  Rosa,  down  Russian  River,  ahout  three  leagues  to  Cooper's 
liaiuli,  and  thence  across  the  coast  at  Fort  Ross,  and  for  t\venty-fi\c  niil<  s 
above.  'iVihs,  in  SrhoolirdfVs  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  1(12.  '"^Ihe  Kaniniares  had 
ranclurias  at  Santa  Rosa,  I'etalunia,  or  I'atalonia,  and  up  to  Russian  river.' 
<'nl.  Fdninr,  Mdrvh  ;?(),  1800.  'The  i)roi>er  name  of  Russian  rivi  r  in  SoiKmia 
•<aM(.'y  is  Caniniairo  after  the  eelehrated  Indians  of  those  parts.'  /</.,  .lnuv  8, 
ISi'iO.  The  Indians  of  the  plains  in  vicinity  of  Fort  Ross,  call  llicnisi  Ivi  s 
Kainauia.  K'lstroiiilhDiinr,  in  ]ld<r,  •'>liil.  vnd  Kllitn,.,  p.  80.  The  Kyaiiama- 
ras  '  inhahit  the  section  of  country  hctween  the  canon  of  Russian  river  and 
its  nio\ith.'   Ford,  in  hid.  Aff.  lU'jiL,  \H')f),  p.  '2.")7. 

The  Tiiiiiidilinldti  live  on  Bodega  Bay.  Oihh.s,  in  SihonUrdfVs  Arth.,  vol. 
iii.,  p.  ll)'2. 

The  Somas,  Lnmn.i,  and  Scncns,  live  in  Russian  River  Valley  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  village  of  Sanel.   /Vinr.s'  I'dihh,  MS. 

The  Siiiintiids,  Sononiis,  or  Sonoiiullos,  lived  at  the  endiarc.-uh  vo  i^f  So- 
noma. Cdl.  FdriiiiT,  Mdirh  IK),  hSIiO.  'I'he  Sononias  lived  in  the  soutli-(ast(  rn 
extremity  of  what  is  now  the  county  of  Sdiionia.   MS  M<ip. 

The  Tilii>l,(ii/i)iis  liveil  in  Sonoma  valley.  H'dhs.  in  Schniilrriift's  .1;v7i., 
vol.  iii.,  p.  421.  'J'lie  (.  hocuMiis  lived  in  the  ri  gion  now  called  Sonoma 
ruuiity,  and  from  their  chief  the  eciunty  takis  its  name,  ('rimisf's  X'd  Wni'lh, 
p.  22.  Th(!  Word  Sononui  means  'Valley  of  the  Moin.'  Ti'lli'ill's  Hist.  I'dL, 
[I. ;!()!.     The  Tcliokoyems  live  in  Soaonri  Valley.   Lmh  ir'ni's  .\h.  I.d,i<}.,\\.  184. 

'The  Tiiidxddkves  lived  on  the  west  side  of  Sonoiua  valley."  ('nl.  Funun; 
Mdn-h  :W,  1800. 

The  ttuillirds  lived  'northwest  of  Souuiua,' on  the  old  Wilson  ranch  of 
1840,  Jb.;  .VS.  Mdp. 
Vol.  I.    i'i 


450 


TIUBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


'ir 


i  t-n-l 


The  7\lnhhis  Vivo  in  39  14'  jv>rth  Int.  and  122'  12'  long.  U'V/.m'  Xm:,  in 
U.  S.  Ki\  E.V.,  vol.  v..  p.  201.  Tlic  Klinkas  arc  a  'trilm  lixt'c  an  ndid  ilu 
Rio  del  Sacranicnto.'  Mofras,  ExpUir.,  tuni.  ii.,  \>.  'ATyH.  Sonth  of  tlic  lid^'iio 
River  Indians  'the  jiopnlation  is  very  scanty  nntil  \vc  arrive  at  tlic  valley  df 
tho  Sacramento,  all  the  tribes  of  which  are  inclniled  hy  the  traders  undi  r 
th"  K'l'eral  name  of  Kinkla,  which  is  jirobahly.  like  'I'laniatl,  a  term  of  Chi- 
nook orij^'iii.'  Jink's  EUdkiij.,  in  V.  S,  E.r.  Ex.,  vol.  vi.,  j).  221. 

The  Talatni  live  'on  the  Kassiina  River,  a  tribntary  to  the  Siicranieiito, 
on  the  eastern  side,  about  einhty  miles  from  its  month.'   link's  Etliho;!.,  in 

U.  S.   Ex.   Ex..  vol.  vi.,  p.  (lltl.    JAItlitri./s  Ah.  Jmiuj..  J).  IKO. 

The  Oki  jiKs  live  on  Feather  River,  twenty  miles  above  Maiysville.  IkUuta'a 
Life  o)i  //,..  ]'kihis,  p.  2'J:J. 

'The  Ncmshons,  as  stated  by  General  Sutter,  roamed  (prior  to  ]H4n")  l)r- 
tween  (he  Bear  and  American  rivers:  across  the  Sacramento  were  the  Ynlos 
and  folnsiis;  north  of  the  American  Fork  were  the  Rashones.     On  the  b.iiiks 
of  the  rivci  north  of  Fort  Helvetia,  roamed  the  Veshanacks,  the  Tonscilcin- 
nies  and  Youcoolumnies;  between  the  American  (plain  and  hills)  and  the 
Mokalunnie  I'oamed  the  ^VaIacumnics,  Cosumnies,  Solumnees,  Mokeliininrcs, 
Suraniinis,  i'osum:  is,  Lacomnis,  Kis  Ki<s  and  Oniochuninies.'  Ciil.  Eurmer, 
June  8,  1860.     The  Colusas  lire  in  the  north-eastern  corner  of  Colusa  County. 
The  Yolcjs,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county  of  that  name.     West  of  tin m 
the  Olashes.     The  Bushones  in  the  south  of  Yolo  County.     TheXemslioos 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Placer  County.     The  Yukutneys  north  of  them.    The 
Vesnai'lcs  south-west  of  the  Nemshoos.  and  north  of  the  Pnlpcnes.     Ihc 
Y'oucoulunmes  and   Cosumnes  are  in  the  eastern  part  of  Amador  county. 
The  llokeliimnes  south  of  them.     The  Yaehachumnes  west  of  the  Moki  Inin- 
iies.    MS.  M(tp.     '  Y  'o  is  a  coiTuption  of  the  Indian  Yoloy,  which  s';.riutii  il 
a  re;_;ion  thick  with  rashes,  and  was  the  name  of  the  tribe  owning  the  tide 
lands  west  of  the  Sacramento  and  bordering  on  Cach<!  Creek.'   Tatliill's  lli^l. 
('ill.,  !>.  HOI.     The  following;  are  names  of  ranclurias  of  tame  Indians  or 
Niophytes  iu  the  Sacriimeuto  Valley;  Sukisimme,  Shouomnes,  Tawuleuiues, 
Seywameues,  ilukelemnes,  Cosumne.     Rancherias  of  wild  Indians  or  (ii  n- 
tili's,  are:    Sa,L;ayacumne,  Socklumnes,   Olonutchamne,  N' watchumiie,  Yu- 
niat^atock,   Shalachmushumne,   Oniatchanme,  Yusumne,  Y'ldeyumne,  Tain- 
locklnck,   Sajiototot,  Y'alesumne,  Wapoonine,  Kisliey.   Secumne,  I'iisIiiuh'. 
Oioksi ciiiiine,   Xemshan,  I'ahinshan,  I'stu,  Olash,  Y"uknlme,  lloek,  Si>liii, 
Minial,  Ynln,   Biibu,   Honcut.    Iwlktn   Trihrs  of  thf  Socrainento  Wil'ci/.  MS. 
1'anie  Indians  or  Neophites:  Lakisumne,  Shonomne,  Fawalomnes,  Muku  ni- 
nes, Cdsininie.     AVild  Indians  t)r  (ientiles:  Sagayacumne,  Locklonnue.  Oln- 
jiuti'hannir,  Ynnia.Ljatock,  Shalachmushumne,  Omutclianine,  Yusumne,  Yale- 
yuinne,  Yaiidocklock,  Lapototot,  Yalesumne,  Wajuomne,  Kisky,  Secuiiiiie, 
I'nshnnc.  Oiokseciunne,  Nemsliaw,  Palanshawl  T'stu,  Olash,  Yukulme,  Ilcuk, 
I.ishu,  ilimal,  I'lm,  Bubu,  Honcut.   Sntlrr's  Est'imnk  af  hulidii   rcjuihil'i'm. 
1H47,  MS.     The  Ochecamnes,  Servnshanines,  Chuimnines,  Omutclnuuui  s, 
Sicumnes,  AVahiiJinnnies,  Cosumnes,  Sololumnes,  Turealemnes,  Saywiiniiins, 
Xevichumnes,  Matchemnes,  Sagayayunines,  Muthelemnes,  and  I^opstatiiii- 
nes,  lived  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Sacramentti.     The  Bnshumnes  lor  I'u- 
juni),  (or  Sekomue)  Yusumnes,   Nemshaw,  Kisky,  Yaesuumes,  Iluk,  and 


CLEAR  LAKE  TETr.ES. 


451 


Yncal,  livprl  on  the  Wf^stern  liiink  of  the  Siiemmento.  IMe'a  Ethnor).,  in  V.  S. 
K.r.  A'.i'.,  vol.  vi.,  ]<\).  r.3li,  fi:tl. 

The  Viilxts  or  i'lirds  lived  on  Yuvn  River,  n  trilmtury  to  the  Sacramento. 
Firnmnl's  Ucini.  Meiiidir,  p.  22, 

The  Mihhms  and  ScctihumimK  axo  on  the  Ynba  and  Feather  RiverH.  'As 
VdU  travel  south  from  C'hico  the  Indians  call  themselves  iMiidoo  until  yon 
reach  Rear  River;  hnt  below  that  it  is  Xeeshenam,  or  sometimes  mana  or 
maidec,  all  of  which  denote  men  or  Indians.'  I'na-ers'  in  Oarlmtd  Mmdhlij, 
vol.  xii.,  ]).  21. 

The  Citshnds  live  near  the  south  fork  of  the  Ynha  River.  SrhiKilrm/t's 
Arrh.,  vol.  ii.,  5()C;  Ludeiriii's  Ali.  J.dini.,  p.  .'ii*.  Taylor  also  mentions  the 
C'lislmas  south  of  the   Ynha.  <'<il.  Faninr,  May,  ,'11,  IWil. 

The  (itii'ftorl.x  and  LorollDiiiillds  lived  between  Clear  Lake  and  Xapa.  Col. 
Firmer,  Marrl,  30,  IHCO. 

The  //');»i7/</n(iW()s  or  Lnpiloniis  lived  on  the  borders  of  Clear  lake.  lb.; 
MS.  Mnp. 

The  M<i}j(icm'tii  and  Tijufjusi  dwell  about  Clear  Lake.  Smi  Fi-mirisrn  Ihrnlil, 
June,  1H'>H.  The  Mayacmas  and  TyU),'as  'iidiabited  the  vicinity  of  Clear 
lake  and  the  mountains  of  Xapa  and  Mendocino  counties.'  C'ltl.  Fanmr,  June 
2.',  IHi-.O;  MS.  Map. 

The  iVi-fjichcs  'live  along  the  western  slope  of  the  Shasta  mountains 
from  round  Valley  to  Hay  Fcn'k,  between  those  mountains  on  one  sidi'  and 
l^tl  and  Mad  Hi  vers  on  the  other,  and  extendiiif^  down  the  latter  stream  about 
to  Low  Gap.'  I'oiriTs'  Fi»n<>,  MS.  The  Wye  Lakees,  Nome  Ijackees,  Xoi- 
niucks,  Xoiyucans  and  Xoisas,  lived  at  Clear  Lake.  Onijer,  in  Iiul.  Afl'.  Uipt., 
Ls.jll.  ),.  r.\H. 

Xaiiu'iatin,  meaning;  'many  houses,'  was  the  collective  name  of  six 
tiibfs  livini^  at  Clear  Lake:  their  names  were  Hnlanapo,  Habenapo  or  stono 
house,  Dahnohabe,  or  stone  mountain,  Mdalkai,  Shekom,  and  Howkuma. 
(i'lhl)^.  in  .S  7('<o/(V(//7's  .lc(7(.,  vol.  iii..  p.  lOK. 

The  S}iaiii Ihni/as  and  Hi<ihilimari'h-s,  or  lower  people,  live  on  the  east  fork 
of  Ei'l  River.  t!')'ih.i.  in  Schnnlrra/fs  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  j).  1(1!). 

'  The  Saiii'1.1  live  at  Clear  lake.'  <lihlit<.  in  S'  lionli-rafl^  Ai'fh.,  vol,  iii.,  )i.  112. 
'The  Sanels  occupy  Russian  River  Valley  in  the  vicinity  of  the  .Vmerican  vil- 
lage of  Sanel.'    Poii-'rs'   I'ntmi,  MS. 

The  It'irlild'a/s,  rhal.lifits,  Ta'ialitfan,  and  the  Mu'v/ax.  live  between  Clear 
Luke  and  the  coast.  (!ih}i!t.  in  SrhmitrrtnT^  .\rcli.,  vol.  iii.,  \i.  112. 

The  Snroftn,  Lamas,  and  Sfiirus.  occupy  Itussian  River  Valley  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  till'  village  of  Sanel.   I'mrrrs'  I'min).  MS. 

The  .V'(/i'(.s  'inhabited  the  Salvador  Valltjo  ranch  of  Entre-Xapa— that  is 
the  place  between  Xajja  river  and  Na])a  creek.'  Ili'hll.  in  Ifc.'iperian  Mmi.,  vol. 
iv.,  p.  50;  Cal.  Fariinr,  Jhw  7,  liSHl.  'The  Xa|)a  Indians  lived  near  that 
town  and  near  Yount's  ranch.'  '''(/.  Farimr.  Marfh  ',MK  l><(iO. 

'  T'he  Cai/mii.^  tribe  occupied  the  tract  now  owned  by  G.  C,  Yount.'  Ililtell, 
iu  ]li.<priaii  Matj.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  "i"). 

'  The  Calujomanas  had  their  home  on  the  land  now  known  as  the  Bale 
rauche.'  lb. 


I 


452 


TBIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


:li:il 


The  .Wii/fir.nmmt  dwelt  in  the  vicinity  of  the  hot  springs  in  the  upper  eu.l 
of  N.ipii  Viilli-y.  /''. 

The  lliii-(is  lived  on  the  east  of  the  river  Napa,  near  the  present  town- 
site.   /(/.,  p.  r)C). 

'  The  Siisrols  lived  on  the  rnneh  of  that  name,  and  between  Napa  and  T5<'- 
nicia.'  Cal.  Fanner,  March  30,  18(!().  'The  former  domnin  of  the  SusimjI 
Indians  was  afterwards  known  as  Suscol  ranch.'  Ilitldl,  in  Hesperian  M<ui., 
vol.  iv.,  p.  50;  MS.  Map. 

The  Tiilkays  lived  'below  the  town  of  Napa.'  Cal.  Farmer,  March  30,  IHCO. 

The  Cananmanos  lived  on  Biiyle's  raneh  in  Napa  valley.   Ih. 

The  Miitistnis  live  '  lietween  the  heads  of  Napa  and  Putos  creeks.'  Gihhx,  in 
Schonlrraft'ti  Arrh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  111. 

The  Yai-hhnese.i  originally  oecnpied  the  ground  upon  which  the  city  of 
Stockton  now  stands.  Cal.  Farmer,  Dec.  7,  IHi'A). 

The  Yachirhumne.'^  'formerly  inhabited  the  country  between  Stockton 
and  Mt.  Diablo.'  San  Franrkro  Ere)nwi  Tiiilletin,  Sept.  [),  1804. 

The  Smsnne.<t  live  in  Suisun  valley.  Cal.  Farmer,  March  30,  1800.  Solano 
County  was  named  from  their  chief.  Cronise's  Nal.  Wealth,  p.  22;  Tidh'iU'i 
llisl.  Cal.,  p.  301. 

The  lllnlata.i  'lived  on  the  north  side  of  Suisun  Valley.'  Cal.  Farmer, 
March  30,  1800. 

The  ruipenes  lived  on  '.he  eastern  side  of  Suisun  Valley.  76. 

The  Tolenos  lived  on  the  north  side  of  Suisun  Valley.  Ih. 

The  Karf/nines  lived  on  the  straits  of  that  name.  //*. 

The  Tnmales,  Tamales,  Tainallos,  or  Tamalaiios,  and  Bollanos,  lived  be- 
tween Bodefija  Bay  and  the  north  shore  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  it/.,  March  2, 
18G0,  March  30,  IW'.O. 

The  Socoiaitk-ast,  Tliamien.%  and  Gergneiuiens  or  Gerzuensens  'roamed  in 
the  Santa  Clara  valley,  between  the  Coyote  and  Guadalupe  rivers,  and 
the  country  west  of  San  Jose  city  to  the  mountains.'  Id.,  June  22,  1800. 

The  Lecatiiit  tribe  occupied  Marin  countj',  and  it  is  from  the  name  of 
their  chief  that  the  county  takes  its  name.  Cronise's  Xat.  Wealth,  p.  22. 

'  The  retahnnas  or  the  Volhios  lived  near  or  around  that  town.'  Cal.  Farmer, 
March  30,  1800. 

The  Tulares,  so  called  by  the  Sjianiards.  lived  between  the  northern  slioir 
of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco  and  San  Kafael.  Gihhs,  in  ScliuolcrajTs  Arch., 
vol.  iii.,  p.  421. 

The  Wapos  inhabited  '  the  country  about  the  Geysers.'  Ford,  in  Ind.  ArJ. 
llepl.,  1850,  p.  257. 

The  Yosemites  inhabited  the  valley  of  the  same  name.  The  Toseiiiiti  1/ 
are  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Chowchilla.  Lewis,  in  fnd.  Aff.  liept.,  18.57,  j).  :!!''•. 

The  Ahwahnaehees  are  the  inhabitants  of  Yosemite  Valley.  Ililte'l's  1'"- 
semite,  p.  42. 

The  following  names  of  ranehen'as  which  formerly  existed  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Mission  Dolores,  are  taken  from  the  Mission  Books:  Abnu)ctac,  Aiim- 
taja,  Altanui,  Aleytac,  Anchin,  Aleta,  Aramay,  Altajumo,  Aluenchi,  Acnagis, 
Assunta,  Atarpe,  Anamas,  Aeyum,  Anamon,  Caehanegtac,  Caprup,  Cazoim, 
Carascau,    Conop,    Chutchiu,   Chagunte,    Chapugtae,    Chipiscliu,    Chymui, 


TRIBES  NEAR  THE  MISSION'  DOLORES. 


458 


rhiiiletac,  Chiichiptiic,  ('hi]iiitfii,  ('liiiiii;,'tiic,  rinirnintcf',  C'hnycii,  riiupciin, 
KliiToydc,  Fluniimilii,  (ii'iiiiii  (liili)isiiiistiic,  (liinicliiucs,  (riiaiiliii,  Hiuictii, 
H:ilcliis,  Hdi'ocioe.  HniiiK'ii,  It.'us,  Juniiiimic,  .I(is(jiii),'aril,  JiU'himii,  Juris, 
JiKjiiiziir.i,  LuidiK'H,  Liuiiii(t,'luii,  Liiiiisiiu.  Livuni,'L'lva,  Liviuij,'t'1>m.  Libiin- 
tone.  Macsiniun,  Mitliiit'.  Malvnitiic,  Muin^,'i)(',  Naij,',  Naiciue,  Nai)ii,  Oiiipi- 
viiiiiii),  Oiisiiit,  OtmlH',  Olcstura,  Ohiacte,  I'ltli'iiuin.  or  I't-talmna,  I'riiristaf, 
I*ui<'li(>n,  I'uvcone,  raliii'tac,  I'liictaca,  I'nrntt'a,  I'rdiiUfii,  Qnct,  Sitliuta.j, 
Suchiii,  SubchiaiH,  Siplichiciuin.  Siscastai',  Ssiti,  Sitiiitajca,  Ssnpicliuni, 
Sifca,  Siiischmc,  Saturauiiui.  Satiuiiuo,  Sittintac,  Ssicliitca,  Sa^,'iuitt',  Ssalay- 
iiic,  Smifha<|ne,  Ssijiudca,  Saraisi-,  Siiiaiiiiiii,  Samutac,  Ssof^cifati',  Sadaiics, 
Tuzsiut,  Tat(iniiite,  Titiiiictac,  Tupiiic,  Titiyi'i,  Tiiiiita,  Tinisini,  Tnbisiistt', 
Tiiiii;^'t:ic,  Torose,  Tuimiute.  Tuoa,  Tainiilo,  (ir  Tidnalcs,  Talean.  Totolii,  I're- 
Imri',  Utiii'iH',  Usscte,  lu'hiuiu,  Vt'ctaca,  Va^,'t'ri)c,  Yclanin,  Yacnnii,  Yaco- 
iiiiii,  Yajiimni,  Zomioiiii,  Zuii^iu  . . .  Agiiasajnchiuni,  Apnasto,  A;,'uast(i,  Cur- 
qiiiii,  (Kaniiiiucs),  C'uchiaii,  Chaclan,  ('liinuan,  C'otcj*'!!,  Chiiscan,  (Inyl- 
pntus,  Hiichun,  Habasto,  Junatca,  .Tarciniii,  Saiicliiiics,  Oljuii,  OIikmi,  Olo- 
lUds,  Oliiiolocoe,  Qnemflciitus,  (^uiroi^'lcs,  Salzoii,  Sichicaii,  Sancoii,  Suchi- 
f^iii,  Sailan,  Utiuitinat",  VdIvou  (or  Holbon).  'The  tribfs  of  Indians  upou 
till'  Hay  of  San  Franciscii,  and  who  wens  aftt-r  its  fstablishiiicnt.  undfr  the 
sii'icrvision  of  the  llission  of  Dolores,  were  five  in  niuiibcr;  the  Ahwaslitees, 
Ohlolies  (called  in  Spanish  C()stant)s,  or  Indians  of  the  Coast),  Altahnios, 
Ronianons,  and  Tuolonios.  There  were,  in  addition  to  these,  a  few  small 
tribes,  but  all  npon  the  land  exten<lini»  from  the  entranee  to  the  head  of  San 
Fnineiseo  Bay,  spoke  the  same  lai  lage.'  Tnj/lor,  in  Cdl.  Farmir,  Mai/ 31, 
W)\.  The  tribes  rentioutHl  by  Adam  Johnston  in  Schooleraft,  who  lived 
around  the  Missions  of  Dolores  and  Y'erba  liuena,  were  the  '  Ahwashtes, 
Ohiones,  Altahnios,  Romanaiis,  and  Tulomos.  Tlie  Ohlones  wert^  likely  the 
sauie  called  by  the  old  priests,  Knlones,  Solomnies,  the  Sonomis  were  an- 
other.' Si'hooli-ratVs  An:h.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  5:i0.  'The  following  races  of  Cnlifor- 
nians  were  named  to  us  living  within  the  jtrecinets  of  the  Mission  of  Sau 
Franc-iseo;  Giiymen,  Utschim,  Olnnipali,  Soclan.  Sonomi,  Chulpun,  Unipin, 
Kiismitas,  Bulbones,  Tehalaliones,  Pitem,  Lani.iiii,  Apalanni,  Tcholoones, 
Suysum,  Numpali,  Tamal,  and  UIul  ito.'  I'lmniisso,  in  Ki)lzihai''sV(iii.,  vol.  iii., 
p.  ."il."  On  eompte  dans  eetti-  seul  mission  (San  Fraiuiseo)  plus  (\v  (juin/e 
ditlerentes  tribus  d'Indiens:  lis  Khoulpouni;  Ics  Oumpini;  les  Kosmiti;  les 
I.amanrs;  les  Bolboni-s;  les  I'iteui''ns;  les  Klialalons;  k-s  .\patanines.  ils  par- 
liiit  la  meme  langue  et  habitent  le  long  dcs  bords  du  Rio  Siievaniento;  les 
(luimen;  les  Ontchioung;  les  Olompalis;  les  'J'amals;  les  Sonons  ils  parlent 
la  meme  laugue;  ees  tribus  sont  les  ]ilus  nombreuses  dans  la  ii.ission  de  San 
Francisco;  les  Saklaiis;  les  Ouloulatiiies;  les  Nonnipolis:  les  Souissouns;  ils 
parlent  des  laugues  ditt'.'rentis.'  I'lmris,  I'n//..  pitt.,  )it.  iii.,  pp.  T),  (>.  '  C.  i- 
fiirnia  Indians  on  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  formerly  nnder  the  sujjer- 
visions  of  the  Mission  Dolores.  There  were  live  tribes:  Ashwashtes,  <  >1- 
li'iiics  (called  by  the  Si)aniards  Costanos,  or  Indians  of  the  coast  >,  .\ltalimos, 
Riiniouans,  and  Tulomos.  A  few  other  small  tribes  numd  the  bay  speak  the 
Kauie  language.'  Lndvic'i j,  A'l.  Lnuij  ,  p.  .")l!,  '  I'm  die  Bai  von  San  Francisco 
die  Matal.'mes,  Salses  nnd  (juin'iles.  dereii  Spraehen,  eine  gemeinsame  (Quelle 
liaben.'  MiildcDp/vrill,  Mijko,  vol.  ii,,  jit.  ii.,  j).  45'1.     'Ihe  OlcLoues  '  inhabit 


454 


TRIBAL  ROUNDARIES. 


tho  soacoaat  between  San  FmneiHoo  and  Monterey.'  Jirechei/'s  Vm/.,  vol.  ii., 
p.  78.  The  SiilsoiiuH,  'viveu  nuns  ncis  Ic^jmis  tlistantcs  rnnibo  al  Snist(? 
(of  S«n  FruncaHco  Bay)  por  laH  cercanias  del  brazo  do  mar.'  J'ahu,  \"ula  de 
Junipero  .S'prm,  p.  214. 

The  Korekhtx  formerly  lived  at  tho  mouth  of  tho  Sun  Joaqnin.  Kotzilmt's 
New  Voy.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  141. 

'  The  rancherifts  of  Indians  near  this  Mission,  all  within  ei^ht  or  ten  niilis 
of  Santa  Crnz, . . .  were:  Aiilintae,  the  raneheriu  proper  to  the  Mission;  (  li.i- 
luniii,  one  mile  north-west  of  the  Mi:!si<>n;  Hottroehtae,  two  miles  nortli- 
west;  . . .  .Wallanmai;  Sic  Cotchnnn;  Shoremee;  Onbi;  Choromi;  Tinim  i; 
I'ayanmin;  Shin},'uermi;  Hauzanrni.  The  Mission  also  had  neophytes  of 
the  raiieherias  of  Tomoy,  Osaealis  (Soncinel),  Yennaba,  .\ehilla,  Yeiumtii, 
Tejey,  Nohioalli,  Utalliam,  Loeobo,  Yeunator,  Chanech,  Hnoeom,  Chicutae, 
Ai.'staea,  Saehnen,  Hnahpiilme,  Sa^'in,  Oehoyos,  Hnaehi,  Apil,  Mallin,  I,!i- 
ehasmi,  Coot,  and  Aytism,  as  detailed  in  a  letter  from  Friar  Eamon  Olbtz 
to  (tovernor  de  Sola,  in  Novend)er,  1819,  in  reply  to  a  cirenlar  from  him,  as 
to  the  native  names,  etc.,  of  the  Indians  of  Santa  Cruz,  and  their  raiieherias.' 
Cal.  hmner,  Ajiril  5,  18(iO. 

The  .Uiitsioies  are  the  natives  of  the  Mission  of  San  Juan  Baptista.  Cnl. 
Farmer,  X(>i\  23,  and  Jane  22,  18C0;  lUst.  Maij.,  vol.  i.,  p.  205. 

Tho  AnsaynKis  lived  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Juan  Bautista.  Cal.  Fariiur, 
Jane  22,  ISfJO.  '  Four  leafjues  (twelve  miles)  southeast  of  the  ^lission  i  Mon- 
terey,!, inside  the  hills  eastward,  was  the  rancheria  of  Eehilat,  called  San 
Francisipiita.  Eslanaf,'an  was  one  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  and  Ecf,'enKau 
was  another;  another  was  lehenta  or  San  Jose;  another  Xasenni  in  the  Sicrni, 
ten  leagues  from  Carmclo;  that  of  Pachhepes  was  in  the  vicinity  of  Xasenni, 
am()n<:;  the  Eseellens.  That  of  the  Sar<,'entarukas  was  seven  leaKUcs  soutli 
and  east  of  the  river  in  a  Canaditta  de  Palo  Colorado.'  Cal.  Farmer,  April  21), 
18G(». 

The  liitnsienes  live  near  Monterey.  Cal.  Farmer,  April  20,  IHfiO.  The 
Ilumsen  or  llunsienes  are  'Indians  in  the  neif,'hbourhood  of  Monterey,  Cal- 
iforiiia.  The  Achastliers  speak  a  dialect  of  the  same  language.'  Lialeti-iii'^ 
Ah.  Lami,,  p.  IfJIl.  '  Unj  den  Hafeu  von  Monterey  leben  die  Runisen  odcr 
Ruiisien,  die  Escelen  oder  Eslen,  die  Ecclemaches,  und  .\chast!i('s.'  Miilil'ii- 
p/iirill,  Mejiro,  vol.  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  454.  'La  partie  septentrionale  de  la  Nou- 
vellc-Californie  est  habitee  i)ar  les  deux  nations  des  Rinnsen  et  Esceh'u.  .  . . 
Elles  forment  la  population  du  preside  et  du  village  de  Jlonterey.  Dans  la 
baie  de  S.  Francisco,  on  distingue  les  tribus  des  Catalans,  Salsen  et  Quirotcs.' 
Ifitiii^iiihlt,  Essai  Pol.,  p.  321.  'Eslen  y  Runsien  (pie  ocupan  toda  la  Cali- 
fornia septentrional.'  Sutil  y  Me.ricaiia,  liaije.  p.  1(17.  'I'm  Monterey  woli- 
nen  zwey  Yiilker.  . .  .die  Eunisen,  nnd  im  Osten  von  diesen  die  Kscclin.' 
Vater,  Milliriilates,  p.  202.  'The  Eslenes  elan  roamed  over  the  pn  s(  lit  raii- 
elios  San  Franciscjuito.  Tallarcittos,  and  np  and  down  the  Carmelo  Valley.' 
'  The  rancheria  per  se  of  the  Eseellens  was  named  by  the  priests,  ^anta  Clara; 
Soccorondo  was  across  the  river  a  few  miles.  Their  other  little  clans  or  sejils 
were  called  Coyyo,  Yampas.  Fyules,  Neiine(pii,  Jappayon.  fliliiiiis,  and  Yu- 
nostas.'  Cal.  F'armer,  April 'Ii),  18(;0.  The  Eskelens  are  'California  Indians, 
east  of  Monterey.     The  Ekklemaches  are  said  to  be  a  tribe  of  the  Eskclen, 


KINd'S  lUVER  AND  TULAKE  LAKE  TllinES. 


455 


and  to  siM'iik  till'  richest  idiom  of  all  tho  C'lilifornia  Tudiuns.'  T.>i<Ji"-hi's  Ah. 
J.iiini.,  J).  i'lH.  Tlu!  country  of  the  Eci'lcnmclis  cxtt'iids  uioro  tlmu  twenty 
l('iif,'Ui's  east  of  Monterey.  Cdl.  Fnrmvr,  Ort.  17,  IHO'J. 

The  /i'(//(H</(//-((r((.y  seem  'to  have  been  Kituiited  near  the  Esteros  or  Eil- 
gooiis  iihoiit  the  mouth  of  the  Siiliniis  river,  or  in  the  wordsof  the  old  priest, 
"ell  los  Esteros  de  lii  elitradll  al  mar  del  Uio  de  Monterey,  o  revers.i  de  estll 
graiide  Ensenada."  Their  raneherius  weri^  Cupaiiuy,  Lueayasta.  Pnysim, 
'iiuhta,  Ciiliil,  Mnstae.  1  yto^'ius,  Aninqiayamo.  Ymiinaeani.  and  all  on  llio 
I'ajaro  river,  or  between  it  and  the  SaliuiiH.'  ('<il.  Fdnner,  Ain-i!  20,  IWO; 
MS.  Map. 

The  .sV(/,7io)ics  had  rancherias  near  Monterey  'on  the  ranehos  now  known 
n!4  Liiiicitta,  Tarro,  National  linena  Espuraii/a,  Bueiiii  Vista,  and  lands  of 
tliat  vi(dnity.'   //).•  MS.  Mop. 

'The  WnllalshimiMz  live  on  Tuolumne  lliver.'  Lvicix,  iu  Itid.  Aff.  llrpl., 
18r>7,  p.  31tl». 

'The  I'otonnr'iea  olaim  the  Mereed  river  as  their  homes.'  /'>.  The  Pota- 
nches  occupy  the  same  re^'ion  on  the  MS.  Map. 

'The  Xiiiilrliixis. .  .  live  on  the  headwaters  of  Chowchilla.'  Liirls.  in  Iml. 
Aff-  It'pt.,  IH.'.T,  p.  3;»'.».  The  Nootchoos  live  on  the  south  fork  of  the  Mercd. 
J'liir  rs,  in  i)rerlitn<l  Mtntllili/,  vol.  x.,  p.  '^'2'>. 

'  The  I'ohonti'i'hen  liv('  on  the  headwaters  of  Fresno.  Li'ir'is,  in  Iml.  Aff. 
Iti-pl.,  1H.J7,  p.  ;i'.»!».  The  Pohoneechcs  live  on  the  uurth  bank  of  the  Fresno. 
I'mrrrs,  in  Ororhiiid  Mmillili/,  vol.  x.,  p.  325. 

The  rUcukhrs,  the  Tallcnche.i,  and  the  Coswan,  live  on  the  San  J(jaquln. 
Icris,  in  IikI  AfT.  ll'jil.,  IM.JT,  p.  3!)!). 

'  The  ir(///o/,r.s,  a  nation  of  Indians,  consisting  of  the  Wattokes,  Ituchas, 
Chokemnies,  and  Wechummies,  live  hit?h  up  on  Kiuf^'s  river.'  JAir'm,  in  Iml. 
Alt:  l!<pt.,  18.-)7,  p.  3!)!). 

The  WnUhiH,  the  XnlnnntooH,  ami  the  Wvmelches,  live  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Kin^'"s  lliver  Farm.    lb. 

'The  7'(//c7/<s  and  Woowells  live  on  Tulare  Lake.'  Ih. 

T\h:  Chiiirfliillus,  VhiiiicrlKinciis,  and  lloiniclicz,  are  mentioned  as  liviiifj;  at 
Fresno  liiver  Farm,  lit.,  p.  301).  The  Chowchillas  inhabit  •from  tin;  Kern 
lliver  of  the  Tulare  deltas  to  the  Feather  river.'  Tnijbir,  iu  liaucrojTs  llniid 
J}i)i>k  Ahiiiiiiiic,  1N()-1,  p.  32. 

The  W'lillds  live  in  Tuolumne  county.  J'dlrirk,  in  /)((/.  AjT.  lUjit.,  IS.'fi, 
p.  '240.  There  has  been  much  discussion  about  the  word  Wallie,  or  Walla. 
Powers  asserts  that  it  is  derive<l  from  the  word  '  wallim,'  wliii  h  iiitaiis  '  down 
below,' and  was  applied  by  the  Yosemite  Indians  to  all  tribes  livii  !  1 1  >w 
them.  The  Wallies  live  on  the  Stanislaus  and  Tuolumne.  J'i>in  i:i,  in  Uctr- 
Ut.id  Mimthhj,  vol.  x.,  p.  32."). 

The  Mewahs  live  iu  Tuolumne  county.  Jvirett,  in  Iml.  AtT.  RfpL,  18'jC>, 
p.  '24t. 

The  Meeicof  nation  '  extended  from  the  snow-line  of  the  Sierra  to  the  Sau 
Joacjuin  Kiver,  and  from  (he  Cosumnes  to  the  Fresno.  .  .  .North  of  the  Stan- 
islaus  they  call  themselves  Meewoc  (Indians);  south  of  it,  to  the  Mirced, 
Meewa;  south  of  that  to  the  Fresno,  Meewie.  On  the  upper  Merced  river 
is   Wakulla;  ou  the  upper  Tuulumue,  Wakalumy;  on  the  Stanislaus  and 


4:>c, 


TIlinAL  ROl'XnAllIES. 


MokcIiiTinio,  Wi\kftlnniyt(il».  .  An  t"  tvilml  diHtrilmtion.  tlio  Mimwocs  iKJVtli 
<if  till'  StiinisliniH,  like  tlic  NccHlitimiiis,  (lisi^'iiiitf  jiriiiciimlly  1).v  thf  iMpint.-, 
iif  tlw  ciiiMpiiHs.  'I'liisc  ari'  toDimiii,  clinoiiiucli,  lii'iy/.ooit,  iiiitl  I'llnwit  iiidiili 
Hiiiitli,  I'ust,  1111(1  w('Ht),  from  wliicli  itrc  formed  various  trilml  iiiimts  us 
'roomiiiis,  'roomcdncH,  ami  Tiiiiioli'caH,  Clioomtich,  ('Loom\\its,  ('Ikihiiic- 
doi's,  or  Cliimcdocs,  and  ('lioomtt'Vas;  OlowitH,  Oli'iwcdocM,  Olowci'yas, 
vie.  OliAvcdcpcH  in  the  nam)' ap|i1i(>d  to  all  IiidiiiiiH  liviii;,' on  the  jilaiiis,  as 
far  west  as  Stockton.  Hut  thern  am  sj'vcral  namcK  wliich  arc  fuijiloytd  uli- 
Holiittly,  and  without  any  rcfcrcnct'  to  direction.  On  the  south  liank  of  tlie 
('osuiiim  s  are  the  Cawnees;  on  Sutter  Creek,  the  Yuli'mecs;  on  tlie  Stanislaus 
and  'ruiiliiniiie  the  extensive  trilic  of  Wullics;  in  Yosemite,  the  Awanet  s,  mi 
the  south  fork  of  Merced,  tiic  Xootchoos;  on  the  middle  Merced,  theChooiii- 
tevas.  on  the  uniier  Chowchilhv,  the  Hethtovas;  on  the  middle  Chowchilla 
the  trilie  that  min.ed  the  stream;  and  on  the  north  hank  of  the  Fresno  the 
Pohoneechees.'   /'oiro'.s',  in  OvirUniil  Moiithh/,  vol.  x.,  jiji.  ',i'22~!>',  MS.  Miiji. 

The  I'diti'h  trilie  live  one  liundred  and  tifty  miles  east  of  the  Ve(,'as  of 
Santa  Clara,   his  Amiili's  Slur,  Mny  IK,  ]H(iI. 

The  Xiitiiiiiitiis  lived  on  Kinj.;'s  river.  Maltli/'s  MS.  Letter. 

The  A''(/nr(>r(//.s  lived  on  Four  Creeks.   Jh. 

Tije    Viiliinrliiis  lived  on  Tule  river.  Ih. 

The  Pohduino.i  lived  on  Deer  creek.  Jh. 

The  PiiliiifitiiKis  lived  on  Pasey  creek.   Ih. 

Tlio  Pi)hik<ur)jnithK  lived  on  Kern  river.   //). 

The  Viii'ih'hvs  and  Coidahs  live  on  Four  Creeks.  ITenley,  in  Ind.  Aff.  ^.  .  ., 
18")  t,  p.  :)ii;i. 

The  W'lirhra  Xotunrrtlian,  Pti)hiifs,  and  Chiwrtinifs  live  on  King  rivir.    Ih. 

The  ('Dulvdir' r.f,  I'llinrhcs,  Titlliirheti,  LiiwiiMitrs  and  Amonves  live  on  tlie 
San  Joa(iuin.   lil.,  p.  ',M)\. 

'J'he  ClinirrUts,  Choolcchannjs,  rhonerhas,  Xookvhiies,  and  llouetsci's,  live  on 
th(!  Fresno  river,  fh. 

The  Coconoons  live  on  the  Merced  river.  Johnston,  in  Schoolcrnfl's  Arrli., 
vol.  iv.,  p.  413. 

The  .1/<)»().s-  living  west  of  the  Siena  Nevada,  live  on  Fine  Gold  Ciulch  ainl 
the  San  .loaijuin  river.  //;.  East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  they  oceujiy  the 
country  south  of  Mono  Lake.  MS.  Map.  'The  Jlonos,  Cosos,  and  some 
other  tri1)(>s,  occupy  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Ncvadas.'  Cal.  F(trmir. 
Mill/  S,  l,s(;:!.  'The  Olanches,  Monos,  Sicjuirionals,  Wasiikshes,  Cowhuillas. 
Chokiamauves,  Tenisichs,  YocoUes,  Paloushiss,  Wikachumnis,  Opeiioehes, 
Tachi'S,  Nut<.netoos  and  Choemimnees,  roamed  from  the  Tuolumne  to  Kiii;,'s 
river  and  the  Tejon,  on  the  east  of  the  San  JoiKpiin,  the  Tulare  lakes  and  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  us  stated  by  Lieut.  Beule,  in  185G.'  Ciil.  Furimr,  Jitm  ><, 

mvi. 

The  Tulan  I'oii  live  in  the  mountain  wilderness  of  the  Four  Creeks,  l^ir- 
siuncula  (or  Kerns  or  Current)  river  and  the  Tejon;  and  wander  theiie.' 
towards  the  headwaters  of  the  Mohave  and  the  neiyhhcirhood  of  tlie  Calinil- 
las.  Their  present  common  name  belongs  to  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  times 
and  is  derived  frjm  the  word  Tulare  (a  swamp  with  flags).  Hayes'  MS.   ' Tu- 


IT 


BOrTITERX  TALIFOnXIANS. 


467 


lnrcnos,  Iliiliitimt  In  jfrnTitlc  valli't'  dtloH  Tulim'H  dc  lit  rulifdrnic.'  Mi'frn.i, 
AV/i/'"*.,  tdiii.  ii..  J).  ;i;t.'>. 

'The  )'(>riit  iluiuiiiioii  iiicludts  the  Kern  and  Tuliiii'  Imsins  and  tln'  iniil- 
dli'  iif  San  J<)a(iniii,  Htrt'tcliiiif,'  from  Fresno  to  Kt'i-n  lUvir  Falls,'  I'l'icirs,  in 
Or'riiiiiil  Mniitlih),  vol.  xi.,  i>.  1(15. 

f'liiubatwaH  on  I'itt  river.   Iinxilioron'ili'n  I  tier  In  the  mithnr,  MS, 

Shastas,  in  Shasta  and  Scott  vallcyM.    Ih, 

The  Southern  CAUFoRxrANs,  wIiohc  t»'rritor>*  lifH  Honth  of  tho  thirty-tiftli 
parall'  1,  ari',  as  far  as  is  known,  triliall.v  distrilmted  as  follows: 

'I'hc  Ciiliiiill'is  'inhaliit  principally  a  tract  of  country  about  cij^'lity  miles 
last  from  San  Mfrnardino,  and  known  as  the  Cabcson  Valley,  and  their  vil- 
la.,'es  are  on  or  near  the  road  leading,'  to  I.a  I'a/  on  the  Colorado  Kiver.  . .  . 
Another  hranch  of  this  trihe  nuiiiherin^,'  alxmt  four  hiindnd  occii)  y  a  tract 
(if  country  lyin^;  in  the  mountains  aliout  forty  miles  southeast  from  San  Her- 
nardino,  known  as  the  Coahiiila  Valley."  Slanlii/.  in  Iml.  .UJ.  Hi  jil.,  IHi  '.I,  jip, 
r.'l  ").  'The  Coaluiillas  are  scatteriil  through  the  San  Uernardiiio  and  San 
Jacinto  Mountains  and  eastward  in  the  Cahesan  Valley.'  Wliitimi,  in  Iml.  Jj)'. 
Hijit.,  1.S7I,  p.  (I'.U.  The  Coahuilas  live  in  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains.  I'liil,- 
er,  in  Iml.  Atf.  liept.,  iStJi),  j).  17.  The  Cohnillas  )■  side  in  the  iioithern  half 
of  the  conntiy,  commencing  on  the  coast,  and  exti  ndinf,'  to  within  lifly  miles 
of  the  Colorado  river,  foUowinj^  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains,  .Sx/i  /■'/(//,. 
cisri)  llirtilil,  June,  ]85;j.  The  Cahnillos  or  Cawios  reside  '  near  tlie  racilic, 
lietween  the  soiu'ces  of  the  San  (laliriel  and  Santa  .-Xnua.'  l.Hili  ii-iii'x  A''.  I.iiini., 
p.  2(>.  'The  Cahuillas  are  a  little  to  the  north  of  tin;  San  Luisefios,  oci'Upy- 
iuf^  the  mountain  ridf,'eH  and  interveninj,'  valh  ys  to  the  east  and  southeast  of 
Mount  San  liernadino,  down  towards  the  Mohava  river  and  the  desert  that 
Imrders  the  river  Colorado,  the  nation  of  Jlohavas  lying  between  tlnin  and 
these  rivers.  I  am  unable  just  now  to  give  the  nund)er  and  names  of  all  their 
villagrs.  San  (forgonio,  San  Jacinto,  Coyote,  are  among  those  best  known, 
till nii^'h  others  even  nearer  the  desert,  are  more  populous.'  llm/in'  .l/.S'.  Tl:o 
('oliuillas  occupy  the  southwestern  part  of  San  ISernardino  County,  and  the 
northwestern  part  of  San  Diego  county.  J/.S.  Mhji.  'Thi'  Carvilla  Jndian.s 
occupy  the  Country  from  San  Gorgofiio  I'ass  to  the  .Vrroyo  iSlanco.'  ('imn'ii 
7'"/iii;;,  .MfiiiDir,  p,  11!*.  'The  ('inrilh  rs  and  Tili  inuits  live  on  I'our  Creeks.' 
I'l.,  p.  -loo,  'The  limits  of  the  Kahweyah  and  Kahsowah  trilns  apiiear  to 
have  been  from  the  Feather  river  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  to  the 
Tulare  lakes  of  the  south,'  ''nl.  Fanmr,  Mm/ 'I't,  IMilO. 

The  Difji'i'iiis  'are  said  to  occupy  the  coast  for  some  fifty  miles  above, 
and  about  the  same  distance  below  San  Diego,  and  to  extend  about  a  hiiii- 
dnil  miles  into  the  interior.'  Il'/iiyiyi/c,  Kiflnni/,-,  (i)iil  Turin  r'.i  Hr^il.,  in  /''C. 
It-  h'.  II' i>t.,  vol.  iii.  The  Di(gninos  are  in  ihe  southern  part  of  San  Die^ro 
County,  and  extend  from  thi' coast  to  the  desert,  Ihtil(i/,  in  lud.  J.//'.  //'/''., 
I'^'il),  p.  '240.  The  Dieguinas  reside  in  t!..  southern  part  of  the  conntiy 
Watered  by  the  Colorado,  and  claim  the  land  from  a  point  on  the  ra(  ilic  to 
till'  eastern  part  of  the  mountains  impinging  on  the  des«'rt.  .S'(/(  Friud-i.-in) 
llinild,  June,  1853.  The  Coineyas  or  Diegenos  '  occtqiy  the  coast  for  sonio 
lifty  miles  above,  and  about  the  same  distuuce  below  Sun  Diego,  and  extend 


iliiiiH 


*,« 


45.S 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


about  a  hniidrfil  milos  into  the  interior.'  Bnrtlfil's  Pirft,  Xnr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  7. 
'Tilt'  Iiidiims  roiuicl  San  L)ii't,'o,  Dcguinos,  Pie^'cuos,  wero  in  a  savMj,'e  state, 
and  tluir  lani^'naRo  almost  unknown.  IJartlett  says  that  thoy  are  also  called 
C'onieya;  hut  \Vhi])j>le  asserts  that  th  ^  Conieya,  a  tribe  of  the  Yunias.  siieak 
a  diti'erent  lanL;uaj,'r.'  l.nihirhj,  Ah.  Lnnij.,  p.  fi'2.  On  paj.,'e  2"J(i  Ludewi^'  says 
that  as  the  name  Diegenos  means  the  Indians  round  San  Ditgo,  there  is  no 
Bueh  name  as  De^'uinos.  'The  villaf:;es  of  the  Dieguinos,  wherever  they  live 
Kiparately,  are  a  little  to  the  south  of  the  Cahuillas.  Indeed,  undir  this 
ai)pellation  they  extend  a  hundred  n)iles  into  Lower  California,  in  about  an 
equal  state  of  eivilization,  and  thence  are  scattered  through  the  Tecate  valley 
over  the  entire  desert  on  the  west  side  of  New  Eiver.  . .  .Their  villages  Iniowii 
to  me  are  San  Dieguito  (about  twenty  souls'),  San  Diego  Mission,  San  Pas- 
qual,  C'aniajal  (two  villages),  Santa  Ysabel,  San  Jose,  JIatahuay,  Loren.-^o, 
ban  Felipe,  Cajcn,  Cuyamaea,  \t\\\e  de  las  Viejas.'   Hay  n'  .1/N. 

The  MissDitri.^  'are  scattered  over  San  Bernardino,  San' Diego  and  othi  r 
counties  i'l  the  sontlifrn  part  of  the  State.'  Parker,  in  I:ii.  Af.  liipi.,  iSC'J, 
p.  17. 

The  Ki'chi  inhabit  the  country  abori  Mi.-^sion  San  Luis  Rey.  BartletCa 
Fers.  Xar.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1)2. 

The  I'liuiiKi.-i,  or  Kmhionas  live  three  miles  from  the  Mission  of  Santa 
Inez.  Cal.  Fnniwr,  Ort.  18,  18GI. 

Liis  C(ii/(it..i  was  the  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the  tribe  which  orig- 
inally inhal)ited  San  Diego  county.  Hoffman,  in  San  Fruntisco  Meillcal  J'nxs, 
vol.  v.,  p.  U7. 

Thi!  Xnr  Hivfr  Lalkins  'live  along  Kew  River,  sixty  miles  west  from  Fort 
Yuma,  and  near  San  Diego.'  ,Iimps,  in  Ltd.  Aff'.  Hvjit.,  IHCi'J,  ji.  '210. 

'J'he  aki-ras,  or  Caruanas,  the  Laijunas,  or  Tataguas,  and  the  Svrillo.'!  or 
Cartakas  are  mentioned  as  living  on  the  Tejou  reservation.  Wcniicortli,  in 
Iml.  Af.  Ilept  ,  18(52,  pp.  324-<). 

The  Se.-ran'i.s  lived  in  the  vicinity  of  Snn  Bernardino.  Reid,  in  Los  An- 
fjele.s  Star,  Lttttr  I.,  in  //'(//f.s  Col. 

Mr  Taylor  claims  to  have  discovered  the  exact  positions  of  many  of  the 
placL'S  mentioned.  His  statement,  for  the  accuracy  of  whicli  i  by  no  nieans 
vouch,  is  as  follows:  '  Xucu,  or  Shucu,  on  the  Ortega  farm,  near  Kineun 
I'oiut;  ilissisissepono  on  Rafel  Gouzale's  rancho  on  Saticoy  river,  near  sen, 
sonu'times  called  Pono;  Coloc,  near  farpentavin  hi  ach.  Mugu,  below  Sati- 
coy some  thirty  miles,  near  the  se:>.;  Anaebue  or  Anacarck,  near  the  islit  uf 
La  Patera,  near  tl;e  sea  shore.  Partocac  or  Faltocac,  the  Indian  ceimttiy 
on  the  !Mesa  ot  La  I'atera,  near  sea;  A;;uln  at  the  bciK-h  of  Los  Llagos  Can- 
ada; Casali;-,  at  the  Itefugio  Playa  and  Caiuida;  Tucuniu  o:  playa  of  Airnyi) 
Honda.  Xocotoe,  Cojo,  or  Cojotoc,  near  Ft.  Concepcion;  I't.  Coucepcion, 
Caneae  (U-  Caacac,  or  Cacat.'  <'((!.  Fa  ■iiifr,  Awi.  21,  18G;!. 

The  following  nanus  of  rancherias  were  taken  from  the  archives  of  the 
various  missions;  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Purissima:  Lajuchu,  .'-ilimastus, 
Sisolop,  Jlaacs,  or  Slacus,  Iluasna.  Estait,  Esniisehue,  .\usiun,  lusiiispelc, 
Silisne,  Sacspili,  F.stait,  llueiiejel,  Husistaic,  Silinii,  Suntaho,  Alacupusyui  n, 
Espiiluiiiia,  Tutachro,  Sisol'p,  Xaila,  Tutaehro,  I'axpili,  or  Axj  itil,  Siliud, 
Litiahuato,   Guaslaicpie,  Pacsiol,    Sihimi,   Huenepel  Ninyuelgual,   Loi.'ipuc, 


1;:: 


SOUTHERN  MISSION  INDIANS. 


439 


Mrthuey,  or  Nahajuoy,  Sipiica,  Stipn,  Inlanima,  Hunsnn,  Sacsiol,  Kaphisnpal, 

Snlachi,  Nocto,  Fax,  Salaclii,  Sitolo,  or  Siaitatho,  Oinaxtux.     Ntnr  Santa 

Inez,   wero:    Sotomoenn,  Katabnac,  Asiuhnil.  iSituchi,  Kulahua.sa,  Sisucbi, 

Knyain,  or  Cuyama,  lonata,  Tekcp,  Kiisil,  Sauchu,  Sikitii)Uf,  Tciucsatlii, 

Lujiinisuissilac,  Tapanissilac,  lalaiune,  Chuinuclii).  Suiesia,  (huinuchu,  Ta- 

LiJHas,  Tiiiaehi,  Loiiipoo,  louata,  Aguanin,  Sotonoeuiii,  Gnaislao,  TiMinojas, 

JIatiliha,  Stucii,  Akotsuni,   or  Kaohnnia,  Ahuamhoue,  Gegut]),  Achillinio, 

Alizway,  Sousl'oc,  Talaxano,  Nutonto,  Cholimis.     Near  Santa  liavliara  wtie 

(tuuinuonost,  Sisabanona.se,  Iluelenien,  Inoje,  Luijta,  Cajpilili,  ilissopiiio 

(Sopon<i)>  Inajalayt'hua,  Iluixapa,  Calaluiassa,  Sniliuax,  Huililof,  Yxanlo, 

AnijiU',  Sisuch,  Cojats,  Nuuignelgar,  Lugups,  Glouaxcuyu,  Chiiuliiii,  Iptc, 

Sinicon,   Xalanaj,  Xalou,   Sisahiahut,  Choloboc,  Ituc,   Guima,   Huixapa])a, 

ElnuiaAciay,  Taxlipu,  Eliuian,  Auajue,  Huililie,  luajalaihu,  Estuc,  Elnaxou. 

Silmic'om,  Liam.     Some  of  these  were  from  ranebi'rias  of  the  valleys  east  of 

the  '-ange  on  the  coast.     Some  of  these  Taylor  locates  as  follows  •     '  Janaya, 

uliuve  the  Mission,  Salpilil  on  the  Patera;  Aljiman,  near  the  windmill  of  La 

I'attra;  Geliee,  near  islet  of  La  Patera;  Tequepes,  in  Santa  Ynez  Valley; 

Cascili,  in  the  Refugio  p'aya;  Miguihui,  on  the  Dos  Pneblos;  Sisiehii,  in 

Dos  Pueblos;  Masehal,  on  Santa  Cruz  Island;  Gelo,  the  islet  o.  La  Patera; 

ruyamu  (»n  Dos  Pueblos  aslo  Cinihuaj  on  same  rancho;  '"'oloc,  at  the  Piineon; 

Alcax  in  La  Goleta;  Allvatalama,  near  the  La  (joleta  Estero;  Sayokeiuk,  vu 

the  Arroyo  Buito;  Partocao  Cemetery,  near  Sea  Blufi's  of  La  Goleta;  Iln- 

nialiju.  of  San  Fernando  'Mission;  Calla  AVassa  and  Anijue,  of  Santa  Ynez 

Mission;   Sajcay  in  Lov;  Cruces;   Sasaguel,  in   Santa  Cruz  Island;   Lueuy- 

uiuu,  in  the  same  Island,  dated  Novemlx  r,  181(',;  Xanahuani  and  Chalosas 

Wire  also  on  same  Island:  Eljman  was  on  San  Marcos,  Xexuli'itue  and  Tnx- 

lipti,  were  camps  of  the  Tulares.'  ''«/.  Fann.i;  Awj.  21,  18(13. 

Xeur  San  Buenaventura  Mission  were;     '  iliseanaka,  name  of  the  3Iis- 
sidii  site.     Ojai  or  Aujay,  abor.t  t'li  miles  up  San  Buenavent  river,     iliigu, 
on  tlie  coast  neai  sea  on  Guadalasca  rancho,  not  far  from  the  point  so  calli  d. 
ilatiUija  r.p  the  S.  B.  river  towards  Santa  Inez,  which  mission  also  had  Ma- 
tiliia  Indians.     The  Matillija  Sierra  separates  the  valleys  of  S.  Buenaventa 
and  S.  Inez.     Sesjjc  was  on  the  San  Cayetano  rancho  of  Suticoy  rivir,  tw(Uty 
iiiil.s  from  the  sea.     Mupvi  and  Piiru  were  on  the  amyos  of  those  names 
which  came  into  the  Saticny  near  Sespe.     Kanndas  was  higher  uj)  above 
I'iiru.     Cayeguas  (not  a  Spanish  name  as  spelt  on  some  mapsj  on  rancho  cf 
that  name.     Somes  or  Somo  near  hills  of  that  name.     Malico.  range  of  hills 
south  of  Somo.     Chichildp,  Lisichi,  Liam,  Sisa,  Sisjulcioy,  Malalnie,  (  hniii- 
pache,  Lacayamu,  Y'lmc,  Lojos.\ogui,  Lutipscb,  Miguigui,  and  ('liihncchilii;i 
Wire  names  of  other  ranchi'rias.  .  .   Ishgua  or  Ishguaget,   was  a  rancheria 
111  ar  the  mouth  of  the  Saticc  y  ri\   r  and  not  far  from  the  beach.  .  .    ilai  neme 
Was  a  rancheria  on  the  ocean  coast  :■  few  nules  south  of  Saticoy  rivt  r.     I'apo 
luid  Siuii  were  rancherias  on  the  pres(  nt  Noriega  rancho  (if  Siiiii.     Saticoy  i.s 
the  name  of  the  existing  rancheria   .  .   on  the  lnwer  part  of  tlu'  Santa  I'anla 
or  Saticoy  rancho,  about  eight  miles  from  flic  sea,  near  soi.ie  lim-  springs  of 
water,  not  far  from  the  river,  and  near  tln'  high  road  going  up  tiic  valleys.' 
(  .(/.  h'ariHi'r,  Juh/  21,   l(Sii;i.     'The  site  of  S.in   Ffrnaiulo  was  .■    rancheria 
called   I'ashockno.      Other  clans  were  Ukowvinjha,   Kowanga  and   Saway 


„„;::       I, 


W'j.f 


4G0 


TRIBAL  BOUNDAKIES. 


Yanga.  The  Ahapdiingas  were  a  clan  or  ranclieria  between  Los  Angeles 
and  San  Juan  Capistrauo,  and  enemies  of  the  Gubiielenos  or  those  of  ^mi 
Gabriel.  ..  .The  followiir;  are  the  names  of  the  raneherias,  or  clans,  li  n.;,' 
in  the  vicinity  of  San  Luis  Key  Mission:  Enekelkawa  was  the  name  of  niir 
near  the  mission-site,  Mokaskel,  C'enyowpreskel,  Itukeniuk,  Ilatawa,  IIuiiii- 
cliuwa,  Itaywiy,  Milkwanen,  Ehntewa,  Jlootaeyuhew,  anil  Hejiowwoo,  wtro 
the  names  of  others.  At  the  Aquas  Calientes  was  a  very  populous  rancher  a, 
called  Hakoopin.'  LL,  May  11,  1800. 

In  Los  Angeles  county,  the  following  are  the  principal  lodj^ies  or  randi- 
erfas,  with  their  corresponding  present  local  -lames:  Yangna,  Los  .Angeles, 
Sibag-na,  San  (iabricl;  Isantheagna,  Mision  Vieja:  Sisiteanogna,  I'lar 
Orchard;  Sonagna,  M  ^Vhile's  farm;  Acuragna,  The  I'resa;  A.-^ucsagiia, 
Azuza;  C'ucomngna,  Cucamongn  Farm;  Pasiuogna,  Eancho  del  (  hino:  Awij,'- 
na,  La  Tuente;  (Lol-i^hj^ua,  The  Haboneria;  Nacaugna,  Carpenter's  Faiiii; 
Pinengna,  Santa  Catalina  Island;  Pimocagna,  Kancho  de  los  Ybaniis; 
Toybiiiet,  San  Jose;  Hutucgna,  Santa  Ana  (Yorbcs>;  Aleupkigna,  Santa 
Anita:  .Maugna,  Raneho  de  los  Felis;  Hahamog'.a,  Kancho  de  los  Verdiigas; 
Cabuegna,  Caliuenga;  Pasecgna,  San  Fern  ado;  Houtgna,  Ihnichito  do 
Lugo,  ;,>uangna,  Suanga;  Pubugna,  Alauiitos;  Tibahagna,  Serritos;  Clio- 
wig-na,  Palos  Verdes;  Kinkipar,  San  Clemente  Island,  Ilarasgna.  Ikvi,  iu 
Los  Aii'ivles  !<tni;  Letter  I.,  in  Ifiiycs  CoUcd'ton, 

The  S(in  Luiskt'/os  inhabit  the  northern  part  of  San  Diego,  from  the 
coast  ea.st,  including  the  mountains.  Ihnlnj,  in  Ind.  Aff.  Rfpt  ,  IH.jd,  ]i.  •![[). 
'The  villages  of  the  San  Lniseuos  are  in  a  section  of  country  adjacent  tu  the 
Calinillas,  l)etween  40  and  70  miles  in  the  mountainous  inttrinr  from  San 
Diegii;  they  are  known  as  Las  Flores,  Santa  Margarita,  San  Luis  Itey  Mis- 
hion,  ^Vahoma,  Pala,  Temecula,  Ahuanga  (two  villages).  La  Joya,  I  otrero, 
and  Bruno's  and  I'edro's  viHages  within  five  or  six  miles  of  Aqua  t'aliinte; 
they  are  all  in  San  Diego  County.'  Ukijis'  MS. 

The  Siichi's  are  settled  along  the  rivers  which  flow  between  the  Colorado 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Do.iifnich's  Det^erts,  vol.  ii.  j).  45.  Gaices  nuntidus 
the  western  Noches  in  Due.  ]H.it.  M(.r.,  serie  ii.,  vol.  i.,  p.  'I'XK 

The  Tcjnii  Indians  were  those  who  inhabited  the  southern  part  of  Tulare 
valley.   Molllidnsoi,  Iteisdi  in  (/ic  Fdrtettiiili,  vol.  i.,  p.  8:(. 

The  J'lmjunos  were  Indians  who  came  to  settle  in  the  valley  of  Sun  Juan 
Capistrano.  Boscana,  in  Robinson's  Life  in  Val.,  j).  219. 

The  Shoshones,  whose  territory  s])reads  over  south-eastern  Oregon,  soutli- 
ern  Idaho,  and  the  whole  of  Utah  and  Nevada,  extending  into  .\riziina  and 
New  Mexico,  and  the  eastern  border  of  California,  I  divide  into  two  gic  .it 
nations,  the  Snakes  or  Shoshones,  proper,  and  the  I'tahs,  with  their  siilidi- 
visions.  Wilson  divides  the  Shoshones  into  the  Shoshones  and  Baiinai  ks. 
and  the  I'tahs;  the  latter  he  subdivides  into  seven  bands,  whicl]  will  be  sci  ii 
imder  I'tahs.  He  adds;  '  ,\mong  the  Slio.shonies  there  are  oi.iv  two  bands 
prci|ierly  spealung.  Tlie  iiriiieipal  or  better  i>ortion  are  called  Shosliniiii  s, 
or  Snakes.  .  .  .tlie  others  the  Shoshoeoes  . .  Their  claim  of  boundary  is  to 
the  east,  from  the  n-d  Ihittes  on  the  North  fork  of  the  Platte,  to  its  head  in 
the  Park,  Decayaque,  or  Butfalo  Bull-pen,  in  the  Kocky  Mountains;  to  the 


THE  SNAKES. 


461 


Boutli  nnross  tho  monntains,  over  to  tho  Ynnpapa,  till  it  enters  Grorn,  or 
Colorado  river,  and  then  across  to  the  backbone  or  ridj^e  of  numntains  calhtl 
the  ]!car  river  mountains  running  nearly  due  west  towards  the  Salt  liake,  so 
as  to  take  in  most  of  tho  Salt  Lake,  and  thence  on  to  the  sinks  of  Marry 's  or 
Humboldt's  river;  thence  north  to  the  fisheries,  on  the  Snake  river,  in  Oregon; 
and  thi'nce  south  (their  northern  boundary),  to  the  lied  Buttes,  including 
till-  sourc(!  of  Green  lliver.'  Scliookvdfl'fi  Airh.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  (iU7.  '  Under  va- 
rious nan»es.  .  .  .the  great  race  of  Shoshoni'S,  is  found  scattered  over  the 
boundlfSK  wilderness,  from  Te.\as  to  the  Columbia.  Their  territory  is  bound- 
ed on  tho  north  and  west  by. .  .  .the  Blackfeet  and  Crows.'  JiroicmU's  liid. 
llucis,  pp.  1537-8. 

The  Siuik-cs,  or  Shoshones  proper,  although  they  form  a  part  only  of  the 
great  Shoshone  family,  are  usually  termed  "  the  Shoshones'  by  the  authorities. 
They  are  divided  by  Dr  Hurt  into  '  Snakes,  Banuaeks,  Tosiwitehes,  Go- 
slia  I'tes,  and  Cumumpahs,  though  he  afterwards  classes  the  last  two  divis- 
ions as  hybrid  races  between  the  Shoshones  and  the  I'tahs  ...The  Sho- 
shones claim  tho  northeastern  portion  of  the  territory  for  about  four  hun- 
dred miles  west,  and  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles 
south  from  the  Oregon  line.'  Siiujismi's  Ixnute  to  Cal.,  p.  -10.  '  The  gTeat 
Snake  nation  may  be  divided  into  three  divisions,  namely,  the  Shirrydi- 
kiis.  or  dog-eaters;  the  Wararereekas,  or  fish->'aters;  and  the  Ranattees,  or 
rubbers.  But,  as  a  nation,  tliey  all  go  by  the  general  appellation  of  Sho- 
slioues,  or  Snakes.  . .  .The  Shirrydikas  are  the  real  Shoshones,  and  live  in 
the  plains  hunting  the  buffalo.'  The  country  claimed  by  the  Snake  tribes 
'  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Eocky  Mountains,  on  the  south  by  the  Span- 
isli  waters;  on  the  Pacific,  or  west  side,  by  an  imaginary  line,  beginning  at 
the  west  end,  or  spur,  of  the  Blue  Mountains,  behind  l'\)rt  Nez  Perces,  and 
running  parallel  with  the  ocean  to  the  height  of  land  beyond  the  Unipcpni 
Kiver.  in  about  north  lat.  -11"  (this  line  never  approaches  within  150  miles  of 
the  I'acific) ;  and  on  the  north  by  another  line,  r<inning  due  east  from  the  said 
spur  of  tho  Blue  Mountains,  and  crossing  the  great  south  branch,  or  Lewis 
Eiver.  at  the  Dalles,  till  it  strikes  the  Eocky  Monntains  200  miles  north  of  tho 
thiee  pilot  knobs,  or  the  j)lace  thereafter  named  the  '  Vallej' of  Troubles.' 
y^w.s'  h'ur  Ilmitirs,  vol.  i.,  pj).  240,  251.  'They  embrace  all  the  territory  of 
the  Great  ftoui'i:  Pass,  between  the  Mississijipi  valley  and  the  waters  of  tho 
Columbii,  .  .  .I'nder  the  name  of  Yampatiekara  or  Eoot-eaters  and  Bonacks 
they  occupy  with  the  I'lahs  the  vast  elevated  basin  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
extending  south  and  west  to  the  borders  of  New  Mexico  and  California.' 
.liruiriiiU's  Iml.  limrs,  ]>p.  5.1H-7,  5(0.  'The  hunters  rejiort,  that  the  jirojier 
country  of  the  Snakes  is  to  the  east  of  the  Youta  Lake,  and  north  of  tht^  Snake 
or  Lewis  river;  btit  they  arc!  found  in  many  detached  places.  The  largest 
band  is  locat-d  near  Fort  Boise,  on  the  Snake  river  to  the  north  of  the  Bo- 
nai'ks.'  \\"<'  cs'  X<ir.,  in  ('.  S.  A'.r.  A'.r.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  501.  The  Shoshones 
' occupy  the  centre  and  principal  part  of  the  great  Basin.'  Tdi/lur,  in  ('al. 
/•'(/•//ICC,  Oct.  18,  18  U.  '  Inh.tbit  that  part  of  the  Eocky  Mountains  which 
lies  on  the  (Jrand  and  Green  Eiver  branches  of  the  Colorado  of  the  West, 
till!  valley  of  Great  Bear  Eiver,  the  habitable  shores  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
u  considerable  portion  of  country  on  Snake  Eiver  above  and  below  Fort  Hull, 


4C2 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


r  i 


i ;;  ^  i' ,  '-fi 


;::^ 


r!  ■,.  t 


t'  ''l-^' 


nnd  n  tract  exteiuling  two  or  three  hundred  miles  to  the  west  of  thnt  post.' 
Fiirnliuin's  Trar.,  p.  01.  The  Shoshoiifs  iiihiibit  iihout  one  third  of  tlir  ti  r- 
ritory  of  Utah,  liviny  north  of  Salt  Lake  'and  on  the  line  of  the  Hunibuldt 
or  Mary  River,  some  100  miles  west  and  100  to  125  south  of  the  On  gon  liin'. 
The  Ynta  claim  the  rest  of  the  territory  between  Kansas,  the  Sierra  Xevadii, 
New  Mexico  and  the  Oregon  frontier.'  Burton's  City  of  the  Saints,  p.  T)?."). 
'  Les  Soshonies,  c'est-a-dire  les  deterrenrs  de  raeines,  surnonmies  les  S(i-- 
jients, .  .  .  .halntent  la  partie  nieridionale  du  territoire  dt;  I'On'gon,  dans  K; 
voisiuage  de  la  haute  C'alifornie.'  7>c  Smvt,  Voy.,  p.  24.  'Their  couiitiy 
lies  south-west  of  the  south-east  branch  of  the  C'olnnibia,  and  is  said  to 
l)(i  the  most  barren  of  any  part  of  the  country  in  these  western  regions.' 
I'lirkcr's  ExpUir.  Tour.,  p.  8;i.  '  On  the  south  part  of  the  Oregon  Tcni- 
tory,  adjoining  upper  California,  are  located  the  Shoshones  or  Snake  In- 
dians.' lb.,  p.  'MH.  'Serpents  on  Saaptins,  Monquis,  Bonacks  et  Youtiis, 
toutes  les  branehes  du  Rio  Colombia  ou  Sud-Est  et  les  environs  du  liu- 
Sale  an  Timpanogos.'  Mo/ras,  E.rplor.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  'X\».  'The  country  (if 
the  Shoshonees  proper  is  south  of  Lewis  or  Snaki^  River,  and  east  of  the  Suit 
Lake.  There  is,  however  on<>  detached  band,  known  as  the  Wihinasht,  ur 
AVestern  Snakes,  near  Fort  Boirie,  separated  from  the  main  body  by  the  trilie 
of  Bouuaks.'  Hale's  Eiloioii.,  in  I'.  >'.  E.v.  E.v.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  21'J.  'The  Sho- 
shones are  a  small  tribe  of  the  nation  called  Snake  Indians,  a  vague  denom- 
ination, which  embraces  at  once  the  inhabitants  of  the  southern  part  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,  and  of  the  plains  on  each  side.'  Lewis  uud  Vlnrl.e's  Tnii\, 
]).  .'Uli).  The  Snakes  or  Shothoucs  '  formei'ly  occu})ied  the  whole  of  that 
vast  territory  lying  between  the  Rocky  and  th  >  Blue  Mountains,  and  exti  iid- 
iiig  northward  to  the  lower  fork  of  the  Columbia,  and  to  the  south  as  far  as 
the  basin  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.'  Coke's  Rocky  Mts.,  p.  275.  '  They  occupy 
southern  and  western  Nevada.  Parker,  in  1ml.  Aff.  liijit.,  18(59,  p.  18.  'Tiny 
inhabit  the  southern  part  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  plains  on  each  sidi-.' 
liuljiiich's  0(jn.,  p.  124.  'They  occupy  all  the  country  between  the  southern 
branch  'S  of  Lewis's  river,  extending  from  the  Umatnllum  to  theE.  side  of  tlir 
Stony  Mountains,  on  the  southern  parts  of  Wallaumut  river  from  about  in  to 
47  N.  Lat.  A  branch  of  this  tribe  reside. . .  .in  sjiring  and  summer  on  the  W. 
fork  of  Lewis  river,  a  branch  of  the  Columbia,  and  in  winter  and  fall  on  tlie 
Jlissoiiri.'  Morse's  liipl  ,  p.  ',W,).  'The  Shoshones  dwell  between  the  l!(i(l;y 
and  blue  mountain  ranges.'  Xicnloy's  O'ln.  Ter.,  p.  151.  'The  aborigine  ts  if 
tho  Reese  River  country  consist  of  the  Shoshone  nation,  divided  into  iiiany 
subordinate  tribes,  each  having  a  distinctive  name,  and  occupying  a  tract  nf 
country  varying  from  20  to  50  miles  s(pnire.  Their  country  is  bordered  nn 
the  west  by  th(\  I'i-I'tes,  the  Edwards  Creek  mouiitains  some  20  miles  wi  st 
of  Reese  River,  being  the  dividing  line.  On  tin-  east  it  extends  to  Ruby  Val- 
1  y,  where  it  joins  on  the  territory  of  the  (loshoots,  th"  Bannocks  being  tlnir 
neighbors  on  the  northeast.'  I'al.  Fanner,  June  'JO,  18('i;l.  'The  Snake  tribe, 
inhabit  the  country  bordering  on  Lcnvis  and  Bear  Rivers,  and  their  varimis 
tril)Utaries.'  I'ahmr's  ,Iitur.,  ti.  I:).  'The  Snake  Indians,  who  emlira<-e  many 
tribes,  inhaViit  a  wide  extent  of  country  at  the  head  of  Snake  liiver  above 
and  below  Fort  Hall,  and  the  vicinity  of  (Jreat  liear  Kivi  r  and  (Jreat  Salt 
Lake.     They  are  a  migratory  race,    and  generally  occupy  the  soutli-cast- 


I'i 


I  ♦, 


BANNACKS  AND  UTAIIS, 


463 


orn  iinvtion  of  Oregon.'  Dunn's  Oiin.,  p.  325.  The  Slioslioiirs  inhuMt  tho 
great  iiliiiiis  to  tho  southward  r)f  tho  Lowis  Rivor.  Cox's  Ailrm.,  vol.  ii.,  \>.  IKJ. 
Tho  Shoshonos  occupy  '  almost  the  whole  eastern  h;ilf  of  tho  State  (Nevada). 
Tho  lino  soparating  them  from  the  Pai-Utes  on  tho  oast  and  south  is  not  very 
clearly  defined.'  Parl,xr,  in  Ind.  Aff.  Jiipt.,  18G6,  j).  114.  '  Tho  western  hands 
of  Shoshonos. ..  .ran<:;e  from  the  Idaho  boundary  north,  sontlnvard  to  tho 
tliiity-oighth  parallel;  their  western  limit  is  the  line  passinj^  throuj,'h  tho 
Sunatoya  Mountains;  their  eastern  limit  Stejitoennd  Groat  Salt  Lake  Valleys.' 
Liil.  Af.  /,''7)^,  1H70,  p.  05.  The  Snakes  inhabit  '  the  ])lains  of  tho  C'olunibiii 
between  the  4;id  and  4-lth  degrees  of  latitude.'  Franrlih-e's  Xar.,  p.  l^O.  'J'he 
Washakeeks  or  Green  lliver  Snakes  inhabit  the  country  diaim  d  by  Groou 
River  and  its  tributaries.  The  Tookarikkahs,  or  mountain  shoop-oat(  rs,  '  oc- 
cupy tho  Salmon  river  country  and  the  upper  jiart  of  Snake  Itivor  Valley, 
and  Coiners'  Prairie,  near  the  Koise  mint's.'  Those  two  bands  are  tho  gen- 
uine Snakes;  other  inferior  bands  are  tho  Hokandikahs  or  Salt  I^ako  I)iggor3 
wlio  'inhabit  the  region  about  the  great  lake.'  'J'he  Aggitikkahs  or  Sal- 
mon-eaters who  '  occupy  the  region  round  about  Salmon  fulls,  on  Snako 
river.'  I^duirt's  Montunn,  p.  80. 

'The  liannarks,  who  are  generally  classed  with  the  Snakes,  inhabit  the 
country  south  of  hei'o,  (Powder  Eiver)  in  tho  vicinity  of  Harney  lake. .  'i'he 
AViniias  band  of  Snakes  inhabit  the  country  north  of  Snaki^  rivor,  and  aro 
found  principally  on  tl..e  Bayette,  Boise,  and  Siokloy  rivers.'  Kirkpnlrh-k,  in 
liid.  AlY.  Itipt.,  18(!2,  i)p.  2(17-8.  The  Bonaeks  'inhabit  tho  country  between 
Tort  Boiso  and  Fort  Hall.'  Wllkvs'  Nnr.,  in  U.  S.  Ex.  Kr.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  r,()2. 
They  '  inhabit  the  Kouthorn  bordtTs  of  Oregon,  along  the  old  Humboldt  Biver 
euii^'nint  road.'  ShnjiNim's  Ihiuk ioCal.,  p.  47.  '  Tho  Bonaks seem  '  to  embrace 
Iiuliau  tribes  inhabiting  a  large  extent  of  country  west  of  the  Eoi'ky  Moun- 
tains. .\s  tho  name  imports,  it  was  undoubtedly  given  to  ihat  ])ortion  f)f  In- 
dians who  dig  and  live  on  the  roots  of  the  eartii.'  •lnhnxUni.  in  SfkniilrrttlTs 
Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  J).  221.  The  Bonaks  inhabit  '  the  banks  of  that  part  of  Saptin 
or  Snake  Biver  which  lies  between  the  mouth  of  Boisais  or  Roods  Rivor  and 
tho  Blue  Jlountains.'  Farnham's  Tmv.,  p.  7(!.  Tho  Bonax  inhabit  tho 
country  west  of  tho  Lewis  fork  of  the  Columbia  between  the  forty-second 
and  forty-fourth  jiaralhds.  I'drker's  Map.  The  Bannacks  range  through 
nortlie>n  Ni'vada,  and  into  Oregon  and  Idaho.  J'urhcr,  in  Iml.  AtJ.  Ui^il., 
W.'.i,  ]).  IS.  They  'claim  tho  sfiuthwostorn  jiortions  of  Jlontana  ;is  tli<  ir 
land.'  >'(////,  in  /'/.,  j).  2N'.I.  'This  tribo  oocu|iies  most  of  tli.at  portion  of 
Nevada  north  of  tho  forty-first  degree  of  north  latitude,  with  thi'  soutiieust- 
ern  cornerof  Oregon  and  the  southwestern  corner  of  Idaho.'  I'mhr,  in  /</., 
I'^iid,  p.  114.  'I'ho  Bannocks  drift  'from  lioise  City  to  thi'  game  country 
nortlieast  of  Bozoman,  ^lontana,  and  south  as  far  .as  Fort  Bri(ig<r,  Wyoming 
'I'l  rrilory.  . .  traveling  from  Oregon  to  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.'  //(',,/(, 
in  ],.d.  AtY.  It'll!.,  1S72,  pp.  'i7'2-;{. 

'I'lie  I'liili  nation  oeo\ipies  all  that  portion  of  tho  territory  assigned  to  (ho 
Sliosliouo  family  lying  south  of  the  Snakes,  between  the  country  of  the  (  al- 
ifornians  i)roper,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  divided  into  several  tribes, 
tlie  number  varying  with  ditt'<'rent  authorities.  Wilson  dividis  (he  I'tah  na- 
(iim  into  seven  trilies;  viz.,  the  'Taos,  Yampapas,  Lwinto,  Teiijunny  Ftahs, 


la 


461 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


!    i'.l 


rnrant  Utahs,  Snnipiehes,  ruhmeteH.'  Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  007. 
'  Bfsiilos  the  Piirawat  Yiitiis,  the  Yninpas,  2i)0-3l)((  iiiilcH  south,  on  the  Whito 
lliver;  the  Tfbcchya,  or  sun-hntittTH,  aliout  Tete  ile  Biche,  near  Spani^li 
lands;  and  the  Tash  Yiita,  near  the  Xavajos;  there  are  BcatterH  of  the  nation 
alon},'  tlie  Californian  road  from  Heaver  Valley,  alonf,'  the  Santa  Clara,  Viri^'m, 
Las  Ve(,'as,  and  Muddy  Kivers,  to  New  Mexico.'  Jiurtnn'n  VHy  of  thv  S<tiiil!<, 
p.  578.  'The  tribes  of  Utah  Territory  "re:  Utahs  at  lart,'e,  Pi  Utahs.  roviiij:, 
Uwinty  Utahs,  Utahs  of  Saiiipitch  Valley,  Utahs  of  Carson  Valley,  Utahs  of 
liake  Sevier  and  AValker  Hiver,  Navahoes  and  Utahs  of  Grand  Eiver,  Slin- 
shonees,  or  Snakes  j)roper,  Diggers  on  Humboldt  Biver,  Entahs  of  New 
Mexico.'  Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  i'M.  The  T'tahs  are  eoniixised  nf 
several  bands,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the  Timpanogs  w  ho  '  raiiLje 
thron^,'li  Utah  valley  and  the  mountains  adjoining  the  valley  on  the  east. . . . 
The  Uintahs,  the  princii)al  band  of  the  Utahs, . .  range  through  Uintah  val- 
ley and  the  Green  lUver  country The  Pah  Vauts   ....range  throii),'li 

Uah  Vaiit  and  Sevier  valleys  and  west  to  the  'White  mountains.'  Irish,  in 
Jiid.  Aff.  liipl.,  IHO.'i,  p.  145.  'T'  ■  Yutah  nation  is  very  numerous,  and  is 
also  made  up  of  many  bands,  which  are  to  be  distinguished  only  by  thiir 
names.  ..  .Four  of  these  bands  called  Noaches,  Uayuehes,  Tabiuchis  and 
Sogup,  are  accustomed  to  occupy  lauds  within  the  province  of  New  Mexico, 
or  very  near  it,  to  the  north  and  northeast.'  Whipple,  Eichnnk,  &  Turin r's 
Jiept,.  in  /'(((■.  7?.  Ti  licpt.,  vol.iii.  'The  Utahs  are  divided  into  three  bands 
— Mohiiaches,  Capotes,  and  Nomenuches  or  I'oruches.'  Jkl'/ailo,  in  /*((/.  .1//'. 
Tlcpt.,  l.sr.5,  p.  103;  see  also  pp.  17,  18.  '  The  Ute  tribe  Dr.  Hurt  divides  into 
tlu^  I'ah  I'tahs,  Tamp  Pah-I'tes,  (,'hevericlies.  Pah  Vants,  San  Pitches,  and 
l\vedes.  The  Utahs  proper  inhabit  the  waters  of  Green  Biver,  south  of  Gitcn 
lliver  Mountains,  the  Grand  Biver  and  its  tributaries  and  as  far  south  as  tlie 
Navajo  country.  They  also  claim  the  country  bordering  on  Utali  Lake  tnuX 
as  far  south  as  the  Sevier  Lake.'  Simiisoii's  JtoHtf  to  ('al.,  j).  44.  '  The  Utahs 
are  a  separate  and  distinct  tribe  of  Indians,  divided  into  six  bands,  each  with  a 
head  chief,  as  follows:    The  Menache.,.  .  .  .the  Capotes, . .  .the  Tabe-nachts 

the  C'ibariches.  . . .   the   Tempanahgoes the   Piuchas.'    <inin-s,    iu 

JiitL  A(f'.  Itvpl.,  1854,  p.  178.  '  The  Yutahs  are  subdivided  into  four  gitat 
bauds:  the  Noaches,  the  Paynches  (whom  we  believe  to  be  identical  with 
the  Pai  Utahs),  the  Tabiachis,  and  the  Sogujjs,  who  live  in  perfect  liurnKUiy 
on  the  north  eastern  contines  of  New  Mexico,  and  at  a  distance  'if  5()()  miles 
to  the  south  of  the  great  tribe  of  the  Zuguaganas.'  Doiiicwch's  Dcscrls,  \i<\. 

ii.,  p.  8.     The  Utes  are  'those which  inhabit  the  vicinity  of  the  laki  s 

and  stn'ams  and  live  chicHy  on  fish,  being  distinguished  by  the  name  of  I'ah 
Utahs  or  Pah  Utes,  the  word  Pah,  in  their  language  signifying  water.'  Shu's- 
liKri/'s  Hijil.,  )).  148.  'The  country  of  the  Utaws  is  situated  to  the  east  ami 
southeast  of  the  Soshonees,  nt  the  sources  of  the  Bio  Colorado.'  Jif  Siml's 
JaIIi  rs,  p.  ;$'.).  *  The  Y'outas  live  between  th<>  Snake  and  Green  Bivers.'  Vrirli- 
(trd's  liasoarchrs,  vol.  v.,  p.  4!!0.  'The  Utahs  of  New  Mi'xico  are  a  iiortion  cif 
the  tribe  of  the  same  name  inhabiting  the  Territory  of  Utah.  .  .'J'hcy  inhabit 
riid  claim  all  that  region  of  country,  end)racing  the  sources  of  the  imrili- 
western  tributaries  of  the  Arkansas  river,  above  Bent's  fort,  n\t  to  the  smitli- 
eru  boundary  of  I'tah  Territory,  and  all  the  northern  tributaries  of  the  liio 


UTAHS, 


465 


f  irandi',  which  Up  within  New  iroxion  niid  north  of  tho  HTth  paralh  1  of  lati- 
tuilo.'  Mcrriii-dlirr,  in  Iml.  A(t'.  liijil..  IH^A,  p.  1(!1).  The  I'tts  '  occupy  nnil 
claim  that  section  of  coiiiifry  riin),'inj,'  from  Al>i([uin.  norlliwanl  to  Navajo 
Itivcr  anil  westward  somewliat  of  tliis  line.'  Ihirix.  in  Ind.  J//',  /l^/.^,  1H('>!(, 
ji.  2";^,  The  Eiitaws  '  resiilc  ori  lioth  sides  of  the  Eiitaw  or  Anahiiac  mount- 
ains, they  are  continually  mii^rntinL;  from  one  side  to  tiie  other.'  i'lirnlKnu'a 
'I'riir.,  p.  -IS.  'The  Youtiis  inhabit  the  country  lietween  the  Snalic  and 
(ireen  riv(  rs.'  Wilhs'  Xdr.,  in  i'.  -S.  H.r.  E,t.,  vol.  i  ,  p.  itWl.  -'I  lie  I'tahs' 
claim  (if  boundaries  are  all  south  of  that  of  the  Shoshonies.  end)raciii;4  tho 
waters  of  the  Colorado,  f^'oini,'  most  probably  to  the  (iulf  of  (  nlifornia.' 
WHri'iti,  in  SrhodlcrajTs  Avdi.,  vol.  vi..  p.  fl'.IM.  The  country  of  the  I'taws  'is 
situated  to  the  east  and  southeast  of  the  Shoshones,  about  the  Salt  Lake,  and 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  Colorado  river,  whicli  empties  into  the  yulf  of 
California.  ..  .Their  country  beiny  in  latitude  about  H.'  The  Claws  arcs 
decent  in  ai)pearunce  and  their  country,  wliicli  is  towards  Santa  Fe.  is  said 
to  be  tolerably  j^'ood.'  I'arl.cr's  K.rjilar.  Tniir..  pp.  70.  ;t(i|(.  The  Autas.  I'taws, 
or  Voiilas,  '  ranj,'e  between  lat.  35  and  -i'l  Xorth  and  the  Miriilian^^  '1'.)  and 
'M  \y  Loni,'.  of  '\Vashin<,'ton.  The  f^reat  Yulas  trilie  is  divided  into  two  fa- 
milies which  are  contradistin^^uished  by  tlie  names  of  their  icspi ctive  liead- 
(piartcrs:  the  Tao  Yntas,  so  called  because  iht  ir  principal  camp  is  pitdied  iu 
Tao  mountains,  seventy  miles  north  of  Santa  Fe;  and  the  Timpani;_;os  Yutas, 
wiio  hold  their  ^'reat  camp  near  the  Timjiani^os  lake.'  FarxhdDi'n  l.ij'iiii  ('ill., 
p.  ;J71.  '  Cm  den  Fluss  Dcdi'.res  liaben  die  Yntas  Tabe;,'uachis  I'ayi'ches  und 
Tularciios  ihre  Wohnsitze.'  Muhkiipfiinlt,  Mcjii-o,  tom.  ii.,  \>t.  ii.,  p.  "jltS.  The 
Ctahs  live  'on  the  border  of  NewMexii'o.'  J.Kihii-hi'x  Ah.  Lumj.,  p.  VM.  '  Lo 
pays  dcs  Ctaws  est  .situe  Fl  Test  et  an  sud-<st  de  Cflni  des  Soshonies,  aTix 
sources  du  Kio-Colorado.'  Df  Sunt,  ]'<ii/.,  p.  lit).  '  Tlie  Y'ntas  or  FJitaws  aro 
one  of  tile  most  extensivt>  nations  of  the  West,  bein^,'  scattered  from  the  north 
of  New  Mexico  to  the  borders  of  Snake  river  uu.l  Kio  Colorado.'  (r'/(';/;y".s 
Cum.  I'ni'iries,  vol.  i.,  j).  liOll. 

The  I'lili  rtin  occupy  the  greater  i)art  of  Nevada,  und  extc  nd  soutliwavd 
into  .Arizona  und  south-eastern  (California.  There  is  reason  to  believe  tliat 
the  Pi  Ctcs  are  a  distinct  tribi'  from  tlie  Fall  Ttes.  but  as  the  same  localities 
arc  freipiently  assigned  to  both  tribes  by  (lifl'erent  writei's,  and  as  many  liavo 
eviilently  tliouyht  thiiu  one  and  tlu'  same,  thereljy  causing'  L,'i'i'at  confusion, 
J  have  thouj^dit  it  liesl  to  merely  j^ive  the  nanies  as  spi  lied  by  the  authoiities 
witliiiut  attemjitiliL;  to  dccidi' whicli  ti'ilie  is  biini,' sjioken  of  in  t  itla  r  case, 
'llir  I'al'-Utes  'ranLje  jirincipally  in  tlir  snuthwi  stern  ptirtinii  of  Ctah  and 
thr  sdiitheastern  portion  of  Nevada.'  //"/(/,  in  Iml.  AjL  7c/i/.,  l>M'.r.,  [).  121. 
'i'ln  I'ah  Ctes  'arc  spread  over  tlie  v.ist  tr.-ict  of  territory,  bet  ween  tho  Sii  na 
Nevada  and  the  Colorado  Itiver,  ;,'iiim,' .as  far  siaithas  the  tliirty-tifth  jiarallel, 
auil  extending,' to  tlie  northward  thron-h  '  ,.:!  .,n'aund  Nevada  into  South- 
iV)i  (»i(-(m  and  Idaho.'  Culyn;  in  Iml.  Aj}'.  i;>j,l.,  IHH!),  ]).  ',12.  'J'he  Fah-Tte.s 
inhabit  the  western  j)art  of  Nevada.  Wall.-ir,  in  lii'l.  .[tj.  liijil..  Is72.  p.  ")l». 
I'he  Fall  Utesund  Fah  Ivies  ranL;e  over  all  that  part  of  Ftah  sontli  nl'  the  ciiy  of 
Filmore  in  Millard  County.  Il'ii'l.  in  Iml.  .[t/.  U'lit.,  iS(!,S,  p.  l.")i).  -The  ti  rm 
Fah  Utes  is  applied  to  a  very  larL;e  nmuber  of  Indians  who  roam  throu.nii 
that  vast  section  of  country  lying  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coio- 
VoL.  I.    30 


4CG 


TKIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


■   ri\   I  ,     ^ 


ratio,  poiiif?  as  fur  south  as  the  tliirty-fifth  pnrallfl,  niul  pxtonding  to  the 
iiDrthwiinl  thron<,'h  C'ulifomiiv,  NfViidii,  into  Southern  Ort't^'on  and  Idaho. 
Tile  Indians  of  this  trilx'  lu  Arizona  are  located  in  the  hi>^  l!end  of  the  (  til- 
orado,  on  hoth  sides  of  the  riv<'r,  and  ranj,'e  as  far  east  as  Diamond  l{iver, 
west  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  into  the  State  of  Nevada.'  Jmns, 
ill  fii<l.  Alt',  llipl.,  ISC.!),  p.  2!(;.  The  Pah  I'tes  '  properly  Indon^' in  Nevada 
uikI  .Vri/iina,  hut  Vixw^e  over  in  southwest(a-n  Utah.'  //■i.s7(.  in  /«'/.  Aff.  It'pl., 
IS')."),  p.  III).  The  I'ah-Utes  '  ranj^'e  principally  from  the  borders  of  Oic^i'n, 
on  the  north,  to  the  southeast  boundary  of  Nevada,  and  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  eastward  to  the  Humboldt  Kiverand  Sink  of  Carson:  tlure  are  one  or 
two  small  bunds  of  them  still  further  east,  near  .\nstin,  Nevada.  They  are 
much  sciittered  within  these  limits.'  DhwiIks,  in  [ml.  Aff.  lUpt.,  1H7(I,  jij). 
9t-5.  'The  I'ah-utes  roam  aloni^  the  eastern  sIojjcs  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Virgin  with  the  Colorado  (in  about  lat  ;!(!  long.  1  b".  ) 
to  the  territories  of  the  Washoes  north,  and  as  far  east  as  the  Sevier  Lak(! 
country  of  Fremont's  exi)lorations.'  Cnl.  Faniirr,  June  '22,  KSGO.  'The  I'ii- 
utahs,  and  Lake  Utahs  occupy  the  territory  lying  south  of  tlie  Snakes,  mid 
upon  the  waters  of  the  Colorado  of  the  west  and  south  of  the  Clreat  Salt 
Lake.'  .S'cac.s  in  Ike  Uorli/  Mis.,  p.  170.  'The  Pa  Yuta  (Pey  Utes)  'extend 
from  forty  miles  west  of  Stony  Point  to  the  Californian  line,  and  N.W.  to  the 
Oregon  line,  and  inhabit  the  valley  of  the  Feuelon -Elver,  which  rising  from 
Lake  liigler  empties  itself  into  Pyramid  Lake.'  hnrluiis  Clli/  <>/  tin'  Sainls,  ji. 
f)7().  'The  Womeiiunche  (also  known  as  the  Pa  Uches)  occupy  the  country 
on  the  Siiii  .Tiian  river.'  Col'bi.i.  in  fiid.  Ajr.  Hi  pi.,  Wd,  p.  'I'.iH.  'Th(^  eust.iin 
of  disign.'iting  the  ditl'eront  bands  of  Pah  Ut  s  is  derived  from  the  name  of 
some  article  of  food  not  connaon  in  other  localities;  '-Ocki,"  signifies  "  trout.  " 
"toy,"  ••  tule,"  A-c.  TlieOcki  Pah  Ites.  . .  are  located  on  ^Valker  liiver  inid 
Lake,  and  the  mountains  adjacent  tliereto.  The  Cozidiy  Pah  I'tes.  .  .  raiig't 
from  Mono  Lake  east  to  Smoky  Valley.'  Cniiijnill.  in  [n'l.  AjJ'.  Hijil..  IsTd, 
J)  ).  llJ-lli.  Till'  I'ah  I'tes  exteial,  'over  portions  of  Utah  and  .\rl/ona  Ter- 
ritories, also  the  .States  of  Nevada  and  Ci'lifornia.    /■'■  nloi:.  in  /(/.,  p.  1  l.'i. 

The  Chemi'huevisareabandof  Pah-Utahs.  ]\'liipp'i\  Ki'-IkiiiI.-.  nwd  Tiirin  r'.-< 
Hipl., in  I'dc  It.  /'/)/..  vol.  iii.,  p.  71).  TheChimehuevalsliveabout  forty  milt  s 
bi'low  the  Colorado  River  agency,  on  the  California  si(h'  of  the  river,  and  are 
scattered  over  an  area  of  fifty  square  miles.  Tutunr,  in  In  '.  .111'.  li'<pl..  1>7'J.  ji. 
3'2:).  The  Cheniehuewas  are  'located  nialnlyon  the  west  bank  of  the  Colon- 
do,  above  La  Pa/,  and  rangesalong  the  riverfroin  about  thirty niihs  south  of 
Fort  Mohave,  to  a  point  fifty  niih'S  north  of  F(U't  Yuma,  to  the  eastward,  but 
a  short  distance.'  SheniKdi,  in  Tml.  Aft'.  Iii'pl.,  ISCi'.l,  p.  21''i.  Tlie  Chemihuevis 
live  on  th"  Colorado  river,  above  the  15111  Williams  fork,  a  small  tribe  and 
(piite  unknown,   /'o.s/oa,  in  hul.At}'.  liipt.,  IHCio,  p.  3.S7.     Tlie  Cheniehiievls 

are  'a  bund  of   Pahutahs, belonging  to  the  great  Shoshonet'  family.' 

J.iiilrii-hi's  All.  Ldii'i..  ]).  :)5.     '  The  (Tilmchinves  are  undonliti'dly  a  branch  of 
the  Pah  etc  tribe.'  Sl<inl<i/,  in  Ihd.  Aft',  llijil.,  IM'.C.  \u  1(12. 

The  /'(■  rics.  or  Pyutes,  '  inhabit  ^Vestern  I'tali,  from  Oregon  to  New  Mex- 
ico; their  locations  being  generally  in  the  vicinity  of  the  principal  rivers  and 
lak'sof  the  (ireat  Hasin,  viz.,  Humboldt,  Carson.  AValker,  Truckee,  Oweiis's, 
Pyramid,  and  Mono.'  S'ttnpson's  liouk  to  Va',.  p.  18.     'The  tribe  of  ludiaui 


n  UTES  ANT)  (JOSH  TTES. 


4C7 


wli"  inliiiLit  this  soction  (near  Fort  Clinrclnll''  of  wliicli  tho  post  forms  tho 


ciiiti'i'  conies  nuili'r  tl 
j,'n:it  chief  Wirinei 


w  (1111^  j'elieric  lliillle 


if  riiite,  mill  iicli 


de.k 


til 


eir 


Tliey  are  sjilit  up  into  small  Captaincies  aiitl  scat- 


tei-eil  throut,'h()Ut  a  vast  extent  of  territory.'   /•'//•/•//,  in  Sun  Fnth 


M<  iUi'ul 


I'ri'nx,  vol.  iii.,  p.  ITd.  'I'he  I'iutes  or  I'aiuches  inhabit  '  the  northern  haukn 
of  the  Colorailii,  the  re^^'ioii  of  Severe  river,  and  those  portions  of  the  Timpa- 
ni^os  desert  where  man  can  find  a  snail  to  eat.'  Funihinn's  Lifr  in  I'uL,  p. 
.'171.     'J'lie  Piiites  live  '  alonj;  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from 


til. 


ni.inth  of  the  Vir. 


kith  the  t'olorado  (in  ahoiit  Lat.  liii    Lon^'.  11.")  ) 


to  the  territories  of  tlie  AVashoes  north,  ainl  as  far  east  as  the  Sevier  Euke.' 
T'ii/fii)\  in  ('ill.  Fanner,  June  22,  18(i(i.  'Wm  'M  nordwarts  die  Pai  I'tes.' 
Mnllli'insin,  Itci^cn  in  ilir  Fihunjili,,  vol.  i.,  p.  •lliO,  The  territory  occupied 
liv  the  J'iutes  'is  aliont  one  hundred  miles  liroad,  and  is  bounded  on  tho 


north  bv  the  countrv  of  the  Itaiinocks,  on  tli 


st  bv  that  of  the  Shoshoiies, 


on  the  south  by  tho  State  line  between  Nevada  and  California  and  on  tin) 
west  by  till' territory  of  the  Washoes.'  t'urhr.'ux  ImLAjJ.  /.'<;-/.,  bS(;(i,  p.  ]  ]."). 
'I'he  I'iutes  inhabit  'a  countrv  two  hnndn  d  miles  lont!  bv  on(>  hundred  and 


twenty  broad,  Iviiii,'  parallel  and  east  of  that  of  the  Washoes. 


ith  of 


Walker  lake  are  the  Mono  Pi  I'tes.  .  .  .They  are  closely  allied  to  the  AValkei* 
liiver  or  (Jcki  Pi  I'tes.  .  .  .located  in  tho  vicinity  of  Walker  river  and  laki'  and 

'"'arson  river  and  Up[>er  lake At  the  lower  Carson  lake  are  the  Toy  Pi 

I'trs.'  t'nnijthvU,  in  ImL  Aff.   l!i}il.,  isr.li,  p.  ll'.t.     '  I'pon  the  Colorado  river, 
Ml  the  northern  iiart  of  the  Territorv  lives  a  Viand,  or  some  bands,  of  Pi  I'tes, 


1 
ipyini,'  both  sides  of  the  river,  roamiiiLr  to  the  limit  of  .\rizi 


ill  th 


st,  b:,t  on  the  east,  fi 


lie  miles,  how  far  cannot  be  determined.'  117///- 


:\b 


,  in  /(('/.  AiJ.  i:< (il.,  l^i;^,  p.  Mil.  The  Pi  I'te  '  ranj^c  extends  north  to  thii 
ivrr,  siiith  to  port  Mnj.tvr,  cast  to  tlie  Little  Colorado  and  San  Prnncisci) 
st  throii'^h  the  siiiithirn  jiart  of  Nevada  as  far  as 


uiiii mis,  and  on  tlie  wis 


the  Caliuiniiii  line 


.the  I 


iru;er  portion  liviiiL;  in 


Nevada.'   Fvnton,  in  I  ml. 


r. 


Uf.  1!  /«/.,  l.SO'.l,  )).  2ii:!.     '1  he  Pi  Iti  s  inhabit  the  south-west  iiortion  of  Utah. 

scat- 
.v.st- 


.//■.  in  hnl.  Atr.  r,<i>i 


is7(t. 


!'• 


The  ]'i  I'te  Indians  an 


tii'i  d  over  a  lar 


extent  of  I  oiiiitrv  in  Southeastern 


n  Itah.'  ]'nn-<U.  in  ImL  .!;/'.  /.'./i/.,  ISTl,  p 


^,'|■valla  and  S  iu;l' 
The  Pi  rtes  inhabit  tho 


south-eastern  ]iart  of  Nev.ida.    IPk.'/.i 


I,. 


Ajj.  i:<fi.,  ]s 


'I'hfO'iish  rt'S  inhabit  the  countrv  west  of  (ileal  Salt  Lak- 


'•I. 
id  extend  to 


P 


the  Pall  t'tes.  They  are  said  by  most  writers  to  be  of  mixed  breed,  be- 
tween tlie  Snakes,  or  Shoshom  s  [iropi  r,  and  the  Ptalis:  'The  (ioshautes 
livi'  about  forty  miles  west'  of  Salt  i<,iKe  City.  Fm-ni  i/.  in  Iml.  At}'.  U'pi., 
P^'iS.  p.  'JPJ.  The  (loships,  or  (ioslia  Pti  s,  raii^'e  west  of  Salt  Pake,  ('nnli'i/, 
ill  /((■/.  .Uf.  Ilijit.,  is;,"),  p.  17.  The  Coships  '  ran<,'e  between  the  (Ireat  Salt 
I-ake  and  the  land  of  the  wi  st;  rn  Shoslioih  s.'  //«'(./,  in  /(((/.  .1;/'.  I!<pt..  PStW!, 
]i.  \2.\.  'Jilt!  Goship  Slioshones  •  live  in  the  western  jiart  of  Ptali.  In  twoon 
(ireat  Salt  Lake  and  the  western  bouiulary  of  the  Ti  rritory,'  (Utah',  'ionr- 
t'llnllc,  ill   Inil.  A/}',   h'ljil  ,  ISd'.t,  p.  -l.'A).     The  (nisliutes  are   liK'iited  "in   the 


miitry  in  the  vicinity  of  L^^an  Cafu 


.  Tn  the  S'noshoiie  i. 


Ihnh 


llll.-i 


ill  Iml.  Ajr.  I!' lit.,  1870,  p.  '.).;.  'The  Goship  Slioshones  inhabit  that  part  of 
Ptali  which  lies  lietweeii  (treat  Salt  Lake  and  the  western  boundary  of  the 
Territory  (Utah).*    ToartdUiW,   in  hi.,   y.   141.      The  Guhhuots  'Dr.   Hurt 


408 


TRI15AL  BOrNDARIF.S. 


classos  nmons!  the  Shoshnnos;  Imt  uprordiiij?  to  Mr.  O.  W.  npnn,  riij'f. 
Simpson's  (riiido  in  tlio  fail  of  IH'iH  ..they  im;  the  ottspriuL,' of  u  (lis.itt'tcti  .1 
])ortiiin  of  till.'  I'te  trilif',  tliiit  h'ft  their  mitioii,  iihont  two  j,'ciii'riitions  iii,'o, 
iindfr  tlir'ir  Icivdcr  or  Chief  (ioship,  whence  tlieir  iiiinie  (loship  Utes  since 
(■ontnicted  into  (roshntes,  .  .  .Iteside  i)rincipidly  in  the  <,'russy  vtilleys  ucst  nf 
(ii'ciit  Salt  Luke,  ulont,'  iind  in  the  vicinity  of  Ciipt.  Simpson's  routi'S,  iis  fai- 
ns tliP  Ihii^owpiih  IliuiLje.'  Simjisim's  Umdi'  to  Ciil.,  ])]>.  47  H.  The  fJosli  ViiI;in, 
'  II  body  of  sixty  under  ii  peiicefnl  leader  were  settled  j)ermaliently  on  tlie 
Indian  Farm  at  Deep  Creek,  and  the  remainder  waiuleied  40  ti>  200  inilis 
West  of  Cit.  S.  L.  City.'   niirl(»i's  I'Uij  of  llir  Sd'ml.i,  ]).  .177. 

The  ToijiniiKHi  live  aliont  the  liead  of  Reese  River  Valley,  and  in  the 
Country  to  the  east  of  that  point.   T'li/lor,  in  Cnl.  Fnnner,  Jutio,  2'i,  lS(i:!, 

The  Ti'UKiktU'vs  livo  about  thirty  miles  south  of  Jacohsville.  <'<d.  Funmr, 
June  2(i,  lH(i3. 

The  /V(/(  Vnnts  'occupy  the  Corn  Creek,  Pnravnn,  and  Reaver  Valleys,  and 
the  valley  of  Sevier.'  ShiUDnni'n  Umili'  la  Ciil.,  p.  I."),  Half  the  Pavaiits  'are 
settled  on  the  Indian  farm  at  Corn  Creek:  the  other  wiiij^  of  the  tribe  livis 
aloni,'  Sevier  Lake,  and  the  siirronndiiiL;  country  in  the  north-east  extreinily 
of  Filnioru  Valley,  tifty  miles  friuii  the  City,  where  they  join  the  (iosli  Vuta.' 
Jinrtoii's  C'llji  of  the  Sn'mls,  ji.  'ill.  Althouj^h  Mr  IJiirton  j^'ives  this  as  the 
fruit  of  his  own  observation,  it  is  evidently  taken  from  Fonn'i/'s  lliiii..  in 
Jiitl.  Arf.  l!<i<l.,  ]K.")'.l,  p.  ;'IU,  which  reads  as  follows:  '  Alxmt  half  of  th. m 
(the  Pahvants)  have  their  home  on  the  Corn  Creek  Indian  farm.  The  otlii  i- 
\\h\\s,  of  the  tribe  lives  aloiif,'  Sevii'r  lake  and  surrounding,'  country,  in  tin 
imrtheast  extremity  of  Fillmore  valley,  and  about  tifty  miles  from  I'illiiiMii' 
city.'  The  Pah  Vants  ran<,'e  '  throuj^h  Pah-Vaiit  and  Sevier  valleys,  and 
west  to  the  White  Mountains.'  Coolri/,  in  Iml.  ,Uf.  lljit.,  1H(;.">,  p.  17.  '  The 
Pahvents  occupy  the  territory  in  the'  vicinity  of  Corn  Creek  reservation, 
and  south  of  the  (loship  Shosliones.'  Toniiilnltf,  in  /)/'/.  Ajf.  Jtcpt.,  ISiili,  p. 
230.  '  The  Pah  Vant  Indians  inhabit  llie  country  south  of  the  Goship  Slin- 
Bhones.'   ToiirtoUolle.  in  Iml.  ,\f.  h'rpt..  1S70,  p.  U2. 

The  Pi  Fil(s  '  are  a  band  ranging'  through  Reaver  and  Little  Salt  Lake 
Valley,  and  on  the  Vir^'in  and  Santa  Clara  rivers,  down  to  tin;  !Miiddy,  ( m- 
braciuf,'  the  whole  southern  jiortion  of  Utah  Territory.'  Irish,  in  Iml.  .Uf. 
l{i]}t.,  ISCi),  p.  1|,").  'The  Py  Kdes  live  adjoiiiiiifi  the  Pahvants,  down  to  the 
Santa  Clara.'  Siinjison's  Itmiit;  to  Cdh,  ji.  4.'),  'The  Pi  Ede  Indians  inhabit 
the  country  south  of  the  Pah  Vants.'  Tourtdollr,  in  hid  Ajf'.  licjA.,  lS7(t,  ]i. 
It2.  'The  Piede  Indians  inhabit  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  the  terri- 
tory (Utah)  on  the  Santa  Clara  and  ^Itiddy  rivers.'  ArmxtroiKj,  in  hid.  Afl'. 
11' jit..  IS.'iC),  p.  2:U.  The  Piede  Indians  live  on  Rio  Virgin  and  Santa  Claia 
river.  (''(ri"a//(r)',s  Innd.  of  Tntr.,  j>,  2:^;t. 

The  K'ts// '<'.-(  'inhabit  the  country  along  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains,  from  Honey  lake  on  the  north  to  the  west  fork  of  Walker's  iiv(  r 
the  south.'  Dodjc,  in  hid.  Aff.  liepl.,  18.")!),  p.  374.  Sbiipson'n  Ronte  to  Cnl..  on 
p.  4."),  and  Ihirtona  ("di/ifthc  Sn'iut^,  p.  578,  repeat  this.  The  Washoes  'are 
Bt.ited  to  have  boundaries  as  high  uj)  as  the  Oregon  line,  along  the  eastein 
tlanks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  as  far  to  the  east  as  two  hun<lred  miles  and  tn 
the  south  to  Walker's  river.'  Cal.  FaniM;  June  22,  1800.     The  Washoes  live 


1 


WAsiioKs  A\n  s.vMPirniKs. 


•tea 


in  tlii>  r'vfrnmn  western  ]virt  (if  Ni'vad.i.   J^irhr.  in  lud.  AjT.  r,]>l.,  IX''''..  p. 
ll"i.     ■  ( '(iiiimi'iK'iii'^'  lit  tlic  wi'stcrii  liiiuiiclaiy  of  llic  State,  wc  hive  I'unI  llie 

\\,i-.li')e   ti'il)e ()e('ii|>yiiit,'  a  tract   of   eoiiiitry  one  Inindi'ed   iiiile-i  Ihiiu;, 

nnitli  and  south,  l»y  Iwenty-tive  in  width.'   ('(imiihill,  in    Id.,   \i.   I  I'.i.      liie 
AWishoes  ■  live  ah)n^  Lake  IJi^h'T  and  tlie  li<  adwatei's  of  Caisiin.  AVallii  r,  ainl 


'Vvni 


rivers,  anil  in  F.oie.,'  and  Sierra  Valleys.'   W'lis 


in  !,'<!.  .[ir.  /;./•' 


1  sill,  1 1,  lit.     'I'lii'  W'lisliiirs  '  are  scattered  over  a  lar^e  I  N  tent  of  <'onntiy  ahne 
■item  border  of  the  State  '  of  Nevada.  I'>ii-h'i-.  in  //e/.  .1'^.  /'■/./.    ls.;'.i 


the  \V( 


|>.  I  ■<.  Th  '  \V  i-i!i'):'s  '  fre'|i|i"it  til  ■  si'ltied  p  >rfion^  of  the  St.ite,  i)nM'i;iilly 
the  towns  (»f  VirL,'inia  City,  Carsoii  City,  Iteiio,  Washoe  CJity,  and  (ii noa. 
Til  stiMiiiier  Ihey  li.talce  themselves  to  the  niountains  in  the  vicinity  of  i,al;i> 
Talioe  and    Mope  Valley.'    Do, nil, i-..  in  /- /.  .Vf.   I.'i'pl..   ISTll,  p.  ',)(;. 

The  Sniniiil  III :<  '  nin'_!e  throiiu;h  the  Sanpitch   valley  and  creek   en   th» 


■^e\iir  nver. 


Irish,  in   lii'l.  .UT.  //i/-/.,  Im;."),  ]>.  11." 


The  Si 


inn  Icln  -^  are  a. 


trilie  \va 


inlerilli.'   on   the   desert  to  til 


ill  I, III.  Aff.  Hif)!.,  1«('.'.»,  p. -JIIU.     'The  Sail  Pitch  Indians  inh.d.it  th 


ith  of  Voilta  l.aKe.'  I'l'llmi-il' s  h'l  • 
nmrrlii's,  \ol.  v.,  p.  Ilil).  liiirtoii  niriilions  '  Saiiipichyas  '  settled  at  San  I'de. 
t'ih/  III'  III''  .S'liiih,  p.  '>7H.  The  San  I'itches  '  live  in  the  Sail  Pitch  valley  and 
uloii','  the  Sevier  river.'  I'odIci/,  in  Iml.  AjT.  Uijit.,  l.S(!">.  p.  IH.  •The  San 
I'itches  occupy  II  territory  south  and  east  of  the  Tiiiipana;,'os.'    /''e/c/i //.;//.', 

miitry 

iiboiit  th"  San  P.'te  reservation.'  TmrHiilti-,  in  //* /.  AjT.  Il^'fl.,  l^Tii,  p.  II-'. 
'  r.es  Sanijiectches,  les  Pa.eiiuts  et  les  .\ni|iayouts  solit  les  pins  proclies  voi- 
siiis  des  Serpents.'   l)o  Siinl,  \'<'i/.,  p.  -!H. 

Tlie  i'iiiln  i'liK  'claim  I'iiita  valley  and  the  country  aloiiL!  (ireeii  riv(>r.' 
I'liriu'ii,  in  ///(/.  .!_//'.  /ey;/,,  lS"i',l,  ]i.  ;!(;i.  The  I'iiita  Vutas  live  'in  the  iiionnt- 
aiiis  south  of  I'ort  I>iid.u;er,  and  in  the  country  aloiiy  (ireeii  Piiver.'  IIhiUiu'h 
('ill/  of  llif  Siihih,  p.  ■'J77. 

T'he  )'(((//  I'lili  /7f',v  '  inhaliit  the  country  south  of  the  I'inta  Valley  reserva- 
tion.'  TiiiirMlnllr,  in  //-./.  .I;;'.  /,'././.,  ls7(»,  ]<.  Ij-J;  /■/.,  IMi'.t,  p.  ■^■'A. 

riie  /•-'//,■  Mitiuil'un  I'k.s  live  in  the  south-eastern  jiortion  of  I'tah.  'I'mn-- 
ti'Hiilli',  ill  //((/.  A^r.  li'ijil.,  lS7ii,  p.  112;  Umiun'^  '"ilU".''  '/'^  Siitiil.-^,  p.  ."iTs. 


I'tinies  callinl  Slioslmteo-i 


K 


I'peats. 

The  Tofiiitcpcs  ov  White  Knives,  or  us  they  are 
1'  I'oiit-iiieii,  on   the  Jiiiniliolilt  and   (roose  Creek.   Sliiiirl'.'i  MiDilihui,  p.  Hit. 

,  iiilialiit  the  re^'ion  ahui^,'  the  llunilioldt 
17.      The  Indians  ahoiit  Slonv  I'oiiit  iiro 


T'he  T"os  iwitches,  or  White  Ki 


■r.    .^'</(iy» 


Slinrlr.^l     lln.ll.. 


■d  Tosiwwitches  (white  knives'.    //"(■/,  in  //e/.  .1/?'.  liipL,  l^f.■)l! 


The  in 


Ulvs  'live  in  the   vallev  of   Salt  Lake.'    TmirtrlJolt'',   in   hul. 


A-r.  Ii  pi.,  Hi',.),  p.  'j:!!),  also  in  il..  hSTO,  p.  lU.  The  Wel.er  I'tes  live  in 
the  vicinity  of  Salt  Lake  Ciiy,  IT/'Avr,  in  Iml.  .If.  ll'iiL,  IM7J,  p.  •"■-li.  Tie! 
Wehei-  Kiver  Vutas  a 

Settlement  is  forty  nii 
T'he  Cinii.   riiiliiili^ 


re  principally  sicn  in  (ri(  at  Salt  Lake  (.'ity.     Their  chief 
iles  to  the  north,    liiiiimi'ti  I'ih/  of  lln-  Sn'mls.  ]>.  ^I'X. 


i\ed-lilooils   of    the    \'U 


id  Slioshonees,   mid 


raiiL,'e  in  the  re,i,'ioii  of  Salt  lake,  AVelier  and  Ou'di  u  valleys  in  northern  I't, 
Vi'W',  in  Iml.  A'}'.  Ii'iiil  ,  IS'.o,  p.  114. 


■he  ir 


iiiiiir  mil 


Ill's  are  'a  trilie  of  the  I'te  Indians,  whose  eoiintrv  is 


ciiiallv  from  Tierra  .\iiiarilla  northward  to   Kilos  de  los  .Vniiiias  ainl  theiieo 


also  to  thu  iUo  tirandu.     Thev  mix  with  thu  Pi  Utes  iu  Utah.'  Jhn 


Jirl. 


470 


TUIBAL  BOUXD.VUIE^i. 


Af.  Hopt.,  ISfit),  p.  25.-,  Th.*  Wi'iniMiuclHi  Ttos  'mam  and  hunt  wrst  of  tli,. 
Klin  .Iimn  llivcr,  iiml  tlnir  l(iilj;cs  arr  to  1"'  found  iilnnt,'  tlic  ImnkH  of  the  Ilin 
dn  Ills  Animus,  ]tio  di'  In  I'liitii  and  Itio  Muni'os.'  JIhii.iidi,  in  Iml.  .1//'.  /.'i///., 
1X70,  p,  1."),-).  Till!  WendniK'liii  VUh  live  lu'ar  tho  Snn  Juiin  river.  Annslniidi, 
iu  Iwl.  Atj:  I!'i>t.,  lH-2,  p.  ;)(i7. 

Till'  CiiiKilr  fVcs  'roam  from  within  ftvn  to  t'lfty  miloH  of  thi'  u^^'incy.  l>iit 
tlio  tjrcati'r  part  of  tlif  time  liv<i  in  tlic  vicinity  <if  Tiirru  Aniariila,  fiom  Iivh 
to  ten  miles  distant,  north  and  south  alonj;  the  lUo  Clmnuiir.'  Jlniisini,  in 
Jiid.  Aff.  Ji'ijU.,  1H70,  1).  151;  Armstivmi,  in  hi.,  IHTO,  p.  ;i()7. 

'Tile  SliihiTitrliis  Inhaliit  tlif  country  south  of  the  Yam  I'ah  Vies.  Tmir. 
llhlk;  iu  IikI.  A(r.  I!<i,l.,  1870,  p.  112. 

The  Fish  Utrs  '  iidia1>it  the  country  about  Red  Livke,  sontb  of  the  She- 
l)eretches.'   Toiirlilhlti;  in  Ind.  A(r.  J.'iiil.,  INTO,  )).  142. 

'i'hu  Task  rii's  live  nciir  the  Navajos.  Jliirtmi's  (ill/ of  the  Sdinl.'t,  p.  ."iTs. 

The  Taherhya,  or  Sun-hnnters,  'live  about  Tete  de  Diche,  near  Spunish 
lands.'  '  Timpena^,'uchya,  or  Tinijianii  Yuta,  corrnptiMl  into  Tenpeiiiiy  T'tis, 
.  . .  .dwell  about  the  kanyon  of  that  name,  and  on  tht  east  of  the  Swei  t\vat(  r 
Liike.'  lliirton's  City  of  the  Sdints,  pp.  577-8.  'The  Tini|)ano},'e  Indians 
formerly  resided  at  and  about  Spanish  Fort  reservation,  but  they  ure  now 
scattered  anionj,'  other  bands  and  do  not  now  exist  as  a  separate  trilie.'  Timr- 
i'llolh,  in  /)('/.  ,1/.  i:'pl.,  I87(t,  p.  112;  see  also  /,/.,  IHC.;),  p.  2:Ji).  The  Tini- 
panoj,'s  inhabit  '  I'tah  valley,  and  the  ueiyhboriug  mountuius.'  Cuvl'ij,  in 
hid.  Ajf.  JUpl.,  18G5,  p.  i7. 


'St  of  till' 
f  thi'llin 

I/.  Hiiil., 
Dii^lriiiiij, 

I'licy,  I'lit 
fiom  tivii 
'unmiti,  ill 

rs.    T<iiir- 

tlK'  Shc- 
S,   p.    "S. 

•  Siiiiiii~li 
my  rtcs, 
vcctwiiti  r 
:  liiilinii^ 
lire  Iiiiw 
)(■.'  'I'liiir- 
Jill'  Tiiii- 
,'tyy/'  ij,  in 


IM' 


0]fAb 


M 


h,  ': 


>J:;?^.-,.,.,,/ 


AC 


/ 


„„;^o  ,.i'l   '-,•-■1 


S/tf   AftWf/fiJh 


CHAPTEn  y. 


NEW    MEXICANS. 

GEoflr.ArnicAi.  Position  of  this  Gnoup,  and  Physicai,  FKATrr.Es  op  thk 
TKiauTouY — Family  Divisions:  Ai'achks,  I'fKni.os,  Lowkii  {'amiokmans, 
AND   XouTHKitN  ilKxicANs- TiiK  xArAfiiE  Family:    C'omanchks,   Al'A^■Il^:^^ 

rRdl'Kl!,  HUAI.APAIS,  YUMAS,  CdSMNOS,  YaMPAIS,  Y'aI.L'IIKDUNKS,  Yama.iads, 
CiiCHKK?,,    CiaV.ADOS,    NiJOISAS,    NaVAJOS,    Mu.IAVKS,    and    'IIIKII!    crsToiis — 

Th!-;   Pl'kblo   Family:    I'ckdlos,  Moyuis,  Pimas,  .Makk  opas,  I'apa^os, 

AM)    TIIKin    NFKiHDOUS— TkK    CocHIAIIS,    ■WaKTIUS,    I'l  IIKTIS,    AM)    OTIIKU 

LiiwKU    ('ALii'dUMAXs — TiiK    Ski'.is,    Sinaloas,   Tai!aiii-mai;ks,    Concuos, 
Tkpkhianes,  Todjsos,  AcAXi.s,  and  oruLi;s  in  NoiautUN  Mkxiio. 

Tho  Xi:\v  !^^EXICA^■s.  uiuU'r  M'liicli  iiiuno  I  ^voiip  tlio 
nations  of  Now  '\Iexioo,  Ari/ona.  Lower  Calirornia.  So- 
nora.  Sinaloa,,  Chihnalma.  l)ui-an,<i(),  C'oaliuila.  Xucvo 
l.eon.  nortluTU  Zacatoeas,  and  wcstorn  'IV'xas.  present 
some  peenliarities  not  hitherto  encountered  in  this  work. 
As  a  j:roni)al  desijination.  this  name  is  neither  more  nor 
less  ai)i)ro|)riate  than  some  others :  all  1  elaim  lor  it  is 
that  it  ap[)ears  as  tit  as  any.  The  term  Mexican  mii:lit 
with  propriety  he  api)lied  to  this  i:r()ii[).  as  the  majority 
(if  its  [)eoi)le  live  within  the  Mexican  houndary.  !»ut  that 
word  is  employed  in  the  next  division,  whicii  is  yet  moro 
strictly  of  .Mexico. 

The  territoi'v  of  the  Xew  Mexicans,  ^^hich  lies  loi"  the 
most  i)art  hetween  the  parallels  ;5()  and  2:')  and  the  mei'- 
idians  90^  a)id  117',  presents  a  jii-eat  diversity  of  climato 
iiiiij  I'.-jH'ct.  On  reaching'  the  northern  extremity  nl'tlu^ 
<iulfof  ('alil()rnia.  the  Sii'i'ra  Nevada  and  coast  ramies  of 
mountains  join  and  break  up  into  detached  iiphea\  als.  or 


^!  J*L.\PrtiS 


/,' 


.«-'*y«'».1 


% 


M  o  J  *  V  C  'i    f/ 


COS'tf^lNO! 


-'    !      ,...1 


1 


«Vai-..ii..X. 


..■■     il 


\ 


t'tl,. 


■  ^       P^HAGO  S 


;;^jV-r^(Jv^^ 


I    I 


I.  "'%    i)  \y     A 

rMi/.l.>it.>  n 


.\..<0-"' 


,,,  »;■>--"      '\/     'I WAS  ■.. 


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472 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


US  tliey  arc  called  'lost  moimtains;'  one  part,  uitli  no  ji'-cat 
elevation,  coiitiiiiiiii*^'  tlimiijili  the  peniiiMilu,  anotlur, 
umler  the  name  of  Sierra  Mudre,  extending  along  the 
"Western  side  of  Mexico.  The  Rocky  Mountains,  whicli 
.separate  into  two  ranges  at  al)oiit  the  forty-fifth  paral- 
lel, continue  southward,  one  branch,  known  in  Utah  as 
the  AValisatcli,  merging  into  the  tSierra  ^ladre,  whiU' 
the  other,  the  great  Cordillera,  .stretches  along  the 
eastei'u  side  of  Mexico,  uniting  again  with  tl."  Siena 
^\hidre  in  the  Mexicjui  table-land.  Ik-sides  these  are 
many  detached  and  intei'secting  ranges,  lietween  which 
lie  arid  deserts,  lava  beds,  and  a  few  fertile  valleys. 
From  the  sterile  sandy  deserts  which  cover  vast  areas  of 
this  territory,  rise  many  isolated  groups  of  almost  inac- 
cessible peaks,  some  of  which  are  wooded,  thus  allbrding 
protection  and  food  for  man  and  beast.  ^fwo  great 
rivers,  the  Colorado  and  the  ]{io  (jlrande  del  Norte  How 
through  this  region,  one  on  either  side,  but,  except  in 
certain  s[K)ts,  they  contri))ute  little  to  the  I'ertilization  of 
tlie  country.  In  the  more  elevated  parts  the  climate  is 
tempt'rate,  .sometimes  in  winter  .severely  cold;  l)ut  on 
tlie  deserts  and  plains,  with  the  .scorching  sun  above  and 
the  burning  sand  beneath,  the  heat  is  almost  insui)poi't- 
able.  The  .scanty  herbage,  by  whicli  the  greater  part  of 
this  reiiion  is  covered,  oilers  to  man  lait  a  ti'ansient  food- 
.sup[)ly:  hence  he  nuist  move  from  ])lace  to  jilace  or 
."^tai'\e.  Thus  nature,  more  than  elsewhere  on  our  coast, 
invites  to  a  roving  life;  and,  as  on  the  Arabian  de.H>rts, 
l)ands  of  American  ikdouiii.s  roar.;  over  innnense  tracts 
seeking  what  they  may  devour.  Here  it  is  tliat  many 
a  luckU'ss  miner  and  ill-protected  travtder  pays  the  pen- 
alty of  his  temerity  with  his  liie;  here  it  is,  more  thai: 
elsewhere  within  the  temperate  /.ones  of  the  two  Amer- 
icas, that  the  natives  bid  defiance  to  the  encroachments 
of  ci\ili/,ation.  Sweeping  down  upon  smsdl  settlements 
and  isolated  parties,  these  American  Arabs  I'ob.  murdfr. 
and  destroy,  then  fleeing  to  their  strongholds  bid  defiance 
to  |)ursuers.  In  the  midst  of  all  this  we  find  iuiothcr 
phenomenon  in  the  .semi-civilized  towns-people  of  New 


THE  APACHES. 


473 


^roxico  <i»d  Arizona;  a  spoutaiioous  awakening  from  the 
riulor  phases  of  .savajiisni. 

The  families  of  this  divisitm  may  ho  enumerated  as 
follows:  The  Aj)ac/ief>,  mider  which  general  name  1  in- 
clude all  the  savage  trihes  roaming  through  Xew  Mexico, 
the  north-western  jx)rtion  of  Texas,  a  small  j)art  of  north- 
ern Mexico,  and  Arizona;  the  Ptiefi/os,  or  partially  culti- 
Aatcd  towns-people  of  Xew  Mexico  and  Arizona,  with 
whom  I  unite,  though  not  town-builders,  the  non-no- 
niadic  I'imas,  Maricopas  and  l';i[)agos  of  the  lower  (jila 
River;  the  Loicer  (J<illfonii((iis,  who  occu[)y  the  peninsula; 
iiud  the  Xofthern  Jf(:,viarns,  which  term  includes  the  vari- 
ous nations  scattered  over  the  States  of  l^onora.  Sinaloa, 
riiihuahua,  Uurango,  Coahuila,  Xuevo  Leon  and  north- 
ern Zacatecas. 

To  the  Apaches,  using  the  term  in  the  signification  of 
a  family  of  this  division,  no  accurate  boundaries  can  be 
assigned.  Owing  to  their  roving  proclivities  and  in- 
cessant raids  thev  are  led  first  in  one  direction  and  then 

ft/ 

in  another.  In  general  terms  they  may  Ije  said  to  range 
about  as  follows:  The  Co))U(ttches,  detans,  or  Xauni, 
consisting  of  three  tribes,  the  Conuuiches  projjcr,  the 
Yauiparacks.  and  Tenawas,  iiduibiting  northern  Texas, 
eastern  Chihuahua,  Xuevo  Leon,  (\)ahuila.  Duraugo,  and 
l)ortious   of  south-western   Xew   Mexico.^   b\'   lauLiuaiiO 

allied  to  the  iShoshone  faniilv;'"  the  Aijnchcs,  who  call 

./  /  J.  ' 


'  Tho  Criinanclu'S  '  luv  (liviilcil  into  tlirco  princiinil  Iniiuls,  to  wit:  the  Co- 
iiiiUichc,  the  Yiiiii))iiriU'k  and  the  Tt'iiiiwti. '  linfin-t,  in  S<'liii<)lcr(n't's  Arrli..  vol. 
i..  ]i.  2'.M;  '  Ictiiiis,  teriii'd  liy  the  S])iiiiiiir(ls  ('ouiiuu'Ir's,  iiml  in  tluir  <>\vu 
Liii^'uagu  Na-uni,  siL;nil'_Yinj,'  "lift'  iicoiilc."  '  I'rirlKiril's  \iit.  //i^^,  vul.  ii., 
p.  T)!',*.  'The  Coniauclifs  and  tlu'  nuuicniiis  tribis  of  C'liichinu'cas  ..  uin 
iMimn'i'luiiidcd  by  tht>  Sp(i,niards  nndtr  tlif  va^nn?  nanic  of  Micos.'  /'/('A'nv/'s 
I'l-ir'iri-h's,  Veil,  v.,  p.  I'll.  Tlif  ti'ilii'  cdlcd  tlii'iiisclvcs  Niyuiia.'  Srlntnlrnit'l'.-t 
.l''/(.,  vdl.  ii.,  pp.  T)?.')  (!;  I'ufli'r's  Xdin  mi  Tix.,  ji.  '231;  ,V< /<//i'"'/'.s,  in  Iml, 

An'.    Uipf.,    1S.")(;,   )).    !7.";    MnllhilHS)!!,    TuvUilrh,    p.    11.");    I-Wn'h's    Hi-<t.    I.il..   p. 

li').  '  Sc  divide  en  cuatro  ramas  cDnsidcralilcs  liaju  los  ndiubiis  dc  Ciiciiati- 
tii'as,  .Tupes,  Yumpaiicas  y  Orient  ales.'  ircrcid  ( 'ninh',  in  Sue.  .l/c,r.  fii'inj.,  lluli  - 
t  ''.  ti)ui.  v.,  ]).  ;tlS;  set!  also  I'urUi,  in  l'<ic.  It.  It.  'tijit..  vol.  iii.,  p.  IJl. 
I'lif  -b'tans  or  Caniancdii's,  as  the  Spaniirds  term  them,  or  I'adoiieus,  as  thty 
ari'  call-'d  liy  tiie  lawnees.    /'/V,' 's  ki'/i/i-c.  Tnir.,  p.  •214. 

-'  Tiiriicr,  in  /''c.  It.  It.  Itijil..  vol.  iii..  p.  Tli.  'Los  Imlios  yntas,  .  son 
lis  liiisiniis  (pie  los  ctimanches  ii  enmanehes.  )iues  ynta  eso  ipiiire  ih  cir  en 
1 1  i'U;j;ua  de  los  liiianeH.     I'or  cunsigui'nte  nu  se  pnedeu  liistinguir  esos  nom- 


471 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


tlioiiisolvos  Sliis  In(la\-,  or  'incnof  tlie  woods,'^  and  wlioso 
tribal  divisions  are  the  Chiririigiiis,  Coyoteros,  Faruont's, 
GilefioH,  Lipanos,  Llaneros,  Mescaleros,  Mimhrofios.  Xa- 
taj>;es,  Felones,  Pinalenos,  Tejuas,  Tontos  and  Vacjueros, 
roaminj;-  over  Xew  >ioxico,  Arizona,  north-western  Texas, 
Chihuahua  and  8onora,*  and  who  are  alHed  bv  huitiuaue 
to  the  great  Tinneh  I'aniilyf  the  Karajos,  or  Tenuai, 
'men,'  an  they  designate  themselves,  having  linguistic 


brf's,  que  iinnqne  do  dos  lenfjuds  iliferentes  ospresan  nna  niisiiia  iiiicinn.'  Itn: 
litndicr  1/  Tlioi:!,  J>wii<>,  j).  '251.  ''I'lic  L'oiiiiinchi'S  are  u  l)i'iiiuli  <if  the  Sim- 
KliDncs  or  Snakes.'  Hiixdm's  Adini.,  p.  'J-y.  'The  Pawntws  aro  (Icsi'tiidi  il 
from  a  consin-j^crinanshii)  of  the  saiiie  stfx'k.'  Ediriti'il's  Jlisl.  T<,v..  jip.  1(  .S-l). 
•  Si  lo  san^'des  A/ti'quts  I'xi.ste iiiu'orc  Haiisiii('laiij,'et'n  Aiiicriqiic,  il  doit  coiilcr 
dans  Ics  veincs  dcs  C-'oluanches.'  Ddiiiimei-Wn  Jour.,  p.  Iti;  see  also  Ikmivniclis 
I>:scrls,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '24;    liitnilniKtnn,  Spnren  der  Azt.  Spr.,  j).  ;;'.)1. 

^  'rrohahly  because  tluii  winter  (piarters  are  always  located  amid  tlie 
forests  whicli  ^'row  npon  the  Sierras.'  Cri'iiioui/n  Aimrln n,  yt.  2-l'.i. 

•*  ("ordero  ^'ives  tlie  following' tribal  names,  which  he  says  are  use  1  amonj,' 
themselves;  Vmni  ettineniie.  'lontos;  Sef,'atajeniie,  Chiricaj^uis;  Tjiiiccu- 
jenue,  (lilefios:  lecujenne,  Mimbrefios;  Yntajeniie,  Favaones;  Sejeniic.  Ales- 
ca'  vos;  Cuelca.jenne,  Llaneros;  Lipajeiino  and  Yutajenne,  Lipaiis  and  Xa- 
vajos.  Orosrii  1/  lirrra,  (icDiiniJin,  pp.  ;i(l!),  Ii7!)-8K5.  'Los  jjiinas  t,'ili  nosllaniMii 
ii  los  yavipais  taros  o  nifores;  los  jamajabs  les  llamaii  yavij)ais  y  nosotms 
a))aches.'  'r((/'(vs,  D'utrio,  in  I>ni\  //).</.  Mr.i-,,  serie  ii..  torn,  i.,  pp.  '2l\~),'.i^r2~:\. 
'  Vavipais  Tejua  (pie  son  los  indilniitos  Apaches.'  Arricii-ild,  Crniiica  Sir'ifini, 
J).  47l.  '  Yavapais,  or  .\j)aclie  Mohaves,  as  thej'  are  more  generally  called.' 
Fnrhvr,  in  Iml.  At/.  Itcpt.,  IH&).  p.  'J.]!.  '  Pueden  dividirse  en  iineve  trilins 
l)vincipales  . .  .Tontos,  Chiroeahucs,  Gilenos,  Jlinda-enos,  Paraones,  Mc/cmI- 
eros,  Llaneros,  Lipanes  y  Navajoes.  Todos  hablan  nn  niisnio  idioma  .  .  No 
eomponen  una  iiacion  nnifornie  en  sus  usos  ycostumbres,  pero  coinciden  (  u 
la  major  )iarte  de  sus  inclina(U()nes,  varianuo  en  otras  eon  ))roi)orci(in  a  los 
terreiios  de  sn  resideneia,  a  las  netesidades  (pie  padeoen.'  (inrcin  ('(imk.  m 
,Srt'.  Mcr.  '/''(>(/,,  lioldin,  toni.  v.,  p.  Ul-l.  Apaches,  '  their  name  is  said  to  si'^- 
nify  '  nu^n.' '  Mescaleros,  'the  ineaninj;;  of  the  name,  probably,  is  (h'ink- 
ers  of  mese.il.'  Cort  z,  in  Pac.  J{.  li.]ti]>t.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  llS-l).  Froflirl's  Cm- 
iml  AiiiiT.,  pp.  I{()!),  353, -I'Jl;  Frochel,  Aus  Anienhft,  tom.ii.,  pji.  KJl,  '2i'.).  425; 
Orcij  I'x  Cdiii.  /'/v/irics',  vol.  i.,  ]i. '2(S5;  WisU zonns'  Voac.  p.  2(1;  'I'luhiuiicl,  Mi.vU.n, 
p.  351 ;  Itiu-ton's  Adivn.,  p.  l'J4;  Ealon,  in  ,Sclio<ilrr<iiVs  Arch.,  vol.  iv..  \i.  21<i; 
MiVdinpfiirdt,  Mej'ii'o,  toni.  i.,  pp.  212-13;  Maim/,  in  Iml.  Aft'.  /I'c/i/.,  1.^57.  p. 
'29S;  Sterl.;  in  fml.  Aff.  l{<pt.,  18(13,  p.  lOH.  and  'jd..,  IHC-l,  p.'  182,  18.5M.  j,.  lUT; 
Jiail'!/.  in  /./.,  bS.58,  p.  20(i ;(;//(/»,  in  LI.,  1871,  p.  42;  liiirlh-ll's  /'ns.  .\iir.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  325.     Called  Coj'oteros,  because  it  is  believed  that  '  they  feed  ujion  the 

flesli  of   the  coyote.'    Jf'irdi/'s    Trdv.,    p.  430.     'Les  Gilenos   avec   les 

Axuas  et  les  .Vjiaches  qui  vienneut  de  la  Sierra  Madre  sout  confondns  sous 
le  nom  d(!  PapajJios.'  Mo/ras,  Krplor,,  torn,  i.,  p.  213;  linxtitiintuU',  in  ('urn, 
Trcs  Si'ilo.-i.  torn,  iii.,  pp.  7D-80.  'Tonto,  in  Spanish  means  stupid.'  '  Tonto 
is  a  S[)auish  corruption  of  the  oriKinil  Indian  name.'  J'uliiiif.  in  If'ifjnr'n 
Mivi.,  Vol.  xvii.,  p.  4<i;);  Downcck'n  ^^i.svjV.v,  vol.  ii.,  ])p.  5-H;  Ai/n's,  in  hid. 
Atf.  II  jit.,  1H58,  p.  175,  Cllhis,  in  /(/.,  IStii),  p.  Kil;  Id.,  18(11,  j).  122;  Mn.i- 
wll,  in  /'/.,  18(1!,  p.  11(5;  J'ltrhr,  in  /./.,  18ii!),  p.  23;  \V<dhn:  in  Id.,  1S72.  p. 
53;  Vltuii.  in  Id.,  1871,  p.  3(18;  irK/t/cViw,  (•'eoii.  xt.  Slat.,  p.  214;  llit.tsci,  M'.r. 
ItU'iL.  \k  275;   'runirr,  in  .VofnvV/i.s  AniKdun  '/c.s'  1')^.,  1852,  t(an.  cxxxv..  (>.  3(IH. 

^  '  Tlie  .\paclies  and  their  con^'eners  belon;,'  to  the  .\thai)ascMii  family.' 
Turner,  in  I'd'-.  II.  It.  lii'pt.,  vol.  iii..  ]>.  84,  and  in  .Vnwrllcs  Annalts  din  Voij., 
1852,  turn.,  cxxxv.,  p.  311;  Jhinvnuch's  Un-' rh,  vol.  ii.,  yt.  10. 


APACHE  NATIONS. 


affinities  with  tlic  Apache  nation,  with  which  iiuk-ed 
thev  arc  .sometimes  chissed,  living  in  and  around  the 
Sierra  de  los  Mim])resf  the  Mojaves,  occupyinfi;  both  hanks 
of  the  Colorado  in  Mojave  Valley;  the  Ilnaldpus^  near 
tlie  hea*'  'ers  of  Bill  Williams  Fork;  the  Ynninx,  on 
t!ie  oasi'  .ak  of  the  Colorado,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Rio  ixWn]'  the  Cosuinos,  who  like  the  lluala})ais  are 
sometimes  included  in  the  Apache  nation,  ranging  thi'ough 
the  Mogollon  Mountains;**  and  the  Yampals,  between  Bill 
AVilliams  Fork  and  the  Rio  Ilassayampa."  Of  the  nnd- 
titude  of  names  mentioned  l)y  the  early  ?^panish  autlior- 
ities,  I  only  give  in  addition  to  the  above  the  Yoh-he- 
dmics,  located  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Colorado  in  jdjout 
latitude  33^  20',  the  Ydmajahs,  on  the  east  baidv  of  the 
siuiie  river,  in  al)out  latitude  34  -35  ;  the  CorJicvx.  in  the 
Chiricagui  Mountains  of  Arizona,  the  Crnzdi/os^^^  in  Xew 
Mexico,  and  finally  the  Xijoms,^^  somewhere  about  the 
lower  Colorado/^ 

•J  '  The  ApncLes  call  the  Navajors  Yutnhknh.  The  Navajoos  rail  thorn- 
selves,  iiH  a  tribe,  Teui'i.ii  (man).  The  aiipellation  Navajo  was  niKinestioii- 
ahly  ,uiven  them  ])j'  the  Siiaiiiavils.'  Kittoii,  in  iSclnKilcnift's  Ar(  li.,  vn\.  iv,,  jip. 
217,  21S.  '  'I'ho  Navajoes  and  Aiiaehis  are  ideiitieally  inie  peoiiK'.'  ('iriiiniii/'H 
Ajiwli'ii,  p.  .'iOO;  Ilmim's  Adrn).,  p.  1'.)!;  MdlllKiusoi,  Tafi'lmrl,,  p.  221);  /V.s- 
t'ln,  in  Ind.  Aff'.  liijit.,  lHV>:i,  p.  ','>H'J.  '  Navajoes  and  Apachi's  have  deseended 
fnau  the  same  stoek.'  Cuvlcton,  in  Iml.  AJ}'.,  JlipL  Sjinc.  Cmn.,  IHI.7,  p.  l:,4. 
'The  Navajoes  are  a  I'nehlo  Indian.'  Cnivr,  in  Id.,  p.  ;i2'.t.  '  Allied  to  the 
Crow  Indians.'  Fihixtlrhic,  in  Einori/'s  Hinnitxiixadnre,  ]).  I'.'.'.i;  Thiiiiimrl, 
3f'.i-/'Ao,  p.  ;J18.  'Most  civilizi'd  of  all  the  wild  Indians  of  North  America.' 
J-'arn'unii's  lAfv,  in  (\d.,  p.  372.  Tlu!  Navajoes  '  are  a  division  of  the  ancit  nt 
I^iexicans.'  Sci'in's  in  the  HdcIii  Mis.,  p.  JHd. 

"  '  "  Ynmah,"  sij^nilies  "  Son  of  the  liiver."  and  is  only  applie<l  to  th(>  In- 
dians born  on  the  bajdis  of  the  Colorado.  This  nation  is  eomposi d  of  tivo 
tribes, . .  .anionj,'  whieh.  . .  th<'  Yabipais  ( Yanipais  or  Yampaosi.'  Itiniiin  rh'n 
I )i .fiit.i,  \ol  ii.,  p.  ().').  '  The  Cajiienches  aiul  ('uehans  ..  belou;,' to  Iwo  dif- 
ferent divisions  of  one  tribe,  which  fiirms  part  of  the  {,'reat  nation  of  tii(! 
Yuiaus.'   Id.,  p.  10. 

"  Cosninos,  '  Es  ist  mehrfaeh  die  .\usicht  ansL;es))rochen  worden  das  die 
ineisteu  derselben  /.ii  dem  Stamme  d(  r  Aiiaehes  ^'ehiiren,  od(  r  vielaiehr  niit 
ilineii  v»'rwandt  sind.'  Mulllninsen,  Tdiichitcli,  pp.  330-1;  Fiiniir'.t  lluimin 
Uuvi'.  p.  482. 

'••  'The  Yanipais  form  a  oonmH'tin;,'  link  between  the  Oila,  Colorado,  and 
rnel>l()  Indians.'  n7/(/i/)/'.  in  I'uc.  /.'.  7'.  Iti'iil.,  vol.  ill.,  p.  IIS.  Vanqiais  iin^ 
related  to  the  Yumas.  .Mtilllniiisin,  /A/'si/i,  torn,  i  ,  p.  131 .  Yanipais:  'I'lKible 
to  separate  them  from  the  Tonto-Apaehes.'  Mmcry,  in  Iml.  Afi'.  h'lpt-,  i'S")7, 

'"  '  Llaman  aestos  indios  los  ernzados,  pnr  nnas  ornces  que  todos,  ehieos 
y  j^randes  se  atan  del  cojx'te,  ipie  les  viene  a  caer  en  la  frente;  y  eslo  hacen 
cuanclo  ven  a  los  espanoles.'  Salmrron.  Itchtcione.'i,  in  /Ait'.  JIi>l.  Mi\f.,  Herio 
iii..  toni.  iii.,  p.  31. 

"  '  Uuos  dicen  ipie  a  un  lado  de  estas  naci(jnes  (Yntas)  para  hacia  al  Po- 


470 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


Tlio  A[)iiclic  country  is  |)r()l)al)l_v  the  most  dosort  of 
all,  {iltonititinj^  betwcLMi  sterile  plains  antl  wooded  mount- 
ains, interspersed  with  coinparati\ely  i'ew  rich  valleys. 
1'he  rivers  do  little  to  t'ertili/e  the  soil  except  in  s[)<)ts; 
the  little  moisture  that  appears  is  (juickly  absorbed  by 
the  cloudless  air  and  arid  plains  which  stretch  out,  some- 
times a  hundred  miles  in  len<ith  and  breadth,  like  lakes 
of  sand.  In  both  mountain  and  desert  the  fierce,  raj)a- 
cious  Apache,  inured  from  childhood  to  hunger  and 
thirst,  and  heat  and  cold,  iinds  sale  retreat.  Jt  is  here, 
tunong  our  western  nations,  that  we  first  encounter  tliiev- 
inji;  as  a  i)roression.  Xo  savage  is  fond  of  work;  in- 
deed, labor  and  savagism  are  directly  antagonistic,  for 
if  the  savage  continues  to  labor  he  can  but  l)ecome  civ- 
ilized. Now  the  Apache  is  not  as  la/y  as  some  of  his 
northern  brothers,  yet  he  will  not  work,  or  if  he  does, 
like  the  l*ueblos  who  are  nothing  but  partially  reclaimi-d 
Apaches  or  Comanc^i'^s,  he  forthwith  elevates  himsell", 
and  is  no  longer  an  Apache:  but  being  somewhat  Iree 
from  the  vice  of  laziness,  though  subject  in  an  eminent 
degree  to  all  other  vices  of  which  mankind  have  any 
knowledge,  he  presents  the  anomaly  of  uniting  activity 
with  barbarism,  and  for  this  he  nmst  thank  his  thievisli 
pro})ensities.  Leaving  others  to  do  the  work,  he  cares 
not  whom,  the  agriculturists  of  the  river-bottoms  or  the 
towns-people  of  the  north,  he  turns  Ishmaelite,  poimces 
upon  those  near  and  more  remote,  and  if  pursued  retreats 
a;'ross  the  jonKfdas  del  muerte,  or  'journeys  of  death'  as 
the  Mexican  calls  them,  and  finds  refuge  in  the  gorges, 
canons,  and  other  almost  impregnable  natural  fortresses 
of  the  mountains. 

nuntp  ost.'i  la  iirtcion  He  los  nijorns,  y  otrns  nfirmixn  qne  no  liny  till  iiiirion 
NiJDiM,  siiio  (jnt;  I'stii  piiliibvii  nijoi'  (]uii'rt'  dcrir  ciintivo,  y  qui'  Ids  (•dcdiiiari- 
copas  Ics  (laii  'li>  noi'hc  a  las  iiacioiu's  mas  iiiiiii'diatas  y  Ics  (juitan  sns  liijos, 
los  (jiKi  cantivaii  y  vciiilcii  a  los  piiuas  y  ('sttis  a  los  csijanolcs;  si  ts  asi  qne 
hay  tal  liacioii,  ost.i  en  csfa  iiuiii'diacioii  del  rio  Colorado  pun  el  rio  Salado 
{I  rio  Verde. '  Xulirins  th'  Id  I'limrli,  in  Ihir.  Iljst.  .\f.v.,  serie  iii.,  toiii.  iv., 
]i.  Hits.  '  I'od  )s  estos  eautivos  llaiiiau  ]ior  aea  fnera  Xijores,  auiKine  hay  otni 
naeioii  Hijeras  a  parte.'  SahliU'iir,  Itvladhi,  iii  hoe.  Hid.  Mi.v.,  serie  iii.,  torn. 
iv.,  p.  sr.i 

I-  F  ir  further  jjartienlars  as  to  loeatiou  of  tribes,  see  notes  on  Tiudal 
BouNUAUiKs,  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 


PHYSIQUE  OF  AVAC'IIES. 


477 


The  (lispiirity  in  pliy.sical  apix'ariince  Ijetween  wine  of 
these  nations,  which  may  he  attributed  for  the  most  part 
to  diet,  is  curious.  Wliilo  those  who  subsist  on  mixed 
vegetal)le  and  animal  f(M)d.  present  a  tall,  healthy,  and 
muscular  development,  hardly  excelled  by  the  Caucasian 
race,  those  that  live  on  animal  food,  excepting:!;  ])erhaps 
the  Comanches,  are  small  in  stature.' wrinkled,  shriveled, 
and  hideously  ujily.'*  All  the  natives  of  this  family, 
Avith  the  exception  of  the  Apaches  proper,  are  tall,  well- 
built,  with  muscles  stronjily  developed,  pleasing  features, 
although  at  times  rather  broad  faces,  high  foreheads, 
large,  clear,  dark-colored  eyes,  possessing  generally  ex- 
traordinary powers  of  vision,  l)lack  coarse  hair  and,  for 
a  wonder,  beards.  Taken  as  a  whole,  thev  {;re  the  most 
jxirfect  specimens  of  physical  mjinhood  that  we  have  yet 
encountered.  While  souie.  and  pjirticularly  females,  are 
of  a  light  copper  color,  others  again  approach  near  to  the 
dark  Californian.  Women  are  generally  plumper,  inclin- 
ing more  to  obesity  than  the  men.  !^^ome  comely  girls 
are  six)ken  of  amongst  them,  but  they  grow  okl  earl\  .'* 

13  '  Besonders  fiel  uns  dnr  TTntprsrliird  zwischrn  flon  im  GoliirRP,  alinlicli 
dfi)  Wiilfun  lilii'udeii  Viiiiiiiays  und  'Joiitos  .  .  uinl  iltii  vdii  vej^ctiibilisclicn 
Stoffeii  sich  iiiilmnden  lifWdlimrn  dcs  Colorado-'l  hides  iviif,  iiidt'iu  crstcie 
uur  klcine  hiisHliche  (iestalti  n  iiiit  widri^'fiii  tiK-kisclieiii  Ansdriick  dtr  I'hysi- 
oj,'iioiiiie  wiireii,  die  aiiderfii  diii^i-j^i'ii  wie  liinter  MeisttTwerki!  der  Ki.-lnipfer- 
isi'heii  Natur  erschienen.'  MdUhitumn,  'ritiji'lmch,  p.  384. 

I'  The  Nnvjijos  are  'of  ^ood  size,  nearly  six  feet  in  height,  and  well  pro- 
liortidiied;  clieek-bones  high  and  prondnent,  nose  straight  and  well  sha])ed; 
hair  long  and  black:  even  black;  .  .  feet  small;  li)is  of  nuiderate  size;  heiul 
of  niediuni  size  and  Well  shajied;  forehead  not  small  but  retreating.'  Lellnr- 
inanh,  in  Smithmndan  Ucpi.,  IH").").  ji.  '2S,S.  'Fine  looking,  physically.'  'Most 
symnii  .acal  figure,  combining  ease,  grace  and  power,  and  activity.'  And  the 
Cciinaiiches  '  abfiut  live  feet  t(  n  inches  in  hf'ight,  with  well  proportioned 
slioulders,  very  deep  chest,  and  long,  thin,  but  muscular  arms.'  ('irwiDii/'n 
Aj)(irlii!<,  pp.  4!),  3()5,  1.5.  The  Jlojave  'men  are  (all,  erect,  and  fkiely  pro- 
portioned. Their  features  are  inclined  to  Kuro])ean  regularity;  tluir  eyes 
large,  shaded  by  long  la>hes.'  The  C'uchans  are  '  a  noble  race,  well  formed, 
active  and  intelligent.'  Whippli-.  in  I'lic  li.  h'.  Utpt.,  vol.  iii.,  jiji.  110,  IM. 
The  Navajos  are  distinguisheil  '  by  the  fullness  and  roundness  of  their  eyes.' 
miijiph,  Ewhank,  (iiid  'I'unn'r's  H-iil.,  p  :il,  in  /'"c.  //.  It.  Hipl.,  vol.  iii., 
'  The  t'anianehes  are  small  of  stature.  .  .  wear  moustaches  and  heads  of  long 
hair.'  J'ojtr,  in  I'ltr.  It.  It.  It'jit.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  b").  'J'lie  Comanches  '  (ju(>  da  uu 
aspecto  bieii  particular  A  estas  nnciones,  es  la  faltrt  com])li'ta  de  cejus,  piles 
ellos  se  las  arrancan;  algniifis  tienen  una  ])oca  barba.'  IkrUimlUr  (mil  'I'lmril, 
hiarid,  p.  'l')',].  The  Vumas  "if  left  to  their  natural  state,  would'be  line  look- 
ing.' but  the  Hualpais  'were  squalid,  wretched-looking  creatures,  with  splay 
feet,  large  joints  an<l  diminutive  figures,  ..  features  like  a  toad's. ..  .They 
|>res(  nt  a  remarkable  contrast  to  our  tall  and  athletic  JFojaves.'  The  Xa\a- 
jos  are  'a  liuo  lookiuy  race  with  bold  features.'     'The  Mojaves  are  perhaps 


478 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


In  contradistinction  to  all  tliis  the  Apacli«K  proper,  (tr 
Ajjache  nation,  an  wo  may  call  thcni,  arc  slim,  ill  de- 
veloix.'d,  but  very  agile.     Their  height  is  about  five  leet 

nH  fino  ft  rnco  of  nion  phvsicftUy,  ns  tlicrp  is  in  rxistcnrc.  Trrs'  CitUii-(iih% 
Hiiir.  i)p.  U,  54,  'J7-8,  108,  7:J,'  V2H,  1!»,  X),  Wl,  IX,  jilate  ]).  (id.  The  Co- 
iimiu'lifs  are  'de  bneim  tstiitnrii.'  Ikituniiiiit,  ('ru)iic(i  ilv  Mixhuocun,  MS..  \<. 
ftJ7.  Tlie  jx'oplc  bctwffU  tlic  Colorado  and  Gila  rivtrs.  '  lis  |,'cntf  Mi  a 
ai,'<'stiida  y  corpnleuta,  trigncfios  dc  color.'  Scililmdir,  Jlil(ir'ii»i,  in  I)iir,  Hi.-i. 
.lA.r.,  Kcric  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  p.  H.'il.  The  Cruzados  arc  dcscrilxd  as  '  Men  iv^i  s- 
tadoH  \  noMfs  yt'llas  ht'inidsas  dc  lindos  ojos  y  aniorosas.'  Sdhimini.  Jlilml. 
iini's,  in  l)(tr.  Hist.  Mix.,  si'ric  iii.,  toni  iV.,  p.  Itl;  kcc  also  ('ojvAjkc,  in  'I'lrhiin.r- 
('(iiiijHni.-i,  i'oi/,,  Kcrit'  i.,  toni.  x.,  ji.  4K).  In  New  Mexico  Allc^rc  d<'scrili(s 
tlicni  as  '  corpulcntos  V  l>riosos,  jicro  nial  a^'cstados,  lasorcjas  larj^'as.  .   tii m  ii 


]")ciil)arl)a 


Allnjre, 


Jli.st 


('limit.  (/(' t/i  sKs,  toni.  i,  p.  'Ml;  and  of  the  same  pi 


Alccdo  writes  'sonde  niejor aspi-cto,  color  y  pro|'or<'ion  cpu'  losdenuis.'  hi'- 
ciiimtrio,  toni.  iii.,  p.  184.  And  Lieut.  Milllliaiisen,  who  freipuiitly  (,'oes  iiilo 
«'cstasies  over  the  s]>lendid  tij^ures  of  the  lower  Colorado  i  (■o])l{',  whom  Le 
calls  the  personitication  of  the  ancient  j,'ods  of  tlie  IJonians  and  (ireeks,  sii\s 
further  that  they  are  '  (,'rosse,  schcin  t,'e\vachsene  Leute,'  and  descrihes  tin  ir 
<()lor  as  'dunkelknpferfarhi^','  Of  the  wonnii  he  adds  '(ianz  ini  (Je^'ensat/e 
zu  den  lliinnern  sind  die  Weiher  dir  Indianer  am  Colorado  dur<h^;iiiit;it,' 
klein,  nntersetzt  nnd  so  dick,  das  ihr  Aussehen  niitiinter  an's  koiiiisclio 
(,'riinzt.'  Coniiiarin^,'  the  Hualapais  with  tlie  Mojaves  he  writes  'auf  d(r«  iiie 
Keite  die  imhekleideten,  riescnhaflen  nnd  wohlf^eliildetcn  (lestalten  del'  Mo- 
liaves  . .  .anf  der  andern  Seite  diij^'e^en  die  iiii  Verj^leich  mit  erstern,  zw(  i;,'- 
ahnlichen,  hau'ern .  . .  l'"ij,'ui(n  der  Walli)ays,  iiiit  ihrt  n  verwirrteii,  sliii]i'i- 
gen  Haaren,  den  kleineii,  geschlitzt  .n  Aiij,'tn  nnd  den  falschen.  f.'(h;(ssi;_i  u 
Ausdruck  in  iliren  Zii!L,'en.'  'J'he  Cusniiios  he  calls  'hiisslich  nnd  veikliiii- 
inert.'  Mi'iUlmnsi'ii,  T'ff'/'/Kc/i,  jip.  IVtl,  ;i)S'2-8;  .ViiHlnnini  n,  /I'l  (>•' a,  toni.  i..  ]'|i, 
l-j;{-4,  lli'J,  21.'>,  •.i74,  '>m,  ;il8,  tom.  ii.,  pp.  4:1,  ;{7,  and  plate  froiitispii  ce. 
J/<i///H/».sC)(,  Miiniiiimiitiiiiilrlini.  tom.  ii.,  p.  14(1.  The  Coniaiiche  'men  nn> 
aliont  the  niediuni  stature,  with  hrii^ht  coiiper-colonred  com)  hxioiis,  .  .  the 
wtinicn  are  short  with  crookc  d  lej^s. ,  far  fiolii  heiuf^  as  f^'ood  looking  as  tl.e 
men.'  In  the  Colorado  Valley  'are  the  largest  and  Ik  st-forim  d  nun  1  (  ver 
saw,  their  avera},'e  hei^dit  heint;  an  iiiih  over  six  fett.'  Miin  i/'.i  Aniii/  l.ifi , 
pp.  "J.'),  'iTO.      'Les  Comanches  olit  la  t.iille  haute  et  elaiicce,  et  solit  ]in 


IliiM 


1)1.  S(  lie  V. 


-!<•>, 


V 


anssi  l)l;;v.('s  one  les  Knropeeiis.'  N/c.  (iroij. 

And  of  the  Coniaiiches  see  further,  llrniiiiini  Cinirp.  p.  l."3.     'Itohust, 

Herculean  race.'    Fimte's  VV'.m.s,  vol.   i.,  p.  'I'M.     '  Excct  diiij^'lv  haiulsoii 

Cn/ili' 

'I'l.OI.- 
.Vo/..s' 


Ili-J 


''<■  III  Bitrni's  IJi'e  in  Mi, 


A. 


1.  !i(i8;   ll'irdiiithii  imil  Miilmi/'K 


p.  Id'J.     '  \Vonien  are  n;;ly,  crook  1  e;.' i;i  d,  stoop-!-houlder(  d.'   I'ln/.i 


y-y'.,  pp.  18!).  •J:i2,  Hit;  \li.fU.i 


I  III  Ziiftiiiii 


2(!7;  see  also  Frmhil.  Ait.^  Atmriin,  tom.  ii.,  p.  KM;  Umii: 


Id's  I'l-iil.  Ai 

Cntn.  J'ni^rii'.'i.  vol.  ii.,  \  j).  ;i7'8;  I/idih  mrli,  Jn 

en  are  ^,'enerally  fat.'     '  The  1 


t(  111.  1.,  p 


;i7 


/', 


)   1: 


1  he  Yuma  '  wc  11 


lien  are  Jar^e.  mu 


/-/fs  /'. 


.NV 


vol.  11.,  ])p.  I'-il,  J  I 


N 


scn'.ar,  and  well  foinied.'  .Ilail- 
iviiio  wonitn  are  'niuch  liaiidstam  r 


md  have  lighter  coniiilexions  than  the  1111 11.'  J'kIIii's  ]'i 


y< 


S'lmp.'H'ii'.^  Jintr.  Mil.  Iti' 


V 


V2;  Ih. 


11: 


'21S-l',i; 


vli's  DixdIs.  vol.  ii.,  pp.  7,  111,  '1\. 


(!."). ])late  8.  'J  he  Navajos  have  '  li^dit  tlaxi  11  hair,  liijlit  hint' eyes...  their  skin 
is  of  the  most  delicate  whitt  111  ss.'  liriiinwU'^t  Iml.  Iliiii.'<.  ]i  ."i4.'):  Ihiijlua'  limi- 
ijiliini'.i  /•,',!•..  p.  •J.{'A.     C)n  the  Mojavi  s  see  further,  Slnilliiii'.-<  <  (ijd.  Oiii)iiini  (iiil.-', 


J).  IIW;  iSiliiriiiren'  Ziii'ii  K.w.  p.  18;  Cnl.  M< 


<,tik'  ,li. 


A.  i..  ]).  '.'27,  jilati 


Chini,  in  IhiJ.  Aff.  liipt.,  1871.  ji.  'M'.\.     And  <n  the  Yi;n  as.  J'o.^tiv,  in   Inl. 
Jtipl.  Af..   18(;;{,  p.  ;t87;    llnnnic'.s   Aiifn-hi'  I'lniiilri/,  ]).  ti';    Tut/U'r.  in  <'iih 


Fi 


Fill.  '2'2,  IJ-OO.     AVomin's  '  fi  et  are  natnrallv 


Fiiiury's  lij't. 


in  V.  S.  null  Miw.  liimnilury  Surrey,  \ A.  i.,  p.  lliO.  'j'he  Yaniiia's  are  hroad- 
faced,  and  have  'aquiline  iios(  s  i.ud  Mi. all  (yes.'  I'uliiiir,  in  IIiirpir'.'<  May., 
Vol.  xvii.,  p.  4U0.  linlluii.  TruHs,  in  llni/is  Vol. 


PHYSICAL  PECULIARITIES. 


479 


four  to  five  inches;  features  described  us  u^ly.  repulsive, 
ciuotiunless,  Hat,  and  approaching  the  Mongol  cast,  uiiilo 
the  head  is  coveicd  with  an  unla'Uipt  mass  of  coarse, 
shocky.  rusty  hhick  liair,  not  unlike  bristles.  The  wonu'U 
;iri'  not  at  all  Ijehind  the  men  in  ugliness,  and  a  pleasing 
face  is  a  rarity.  A  feature  connnon  to  the  family  is  re- 
iiKirkahly  small  feet;  in  connection  with  which  may  bo 
mentioned  the  jKJCuliarity  which  obtains  on  he  lower 
Colorado,  of  having  the  large  toe  widely  separated  irom 
the  others,  which  arises  probably  irom  wading  in  maishy 
bottoms.  All  the  tribes  whose  princi[)al  subsistence  i.s 
meat,  and  more  particulai'ly  those  that  eat  horse  and 
mule  Hesh.  are  said  to  exhale  a  peculiar  scent,  something 
like  the  animals  themselves  when  heated.^' 

1''  'Tlii'ir  ftvornffe  hfitdit  is  a1)ont  five  feet  ff)ur  or  five  inches.     They  nre 
liiit  sliiuly  Imilt,  and  jxisstss  Imt  litih;  niUHeuhir  devehninient ....  li^'ht  luowii 


(l  eolor.'     Some  have   '  ii  Chinese  eiint  of  connteiiuncf 


riistv  liiiiek 


h;iir.'  Siiiiiii,  in  ■'^iiiillistin'mn  lliiil  ,  iHtiT,  i).4IH.     Their  '  fentnres  were  (l:it, 


-like   ...    .siimll    h't,':.^e(l,    bi^'-bellied    iinil    hrdiid-shouitlered.'   A'l 

s.svoicc,    ]).  52.      'ilore   niiserahli'   hioUint^   iibjeets   J    nevi  r   hehelil;' 
ular.'    FmiKihl  <iii<l  Juntnt/'s  SUlis  nf  'J'kh-,,  p.   I'M. 


larL;e 


I'  anil  nmtic 


\Vie(h'rhehe   rhvsioi'uonden  uiid  tJestaltei 


until  niittlerer  (Iriisse 


j^Tosse  Kiijife,   vorstelienih'  Stirn  nnd   liiiekenlvnoelien,  dielie  Nasen,  a 


if^,'P- 


rfene  fiippen  nnd  Ideine  f,'eselditzte  Au^'en.  . .  .Ihr  (iesieht  var  diiukhr 
als  irh  es  ji'iiials  hei  Indianern  ^,'efnnden.'  Molllninsi n,  TiHjvlinili.  p.  WW.  '  Vnii 
Zdliii^eii  weit  al)-telienden  Han))thaaren  bedeelct.'  Mollli<iiise)i,  FlurldliiKi.  tnni. 
iii.,  |i  11*.  '  ni-foriued.  eiuaeiated.  and  miserable  looking,' nice. .  .  had  all  a, 
fr  acheniiHfienilisli  look.'  tlurlliirn  /'ccs.  \(ir.,  vol.  i.,  j).  ;{27.  '  ]'hvsienlly 
of  a  sliuditer  build  than  any  Indian.-;  I  have  sicn.'  ('ht)ii.  in  Iml.  Atl'.  lUpt. 
is7i.  p.  47. 
Z'li'i'i  A'.c,  p 

p.    liiM 


Most  wretched  liiDKinj'  huiians  1  have  ever  seen 


U. 


Siliinitris' 


■  Small  in  statiU' 


-Ida 


I'llns'  l.il'i'iir  ( 'ill-sou. 


Hair  is  very  black  and  strai).;lit,  ninidi  resend>linj,'  hmse  hair. 


qipears  t )  beloni;  to  tlie  Asiatic  type.'   Ilnirii.  in  SrlnKilrrajTs  An'li.,  vol.  v. 
]i,  "211.     '  (lipsy  lookini,' with  an  eye  sinunlarly  wild  and  jiierci 


llnilsl, 


W 


1' 


Hi 


ive  verv 


lif,dit 


Dii'  Ijipaiiis  haben  blondes  Hii 


eoni| 


11  lexions.'    Ward's  .l/i.ricn,  vo 


1.  i. 


1' 


iilil  s 
.".HO. 


id  sind  schi'me  I.ente.'  Mi'ililiniiniviit.  .l/c- 


Jii'ii,  toiti.  i.,  p.  '>\~>.  toiu.  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  |).  I'll.    '  Sunt  des  beaux  honimes.'  Jjirln 
jii'/i'.  ItiKinssit-lionlliiiii,  p.  H'2.     'Tall,   niajestie  in  tiu'nre;  niiiM'idai'.'  Jlriml:- 


M.n/r 
7V,,v(,- 


M>'. 
vol.  i. 


.1;^  '•.,  etc.,  vol.  ii.  p.  Tiii.     '  Fine  physical  conformation.'  Fnule's 


P 


:it,s. 


Their  skin  looked  whit:  r  than  1  have  evi  r  seen  it  in 


till'  Indians.'   U'izlhvnits'  Tour.  ]).'\.      '  Crian  jiic  nieiior  (pie  los  olros  indios. 


•'/,  I)  srri]).  </.  ii(/.,in  hill'.  IlisI    .Vcr,  seiie 

r 


tom.  IV.,  ]) 


MU. 


T( 


Hiiu   niorenos.   euer|io  hien  juoporcionado,  ojos  vivos. 


]1|M 


IV/.i 


Xdtiriils  ill',   Su 


ibello  lar^'o  y  luni 


'".   ji.   ■-(! 


Sn  talla  V  color  dilereneian 


al'_,'ii  en  cada  tribii,  viriando  este  desde  el  broneeado  al  nioreni 


Son  todos 


Hell  |)riipiirciona 


dos   .  .   V  nin''una  b.irba.'  (iiirriu  Cunile,  in  Snr,  M, 


.  toai.  v.,  p.  !U 4;  see  also  I'nnl'ro,  in  Ormcui/  Jirmi,  (iiDijrufln,  ]ij).:t7U-l, 
riiou|.,'h  not  tall,  are  admiriibly  formed,  with  tine  features  and  a  brit^lit  com- 


JileXloll 


ind 


mini'  to  ve 


\l 


I'lillir's  I'lrs.  Xiir.,  p.  117 


Son  altos,  rubios 


y  dc  bellisimas  proporciones,'  Jii  rislu  ("n'litlfira,  toni.  i.,  ]>.")").     '  Taille  ordi- 
naire, de  couleur  foucu.'     '  Comme  ces  ludieus  uo  fout  leur  uourritiue  ^uo 


480 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


All  the  natives  of  this  rt'i^ion  wear  the  hair  much  in 
the  same  manner,  ent  s(|nare  across  the  Ibreliead.  iiiid 
liowinj;'  hehind.'"  Th(^  ^^)jave  men  nsnallv  twist  or  plait 
it,  while  with  the  women  it  is  allowed  to  han<i  loose. 
Tattooin*;'  is  connnon,  hnt  not  universal;  many  of  tliii 
Mojave  women  tatt(H>  the  chin  in  vertical  lines  like  the 
Cential  Californiiins,  except  thiit  the  lines  are  closer  to- 
;;ether.'^  I'aint  is  freely  used  amonji;  the  Mojaves,  hlark 
and  red  predominating",  hut  the  Ai)aches,  Vumas,  iuid 
others  use  a  jiivater  variety  of  colors."*  Jh'eech-doth  imd 
moccasins  are  the  ordinary  dress  of  the  men,''  while  the 


(Ic  clmir  pt  ])riiicipiileii>oiit  do  ccllt'  tlo  rrtnc  ct  du  mulct,  ilH  cxliiiliiit  iiiio 
(idi'ur  si  pt'iii'tiiiuti'  (jiiii  li's  chcviiux  tt  siirtoiit  Ics  iiiult's  rtl)ri)Ussiiit  du  iiiiii 
uiissitiit  (lu'ils  Ics  t'vcntciit.'  ,*>'(«'.  'ii'iH/. 


lUiUit'iii,  st'rif  v.,  No. 


1' 


"'  '  ('lit  their  hair  sliort  over  thr  forcliciid,  mid  let  it  Imii^,'  biliiiid.'   I)n„i. 
encrh's  pi'scrla.  vol.  il.,  j).  ('("i.     Distiii'^'iiislicd  'diiich  dfii  vdllstaiidii,'  j,'liiili. 


iiiiissini'ii  Schiiitt  iiircc  scliwiirzcii  llu  in 
toiu, 


.1/.;////' 

i.,  p.  '^74;  Mi'illniHsvn,  7'((,'/''''<(''/',  p.  !("*!;  /' 


niiirnii.  Hi  lai'ii  in  < 


IU>  F>ls. 


Sitiii'iiif's'  Zii'i'i.  Ex.,  ))p.   lo,   IH;   I'dliinr,  in   /A 

4o('),  ii'.l:    ll7,;/i/,V,  il,  I'di-.  li.  /,'.  7^7-^.  veil,  iii.,  ]>]>  W,  110. 


trji'  r 


'S    .\l>llfllf  I  lllll'tfl/.    111? 

'i  Mitij.,  vol.  xvii.,  1 II, 


1'  y,\n]A 


'ills,  lifter  tiii'V  iiiiirrv,  tattoo  tlie  <'liiii  •  witli  vertical  liliie  line; 


J'liliiirr,  ill  U'lrjicr's  Md'i  ,  vol.  xvii  ,  ji.  Kiit.     Yunms:   '  Docli  ist  iliiieii  d.i.s 


Tatowii'eii  nii'lit  freiiid;  dieses 


'd  indessen  iiielir  voii  den  l''iaiii  ii  lUe'i - 


vveiidet  welelie  sich  di"  Minid\viir.:el  uiid  ilas  Kiiiii  init  lilaiieii  l'iiiil;l(  n  mid 
liinien  scliniiiekeii,'  .UtVlliiKtu'  ii,  Hi'ixiii  in  lUv  Filsiiifii'li.,  tmii.  i.,p.  1-4;  .'Ai'/- 


/(' 


T<i, 


V 


;W."):  .s7/'((/^ 


'.s'  I'ltjil.  (hitniiiii  liirls,  pp.  151-2 


'/'/" 


JCirhank,  iinil  Tnrnfr's  lUpl.,  ]).  31),  i'l  l'iii\  It.  li.  U()it.,  Vol.  iii.,  and  plali 


Ml  •///('/',  in  Eiiiiiiil'a  H' jit.,  r.  S.  ilHil  Mix.  Itinliiiliiri/  Snrrri/,  V( 


ll. 


OliDIJ. 


IliiHifi 


rie  v.,  No.  Itli,  p.  iHil;    Triiisiiri/  nf  7 


nir. 


V 


:i2. 


1' 


lUi; 


Das  (resiellt  llilttell  sich  idle  Vier  (Mojaves)  allf  f^leielle  Weise  lie- 
iiialt,  nanilieh  Uohlsehwarz  uiit  eiiiein  vothen  Striclie,  der  sieli  von  der  Stiine 
iiher  Nase,  Mmid  und  Kilili  zo^'.'  Miillliiinsan,  Tii'ielnicli,  pj).  ;in:!,  ■i^i'i,  ^i^iN; 
plate,  :!!tt.  '  I'aintiHl  perfectly  l>liick.  exceptiu",'  ii  red  stripe  from  tlie  top  of 
ids  foreliead,  d  )\vii  the  l)rid;,'e  of  liis  nose  to  liis  chin.'  /res'  I'nluruln  ll'ir., 
p.  07.  Tlie  Apadies  '  So  tiucll  el  cllerpo  v  la  cam  C(Tli  liastiintes  culores."  Ilnr. 
Hist.  .V.    \'i:rili/il.  MS.    p.  ,j.      '  rintuni  de  ^'leda  v  iillllllj,'re  coll  line  se  Ulitall 

1 1 ' :     >    /  ,     .  I     .        •        ,  .  .    .  .!/.../• ..     ■.ri  .     I,    .. 


II  earn, 


lirazos  y  pieruiis.'  Cordcni,  in  (frnzro  y  liirra,  Iiviiiiriij'iii,\).'.i7\;  l>" 


J  fist.   .)fi:v.,  serie   iv.,   toin.  iii.,  p,  11;    Vchisro,    Xaliciiin  ik  Sinmrd,   p 
JIfiiri/,  in  Scliiiiilrrd/l's  Airh.,  vol.  v.,  p.  211;  llnnli/'s  Trow,  ji.  ;i;i7;  Snmf 
Sniilhsimi'in  llijit..  iHVu,  p.  41f~i;  Wliiiijili ,  Kirhank,  (tiiil  Tiinicr's  Hijil..  p 


irl.  ill 


ill  Par.  It.  It.  It  I't  ,  vol. 


1  jiiiite;    ll7(i/>/*/'',  in  I'ur.  It.  It.  Itijit.,  vol. 


iii.,  J).  lUt;  Siilrlniiiir,  in  J}i>r.  Hist.  Mi.,.,  serie  iii.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  h.")S. 

'■'  'Naki'd  with  the  exception  of   the  breech-doth.'    ,'>itiiri(irrs'  /.n,',!  I 


pp.  14, 


see  also  plates;  .Mojave  men  'simply  n  breech-doth.'  7' 


Iiid.  Alf.  Itipl..  1H71.  '  No  dothiiii,'  but  ii  strij)  ot  cotton. .  .  .The  Yniiias  dis- 
play'u  ludicrous  variety  of  tiuvdry  colors  ami  dirty  finery.'  7ns'  (dlnrnil" 
li'pl.,  pp.  "jI,  jV.I,  (Ui.  Hee  colored  plates  of  Yunms,  Mojaves,  and  liiiaipais, 
'  .\ndaii  enteraiiieiite  desiindos.'  Alrjir,  Hist.  Coinii.  ilv  Jr.ins,  turn,  iii.,  ]).  Ill; 
Mollfiiinsin.  Tmii'iiirh,  p.  ;i8:i;  Domninli's  Ikscrts,  vol.  Ji.,  p.  (J'i;  ll<irili/'s  I 
p)).  'MCt,  .'14-2;  .'<triilli)n's  Cujit.  Odtmnii  dirls,  ]>.  I:i8;  J'lilliv's  J'irs.  Xur.,  ji. 
ir«/Avr,  in   Iml.  At/.  Itepl.,  1872,  p.  102;  ('„/•/«,  in  l'a<\  It  It.  Itij't.,  v..l.  iii 


li:i; 


p.  124;    117/;;)/./ 


/.'.  J{.  It  jit.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  3i;  Cn-iniinii  s  .{jiiirlns.  ] 


2!),    132;  Sur.  U<:i.ij.,   Uidldin,  serie  v.,   No.  'JH,  p.  180;  Imlian  Traits,  vol 
iu  JIayes  Vol, 


DRESS  OF  APACHES  AND  jrOJAVEr-*. 


481 


AvoTiicn  have  a  short  petticoat  of  hark.'""  Tlio  drpss  of 
llic  .\rojaves  and  Apachi'S  isolU'ii  inort'  prcteiitiouM,  ht'ing 
a  huckskin  shirt,  skull-('a[>  or  ht'hiiot,  and  moccasins  of 
the  same  material;  the  hitte;*,  hroad  at  tlie  toes,  sUjihtly 
tinned  n[),  and  reachniji  high  np  on  tlie  leg,  serve  as  a 
|»rotection  against  cacti  and  thorns.'-^  it  is  a  connn»)n 
pi'iurtice  among  these  tribes  to  plaster  the  head  and  hody 
with  nmd,  which  mits  as  a  preventive  against  vermin  and 
a  prote(!tion  from  the  sun's  r 


0' 


in  tl 


leu"  se 


led 


ion 


2"  '  A  ff"\v  stripes  of  the  inner  Lurk  of  the  willow  or  noaciii  tied  Hciintily 
rnniitl  till  ir  waists  '  llnrdi/'s  Tiiir,.  ji.  ;t:t,;.  'Iaiuh  friu^'c  of  stiips  <>{  wiiluw 
link  wimiid  iiniiind  the  wiiist.'  .Si7 /('.(/res'  Zin'tl  A'.i'.,  j).  IH.  The  iiiiii  wear 
a  Htri|)  of  cotton,'  thci  voiiien  '  ii  short  iietticoat,  inailc  of  strips  of  liark.' 
.  (i(j.     '  Niulf,  with  the  fxci'ption  of  a  (liiiiiiiiiti\r  Im  (cli 


/ri-.s'  I  'i)liir((il(i  It 


V 


SI'  culircn  (le  la  cintiua  liastit 


,SV'/./„ 


/>("•.  //;>/.  .)/.. 


cloth.'  I'l'i  miiiii/'s  .\)iilrliis.  p.  2'.(.  'Las 
l;is  picrnas  con  la  c'lscara  interior  del 
sirie  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  p.  M")!.  '  Las  nmj,'eres  se  enliren  de  la  ciiitiira  a  la  rodill:i 
coll  la  ci'iscara  interior  del  sauce.'  Ah'' ire,  I  list.  ('(diij).  de  •lisiis,  toiii.  iii.,  \>.  Ill; 
Miillliiinsiii.  'r<i(iihiii'li,  p.  ;J.S1;  M(illli(iiisfH,  lii'isi'i)  tii  die  Filsttiiieh.,  vol.  i.,  p. 
1211;  Slriillii)i's  Ctijtl.  OdIiiKtii  'rirls.  ]>.  II!K;  Siir.  (Ii-ii'i.,  Ilidlitiii,  serie  v..  No.  !l(i, 
jp.  ISO;  ir/i/'/i/z/c,  in  I'dr.  II.  Ii.  Ilijit.,  \{i\.  iii.,  p.  HI;  W'/iiiijili;  h'lrlnnil,;  (imt 
7'/(/7irc'.s  Uijil..  p,  ;t;t,  in  I'dc.  II.  H.  Itejtt.,  vol.  iii.,  iilale  and  cuts;  Timiier, 
ill  Ind.  .1/.  Ilrjit.,  1871,  p.  ;i(U;  rurkvv,  in  linl.  Aff.  hii>t.,  1S7(I,  ]>.  Ktil;  MUh- 
hr.  in  I'ltiiiiry's  licjit.  U,  S.  and  Mix,  Jiouitdary  iiurfiy,  vol.  i.,  pp.  10!),  110, 
with  plate. 

'■'I  '  Tartly  clothed  like  the  Spaniards,  with  wid<'  drawers,  nioeciisins  and 
li''.,'i,'in)^s  to  t!'!;  knee  ,  .their  nioceasins  have  turned-np  K(|nare  toes,  mostly 
tiny  hav('  no  head-dress,  some  have  hats,  some  fantastic  helmets.'  I  nils' 
t'oiK/.  oi  {'ill.,  p.  IhL  ''I'hey  prefer  the  le,!.{<,'in^'  and  hlaiiket  to  any  other 
dress.'  itmililt'.i  I'crn.  Xiir.,  vol.  i.,  p]).  Ifill,  li'JH  'Mexican  dress  and  sad- 
dles )ir(doiiiiiiated,  showini;  whore  they  had  chielly  iiiaih;  np  their  wardrobi 


iiiiodan  alrededor 


Eiiiiirji's  l!'i'iiim<ii.^iiii,ci\  p.  (II.      'Los  hombres,  se  las  aco 

ili'l  ciicrjx),  dcjando  dtsaiiibara/.ados  los  bra/os.     J'2s  en  lo  ^'eiieral  la  f,'aiiiii/,u 

11  piel  del  veiiudo  la  tjiie  eiiiplean  en  este  scrvicio.     ("ubrcii  la  cabe/.a  de  nn 


lionet 


rra  di^  lo  mismo,  tal  vez  adornado  de  jiliiiiias  de  aves.  d  cueriiort 
del  •        •  


dr  aiiiiiiales.  .  .  .El  vestiiario  de  las  mnjeres  es  it,'imlmeiite  de  piclcs.'  ('anli' 
ill  Dnnfi)  1/  III rni,  (li'ininit'lu,  \t.  'Ml.  '  ('<'rvinis  tei>,'oribus  aniicinntur  tain 
fieiiiiiiic  (piaiii  mares.'  H'mir'uhs,  in  T)e  I/iit,  Xunis  Orhis.  p.31li;  Alnvrhun, 
ill  llnklniirs  Viiy.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  A'.W,  41(7;  Sononi,  Disrrlfi.  lii'mi.,  in  />(«•.  IH.st. 
.l/i'.r.,  serie  iii,,  torn,  iv..  p.  T)!!!;  />(»•.  Ili.it.  X.  \'iiriii/ii,  ,1/.'>'.,  p.  fi;  I'littii's 
I'l'i-s.  .\'itr.,  )).  117;  Ifii'ili's'  Ihiiiiphitn's  7i.r.,  p. '211;  I'tlirs'  [.ifr  n/  ('iirsi)n.  p. 
l")!;  Ilrnrif.  Ill  Sdiniilrriifl'.'i  Arch.,  vol.  v..  ]>\>.  210,  '211;  ir(//A(r,"in  Iml.  Aff. 
Ilrpl..  1,S72,  p.  171;  I'lirh'r,  in  Iml.  Af.  /.'i/./.,  IHO!),  p.  '24S;  llonhl,  in  jiid. 


If/'.  Il'pl.,  1H71,  p.  ;U)7;  Mill,  ill  Tl 


-I'iDiijiiiiis,   I'll}/.,  serij'  i.,  torn.  ix. 


p[i.  'll't'i.  '2<>S;   Fi'iidii'l,  Ans  Aiiici'iha.  toiii.  ii.,  pp.  Kil,  424;  see  also  Frnrliil'.t 


'd.  A I 


W 


:3(»i),  4yi);  a 


ill  I'linde,  in  Allnuii  Me.r..  ti 


1' 


pp.  4<l,  KIC, 

'2(;(;;  .!/(■;//- 


1<)7;  IJiKili,  Cii.-i' nines,  plate  xxii;    I'elnsro,   .S'liticiiis  de  Sun 

/c/u.sH,    FHh-Jdlinij,  toiii.  ii.,  p.   I7lt;   liKininonl,  Cn'in.  de  Meeliuaran,  J/.S.,  p. 

417;  L'ldiiipiHe,  lliionsset  de  liuullitiii,  ]>.  82. 

2'^  The  litiir  of  the  Mohaves  is  occasionally  '  matted  on  the  top  of  the  head 
into  a  conijiact  mass  with  mud.'  Silireiires'  Zn/ii  Kv.,  p.  18.  'Their  |  i;,'- 
inents  are  ochre,  elay,  and  probably  charcoal  niinj,dt'd  willi  oil.'  Wlili'i'le, 
Eir'ianhu  and  Tamer's  Kept.,  jip.  'X\,  in  Pac.  11.  Ii.  Itept.,  vol.  iii.  '  llir 
ir;ni])tschniuelc  (l:i;:;('t,'eii  sind  die  laii^'eli,  starken  Ilaure,  die  iiiittekt  iiiisser 
Lt'hnierde  in  llolieii  gedreht.'  Muilluinsea,  lifisen  in  die  Felsemjeb,  torn,  i.,  p. 
Vol.  I.    31 


482 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


of  orn  imonts  the  Mojavos  sliow  a  profcronco  for  white. 
inttM'i'iixinl  ^\itli  l)hie;  nocklacos  and  L'niceh'ts  made 
IVoij'  heads  ai)d  small  shells,  usually  stnnii;'  toii'etlicr. 
hut  sometimes  sowed  on  to  leather  hands  are  uuich  in 
vogue,  ^riio  Apache  ntiticm  ado[)t  a  move  fantastic  style 
in  paintiuu;  and  in  their  head-dress;  for  ornament 
they  employ  deer-hoofs,  shells,  fish-hones,  heads,  and 
occasionally  p()rcin)ine-(pulls.  with  which  the  women  eni- 
])roider  their  short  deei'-.'-Uin  ])etticoats.-'  'i'he  Xav- 
ajocs.  hoth  men  and  women,  wear  the  hair  lonj:',  tied  or 
cluhhcd  \\\)  hehind;  they  do  not  tattoo  or  dislijiurc 
themselves  with  [)aint."*  The  ordinary  dress  is  a  species 
of  huntinu'-shirt,  or  dor.hlct.  oi"  deer-skin,  or  a  hlankct 
conlined  at  the  waist  h\ahelt:  huckskin  hreeches.  some- 
times ornamented  up  the  seams  with  jjieces  of  silver  or 
porcupine-(piills;  long  moccasins,  reaching  well  up  the 

124.    The  Axniis  '  Boplastorod  their  b(i(li(-s  aiul  hair  witli  nind.'    Ifdrili/'^ 


Tnii\.  ))]).  ;it:i-J,  li.")(!,  ;U>S,  ;J7();   /{nunii'.s  Ajinrln'  ('ninitr!/,  I'l''  '''•  ''■'■ 


'"  Small   white  heads  are  liiiihlv  iirized  hv  the  Mdliav 


Hirer,  |)[).  (iS-',). 


Tl 


If  yoini|j;  j,' 


1' 

lis  \V( 


li 


>/o)ve/.. 


heads 


a  iieeldaee  with  a  sIiil;! 


scii-sliell  ill  front.'     The  men  •  hatlier  li 


■lets,  triiniiird  with  hri'.,'ht  hiit- 


toiis . 


.ea'dos'  feathers,  called  "soriiieh."  Sdiiietiliies  white,  soliietiliu'.;  of  a 


<'riiiis()ii  tint  .  .  .  string's  of  wani|)uiii,  made  of  eirenlar  jiie'esnf  shell.'  H7i//i- 
plf,  in  /''/(■.  //,  /,'.  Ill  jit,,  viil.  iii..  \^\i.  IN.  11;").  '  Shells  of  the  |ieaii-iiyster, 
and  a  idiivli  wooden  imat,'e  are  th  ■  favorite  ornaments  of  hoth  sexes'  with 
the  Ajiaehes.  Ilinri/,  in  Si'lKinlcni/t's  Anh..  vol.  v..  |i.  2111.  '  Sus  adoiiios  (ii 
<d  cnello  y  lira/(is  s<jn  sart.is  rh'   iiesiiuas  de  veuado  y  h  rrendos.   (Miiehas. 


^jiliias 


d( 


1> 


do  y  raiees  de  yerhas  odoriferas.     Las  f.imilias  mas  ]iu 


entes  y  aseiiilas  hordan  sns  trajes  y  /apatos  de  la  espiiia  del  ])ner('o-(  s]iin.' 
( 'iiriUvn,  in  Oi'mrn  >/  Hcrr'i,  tinhirn/in  p.  1171.  '  .Vdiirnaiise  con  LjarKantillas  i\' 
carai    hllos  del  mar.   enlrevcr ados  de  otras   cuent.is,   de   coiich.is  colorada-^ 


redondas.'   Si'ili, 


in  l)i>r.  y/;,s<.  ,U., 


H.-)l. 


I. 


niULieres  |i<ir  arracadas  i\  a.'ctes,  so  <  Ui'hjfan  ctnichas  eiiterus  de  nacar.  y  otras 
adii  orcja.'   Ali'irc,  llisl.  I'lnnji.  de  .hsns,  tun.  iii  ,  ]'•  HI; 


niiivorcs  aznles  en  c 


JiVinlifl,  Alls  Aiii'i'ihi.  tom.  ii.,  j).  4-!l:  ICnmri/'fi  li'ii-iDiiinlssuiivr,  p.  (il ;  ('rciiidtn/ 
Apnflii!>.  p.  2iJ;  iliircin  CuniU',  in  Allunn  .ilr.v.,  toni.  i.    )>p,  liKl,  HiT;   I'dllii'x 
Peru.  X<ir.,  ]>.  1H»;  Hurlhtt'a  I'n-s.  \iii\,  vol.  ii.,  p.  IHl,    Unninin.  t\\  Dor.  Ilixt. 


4c: 


,1/f,r.,  serio  iii.,  t  »ni.  iv.,  ]>.  HH7;  I'lilimr,  in  Ihirprr's  }  ihi  .  vol.  xvii.,  ] 
Vrliisri),  X'lliridnilt'  S'liKirii,  ]).  •2<i('>;  llriiini''s  Apdrliv  I'l  'ulrij.  ]i)i.  (id-f' I;  Mirli- 
ier,  in  Kmo.i/'s  Hipt.  ('.S.hikI  Mr.r.  Hiniiiiliiri/  Sum  i/,  \\,.  1(I!)-1H);  Wli'ippl'. 
ill  /*'/'•.  /.'.  ii.  It'jil.,  vol.  iii.,ii.!»S;   W'liifijiU',  Eir'ni,',!,.  ,111,1  Turiirr'.s  lii}>t..  y 


;t;j. 


/''('•.   /,'.  H.  I{,.,il. 


>\. 


.Ur.iilii 


ii'ii  I 


I'l' 


as'.i,  :);)l,  ;!'.i:i: 


Mmtliiniis,    .yimirc    U'lnlil.  p.  '210;   ll'inli/'s   Tnir..  \i    .'(il;  Siniirl.  in  SiiiUli- 


Hrpt..    \S{\ 


'2<i(>.  ^(IS.  ■i7;i;  Ahi 


I.  i.p 


41H  l!l:   7 


irui',ix-( ' 


i/)'0 


rie  i..  tom.  ix..  )> 


Mihnh.  tom. 

'-'1  Th. 
in  Siii'itli- 


p.  (it. 


in  ll'iUiu/t's  I'll)/.,  vol.  iii..  jl.  4:17;  Mr.fil.aiiisrlir  /."- 


d  li 


li.iir  IS  worn  loni^  am 
inn    li'ilif.,   l.S.")."i,  1).  ^'.Ilt 


I'M 
Laii 


hell 


liv  both 


l.dh' 


star! 


aar  111   eini'll   < 


Zopi  ziisamnieii^cknotet.'   MOHIu. 


A.  i. 


l'' 


:i'2'.t. 


FiiirldHiiii,   tuui.   iT.,   p 


lilliell 

;1(1;   Harlhlls 


COMAXCIIE  DEESS  AND  ORNAMENT. 


i»3 


lejr,  and  a  round  ludinet-sljapcd  cap.  also  of  l)uekskin, 
sin-nioinitcd  Avitli  a  i)lunic  of  eagle  or  wild  tnrkev  leath- 
ers, and  fastened  uith  a  chin-strap.  The  women  weai- 
a  blanket  and  waist-belt,  breeches  and  nio(!casins.  Tlui 
belts,  which  are  of  buckskin,  are  frequently  I'ichly  oruii- 
niented  with  silver.  They  sometimes  also  use  [)orcupine- 
(juills.  with  which  they  embroider  their  garments.'' 

The  Comanches  of  both  sexes  tattoo  the  face,  and 
body  generally  on  the  breast."''  The  'iwn  do  not  cut  tiu; 
hair,  but  gather  it  into  tufts  or  [jhsits.  to  which  they 
attach  round  pieces  of  siher  graduated  in  size  from  toj) 
to  bottom;  those  who  cannot  obtain  or  alVord  siher  use 
beads,  tin,  or  glass.'"     Much  time  is  s[»ent  by  them  in 


'  Tolcriililv  well  (Irosstil.  niostlv  in  Inu'kskir 


Thcv  (li'i'ss  with  ''icat- 


( r  cDiiif'irt  til 


iiiv  otliir  trilif,  and  w, .  r  wooliii  and  will-fanm  d  Imcksk 


tlic  oiitrf  spunis  ai'i'  udmiud  willi  silver  or  brass  liuttuns.'  I>ii 


Kl  a 


pp.  liKi,  411,  41-2.     L 


,'L;nis  ma 


dc    (if  v.i'cr-skin  willi  thick  solt 


11  Irath- 


ru  rx\\   shaiK'd   like  a  hiliiU't,  dfcorattd   with  cdcks',  <'ii},'lis'   or    vultnn 


fwith 


Fi'lH 


Ihl 


Ih 


PI 


11).    isi.    i.sj. 


.\\\l  dciu  Kupff  tn 


till!'  iii'liiiartiL,'i:  Li'drrkappr  die  },'cwiiliiilicli  iiiit  liiH'iii  Unstdi  kurzcr.  \i\A\\- 
V  udcr  'rrntlialiiifi'drrii  uiid  tinin.  n  (Icier  odcr  A.llcrfi  ('4  "11  ^'cschniiickt  isl.' 
MiMllniii^ien,  'raiiolnich,  ]ip,  •JlI*.  2:i().  ■  .V  cliis(>  handed  cap  i  wmn  hy  the  itieii 
which  irt  1,'racofiilly  <irnanieiited  hy  feathi'rs,  and  held  under  the  chin  l)y  ■,\ 
smdl  throat-iati'h.'  Si'lioaliT'i/l's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  -ht"),  and  plate  vii.,  J'i;;.  U, 
]'.  71.  ''I'hiir  wardrohcs  arc  never  oxtrav,i^'aiitly  sniiplied.'  Htii-hus.  in 
S-huiilmi/t's  Ai'i-li.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  212.     The  wmncu  'wear  a  hlaiiket.'    Irs'  I'ul- 


iir(td<>   U'n\,   p.    ]2,S,  ami    plate, 


Tl 


ic   woineii 


ire  blankets,  legf^ins  and 


liioccasoiis. 


lilljisoil  s 


liiiir.  Mil.  Itfiiiii.,  jip.  .")1,  TiJ,  HI.  '  Over  all  is  thrown 
u  lilaukct,  under  and  soiiictiiiies  over  which  is  worn  a  ludt,  to  which  arc  ut- 
tiched  oval  pieces  of  silver.'   JaIIi 


'iiriintii.  in  3'^iiiillifiitiiiiui 


V. 


hi  l> 


I.,  is: 


1' 


2!»li. 


h  itt 
A 


1  •  woiiieiis  dress  is  •  <''-.i"rty  composed  of  skins   ..    showily  corded   at  tli 


fi) 


>f  !>clt  of  b.ads  and  |Kirciipine  ipiills."    I'litl'i  'a  l\rs. 


ip.  U.S-",».  Ihirllrifs  I'rrs.  X'ir..  vol.  i.,  p.;t2'.);   Mu'/'n 


tom. 


11'  i>iit  in  ilit 
ii..  ]<p.  2i(l.  221,  2.'i.");  Miililmntrn,  IThcIiIUk^i.  tom.  iv.,  jip.  ;;(i. 


/V 

;!7;  \Vliij)jtU\  /•,',  'iii,h\(ni(l  7 

Ilrist  >l,  in  //(■/.  AiJ.  II  pi.  .'^p  r.  Cum.,  18(!7,  p.  Ull;  I'nr 


Itipi., ,..  :u,  in  I'dr.  i;.  Ii.  l;,pi 


» 


i'attc 
ii.,  1).  2HI. 


'il  over  the  body,  especially  on  the    lie  t.'    I>ii 


A. 


V 


;tnr, 


r/('.s'  Ihxirh 


Tattoo  tl 


fa 


d  b 


sts 


iiirri/  s 


.\  rill  If  I.i 


l>.   .:;! 


p.  :(J. 


s  jiixta  ut((ne  foiiiiiia'  facics  atcpic  anus  limis  ipiibiisdam  persieiiaiit. 


Orhi 


p.  ;)10;    ll'((/./c/i,  /,Vc/((/-'7c.s-,  ji.  711;  /■'- 


nnihuin  s 


I  rnr. 


Thcv  never  cut  the  hair,  but 


1111 


it  of  very  t,'rc'at  Icnj^'t'i.  and  oriia- 


nt  it  upon  state  occasions  with  silver  and  beads."    .lAovj/'.s'  .\riiii/  I.ih  ,  \ 


'2a.     'Their  heads  arc  covered  witli  bits  of  tin  and  i^lass.'   ,Si'„/»((;v/'.s  I.iiiul  i,f 
Vii'  .l:^■■^•,  p.  ]S2.     '  I)er  dickc  nml  laiii;  liber  den   Hiickeii  hin.ibhaiif,'eiulc 


Zonf 


iiiit  abwarts  imnier  kleiiier  wci'dcndeii  silberiieii  Scheibeu  b(  lastet,  die 


iia  N'ackeii  mit   der  (ir 


iissc  eincr  ni 'ssij^cii 


T'ntertass(>    heninneiid.  an  der 


Spitzc  dcs  Zopfes  met  der  Onisse  cines  lialbcn  Thalers  en  lif^tcn.'  l\-">'lifl, 
An-i  .\iiifrlhi,  torn,  ii.,  p.  IDI),  and  l-'nifhi'l's  I'rul.  .Im..  p.  211(1.  Tlu'y  ■never 
I'Mt  their  hair,  which  ilu^y  wear  Ion;,',  iiiin;,'linL;  with  it  on  )iarticiilar  occasions 


Hilver  orn.iiiients  and  iie.iiis 
U 


l>i 


■h's  Dr.i.rts 


A. 


p.  24. 


r. 


ilo^ 


ov.iu  111  eabf/.a  trasi^iiilada  desde  l.i  iiiitud  hustii  la  froutc,  y  ilcjau  ki  dt'iiiis  del 


i 


\ 


\i 


an 

1 

^^i- 

•  »u 

>  in 

mm 

1 

484 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


])aintin,tr  and  udornin};'  their  person — red  l)ein,u  a  fiivor- 
itc  color:  leathei's  also  ibriu  a  necessary  adjnnct  to  their 
toilet.""  Sonu'  few  wear  a  deer-skin  shirt,  hnt  the  more 
eonnnon  dress  is  the  huiValo-rohe.  >vhi(;h  ibrnis  the  sole 
coseriiiLi'  ibr  the  ui)[)er  part  of  the  hody;  in  addition,  the 
hi'eeeh-cloth.  le;i,!i,ins.  and  Mioceasins  are  woni.  Tlu' 
women  cro^)  the  hair  short,  and  a  lonu;  shirt  made  (tf 
deer-skin,  which  extends  iVom  the  neck  to  helow  the 
knees,  with  leiigins  and  moccasins,  are  their  usual  at- 
tire."' 

iM'lf)  ool,c;anclo.'  Beinmonl.  Cri'm,(le  Mirlioaran,  ^fS.,\■>.'^^ll•,  Ui'vista  I'linl'iftm, 
\n\\.  i.,  p.  llii:  /'(((•/. •'/•'s  Sill  X  nil  Ti'X.,  y.  l!)l;  l)r<iiiiiiin  ('(iiiij>.,  \t.  I'i'.i;  Mii'l- 
li  insi'ii.  Ta  iihn  li,  p.  I  I'l:  Wi'iiiipli',  h'lr'ntii/.-,  nn  I  'I'linn-r's  llciil.,  [i.  'Si,  iu  P<ir. 
J!,  li.  Ii''pt..  vol.  iii.;  ilnn-in  I'onilc,  in  Allium  Mix.,  toiu.  i.,  ]i,  'J'.IK;  I'liinlihr, 
I'..//.,  p.  2-21. 

'^^  '111!  (rcsichtc  iiiit  ZiiiiKilicr  1>.  iiiiilt,  luif  ilnu  Kopfc  iiiit  Adliifiilnn  i^i - 
Hi'liiiiiickt.'  Fmihil,  Alls  Aimril.d,  toiii.  ii..  ii.  100.  "It  takrs  tlnin  a  (dii- 
hiilcr.ibli^  tiiuf  to  dress,  iiiiil  stick  f- utlurs  .uid  liiails  in  tlnii-  hail-.'  Umtn. 
lii'f.h'.t  /A'.sc/7s,  vol.  ii.,  p.  "iHl.  'Fmiil  of  dcckiiiL;  tin  instlvcs  witii  ]);iint, 
li.'iids  iiiid  fciithci's.'  Marry'^t  Ariiii/  Lii'f,  ]>]>.  2.").  2i>,  ;io.  ■  Vi  di  rliosscln  u 
n  I't  lioofd.'   .]fiii<li(iiiis,  Xicitiri'  W'lriid,  p.  •iil'.l.      '  ]',n  (pianto  a  los  coloics, 

V  uiaii  nmcho.  no  solanicnti;  en  »'llos.  sino  tand)i('n  en  los  dilmjos  <pic  sh 
liiL'i'Uon  lii  cam.'  'rurri'i  ('miili',  in  Al'iiim  Mi.r..  toni.  i.,  p.  2!>'.i.  The  t'n- 
iii.inclics  '  dc  tout  «exe  portent  lui  niiroir  attaclic  an  i>oii,'net,  ct  se  tcif,'neiit 
1  '  vistlLje  eu  rOUvJe.'  Snf.  lii'ii J.,  liafhl'm.  si'l'io  v..  No.  IK),  |i.  liU:  U'IhiijiIi  .  F.ir- 
l.nih',  mill  Turin  r'lt  Hjtt.,  j).  27,  in  I'lir.  U.  ti.  Uifil..  vol.  iii.;  I'liliim-.  ni 
I!  irpcr'.'i  .1/1(7.,  vol.  xvii.,  j).  -ir>();  I'lillii's  J'lm,  X'ir..  pp.  li").  ;i(l;  Sr/mnlrnnTx 
Arcli.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  l:t:i;  rurhirs  .Witcs  on  7V,i'.,  pp.  ISl,  lOl.  l'.»7,  202:  ir;.-;/'i:c- 
»"(•«'  V'o"/'.,  p.  71;  Siiiijtsitn'.'i  •liiiir.  Mil.  Jii-nni.,  p.  ll'J;  .\li<iri.  Ilinl.  ('niiifi.  ilt> 
./••fills,  toni.  i.,  p.  3lt2;  I'Din'ner,  \'<ii/.,  j).  221;  llmiiiinnn  nml  MiUuril,  Tix'n, 
\<.  110;  hiiTititnlliTP,  M  *■.  il  tiiKil.,  \i.  117,  plate;  Tvinii.sl.i/.-i  .l/(7/<(,  j).  SO;  h'ilt- 
i  1,11's  Triir,,  p.  ;lOi');    //'<//<  i-  Ciliit'irili/,  p.  25. 

''^"  ■The  e'aniaiiclic*  prefer  darU  clothes.'  Pnrl.iv's  .Xnlrs  nii  '/'•  .,  \i\).  iw). 
ISi,  202.  '  Les  ^iierriei-rt  jiort*  nt  i)our  tout  vetcnient  une  ))(  an  de  ImlHc  cu 
iMiiiitrail.'  Snr.  'ri'o/.,  Hull  I'm.  seno  V.,  No.  ".Ml,  p.  11)2.      '  Lus  niu^'eres  alidaii 

V  stalas  l^■  la  cinttir*  |»4iru  aliajo  con  Ulios  cueros  (h'  vcnado  adolndo  c  ii 
t  iiinn  d'  fal<lelline,-i,  \  im»>«>  ii  el  cu.  rjmcon  unoscapotillos  del  niisnioeiiero.' 
Hhihi'iii.ii,  I'rnn,  ill'  Mil  i.,<itiiii,  .1/>,.  p.  .■■)27.  '  Vistcnse  '^'al  ■  is,  .  asi  lionihres 
<•  >iii'>  niilj^eres  c(r«  niantas  pintada:-  y  bonladas.'  riiii/iiiiiiiiilK,  Mmiiirii.  Iml.. 
t  liii.  i.,  ]).  tisi.  '  Siis  vestidos  se  ciKiipoii' ii  de  una-i  hotas,  un  lucdiann  dc- 
I  mtal  (pie  cnhre  sus  verj,'iii  ii/.as,  y  un  c'lton,  todo  de  pieles:  ic.s  imiii;iics 
luan  una  nianta  euudrada  dc  lana  uej^ra  iniiy  estrccha.'  .l/i-,7'<.  Hist.  Ciiinii. 
<l ■  ,lrsii-i,  toni.  i.,  p.  '.V.M.  'Tiiiii  mares  i(iiaiii  fii'ii»»*«iii'  i,'ossy|iinis  tunieis  cl 
f^rariiiu  exuviis  vestieliantiir  ad  Mcxi<'aiioiniii  iioii..  «ni  if  <|Uod  jnsoleiis  liar- 
hiris,  ideoipie   llis|>aiiis  iu'vuin  visiiiii.  utehaiitur  culcew  atcpie  ocrei-- ipue  e 

fi'iMruni  tci'noriliiis  et  taiirino  corio  i suta  eraiit.     l-'niionis  capillus  lieiie 

pexus  et  ele^'aiituv  eiat  dispositus.  nee  ullo  pra'terea  velaliiiie  cMpiit  teucliaiil.' 
/>'■    L<hl,    .Xortis  orhis,  p.   ;U1,   Fi-Dihi'l.  Ans  Aimiikn.   \>\      •*»    101;   Ihii .     d 

<'.(;/(/(.,  p.    l.")!!;    l|'nv/c/(,   Hrrlii  rrliis,  ])p.  711.  SM;   Uilfi'Kl  I'l-    ■!■.  in  AII'iiM   .W'.i    , 

(o'li.i.,  p.  2!lll;  .'^■il nil' run.  Uilurinnis.  in  llm'.  Hist.   U>jr  ,  ».  «*■  »i.  .  !««»     iv.,  ]>p 
2"t,  ;n,  01;   llrislii  i 'i,  ulinni.  toni.  i.,  ]>.  1(12;   //'</».-  '  ((/iC/i  (///,  p    Zli.   .'A/if// 
.1  •nil/  l.il\\  ))]).  2."),  211,  1.");  I'nhnir,  in  lliirjirr's  Mmi.,  vol,  xvii.,  it.  l-Vt;  (.'ri-hiinifi  /. 
.t/)(c'ii's,  p.  l.");   f.iirniiin'Ht'ri ,  M  X.  1 1  h'luil,  p.  117.  |)lale;  (inh"'     .  ill   V    inllis 
A  I  tiiUii  (/li  1'"//.,  1^51,  toni.  cxxxi.,  pp.  252,272,  27);  .V")iri«a.',  Vi/.-«««(;t'  Wen- 


DWELLINGS  OF  THE  APACHES. 


485 


Xomadic  niul  roviiiir  in  tlioir  luihits.  tlioy  pny  little 
jittontion  to  the  coiistnictiou  of  tlieir  Jwellinus.  Sel- 
dom do  tlie\'  reiiiiiin  more  tliiin  a  Aveek  in  one  locality;"' 
hence  theii'  lod^ues  are  conifortless,  and  di\ei'si(ied  in 
.<tyle  accordini;'  to  caprice  and  circnnistances.  The 
iVume-work  everywhere  is  nsually  of  poles,  the  Coninn- 
ches  placing  them  erect,  the  Lipans  hringing  the  tops 
toLivHier  in  cone-sha[)(\  while  the  Apaclu's  hend  them 
o\er  into  a  low  oval;"  one  or  otlu'r  of  the  aho\e  lorins 
is  usually  adopted  hy  all  this  I'amily. '"  with  nnimportaiit 
dill'ei't'nces  depending  on  locality  and  variations  ol'  cli- 
mate.     The   I'rami'work   is  covered  with  hrushwood  .or 

'//,  p.  '2lf),  and   Duppir,   .Vckc  Wi'I.  yi.  24'5;  f'dsl'i/'u'dd.  in  TcnKnf.r-' 'oni/K/K.s', 


1.7/.,  si'i'ic  i.,  turn,  iv.,  p.  Ii7;    Wisliu'inia'  Tour,,  ]>.  71;  J'ar/. 

7(i 


I'd.  Air. 

It  I'l  ,  is;;),  ]i.  KM);  l-'sm /rro,  .\oliciiis  do  ('liiliiiiilniii,  ]i.  "Jlid;  lirci:'/ s  Coin. 
I'iiii,-H:i  vol.  ii.,  ])!>.  :iS,  :U0,  :ni;  Foshrs  I'n-llisl.  /.V.v.s,  p.  -i^M;  llnrlniniin 
itiul  MUliiril.  7V,iv(.s.  ]).  Ill);  Doiiictnrli,  Jour.,  pp.  llil,  llio;  Maillitnl.  Hist.  'I'l.r., 
p.  210.  ff((i(iiiiill(),  in  'I'enKiii.r-Coiiijiiiiis.  \'oi/..  st'iit-  i.,  toni.  ix.,  p[p.  ;!72.  !i7r; 
I'lislni'io  ill-  .S'l.ijK,   in    I'liiliirii,  Col.    Doc.   hiril.,  t'.)ni.  iv.,  p.  lilU;    llmi.-^loini  s 


7V.I'..  p.  227,  Alfido,    Die  iiiiKirio,  toiii.  iii  ,  \).  181;   i'iiriih< 


T, 


l>rlii»'lcr(ilV.-<  Arrli.,  vol. 


1- 


i:i;t;  D< 


rl('.t  Jksi'ris,  Vol.  ii.,  p.  21. 


I' 


■'"  rill!  Ap.Hcliis  '  I'ili'tly  ifniain  more  lluui  a  wi'ck  in  any  ""»'  locality.' 
Crciiiiifii/'s  .l/)(((7(c.v,  |i.  24(1.  '  Cfttf  nation  «'tant  noniudr  it  tonjouis  ;i  la  poiir- 
snitc  ilu  j^il)ii'r.'  (  </.s7((/7t'(/»t,  in  'l\rii(inx-Ciiiiiiniiis,  Voij.,  si'iii' i  ,  toni  p.  Kl^i; 
Solivins  (li-  Sonorn,  p.  2(1!!;  Murri/s  .{run/  Lifv,  p.  4-1;  ll<  101/,  in  ."rln 


■ift'.-<  Airli..  vol.  V.  J). 212;  ,s-7„»,/ 


•(//■/• 


'/(.,  Mil.  v.,  ]).  '_(I2:    lliir/.iia.  in  lit. 


vol.  iv.,p   211);  '/'('/)  liroi'd,-.  in  /</..  \ol.  iv..  p.  S',)\  Unihij.  in  but.  Alt'.  Iliil 
Is.j.S,  p.  2()(;;  //('/.  .1/.  It'/.t  .  .*>><■.  Com..  l.S(;7,  p.  ;L.");  FoolC-i  7" 


I'S; 


•  1' 

'  Citiiiji 


rU-loii.  in  //"/.  Aff.  Rrpl..  iw;7.  p.  :!2.");  Ifnilrifs  'IV.fas,  p.  l.")J;  Di 

;  lv('iiiH<li/'s  7V,iv/s,  vol.  i.,  p.  4'i7;   Dilnjiorlc.  Hi-isin,  |it  x.,  p.  I"ii'. 
rill'  jirincipal  I'liaiactriistic  I  luliivc,  is  the  form  of  their  wi^^'wanis; 
N     11  crrct  poles,  another  heiuls  them  over  in  a  circular  form,  ami  tlio 


oiip  s-'N     p  en  ct  jioles 
tliin 


theiii    It   low  oval   shape.'    Iturllili's   I 


Sin 


A. 


V 


\w\ 


Olli'  1  (iit>is  make  tlieir  lo(l;.,'e.s  in  a  ditierent  wav,  hy  a  kno\vled^,'e  of  which 


civcinii->tance,  travelers  ai 


il.lo  to  di 


<cover  on  arriving 


whether  it  tielon^s  to  a  hostile  or  frien  lly  trihe.'   I'ifl.t 
21  I;  ll-irlmo^niiiid  .Ullkird,   Ti.i-'is.  p.  Ik'i;  '/" 
li'ii'Vm.  toni.  v.,  p,  HI •'), 

'  Sus  cliozas  1)  jacalos  son  circidares.  he  h 


it  a  di 


rtid 
'(>■  oil  7'f.i 


ip 


liicrtii 


'n  I 


<h 


i'iii\  in  >oc 


del 


1' 

IA.I-.  H'oij. 
IIS  arlioli  s,  en- 


pick's  de  caliiiUos.  vacas,  I'l  c  liol 


(hoiro  1/  It:  nil.  iiiot,riij''ii.  p. 


;tri.     '  I  did  expect    .  .   to  tind  that  tin-  N  ivajos  had  other  and  hitter  habita- 
tions thai'  till!  conical,  jiole,  lirush,  ami  mud  lodj,'e.'  ^imiison'.i  dour.  Mil. 


I  . 

^;|■'lUlld  ill  a  circle  and  tviii;,'  the  toos  to-"  thcr.'   /'((/•/,■  cs   .Vo/<.s'0)i  Ti.i-ns.  p 


p.  77.      'The  ('alimlicl 


iKe  Ihejr  lod^'es  by  phu  in^'  puli  s  in  th 


Hilt' 


lire  only  teini  or.-irv,  con 


Iti/il.,  IS.V),  p.  2H!l.      •  Sie  li.  staiideii  eiiifaih  aiis  j^'rossen 


ical.  of  sticks.    I.illii  riiniii.  \n  Sinillisi  iiiii,i 


I.auli 


1  Ceih 


ciLTcn,  d 


crell 


Wnll) 


if 


rii  J'fahli  n  riihte,  mid  voti  .Vnsseii  tin  il 


w-  isc  init  Erde,  I.eliin,  11 
/'/m/i, ■(■'),  torn,  ii.,  pp.  1 


id  St'        n  liedeckt  wai 


.Uiillli' 


It 


r/> 


'iirniiiillo.  Ill   /( riKiii.i 


.A 

ni'e  rcc.iin'.;nlar.'  Ni''// 


22(1      '•'!.     'I'll  ^'ranil  nonibre  de  forme  londe.' 
■-Coiniiiiiis,  I  <■(/.,  si'rie  i.,  toni.  ix.,  p  ;t7!>.     'Tlnir  li  dj^'i  H 


r 


"/.,  seri' 


p.  W2. 


toiii,    i\.,    J) 


/"/■/  /•,.!'.,  p    IS;  Ciinlii'iiilil.  in  Ti  rniiiLi'-Coini'iiiifi 


'.)l;  D 


do  Itii-  r.  [I.  10(1;  /•'/;/' 


//'. 


ti 


M 


48(3 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


;( 


.skins,  .sometimes  with  grass  or  flat  stones.  Tliey  nre 
i'rom  twelve  to  eighteen  I'eet  in  diameter  at  the  widest 
part,  and  vary  from  four  to  eight  feet  in  height,'*^*  which 
is  sometimes  inorea.sed  hy  excavation."  A  triangulin- 
opening  serves  as  a  door,  which  is  closed  with  a  juece  of 
cloth  or  skin  attached  to  the  top.'"  When  on  or  near 
rocky  ground  they  live  in  caves,  whence  .some  travelers 
have  inferred  that  they  huild  .stone  houses.*^     A  few  of 

33  '  Tbey  miikp  fliom  of  nprisht  poles  a  few  fpct  in  hoisht. . .  .npon  which 
rest  brush  and  dirt.'  Euion/s  llipt.  U.  S.  (Did  Mtx.  liduuilary  Sia-ni/,  \ol.  i., 
I)p.  111-12.  '  Thu  very  rudost  huts  hastily  coustructtd  of  branehi-s  (if  cciliir 
trees,  and  sometimes  of  flat  stones  for  small  roofs.'  Kdton,  in  Srhixilcrnfl'.-i 
Arrh.,  vol.  iv.,  I).  217.  These  huts  are  about  ei},'ht  feet  hi^'h,  eighteen  ieet 
in  diameter  at  base,  the  whole  being  covered  with  bark  or  brush  and  iiiuil. 
.S'i/ii/wou'.s  Jour.  Mil.  Heron.,  p.  (iO.  '  Exceedingly  rude  structures  of  sticks 
aljout  four  or  five  fi'ct  high.'  Backus,  iu  Sclioolciv/l's  Arcli.,  vol.  iv.,  \).  2i;i. 
'The  Comanches  make  their  lodges  ..  in  a  conical  shape...  which  they 
cover  with  butfalo  hides.'  Parhr's  S'ote.f  on  3'w.,  p.  213.  '  lis  habit<'nt  S(ais 
des  tentes.'  Sue.  (iiioij.,  Bulkthi,  serie  v.,  torn.  !H5,  p.  192;  T)aHs'  El  Grhi'jo.,  p. 
411:  Uriiri/,  in  Sfliookra/t'.'^  Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  212;  Bent,  in  hi.,  vol.  i..  p.  24:i; 
Urififi's  Com.  I'miries,  vol.  i.,  p.  290;  Bnnvne'.^  Aparhe  Country,  p.  9(i;  Fuin- 
Ikiiii'.i  Tror.,  p.  32;  Monije,  in  Doc.  Ifi.st.  .Vcr.,  serie  iv.,  torn,  i.,  j).  299;  I'it- 
l(i-.'>r/ior  y  Sonchiz,  Thentro,  torn.  ii.  ]).  413;  Dufey.  licsuniti  de  1'JIi.st.,  torn,  i., 
J).  4;  Tiiniueinadu,  Mmatrq.  Ind.,  toni.  i.,  p.  279;  Ihnnenevh,  Jour.,  p.  bil; 
J>'ill<>n,  Uist.  ^fe.e.,  p.  97;  Ludecuf,  Jlei.se,  p.  104;  llti.^.sel,  Mex.  Gimt.,  p.  20."); 
Tliiiiinnel.  Me.vil,n,  p.  3r)2;  Enuiry'a  Ixivon.,  p.  01;  Marry's  liept.,  p.  219;  Cal- 
lotiii,  in  .Voi(C(,7/(.s  AuiKile.s  (lea  Voy  ,  18.51,  toui.  cli.,  p.  274;  Jaramillo,  in  Tn-- 
uaii.r-C<iiiij>(i)is,  Voy.,  serie  i.,  torn,  ix.,  j)p.  372-  9;  Beaumont,  Cron.  de  Mechou- 
(■'//(,  y.  417;  Alarchon,  in  JlaUuyt's  V<iy.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  431;  Dapper,  Sene  Wilf, 
p.  23',(;  see  also,  Montanu.t,  Xieare  ]Viereld,  p.  209;  M^o!lhaus(  n,  Tiniehucli.  pp. 
11)9-11.");  lfii)nl)oldt,  J'Jssdi,  I'ol.,  tom.  i.,  p.  230;  Curdoae,  in  Ternaux-CtnnpiOiS, 
i'liy.,  ai-vu'  i.,  tom.  x.,  p.  443;  De  Laet,  Xovus  Orbis,  p.  301;  Broicnell'a  lud. 
Unci's^  p.  544;  llardy'x  Trav.,  p.  ;>3C. 

"  .si/;//w(r('s'  ZuTd  Kv.,  p.  IS.  'This  compels  the  N.avajors  to  erect 
substantial  huts  of  an  oval  form,  the  lower  jiortion  of  the  but  being  (  x- 
cavated.'  Cremony's  Apaches,  yt.  [WCi.  'They  live  in  brush  houses,  in  tlu> 
winter  time,  digging  a  hole  in  the  ground  and  covering  this  with  a  brush 
roof.'  I'm  her,  in  Jud.  .\ff'.  lUpt.,  1870,  p.  lliO;  Ibuthen'  llnniphan's  ]:',»•.,  ji. 
218;  .'Kindlons  Capt.  Oatiiian  Girls,  p.  130;  Maillard's'jilsi.  T'.r.,  p.  241. 

:'■'  'Their  lodges  are.  ..  .about  four  or  five  feet  high,  witli  a  triangular 
opening  for  ingress  or  egress.'  Had,  us,  in  Schntilcmfrs  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  21i!. 
Tile  most  they  do  is  to  build  small  huts. . .  .with  thick  poles  for  the  ardii  s 
and  a  small  iloor  through  which  a  single  j)erson  can  hardly  pass.  ]'ilasci,, 
.Vnlicias  de  Stmara,  p.  2110.  A  raiicheri'a  of  the  C'liabajai  is  described  as 
'  i'laiiiada  cumo  una  graude  galeria  en  una  jiieza  muy  larga  adornada  con 
urcos  de  sauz,  y  cubierta  con  isteras  de  tule  muy  delgiulas  y  bieii  cocidas; 
ti  nia  veutanas  para  la  luz  y  desahogar  el  liumo  y  dos  puertas,  tina  al  Drieiite 
y  otr.i  al  ronieiite, .  .  .  .a  los  dos  ladns  d(^  la  pieza  babia  varios  caniaras  o 
alojamientos  jiara  dormir.'  .\rr)cirila,  Cn'ndcd  .'^erdji'O,  jip.  474  o. 

■•i'  'Some  live  in  cavi  s  in  the  rucks.'  T.elhirman,  in  .^mithsnuian  li'pt., 
18.').5,  p.  2H9.  'They  do  not  live  in  bouses  built  of  stone  as  has  been  r.  jant- 
ecUy  represented,  but  in  cavt  s,  caverns,  and  fissures  of  the  clifi's.'  Juilmi.  in 
S.lti'iilrra/t's  .Irch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  217.  '  lis  babitai(  nt  des  cavernes  ct  d<  s  lier.x 
soiiterrains,  oh  ils  dcposaient  burs  recoltes.'  (lolhdiu,  m  .\'iiurellis  Jutmlis 
u'lo  1"^.,  1851,  tom.  cxxxi.,  p.  31 9.     ilust  of  tln' Navajos  '  live  in  housis  built 


■    U      "  ■■ 


NEW  MEXICAN  DWELLINGS. 


4P7 


the  ^[ojiive  dwelliii<:s  iire  .so  .siipcrioi"  to  tlie  otlu'i',^  that 
thvy  (iesei've  .special  notice.  Thej  may  he  de.M-iihed  a.s 
a  sort  of  .shed  haviiijj;  j)er[)endicuhir  walls  and  ,sloj)ing 
roof,  the  latter  .supj)orted  hy  a  horizontal  heani  running 
along  the  center,  the  nxjf  projectiiig  in  front  h)  as  to 
I'orni  a  kind  of  })ortico.  The  tiniher  u.sed  is  cottonwood, 
i'.nd  the  interstices  are  filled  up  with  nnid  or  straw." 
None  oi'  their  hoii.-^es  have  windows,  the  <loor  and  .><Hioke- 
hole  in  the  roof  .serving  for  thi.s  purpose;  hut.  as  many 
of  them  have  their  iires  outside,  the  door  is  often  the 
only  opening.''** 

f-^mall  huts  ahont  three  feet  in  heiulit  constit'ite  their 


meuicnie 


-lod' 


,es, 


or   ua 


th-h 


11' 


lonses,  ana   aie  ueneraiiv  in 


he 


form   and   material   like  their  other   hti-ucture-;.'"' 
Mojaves  also  hnild  granaries  in  a  oylinurical  form  with 


conical,  ski 


llfull 


V  made  osier  ix 


)o\'> 


M 


The  food  of  all  is  similar;*'  most  of  them  make  more 
or  less  pretentions  to  agriculture,  i»nd  art  hal)itiiiited  to 
a  ve<ietahle  diet,  hut  seldom  do  anv  oC  them  raise  a  siillio- 


len 


t  supply   for  the  ye 


ir  s 


consumption,  and  they  are 
therefore  forced  to  rely  on  the  mes(piit-!iean.  the  jiifion- 


<){  stone'   ScPiifn  hi  till'  I!(irl,j/  Mts.,  p.  ISO;     TIii 


./,.V.  .!■;/,■. 


V 


Alii'ini- 


iu   line.    Hist.   Ml. I.,  scfic  iii.,  t(.IIl.  iv.,  p.  S..".;    'rni-'im  imlilil,   M^niirij.   I  ml., 


tiilll.  I.,  J),  iir 


(\1\): 


Hist. 


illllf  hi  inf. 


vlici,  ill  Diir.  i/(.s7.  J/'-.c.,  s<iic  iv.,  toiii.i.,  ii 
,]/<;//.,  1).  S,S. 


'  ' 'I'lu'  lar^'r  cdttdiiwddd  posts  and  the  siilisluitiiil  rm.f  of  tlic  \\\ 
rout,    art'  cliaractcristii-   of   tliu   arcljitcctui'i'  of  tliis  piojilv."    I 


Eirhniil\  ilml  Tunn 


ludv 


■  shrd 

!'hllilt 
Hid  all'  tliiitv  «ii'  forty  fi  it  siiniiri':  tin-  sidi  s  aliout  two  f<i  t 


Uilt..  i>.  •!'.),  Ill  I'm.  n.  I!.  I.'ipt..  vol.  iii.     •  1  in 


tiiic 


if  wirlifi'-work  and  >ti 


'1 
.tlirir  favorite  n  sort  set  nis  to  be  tli 


)f, 


ulitrc  coll 


Id 


dlv  1m 


tutly  at  lumio.'   J'liliiii  r,  in  lliniiir'x 


iti  d  from  twenty  to  tliiity  juison.s 


dl 


Mini. 


j1.  xvii..  i>.  If -1. 


'IT' 


if  th 


Sec  plate  ill  Miinji's  Ariinj  Lifr,  p.  48.     •'I'}ie  tire  is  made  in  tlic  'ront 


idf,'e.'   Jlilrh 


Srlinolcni/t's  Airli.,  vol.  iii.,  ]i.  7(1. 


Ill  (Very  villaj^e  nmy  l>e  seen  small  stnietun^'.  fdiisistin;,' <if  a  fiaiin- 


worl 


1\  of  sli^lit  Jioles,  liillt  int..  a  sel 


ui-s| 


iherical  fiirm  and  eo\ 


■d  with  liuf- 


fulo  liides.      These  lire  ealled  medi(  ilie   lodges  and  ale   us( d  as  vapor -liatii 


.)/. 


ii'fi/'s  Ai 
id  iieat   tile 


■IKK 


p.  '■I'.      "'Miey  make  huts  three  feet  lli^li  for  liatli-lonms 

1'- 


ith  h"t  ston 


■t"  I'lllin 


llii 


Mo, I. 


l.iih 


IIIIIUII,   111    ."^tlilllir-iiliiiin 


I!' I 'I.,  Ih." 


XVlll. 


Tnniir'n  7i'</.^,  p.  '2:i.  in  I'm-.  U.  II.  Hii'l.,  vol.  iii. 


p.   KM;    ]\l,:j,j,li\  Kii-Li 


■lis 


s  >oiil  ;res-lal)orieii>  ;  lis  <ii 


Itivelit  les  melons,  li  s  harieot-^ 


it  d'ai.tri  s 


lis  reeo 


It.nt 


ailssl  ell  a 


lioiidil 


iincL'  le  mais. 


»l»'.    '/.Or/.,    I'lUlUI'i. 


I. si; 


liohm  n,  'Ml 


Wei/ell,  feiii"eri(  lielit  s  Ji(  hi,  Kiirliiss*- 


iind  ?^vlolleii.'   Mii'ifiinisiii,  Tih;iliiirli.  pp.  llS.'i,  "'.Mi  7.      'TI.eYr. 


dr.lh 


trit> 


on  Ik    (.'oloiudo,  iiriu.ite  their  lands,  and  rai^e  win  at,  (din,  im  Ions, 


Badh-H'. 


rs.  Si 


\v 


pp, 


.(j;{,  ISO,  ISl;   LnrhiiinUr,    Ununstnl- 


488 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


nut  and  tlio  magiioy-plant,  atjare  mexjaotn,  and  otlicr 
wilil  iVuit.s,  which  the3'  collect  in  considci-ahle  (juaiiti- 
ties/'^  T\wy  are  but  indillorcnt  hunters,  and  secure 
*)idy  a  j)recarious  supply  of  snudl  j:anie,  such  as  ndibit:; 
and  Hjuirrels,  with  ultimate  recourse  to  rats,  jirasslio])- 
j)ers,  li/ards  and  other  reptiles.*'  A  few  fish  are  taken 
by  those  living  in  the  neighborhood  of  rivers.**     The 


i    J 


Ptiiidho)},  p.  81;  Arr'ich-Un,  Crurnra  Si'rtifii'ii,  p.  410;  Ah'(;i-e,  If'isl.  Conip.  iff 
,f<s-ns,  irtm.  i.,  p.  '.i'.i'l;  Iras'  Colomilo  Uirtr,  j)p.  (iO,  (i7,  70.  7;i;  h'ninri/'s 
Hipt.    U.  S.  anil  Mvx.   liuniulaij/  Siin-Pi/,  vol.  i.,  jip.  117,  1"2H,  i"2',);  Slntlliiii's 


('apt.  Oiitiiinii  (iir 


Is,  p.  12;t;    Do 


Hs.  \i>]. 


vv 


Ul,  i\'>,  CC;    >/7- 


(irenifs'  Ziini  Ex.,  {■.  18;  liro'oie's  Ajun-hi'  <'<i)iiitri/,  ]ip.  51,  52,  107;  Mmni/'s 
AriiiiiHi.  p.  8;i;  I'lil'ie's  I'lrs.  Xitr.,  \).  'Jl;  Mi',i:!cit)iisi-h</  '/.ii^liindf,  toiii.  i.,  j).  ()4; 
Mijllhatisuii,  Jieisoi  ?;»  (/|V  /•>/>(»;;»>/),  toin.  1.,  p.  Ill;  ('liiiiniiiiiitiiir,  ]'iii/i  i/i  iir. 
p.  84;  hint,  in  fx-lmolrnift's  Arcli.,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  24;i;  Kulmi.  in  SrhunU-iiijTs 
Arch.,  vul.  !v.,  p.  217;   Wliijijilc  Eichnnl,-,  uml  Turin  r's  llijil.,  pp.  Hi,  120.  in 


II.  /.* 


.!. 


TliiiiiDnil,   Mi'.rihi).  p.  ;i4'.t;  (lullitt'iii,  in   .V( 


ll}l: 


Aiuiuks  (les  Vol/.,   IS.'jI,  toni.  cxxxi..  pp.  28h-0;    /'/•((■//rov/'.s  AV//.   Hist.    Miih 


A.  ii.,  p.  5()7;  /•'< 


)iriilii.ijii'.s  I.'ifi;  in  i'nl.\  liui 


El  (. 


J).  411:  Clark, 


Jlisi.  Mdij.,  vol.  viii.,  p.  280;  Sahneron,  JMacioni's,  iu  JJor.  7//>V.  Mi.e.,  hcrie 
iii.,  toni.  iv.,  pp.  2.")-(). 

■'''!' .V  stuiill  Imt  n!.,'rocalile  nut  c:illicl  the  Piiion,  <:n"f'^^'«  iilmndiintly  in  this 
I'onntrv;  iind  duiini,'  a  jk  rioil  of  si:ircit,v,  it  sonictinics  ('(Distitutis  llic  sole 
food  of  till'  poorer  ciasH  oi  niitivi  s  for  niiinv  .snccrssivc  vcclis.'  Hm  hns,  iu 
l^rliiiiilrrinTs  Arrh.,  voi.  iv.,  ]>.  212.  'Living'  njion  tlic  fruit  of  the  nii/tpiit 
and  tornillii  trees  '  !>iti)rvarcs'  Znfd  E.V.,  jip.  10,  1',);    Enmri/'s  !',■  pt.  I'.  S.  (ind 


Ml.,-.  Ill 


nililnj  Siirr 


' !/,  vol.  i.,  p.  Ih 


Tiunhieii   tienen   piira  su  snsl<nt(: 


niescali.  (pi(^  es  conserva  do  raz  di'  nia^niev.'  Sahninm,  liilarinhis,  in  Di' 
Hist.  .Mi.r..  HeriD  ill.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  ',\\;  Hi  nri/,  in  .Srliuulirafl's  Arrli.,  vol.  v..  ]) 
"ill;  Hanli/'.s  Tnir.,   pp.  ;t:!S;   Mollhimsnu   Taiji'lnirl,,  j,p.  147,  'Ml.  'A')(K  ;{!i 


JW;   ('i)rilinie,  inTcriiini.r-Ciiiiijiinis,    I'o//,,  serie  i..  t 


Mi's  Pn 


s.ru!  1.,  toni.  IX.,  pji.  ij 

).  •j;t4. 


t,  54;  Dn 


1.  440:  Ciisiii 


'la 


f'/i'.s  Jh'.'iirts.  vul.  i.,  p.  217;  llnrl- 


\ar.,  vol. 


••■'  '  Tlie  (|nail  and  hare  of  tho  valley,  and  the  deer  and  lizards  of  tlie  jilains, 
totjether  furnish  hut  a  se.inty  supply.'  Eliri'iilnrii,  in  //"/.  Ajf.  Hij'l..  1^0(;,  p 
110.  'They  ate  worms,  j^'r.-isshoppers,  and  rejitiks.'  Slrnllnh.'s  (  upl.  (iiil)niii 
(rirls,  pp.  115  110.     '  .\n  den  diinn.  u  (iurt  hatti  n  unsi  ro  Uesucher  noeli  liat- 


t(Ml,  f^'rosse  Eiderhsen   unil  Fnisehe  l)efesti;^'t.'    MiiUIn 


'I'lii/i  liilrli,  p.  ;iiSH. 


'  De]iendinL,r  n]>ou  L;aine  and  roots  for  food.'    I'arhr.  in  Iml.  .\iY.  Ilipl..  1n70, 
p.  l:i7.  an<l  isoit,  p.  ',(2.  -    -         ••    -   - 


.M; 


is  para  ellos  es 


ilato  reLralad.sinio  el  de  rati 


(1(1  ('a]n]io  asados  I'l  eoeidos  y  toda  especie  de  inseetos.'  Alvijri-,  Hist.  Comji.ilf, 
ifisiis.  toni.  i  ,  ]).  ,'{:!2:  llnrih/'s  7V(0'.,  p.  4.'i'i;  Arri'irifa.  Cnhiirn  Seriijim,  ])p. 
4 lit,  47;!:  Eiiiniir's.  Hnin  li((ci\  y>.  4m4;  liackus,  '■.n  ISvlionlcraft's  ArJi.,  vol. 
iv..  p.  212;  ('riiiii»ii/'s  Ainiiln's,  ]>.  2'.»7. 


■"  On  tii(>  Kiveis  Colorado  and  (lila 


de  hilo  torcido  Unas  redes  v 


otras  de  \ariiis  palitos,  (pie  los  tnercen  y  juntaii  por  las  ]iinitas,  tu  ipie  for- 
nian  a  iiiodo  de  un  pi'|iiifio  harcpiito  |iara  pesear  del  intiiito  jiiscido  ipie 
hay  tn  tl  rio.'  Sulihnair,  in  l)iii\  Hist,  .l/'.r.,  seri(»  iii..  loni.  iv.,  p.  851. 
The  (.'ajiicnelies  when  the  produce  is  insullieieiit,  live  ontisli.  Ihrnn nu-h's 
Ih-serls.  \oI.   ii..    p.   10.       I  lie  N'uvajos     'live  hy  raisiiit,'  tloeks  and  herds 


instead  of  luintinj,'  ami   tishiiif,'.'   Doris'  El  <i 


p.  411.      Thi>    .\i.aelies 


no   ponieii  pescado  alLjiino,  no  ohstante  de  lo  ipie  ahiindan  sus  rios.'    '' 


m  ",■ 


>-rn  IJ 


Ii 


■II.  a 


iriraj'iii.  p.  .'(75.     '  1^1  .Vpaehe  no  eonie  el  pescado. 


iiiUKpu'  los  hay  ahnndantes  en  sus  rios.'    I'llnsm.  Xntirins  ilr  Siinnrn. 
Emory's  llvpt.  U.  .S.  and  Mex.  Boundary  Sumy,  vol.  i.,  p.  12:i:  siratlun 


•2N5; 
iipt. 


FOOD  AND  AGRICULTURE. 


489 


N'iiviijos,  ^fojiivos,  and  Yiimas,  have  loiipi;  ])con  ao 
quaintc'd  with  the  art  of  agriculture  and  iirow  coi'u, 
l)L';ms.  puni[)l\iiis,  melons,  and  other  vegetal)les.  and  also 
some  wheat;  some  attempt  a  svstem  of  irri|iatii)n.  and 
others  select  for  their  crops  that  portion  of  land  which 
has  l)een  overllowed  hv  the  river.  The  Xavajos  possess 
muuerous  Hocks  of  sheep,  wiiich  though  used  lor  food, 
thev  kill  only  when  re(piiring  the  wool  for  hlankets. 
Although  in  later  years  they  have  cows,  they  do  not 
make  butter  or  cheese,  hut  only  a  curd  irom  sour  milk, 
from  which  they  express  the  whey  and  of  which  they 


are  verv 


fond. 


Tiieir  method  of  planting  is  simple;  with  a  short  shai'p- 
]iointed  stick  small  holes  are  dug  in  the  ground  into 
which  they  drop  the  seeds,  and  no  further  can'  is  given 
to  the  crop  except  to  keep  it  partially  iVee  iVom  weeds. ^''' 
in  water  is  gnjund  to  a  paste  between 


y\ 


u/,e  soi 


d\ed 


two  stones.  Fron)  this  ])aste  tortillas,  or  thin  cakes,  are 
made  wlTu^h  are  baked  on  a  hot  stone.  To  cook  the 
maguey,  a  hole  is  made  in  the  ground,  in  which  a  (ire  is 
kindled;  after  it  has  burned  some  time  the  maguey-bulb 
is  buried  in  the  hot  ashes  and  I'oasted.  Some  concoct  a 
gypsy  sort  of  dish  or  ollapodrida;  game,  and  such  I'oots 
or  bci'bs  as  they  can  collect,  being  put  in  an  earthen  pot 
with  water  and  boiled." 

Odlnuti)  (r'irls,  \t.  UD;  Ifitrdi/'s  Tnir.,  p.  373;  Mij'lhamif'n,  luisin  in  ilk  Filsm- 
ijtb,  toiii.  i..  pp.  2i7-H, 

*'  "Tlii'V  <li)  iKit  iiiiikt'  lintt(  r  and  chccso.  .  .  .Sonii>  wlia  own  ciittlc  inaki! 
from  tlir  ciiiil  of  sdurid  milk  small  mnsst  s,  which  smiK-  liiui-  talh  d  clnisf.' 
Lillimiiiiii.  in  Siiiillianiiidii  liiji!.,  is.","),  p. 'Jl»2.  '  Tiny  never  to  iii\  kunuledj^'o 
make  Imtter  or  cheese,  nor  do  I  believe  they  know  what  such  things  are.' 
Enlnn.  ill  Sclioiilrrnft's  Arr/i..  vol.  iv.,  \>.  "217.  The  Navijoes  'make  liult(  r 
and  elieese.'  Sciii's  in  tin'  /.'oc/,//  Ml.i..  p.  IHII.  .Some  of  the  '  nuu  liliin;4ht 
into  eaiup  a  (jiiaiitity  of  eher^e.'    /ci.s'  IHhintilo  liiviv,  jip.  12S,  l:)(l. 

II'  Hiiiiinfs  Ivfit.  I'.  S.  iiml  .I/",!".  Ili'iitnliiri/  Siirni/.  \ol.  i.,  p.  IPJ.  'They 
plant  corn  \er\  deep  with  a  stake  and  raise  very  eood  crops.'  Iml.  .UJ.  II' [it., 
A'/it'c.  ((„„  ,  l,s'(i7,  p.  ;i:i7;  Mn-i-'m-itln  i\h\  Iml.. iff.  Uipt.,  lh.")l.  p.  I7'i! 

■•''The  nutate  is  n  sli;,'litly  hollo.ved  hanl  stone,  upon  which  soal  i  d 
maize  is  laid  and  then  reduced  to  paste.  ..  .The  ])aste  so  foriiit  d  is  then 
patted  hetween  the  hands  until  it  assumes  a  flat,  thin  and  round  appi  iiralice 
when  it  is  laid  on  a  hot  jian  and  halved  into  a  toitilla.'  i  fi  ini'iii/'s  .l/i.c/n.v, 
pp.  14'i->">.  '  lis  recoltellt  aiissi  ell  ahoiulalice  le  111. I-  dolil  ils  font  de  jol'tll- 
las.'  No.-. '/(/()/. .  llnJhIiti,  serii'  v.,  No.  '.Hi.  p.  iHfl.  '  I  'leir  lin  at  wii-  hoiied  willi 
water  in  »  Tnsipiiii  (day  kettle')  and  this  nieat-mush  lU'  hou|>  \<  us  the  slaplo 
of  foiid  aiiiomi  theiu.'  ShiiM  ti'^  t'<n,t.  Oittiiinii  i/iria,  jiii,  111  ll'i,  'A  lar^o 
EchiiKj  Cictus         hollowi  a  Mj  a-s  tv  n.ake  a  truULdi.      Into  this  were  ll.rovvii 


fi' 


490 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


As  l(or.)ro  iiHMitionod,  the  i-oviii;i;  Apaclics  o])tiiiii  most 
of  thoir  food  In  hunting  und  pluiidur;  tlicy  oat  nioro 
meat  and  less  vt'getablo  diet  than  the  other  Arizona 
ti'ihes.  They  have  a  great  partiahty  for  horsi'-lk-sli,  .st'l- 
doin  eat  fish,  hut  kill  deer  and  antelope."*  When  hunt- 
ing they  iVeipicntly  disguise  themselves  in  a  skin,  and 
imitating  closely  the  hahitsand  movements  of  the  animal, 
they  contrive  to  approach  within  shooting-distance.^'* 
AVhethei'  it  he  horse  or  deer,  everv  portion  of  the  carcass 
whh  th;'  exception  of  the  bones,  is  consumed,  the  entrails 
being  a  s})ecial  delicacy.  Their  meat  they  roast  par- 
tiall\  in  the  (ire.  and  eat  it  generallv  half  raw.  A\  hen 
food  is  plenty  they  eat  rjivenously  and  consume  an  enor- 

thi^  soft  i">itii)us  of  (he  imljiy  Hubstiiucc  which  suiToiinds  tlu>  hfiiit  of  tho 
cilctus;   luul  ti)   tlii'lil   hud  liicii   added  f^'iiliii'   and   Jilaiits   u;athi  led  fruiii  thi; 


banks  (if  the  criMk.     Miiis'lcd  witli  water,  tin'  whulc  had  hi  in 


died  l>v 


stiriiiiL;  it  u[>  ,vitli  ht;atcd  stouts.'    IIVk'/i///'  ,  in  J'lir.  II.  It.  11'  lit.,  voL  iii.,  ji.  ',Mi 
'  lis  njaii^'i'iit  dis  pains  dc  ijiai's  cnits  sous  la  findir,  aiissi  ^ros  (juc  h  s  ^tos 


])aiiis  (h'  Castille.'  (''i.-ihiriciln,  in  'ririiii(iji--('<iiiijiii 


I/.,  siTic  I,,  toni.  IX..  ]) 


■I'J;  ll'trili/'s  Trill-. ,  )i.2iS-  rullii'.i  I'lr.^.  Xar.,  p.  I!'!;  lindUU's  l'ii:-<.  .\iir..\ti\ 


V 


■>Ul:  Ciistiii 


ill- 


ma.  111 


I'll'lll 


fill.   Iliir.    Iiii'il.,  U 


vv 


:iiui. 


<■*  'The  A|ia(h(>s  rely  cliiitly  ui)ou  the  tiesh  of  tlie  eallie  and  sliiep  they 


steal. 


.  tliev  life  said,  however,  to  h 


lore   fond  of  the  liK  at  of  tin 


mule  than  thit  of  aiiv  other  animal.'  Umiii's  <'< 

dioll" 


I'niiriin,  vol.  i.,  ])p.  "i'.MI-l. 
A  nonproductive  ral•(^  suhsistini^  wholly  (Ui  ])lundei  and  ^;anie.'  Cn  iiiniiifs 
Ajiitr.his,  p.  111.  The'  Jicarilla  Apaches:  MIk-  cliase  is  their  only  means  of 
suintort.'  r^/'.soji,  in  ///'/.  .1.,^?".  liii>t.,  IH  .0.  ]>.  1(11.  'They  live  (iitircly  hy 
huntin;.^.'    Iilia!u,   in    liiil.'\Uf'.    Uifil..    iSIKj,    p.    i:iH.     -jjie   Nahruii^'  d('r 


Aa|)chi's  hesteht  liaiiijlsiichlich  in  deni  Fleisehe  (h'r  Ivinder  und  Schafe 
doch  soil,  wie  man  saL,'t,  Maulthierlleisch  ilu(^  I.ielilin;;si)eise  sein.'    Tliihii- 
7/(f'/,  ,l/('.i')7.(),  p.  It.jJ.      '  Hire  hesteu  Lt'ckeiliissen  siiid  I'ferde  mid  Maiilesel- 
llv 


;'h,  Welches  sill  bratcii  iiiid  deiu  liinilHeische  voi/ii  hen.'  (.irA.v,  in  .)/" 


XachrirhUii.  J).  'IK).  'I'lu  ir  daintiest  food  is  mule  and  horsetlesh.  Ajmsli  /(n.s 
Ahtia':i.  p.  'M'2.  '  .^nteriornieiite  antes  ipie  en  la  frontera  abundas  •  d  eau- 
iido,  uno  de  sus  aliineiitos  era  hi  carne  del  caballo.  v  la  ca/a  de  dit'ereiitis 


liiii  iK 


I'Arvc'),  .Vollniiis  ili:  S<. 


pp.  '2  ;ii-7;  L'lliriiril'.f  I!i.-I.  I'l 


V 


Eniiii'il'x  llijd.    r.  S.  (iHil    ^^(■x.  liovnilnrii  Sun-nj,  vol.  i.,  ji.   ll'J;    Hiiiilitt's 

p.  is/;  >7/-((//i(i('.s 


/'i 


.\'iii' 


)l.i. 


;}:" 


"'".'/•,  J' 


lllrt 


III,  serie  v. 


Cititt.  Oalimtii  li'irh,  ji.  IK!;  ^Vnl^lVtl  M 


.1. 


'.)(i 


■jSO;  Arih 


Ihiii  Ihiilii 


J/e.f(7,o,  p.  lib-;  Sta nh  i/' .t  ]'<irlraU.-<,  j).  57;  J'alnivr,  in  Jlnrpir'.-i  Mmi.,  vol.  xvii.,' 
p. -KJi);  k hiytnls'  ('(Uiqiaiiiu,  p.  '.'o;  lliissil,  .Mi ,r.  O'luit.,  \).  i~i\;  Srliiiii!crii/t'.'< 
Arrli.,  vol.  v.,  )).  '101;  see  further  iinl.AtJ.  7.'i//'.s-.,  from  I8.jl-7;J;  (Jalhdln,  in 
Xoinrlls  Aiiiintv.i  i/w  I'nj/.,  1851.  toiii.  exxxi.,  p.  ItOS;  I'tkr.'i'  IJj'e  of  Carton, 
!>.  -15J;   Tiiniiii'iiiiiilii,  Mnunni.  hid.,  torn,  i.,  p.  1170. 

■I'J  'What  I  would  have  sworn  was  an  antelope,  proved  to  be  a  yoiinj,'  In- 


di  i;i. 


.Wll 


ho  1 


laviiii'  en 


veloped  himself   in  an  antelope's  si 


ilh  liciid, 


liorus  and  all  comiiletc,  had  ^'radually  crept  up  to  the  Iniil  under  his  dis- 
t;uis(^'  I'miiiiiii/'s  Aimrlifs,  ])p.  '2H,  \',}i.  '  Se  viste  de  una  piel  de  los  niisiuos 
aniniales,  jioiie  solu-e  su  cabeza  otra  de  la  cliise  de  los  (pie  \a  fi  biiscar.  y  ar- 
mado  de  su  iirco  y  tlechas  iindiindo  en  cuatro  pii's,  jirocura  nii  zclarse  en  iiiii 


banda  de  ellos.'  Cunlirii,  in  Ormr 


Hi 


•■',  ' 


Ai:.iii. 


.1/, 


ii-iii,rit/i'i.  ]t.  ;t75;  (ini'^ht  Cnuiiv, 


HciiiDnk  la  \'k  S'liicajf,  p.  '2(1 


t(un.  i..  p.  1{7"2;  >(■/'(*(/('<•/ m_/7'.v  .1»c/i.,  vol.   v.,  p.  -12;    /'i 


BUFFALO  HUNTING. 


491 


iiious  cinniitity;  when  scarce,  tlioy  fast  long  and  stoically. 
.Most  of  tlu'Hi  luito  hcar-iiu'ut  and  pork,  t^o  Jow-liko  is 
the  Xavajo  in  this  particular  that  he  will  not  tuiieh  pork 
thoiiii'h  starving."'" 

The  Conian'ches  do  not  cultivate  the  soil,  hut  su1)sist 
entirely  hy  the  chase.  I>uitalo,  which  range  iu  iinuien.H^ 
lierds  throughout  their  country,  are  the  I'liief  food,  the 
oaly  addition  to  it  heing  a  lew  wild  })lants  and  roots; 
hence  they  may  ho  said  to  he  almost  wholly  lle.sh-eaters."'' 
Iu  [)ursuit  of  the  huffalo  they  exhibit  great  activity, 
skill,  and  daring.  AVhen  ai)i)roachiug  a  herd,  they  ad- 
vauce  in  clo.^e  coluiun,  graihially  iucreasing  their  sjjeed, 
aud  as  the  di.stance  is  les.soned,  they  separate  into  two  or 
more  grou[)s,  and  dashing  into  the  herd  at  full  gallop, 
discharge  their  arrows  right  and  left  with  great  ra[)iility; 
othei's  hunt  hutfalo  with  spears,  hut  the  common  and 
mure  fatal  weapon  is  the  how  ;uid  arrow.  ^I'he  sl^inning 
aud  cutting  u[i  of  the  slain  animals  is  usually  the  task 
of  the  wouieu.''-'     The   meat  and    also  the  entrails  are 


''"  'Till  y  always  uskcd  if  wo  liml  Ixsir  on  the  t.iMo,  for  tlicy  wislicH  (o 
avoid  it  ..  I  foiiiul  they  had  soiiu- siijicrstitious  )iriju(liei;  iij,'aiiist  it.'  Ilarl- 
I  H'r<  I'lrs.  X'()\,  vol.  i.,  p.  ;i2l.  'The  .Apaches  are  rather  fond  of  lion  and 
]i  uit'.iei'  meat,  hut  seldom  ton(  h  that  of  tlu'  hear.'  ('roiiiiHij's  AjKtclic.t,  ji.  '2^2^>. 
■  Tamliien  matin  para  comer  usos.'  Snlm  ran,  /i'/c'/m/ks,  in  />oc.  Ilisl.  .lA.r., 
s  lie  iii  ,  to  II.  iv.  ]),,  'I').  'J'iic  Xavajoes  'never  l<ill  hears  or  ratth'suakes  un- 
less .ittacked.'  l.'Hc  nniin,  in  Sni'dlisniii  in  ll'jit.,  \>^^>'t,  \t.  '-',>l.  '  ^ie  verehren 
lieu  li.iren,  der  iiie  von  ihncii  ^'etiiiltet  wird,  und  (lessen  Fleiseh  zu  esseii  sic 
sieli  s  'h-'iien.  S'liweinert.  iseh  versrhmahen  sie  deseh-ichen;  hem  iiin^steu 
lluii_!er  kiiiinen  sic  es  nielit  iiher  sieli  j,'e\vinnen,  davou  zu  kosten.'  Armi/i, 
l>is  ll'idiij"  M'x'ih'i,  p.  'J.ifi\  I'linh  i-ii,  in  iirimo  y  llirni,  Ihniini/i'ii,  p.  ;>7'i. 

■''  'The  Northern  and  Middle  Comanclies.  suhsist  almost  ixeliisively  uji- 
on  the  ilesh  of  the  huffalo.  and  are  known  amon^,' the  Indians  as hulV.ilo-eaters.' 
.!/(/•  v/'.s-  Armi/  I.'i/i-,  pp.  1'.). 'Ji'i,  U>.  'They  pl.mt  no  coin,  and  their  only  food 
is  meat,  and  u  few  wild  plants  that  erow  upon  the  prairies.'  Miirri/'n  llijil., 
p.  IHS.  The  Com.inehes  are  a  ■  nation  suhsistin^' silely  hy  tho  chase.'  /'/Av'.s- 
./•.'.I'/i'o/-.  Trill-.,  p.  211.  '  Suhsist  mainly  upon  the  hiitl'alo.'  (inin.t,  in  liiil. 
Aif.  h'jd.,  1S.")1,  p.  l.SO.  '  .VeknowledLfe  tlitir  entire  ienorancc  of  even  the 
rudest  methods  of  ai,'riculture.'  Jlui/'nr,  in  fnd.  .1^".  Ilijit.,  I'^'H,  p.  177; 
-l!-iit,  in  S  ■lioiilrriift's  .li'h.,  vol.  i.,  p.  "211;  SrliiiolcriiiVs  Ari'li-,  \ol.  v..  p.  ."m"; 
hVori  I,  .lif.s  AiinrU.d,  tom.  ii.,  p.  lli.'t,  and  FnnluVs  I'l-nl.  Aimr.,  ]>.  2i><;  Cohi- 
l'i''i\  I' '//..  |>.  21)2;  /•'/•'/».•// '.s  //;>(.  ( 'till.  1.11.,  pt  ii.,  p.  l")"!;  MiVlhiin.^vii,  V'd  ,■  luirl,, 
]>■  ll.");  liri'i/  I'n  I'liiii,  /'/v/i'/e.s,  jip.  21I~1(J,  :!llT;  F/i/iiiic'.-f  Jlmii.  Uaci',  p  ISi  ; 
J.'ili-  Ks',  lilsp,  p.  lili;  Drwitttiii  ( 'limp.,  j).  ]."j:(;  I'onli'.'i  I'f.viis.  p.  'i'.tS;  ."■(((■.  (ri'ur., 
IlillrHii,  K.'rie  v..  No,  '.Ifi,  J).  I'.)2;  DDinnierh'a  D  mrls,  vol.  ii.,  p.  21;  HoDitnirli, 
■  I'lnr.,  p.  li;!J;  AV/(,(/(///".s'  Ti.fux.  vol.  i.,  p.  31.1;  llolh  i/'s  I'lvhs.  p.  l.")!!;  I>ii.l''j, 
Jl-sn  ii;.  toiu.  i.,  p.  -1;   D'H'  's'  'IV.viis,  ]>.  2:tl!;   Frn^l'"  Inl.  lluKlis,  p.  :is."). 

■'-  '  Lue;,'o  ((ue  los  ciholos  echan  ii  huir,  los  ea/adores  sin  apresuvailos  di'. 
liiasi.ido  Icis  ]iersieuen  a  tin  <,'a]ope  corto,  ipu'  van  aeti\ando  mas  y  mas  hasta 
ipiu  romp^u  en  carrcia   ...tl  inJiu  ibiu  cusar  du  corrcr,  di.spura  .su  iircu  eii 


'402 


NEW  JIEXrCANS. 


eaten  both  raw  and  roasted.  A  fire  heinpi;  made  in  a 
hole,  sticks  are  ranjred  round  it.  meeting  at  the  top.  on 
wliieli  the  meat  is  placed.  The  liver  is  a  favorite  morsel, 
and  is  eaten  raw;  they  also  drink  the  warm  blood  of  the 
animal.''  Xo  provision  is  made  for  a  time  of  scarcity, 
hnt  wlien  many  hntValo  are  killed,  they  cut  ])oitions  of 
them  into  lon^'  strips,  which,  after  heing  dried  in  the  sun. 
are  jionnded  line.  This  })emican  they  carry  with  them 
in  their  hunting  expeditions,  and  when  nnsuccessl'ul  iii 
the  chase,  a  small  (piantity  boiled  in  water  or  cooked 
M'ith  grease,  sei'ves  ior  a  meal.  AVlien  tmal)le  to  prociu'c 
game,  they  sometimes  kill  their  horses  and  uudes  I'or 
food,  ])ut  this  oidy  when  compelled  by  necessity."'  In 
connnon  with  all  primitive  Inunanity  they  are  tilthy — 
never  l)athing  except  in  sunnner^"' — witli  little  or  no 
sense  of  decency .^"^ 

todas  (lirnccidiies,  y  va  somhrnndo  ol  canipo  do  itsph.  .  .Las  indias  al  iiiisiiui 
ticiiipo  van  dissollaiido  cada  una  dc  a(jn(llas  ivscs,  ri'coxic  iidn  la  ])i(l  y  la 
cavne.'  llifi.<a  ("i  idiiini,  toni.  i.,  jip.  iCioCi.  At  a  snitalilc  distancf  fnnii 
their  ])!■(  y  liny  divide  into  two  scjnadrons,  ono  ludf  takins,'  to  the  lij^lit,  and 
the  other  to  tlie  h.ft,  and  thus  surround  it.'  Edinmis'  jlisl.  Tix.,  ji.  lOH; 
FniKli's  llisl.  I'lill.  Jm.,  [)t,  ii.,  p.  l").");  ilmjifK  Ctiiii.  I'lvlnis,  vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  211- 
21(!.  WoMieu  when  they  pereeive  a  (h'cr  or  antelope  '  <,'ive  it  chase,  and  n  liuu 
only  after  eapturini,' it  with  the  lasso.'  lia 


"  -When 


/■/,s,  vol.  ii.,  p.  •211 


mv 


inie  was  killed,  the  Indians  would  tear  out  tlie  heart,  liver, 


and  entrails,  and  eat  them  raw.'   Fntst's  hul.    lidtths,  p.  USo.     'Ces  Iniliens 

.ns  couiH  lit  la  viande  i: 


He  nourissent  de  vian(h' 


et  lioivent  du  san 


tranches  tn' s-niinc(  s  et  la  font  secher 


soh'il;  ils  la  rt'dnisent  insuite  en 


P' 


1" 


!a  conserve] 


( '(l.iti( 


(Id, 


7 


fr))(iinr-('iiiiiii(nis. 


I'V/. 


torn,  ix.,  pp.  1111)1.  '  They  "jerked  "  or  dried  the  meat  and  naide  tlie  peuinii- 
caii.'  Mdiij/'^  Antn/  IJl'i\  p.  IH.  'Conien  las  criadillas  crudas,  nco^iendo  la 
fiauL're  que  eorre  del  cueriio  eon  unas  tutundas  ('  jieaias,  se  la  helieli  c,di(  nte.' 


Jiuiiitiiidii 


I,  (-• 


(/.'    .lfc//n 


MS.,  p.  S.'S;  Janilidiii'ti  'J'rav.,  p.  [i'l;  lln 


Cdptiriti/,  pp.  1(1,  "Jli;   Ivitiicih/'n  TiX'is.  vol.  i.,  )>.  Dl"), 

■''•  '  .Vt  one  time  their  larchr  is  overstocked  and  they  },'orR(>  tliemseh  es  to  re- 
pletion.' Mdrcj/'s  Ariiii/  [.iff,  \\y.;\-2.  A\.  41).     'Catchand  tame  th 


and  when  unsueeessfnl  in  chase,  sid)sist 


upi 


tht 


llolln/'s  Ti 


ildh 
1' 


lalt. 


'  When  pressed  hy  hun^'er  from  scarcity  of  pime,  they  suhsist  on  tLeir  yonnu 


lorses  am 


1  mules.'   Scltoiilrrd/I'^  Arch.,  vol.  ii.,  \i]) .  KVJ;), 


ve  a  r.'ire  ea- 


]iacity  for  emlurinj.^  huuLter.  and  manifest  ^'reat  patiei 


Hi 

ider  it.s  intlirtion 


After  loll' 


th 


ev  eat  vol'aclouslv. 


I'.iiniil.  in  SclKitilri'diTs  Ai'i'h, 


vol.  i..  11.  -I'M;  l'dii,-ir's  .V<.^ 


V. 


K<h, 


■,1s-  ]l!.-<t.  T' 


V 


l(is. 


The  trihe   'lived  in  the  tiiosi  ahject  condition  of  tilth  ami  poverty.' 

With  v(  ry  few  e\ce]itions,  the  want  of 


J!ri)Vi,<\s  Afini'lie  ('i»nilri/,  \ 

cle.ndiiu^ss  is  universal     a  shirt  liein 

f,'<'tlier.  an  1  it  wiudd  he  ditlicnlt  to  tell  the  oriui 


itil  it  will  no  lonK'i'  h; 
il.ir.'    /,■///. 


t(i- 


iSitl'ilhsnit'filit 


l!>l>l.,  is- 


.l)ut  noth 


1' 


!MI 


'I'hev  are  fond  of  hathiu'^  in  the  summer. 


I'an  induce  them  to  wash  themsi  Ives  in  winter. 


I  ri  iiiiiiii/ 


.■1/)  f'7/'s,   p.  :U)2.     They  f^'i 


ilT 


v<'rv  uniilias 


;ant  odors.    .MiiiihdXf:!  n,    H'i.-'in 


in  die  Felneitjcb.,  torn,  i.,  p.  307.     'They  seem  tu  have  a  natural  antipathy 


■WEAPON'S. 


•I'J.l 


Tlir(»ii;zli()ut  Ai'izoiiii  and  Xcw  Mexico,  tlic  bow  and  ar- 
I'ow  is  the  i)riiici|)al  ui'ai)o)i,  hotli  in  war  ami  in  tlu'cliasc; 
to  wliicii  arc  added,  by  those  at'custonied  to  move  ahoiit 
nil  horseback,  the  sliield  and  hinct>;''  \vith  snch  also  the 
Mexican  riata  may  now  occasionally  be  seen.'"  In  bat- 
tle, the  Colorado  Uiver  tribes  nse  a  club  made  of  hard 
heavy  Avood.  havinj;'  a  lai'^^o  mallet-sha[)ed  head,  with  a. 
small  handle,  thronjih  which  a  hole  is  bored,  and  in 
which  a  leather  thonji  is  introdnced  Ibr  the  |nn'|iose  of 
securinji'  it  in  tho  hand.'''     They  seldom  nse  the  toma- 


u,'.iiiist  wiitcr,  eniisidcrcd  us  tlic  iiu'iiiis  of  clciiiisiii^'  the  Imily..  wiitir  jh 
(Hily  iiscil  liy  tlniu  in  cxtrcliii'  ciisis;  for  iiistiiiicc,  wiiiii  the  viiiiiiii  luroino 
((>■>  thick  on  their  liiiids,  thiy  thiii  j^'o  thnm^ii  iiii  ujir  rution  of  covt  riiiL;  llin 
li(:i(l  witli  nuiil,  which  iiftcr  sonio  time  is  wiishcd  out.'  Pmll,  in  //"/.  .[//'. 
/c/-'.,  1S7(I,  J).  l;!l);  Ji-cs'  I'ub'fddi)  liir.,  liN;  ll'ifl.ns,  in  SrIini.liTdiVs  An'l,., 
\  i\.  iv.,  i>.  'Jil;  I'ar/i'vr's  Xolcn  on  VV.i'.,  p.  'in;!;  Arrhiritfi,  ('n'-nicn  SiriifirK, 
11.  170. 

"'  •  They  di'fc('iit(^  proniisciinusly  near  their  huts;  they  have  oH'al  of  (  m  ry 
ehar.icter,  (had  animals  and  dead  sliins,  close  in  the  vicinity  of  tht  ir  huts.' 
1,1  I.  Alt',  lli'pi.  Sj)  c.  I'otn.,  I«ti7,  p.  ;t;W;  SIraflifit's  I'npi.  UuIiikoi  i.iiin,  ]\.  lit; 
Ihii-difs  Tnii-.,  J).  ;W(). 

''"  'rh(>  Mojavo   'arms  are  tin;  bow  and  arrow,  the  speiii'  and  the  clnli 


ri/'s   yiitf.-i   of  Ti 


V 


18. 


Armed  with  Imws  and  arrows.'   Fnniont  itiul 


;n). 


Tlie    liuerechos   '  nse   the  hi 


<1 


lancf.'  and  shield.'   Marr/j's  Arinj/   l.il<\  jij).  ID,  '2lt.      'Tlie  .Apache  will 


dil\ 


;ild  Ids  bow  and  arrc 


to  h 


lis  persona 


rhrs,  pp.   1."),  7.")  (1,  10;{,  IS'J.      'Xelien  lio^'cn 

•  (li'hncli,  p.  2',M. 


I/" 

■lirlanu;<!  I.anzeu.'  Mollhansfi 


d  I' 
Tl 


armament.    Tci 
fill 


ellell  lllliren  sH'  liocli 


iifiim/  s 

'  h 


lev  use 


thel 


low  and  ar- 


iiiw  and  spear.'  Ldhirniaii,  in  SiiiiUisunhta  llijit.,  IS.")."),  p.  ■J.'.K),  '  Aimed  with 
liuws  and  arrows,  and  the  lance.'  llnfliKs,  in  Si-hooli-rtitt's  Arcli,,  vol.  iv.,  ]i. 
-It.  For  colored  litlio^'raph  of  weajions  see  Wliijijilf,  Eirhniil,-,  ami  'I'hi  Kfr's 
Hijil.,  ]>.  ;"iO,  ill   rue.  It.  /'.  Ili'l'l.,  vol.  iii.     '  Kl  armamento  de  Jos  aiiaches  si; 


ciiiiniiinen  1 


lei 


uiza,  arco  v  llechas. '  ' 


■'h 


m  Ofoicj, 


II  II 


rrii.  ill  ifjrdj  III ,  j). 


2.  vLas  arnias  de  los  aiiaches  son  fiisil,  llechas  y  lan/a.'  liitrri't  ('oiiih 
Sii,\  Mix.  (lioij.,  Holilin,  toni.  v.,  p.  131").  'lios  Yunias  son  Indios...  de 
lias  armas,  mnirhos  no  llevan  arco,  y  si  lo  Uevan  es  mal  dispuesto,  y  con 
tres  Heclias.'  <liirrr>!,  in  .\rrir!'il'i,  I'rohici  .^crujicii.  ]t,  -ll'.l;  I'^iihlDinh 


ll'l  iriiiii.  in  Dor.  Hist.  Mi, 
,l:'sii!i,  toni.  iii.,  p.  lU  ;  MdU-li, 


■rie  iii,,  toni.  iv.,  p.  S'll;  Alciire,  llisl.  lomj,,  ilr 


]' 


ill'  It  II 


>il.,  tom.  VI..  p 


i'.l'.l;  I'lhl.i 


S:il>:snn  7'r.r,,  p.  11)0;  Uirn-,  in  Ind.  .\f.  /i'-'/i/.,  IS  ;'.»,  p.  lO,");  (hVin.  in  D 


mill  III  ell 


1 

ji.  ).'):(;   /: 


).  4.")0:    UlslUr 


Toiu\ 


p.  (I 


Ihin 


iroiriii 


\K     1;    ll'r(/-,r.>,'  Ml. 


//'.s'  /))(/.  li'iins,  p.  ")l:i;   Dniiii 


VV.iv/.v,  p.  2ii;i;   lloUiji's  Tl 


lOlt    I    11)11 


/'.,  P    b 


Mo 


Tl 


p.    421;    f/irlidjii'llf,    lliloiissi't-Hnulholi,    p.   Si; 


vol.  ii.,  p.  1102;   Miildi  iipfonK.  Mijiio,  vol.  ii.,  i  t.  ii 


.1/.. 


,'/'  '■ 


M,\ 


Azki:,  efi: 


il.ii. 


't  ('■ir: 
iix-'.l.  l.")l;   / 


12;i;  Tin 


p. -t.")2;  r'(/».s'  I'otiij.of  (id.,  p.  ]H.">:  liiiylhlt's  I'vrs.  A 


ihiir,    \'oi/.,  \K  2i4:  Jlnnd:- 
il.  .l/'.r(/,o.'p.  Ill:  I'ltirs'  Jj/i'. 
"or.,  vol.  i.,  p|i 


lliid 


I'll- 
llii 


■II  li'H 

.}[i.nki 
II.  11 


Tvdi'oh.  vol.  i..  p.  lo7;  l.imdi.  ('o>tiiiiii's.  plate  wii.;  Annin, 


1>- 
pp 


271;  .Mo'lliiinsr 
480-2,  with  cut. 


.lA 


oriiioiii  niinil 


Mil 


II,  torn.  11. 


1." 


'''  '  Their  weapons  of  war  are  the  spei 
llu'dics'  hoidfihiin'f:  K.V.,  p.  17!!. 

''■'  .\iiionf:;  •  their  arms  of  offence  "  is  '  \ 
like  a  round  wooden  mallet,  which  i> 
p.  :i7:J.     '  War  dubs  wore  prepared  in  abundanc< 


,ce,  the  bow,  and  the  laso. 
died  Macaiui,  a  short  <dnb 


diat 

(1  in  close  (piarters.'  Ilnrdifs  Triir. 


.'^indluii 


I  'iijil .  I iidiiiua 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


1.0     .f  KS  I 


I.I 


1.25 


25 


IM  |||m 

US    110 


JA 


U    1 1.6 


Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


m. 


'^ 


V 


^v 


<^ 


33  WEST  N1«IN  ^TDEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  t4>80 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


v> 


6^ 


I 


<i>\^s 


^   ^ 


%^ 


491 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


hiuvk.  Some  carry  .slings  with  four  cords  attached.'^ 
The  bows  are  made  of  yew,  lx)is  dare,  or  willow,  and 
strengthened  by  means  of  deer-sinews,  firmly  fastened 
to  the  back  with  a  strong  adhesive  mixture.  The  length 
varies  from  four  to  five  feet.  The  string  is  made  from 
sinews  of  the  deer."*  A  leathern  arm-guard  is  worn 
round  the  left  wrist  to  defend  it  from  the  blow  of  the 
string."^  The  arrows  measure  from  twenty  to  thirty 
inches,  according  to  length  of  bow,  and  the  shaft  is  com- 
posed of  two  pieces;  the  notch  end,  which  is  the  longer, 
consisting  of  a  reed,  into  which  is  fitted  a  shorter  piece 


(iirln,  p.  17(5.  Die  Apachon  'nur  Bogen,  Pf«ilp  uiul  Kenlon.'  TJiilmmd,  Mi.e- 
»/.i>,  p.  444.  ''J'heir  chilis  are  of  niezqnite  we  )il  (a  Hpocica  of  nciicia) 
tluve  or  four  ft'tt  long.'  Emorif's  licjit.  V.  S.  aid  .l/cr.  Bimmlnry  Snri-ry, 
vol.  i.,  p.  1(»S.  'lis  n'ont  tVantre  aniie  qn'uii  yrand  eroc  et  nin-  iniissnc' 
,S(ir.  iliiii).,  hiilMhi,  serie  v.,  No.  00,  p.  lK(i.  'Anna  sunt  . .  .oblongi  li},'nti 
filiiilii  niultis  atnitis  Hilicibns  utrinique  uiuniti.'  Ik  Lael,  Xuvits  Orhis,  ji.  ;tll. 
*  Sns  Annas  son  Flechas,  y  Maeanas.'  Torquemmla,  Moimrq.  Jml..  ton),  i.,  p. 
(iSl.  Aiiion^  the  Conianclu's:  '  Leur  niassue  est  une  quene  de  bulHe  a  I'ex- 
tn'niiti'  lU'  laipielle  ils  iiisi'rent  nne  boule  en  ni-  rre  on  en  metal.'  Sac.  Uiioi/., 
JiitWfh,,  serie  v.,  No.  "Jt!,  p.  I'.C;  Moirry  in  luu.  Aff.  Jiept.,  IHoT,  p.  30'J. 

•ii'  '  Mit  vierstreiligen  Hfriekselilendern  bewaffnet.'  Me.nLaiiisrlu'  'AunHiink, 
toMi.  i,,  p.  (J4.  •  Sie  feehten  niit  '  Lanzen,  lUiehsen,  Pfeilen  und  Tan)aliaks.' 
La'  luis,  llvis",  p.  Iii4.  '  Une  petite  hache  en  silex.'  Soc.  <J«'iii.,  liitlklin,  si'rii; 
v.,  No.  !l>,  J)  rj3;  MithleHpt'nrill,  .l/eyico,  torn,  ii.,  p.  539;  Tmisuri/  of  'iraw, 
p.  Ill;  Ksrmlero,  Xotkius  de  CliUtwmut,  p.  230;  Domeiiech's  iJeHviis,  vol.  ii., 
p.  'i72. 

'''  The  Qnereeho  'bows  are  made  of  the  tongh  and  elastic  wood  of  tho 
'■bois  d'arc,"  or  Osage  oranf;;e  (Maelnra  Anrantiaca),  strengthened  and  re- 
enforced  with  the  sinews  of  the  deer  wrapped  finnly  around  th'  ni,  and  strung 
with  a  cord  made  of  the  same  nniterial.'  ^far<■!/'s  Army  l/ifr,  p.  24.  Th(^ 
Tonto  '  bow  is  a  stont  piece  of  tough  wood.  . .  .about  five  feet  long,  strengtli- 
e!ie<l  at  jioints  by  a  wrappingof  sinew. .  .which  are  joined  by  a  sinew  string.' 
i^iii  iii,  m  Siiiithsoiwin  Hipt.,  1807,  p.  418.  The  Navajo  '  bow  is  about  four 
fiet  in  length.  . .  and  is  covered  on  the  back  with  a  kind  of  tibrous  tissue.' 
LelliiriiKiii,  in  SmilkKim'nn  liipt.,  IH'tii,  p.  293.  The  Yuma  'bow  is  made 
of  willow.'  Emory's  l{i'}it.  U.  .S.  and  .l/w.  lionmlary  Survey,  vol.  i.,  p.  108. 
'  f.angen  Hogen  von  Weidenholz.'  MOIIhnasen,  Hchi'ii  in  dk  Fclsetnivh.,  tom.i., 
p.  I'J4.     Ai>iches:  'the  bow  forms  two  setnicircles,  with  a  shoulder  in  tho 

middle;  the  back  of  it  is  entirely  covered  with  sinews,  winch  are  laid  on 

by  tli(!  use  of  some  glutinous  substance.'  Pihe\i  Explor.  Tniv.,  p.  338.  '  Los 
tamaaos  de  estas  annas  son  diflferentes,  segnn  las  parcialidtules  que  las  usan.' 
t'onlfro,  in  Ormco  y  Hirra,  Geoiirafi'a,  p.  372;  Mijillutnscii,  Tanehnch,  p.  300; 
Multi'-liniti,  J'rdris  ile  la  (hUvf.,  toni.  vi.,  p.  453;  Whipjde,  in  Pur.  Ii.  II.  /?'/</., 
vol.  iii.,  1).  !>8;  roltk's  I'ers.  Nar.,  pp.  117,  149;  Palmer,  in  Jlarprr's  May., 
vol.  xvii..  p.  450. 

•>*  The  .\i)ache8;  '  Tons  portaient  an  poiguet  gauche  le  bracelet  de  cuir. . . 
Ce  brteelet  de  cuir  est  une  esjiece  de  panmelle  qui  entoure  la  main  gauche. 
. . . .  Le  jiremier  sert  a  amortir  le  coup  de  fonet  de  la  corde  de  Tare  quand  11 
se  di'teiid,  la  seconde  enipeche  les  pennes  de  la  tteche  de  dechirer  la  i)eau  <le 
ia  main.'  h'irry,  .S'c/'jie.s  ile  In  rt'c  Snurcuji',  j).  250.  'With  a  leather  bracelet 
on  one  wrist  and  a  bow  and  quiverof  arrows  form  the  general  uuttit.'  tSmart, 
in  ISmithsoidan  liept.,  1807,  p.  418. 


BOW  AND  LANCE. 


495 


made  of  acacisi,  or  some  other  liard  wood,  and  tipiK'il 
with  ol)sidian,  ajrato,  or  iron.  It  i.s  intended  that  when 
iin  oltject  is  struck,  and  an  attempt  i.s  made  to  <h'aw  out 
the  arrow,  tlie  jiointed  end  shall  remain  in  the  wound. 
There  is  some  difference  in  the  feathering;  mo.st  nations 
enii)lovin<j[  tliree  feathers,  tied  round  the  .shaft  at  ecjual 
distances  with  fine  tendons.  The  Tontos  have  their 
arrows  Avinged  with  four  feather.s,  while  some  of  the 
Comanches  use  only  two.  All  have  some  distinguish- 
ing mark  in  tiieir  manner  of  winging,  painting,  or  carv- 
ing on  their  arrows.*^*  The  quiver  i.s  usually  made  of 
the  skin  of  some  animal,  deer  or  .sheep,  sometimes  of  a 
fox  or  wild-cat  skin  entire  with  the  tail  ap|)ended,  or  of 
reeds,  and  carried  .slung  at  the  hack  or  fastened  to  a  waist- 
Itelt.''*  The  lance  is  from  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  long,  the 
point  heing  a  long  piece  of  iron,  a  knife  or  sword  hlade 
socketed  into  the  i)ole.'^     Previou.s  to  the  introduction 


'inv., 
)1.  ii., 

of   til.) 

1111(1  n  - 

strung,' 

The 

■iiKtli- 

liiiK.' 

mt  four 

tissiu'.' 

llliull) 

los. 
iin.i., 
iu  the 

on 

Los 

USIlll.' 

;.itJO; 
/.•'/./., 

MiKJ., 

Miir . . . 
iiiu'lie. 
iitiid  il 
filll  di' 
rac'cli't 
timarl. 


''t  Tlio  Coyoteros  'use  vcrv  lonp  ftvrows  of  roptl,  finished  out  with  soiiic 
h:ird  wood,  iuul  an  iron  or  flint  head,  but  iuvariahlv  witli  tlircf  ffiilhtTs  at 
till'  oiipositf  end.'  <  ri'iiimii/'n  A/nlrlifs,  p.  lOU.  Navajocs:  'the  arrow  isiilMHit 
two  fret  loni,'  anil  jiointcd  with  iron.'  Lftlurmun,  in  .'^iiiillisonidn  Ht/it.,  18."),"), 
ji  •_'.>;{.  The  (^ncrecliois'  'arrows  are  twenty  inches  lout;,  of  ticxilde  wood, 
with  a  triaiij^'ular  jioiiit  of  iron  at  on«?end,  and  twofcatheis  . .   at  the  opposite 


it.'  h 


.xticiiiity.'  .Uiir<  i/'s  Anni/  Life,  p.  '24,  Ihe  Apache  'aiiriiws  are  <p 
vi'i-y  rar.'ly  pointed  with  Hint,  usually  with  iron,  Th.'  feath.r  uium  the  ai- 
mw  is  plii'.'d  or  houii.l  d.iwn  with  tine  sinew  in  threes,  instead  of  tw.is  .  . 
'J'lie  arrow-shaft  is  usually  made  of  some  pithy  wood,  j^en. ■rally  a  species  of 
yiiciM,'  lliniji.  in  SrIiiioli'rttjVs  Arcli,,  vol.  v,,  i».  '2<iy.  '  Sa^^iita^  aculis  sili.'ilius 
asperatie.'  !)('  Lmt,  XiirKsOrliis,  \). 'Ml.  '  Arrows  wer.'  .  inilited  with  a  liea.l 
of  stone.     Some  Were  of  whit.' cpiartz  or  iii»»te,  and  otliers  of  ohsidian.'  UVk"/)- 

l'h\  in  l'<ir.  II.  II.  Ili'jit.,  vol.   iii.,  p,  !)H.     The  Tonto  'arrows ar.'  thr.'.« 

feet  lonj,'  . .  .the  caiie  is  wiiij^'ed  with  four  strips  of  f.'ather.  held  in  (ilace  !)■» 
tlu'i'ads  of  sinew  .  which  Ix'iirson  its  free  end  an  elontjate.l  triangular  pi.'.'cor 
ilUMrt/,  Hint,  oi'  rar.'ly  iron.'  Stiiaii.  in  Siiiilli.siitiinH  Hi/il.,  1N(17,  )>.  IIM.  The 
l.i[i!Ui  arrows  'have  f.)nr  siraii^'lit  rtiitinj^'s;  th.'  Comanches  make  two  strai^jht 
hlack  HiitiiiLjs  ami  two  red  spiral  ones.'  Dotin nfrli's  Iiixnts.  v.il.  ii.,  j).  '^71  ; 
Silirciins'  Ziii'i'i  /-.'.I'.,  J).  IS;  Tiinttski/s  MUlu,  p.MJ;  li  ssfl,  Mi.f.  limit..  )>. 'JTti; 
''k.k/'c'.s  .l/i.i".  Ilidit.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  7(i;  Mdllliinisiu,  Taiiilnuli,  p.  ;,tJii;  MoIUkiusi n, 
yrurldHii'i,  torn,  iv.,  p,  HI;  I'nllii'.'^  /Vns.  .V(/»'.,  p.  UK. 

'■' Tlie  Apa.'he  'tpiivers  ar.'  usually  made  of  d.'.'r-skin,  with  the  h.'iir 
tnrn.'.l  insi.l.-  or  outside,  and  sometimes  of  the  skin  of  th.'  wil.l-.'iit,  with  the 
t;ul  Mppeii.le.l.'  Ilvnnj,  in  Si'liuiilrrntTs  Airli.,  v.d.  v.,  p.  2ltl,  '  (^uiv.r  of 
Hh.'.'])-skin.'  I'dlimr,  in  Ildvit'r's  .Mai/.,  vol.  xvii.,  p.  Mil.  '(Quiver  of  fresh- 
.'|it  re.'.ls.'  Fri'iHiDit  iinil  Kniavy's  \iites  cf  Tnir.,  \i.  H'.t.  'I'll  carcax  I'l  liolsu 
<li'  pi.'l  de  leop  ir.lo  en  lo  f^eneriil.'  Vonlrro,  in  Ovnzvit  ij  Ikrni,  (liniiriiflit,  |i. 
H72;  \\liiiii>lp,  Eir'iiink,  atiil  Tunter's  lltpl,,  p.  31,  in  /'./c.  /,'.  I,'.  7i';i/.,  vol, 
iii.;  Tmiiisl.jf'.'i  Milln,  j).  80. 

'■'  'The  sp.'iir  is  ei^'ht  or  ten  feet  in  len>»th,  inclu.lin'r;  the  point,  which  is 
ulioiit  t'i<.'hteen  inches  lonj,'.  and  also  ma.le  of  ir.)n.'  LiUirninni.  in  .'<iii'dli- 
»>iuaii  11  j)L,  18.'»5,  p.  'l\)'i.     Should  the  ApucLt's  possuHs  any  useless  tireunm*, 


490 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


of  iron,  their  spears  were  ]X)inted  with  ohsidijin  or  some 
other  rtintv  substance  which  was  liarnmered  and  uiround 
to  a  shai'p  edge.  The  frame  of  the  shield  is  made  of 
lijrht  hasket-work,  covered  with  two  or  three  thicknesses 
of  hull'alo-hide ;  between  the  layers  of  hide  it  is  usual 
with  tile  (.'omanches  to  place  a  stuffing  of  hair,  thus 
rendering  them  almost  bullet  proof.  Shields  are  painted 
in  various  devices  and  decorated  with  featheis,  pieei's 
of  leather,  and  other  finery,  also  with  the  scalps  of 
enemies,  and  are  carried  on  the  left  arm  by  two  straps.'" 
Their  fighting  hjis  more  the  character  of  assassination 
and  murder  than  warfare.  They  attack  only  when 
they  consider  success  a  foregone  conclusion,  and  rather 
than  incur  the  risk  of  losing  a  warrior  will  for  days  lie 
in  ambush  till  a  fair  opiKjrtunity  for  surprising  the  ibe 
presents  itself."^  The  ingenuity  of  the  Apache  in  })re- 
paring  an  ambush  or  a  surprise  is  described  by  Colonel 
Cremony  as  ibllows:  ''  He  has  as  pofect  a  knowledge  of 

'  KeiK^mlincntf  vienon  a  dnrlos  mievo  uso,  liiicioiido  do  rllas  limziis,  rncliillos, 
Iciis^'uctiis  (li^  tlcfliiis.'  Conhro,  in  Onnv.o  y  Jkrni,  (ifiHiniJ'ia,  p.  ;{72.  'JiH 
laiizii  hi  iisiiii  iiiny  l!irt;ii.'  (iiircin  I'imik,  in  Noc.  J/m*.  >re<>;i.,  Ilnkliii.  loin,  v.,  ]i. 
.115.  '  Lance  of  liftt'i-n  foct  in  lenj^th.'  I'lki's  lu'plor.  7V(/r.,  p.  3118;  ll<issil, 
Mvx.  (liiiit  ,  p.  2~ii;  lliilley's  Tij!(m,  \).  15;i;  Vitlls'  Coik/.  of  Cnl.,  p.  "Jl'i;  /.'<- 
rt.-<t'i  Chill Ifica,  torn,  i.,  p.  162;  }*ark<-r's  Notes  on  Tvx.,  p.  I'Jo;  I'uttk's  I'lrs. 
Xtir.,  )).  -ilW. 

'•'' 'I'lif.'  ("oniancho  'sliicld  was  round  ....made  of  wicker-work,  coven  d 
first  with  deer  skins  and  then  a  toui^h  piece  of  raw  biifiiilo-liide  drawn  ovir, 
. . .  .ornanientcd  with  a  human  Kcai[),  a  tjriz/.ly  henr's  claw  and  a  miUc's  tiiil 
...  for  tile  arm  were  pieces  of  I'otton  dotli  twisted  into  a  rope.'  yV(/7.  res 
Xoles  on  7V,r.,  p.  lltri.  "En  el  Imizo  izipiierdo  Uevaha  el  cliinial,  (pte  es  iin 
escudo  ovalado,  cubierto  todo  de  plumas,  espejos.  chaquiras  y  adonios  de 
]iario  encaniado.'  ItirisldViniti/irii,  toui.\.,i).  Ifl'i.  Their  shii'ld  •  is  j/eneiaily 
i)ainted  a  brij^'lit  yellow.'   hnnniweh's  Deserts,  vol   ii.,  p.  '2(1.S.     'Shield  of  eir- 

(•ular  form,  covered  with  two  thicknesses  of  hanl,  undressed  hnilalo  hide 

Ktnti'ed  with  hair  a  rifle-hall  will  not  pen<'trate  it  unh'ss  it  strikes  )'ei'])(  ii- 
dicular  to  the  surfact>.'  Mari'if's  Aftiij)  lA/i ,  pp.  '2A~i>\  Mollhintsiii,  FliirlilHiiii, 
t(un.  iv.,  ]).  ;(1;  Triiii>sl,-y's  M'llla,  p.  80.  A  '  Navajo  shield. ..  .with  an  iiMii!,'e 
of  a  demon  ])ainted  on  one  side  ...border  of  red  cloth,  .  trimmed  wiili 
feathers.'  J'liliiiir.  in  llnijier's  Mat/.,  vol.  xvii.,  p.  •1,")!;  Lhmti,  I'o^liiiins, 
plate  xxii.;  NAc/iaci/'.s  Jjtnd  nf  the' Aztecs,  p.  ]H2;   /•jliriinis'  ///^^  7'»,i'.  ]i.  llU, 

•''  '  Wherever  their  observations  can  be  made  from  nei^;liboring  liii^^lits 
with  a  chaiK'e  of  snccessftd  and)nsh,  the  .\pai'he  never  shows  himself.'  ''/(- 
niiiiiif's  Ajiiti'lus,  ])]).  7!t,  liS!*.  'Attackiiif,'  only  when  their  numbeis,  and  a 
Well-laid  and)nsh.  promise  a  certainty  of  siiccess.'  Smart,  in  iSmilliKm  tin  Hi  jil ., 
lH(i7,  Hit.  'Colocande  antemano  una  emboscada.'  Coriliri),  in  ih-incn  i/ 
herrit,  <liiviriifi((,  p.  ;t7.");  I'lirhr,  in  Iml.  AjT.  li'/it.,  18(111,  pp.  '221  It,  •-'oCi; 
D  Diu'wrli's  A>c,sr)7.s',  vol.  ii.,  p.  4;  I'Jmori/'s  llerotuioissaiire,  \).  47,  J'JiiKiri/'s  Hi I'l. 
t'.  S.  anil  Mex.  liimiiilur^  Survey,  p.  1(17;  llassel,  Mex.  liiidt.,  j).  '27<i;  Sur. 
'.'.■i«/.,  hitlktiti,  serie  v.,  "Xo,  Ud, 'p,  18U;  Buvis,  iu  1ml.  Af.  liqjt.,  18CS,  p. 
101. 


APACHE  WAKKIORS. 


45)7 


rpiii- 

,tln,'l, 

liiai,'!' 

will) 

IIIK  S, 

Mil. 
his 
Cri- 

iijil  ■, 

'trii  1/ 

.'.')('.; 

Six: 
fS,  p. 


the  .assimilation  of  colors  as  the  most  cxiHTicncod  Paris 
modiste.  By  means  of  liis  acumen  in  tliis  resix'ct,  he 
can  conceal  his  swart  bo«l^  amidst  the  green  grass, 
behind  brown  shrubs,  or  gray  rcK'ks,  with  so  nuich  ad- 
dress and  judgment  that  any  but  the  exi)erienced  would 
pass  him  by  without  detection  at  the  distance  of  three  or 
four  yards.  Sometimes  they  will  envelop  tiieuiselves 
in  a  gray  blanket,  and  by  an  artistic  sprinkling  of  earth, 
will  so  reseuible  a  granite  boulder  as  to  be  passed  with- 
in near  range  without  suspicion.  At  others,  they  will 
cover  their  persons  with  freshly  gathered  grass,  and  lying 
j)rostrate,  ap[H;ar  as  a  natural  portion  of  the  field.  Again 
they  will  })lant  themselves  among  the  Yuccas,  and  so 
closely  imitate  the  appearance  of  that  tree  as  to  pass  for 
one  of  its  species." 

Before  luidertaking  a  raid  they  secrete  their  families 
in  the  mountain  fastnesses,  or  elsewhere,  then  two  by 
two.  or  in  greater  numbers,  they  prcK^eed  by  dilTerent 
routes,  to  a  place  of  rendezvous,  not  far  from  where  the 
assault  is  to  be  made  or  where  the  Jimbuscade  is  to  1)6 
j)repared.  When,  after  careful  o]>servation,  coupled  Avith 
the  rej)ortof  their  scouts,  they  are  led  to  presume  that 
little,  if  any,  resistance  will  be  olfered  them,  a  sudden 
assaidt  is  made,  men,  women  and  children  are  taken 
captives,  and  animals  and  goods  .secured,  alter  which 
their  retreat  is  conducted  in  an  orderly  and  skillful 
manner.  ch(M)sing  [)athways  over  l)arren  and  lugged 
mountains  which  are  known  only  to  themselves."*^  lleld 
asunder  from  congregating  in  large  bodies  by  ameager- 
iiess  of  provisions,  they  have  recourse  to  a  system  of 
signals  which  facilitates  intercourse  with  each  other. 
During  the  day  one  or  more  cohunns  of  smoke  are  the 

••"  '  Siilcn generahnonto  divididos  on  iioquciins  pni-tiiliis  iwm  oiMiltar 

mpjor  Kus  rustro:*  . .  .Es  iinpoiKli'i'iible  lu  vi'Iocidad  (miu  <iuij  hiiycn  (li'S|iU(S 
i|Ui'  hull  cjccutadoun  cri'fichi  robo. .  .  his  inoiitaiiMH  nxw.  I'lKUUiihraii.  los  d<'- 
sicrtossiii  aj,'iia  <jue  atravit'saii.'  UnrvUiVimiU',  uiSov.  Mix.  Okhj.,  linlillii,  timi. 
v.,  p.  ;{l(i,  '  Thty  steal  upon  their  t'liciuics  under  the  eover  of  ni},'lit.' 
h'liiitrt/'ti  liepl.  I'.  S.  and  l/cr.  liinimlnrii  Sarrfy,  vnl.  i.,  j).  107;  Min-r,  .\iiih- 
richtii,  p.  ;{i);t;  Lnchiipelli',  Riiimasit-liKiiVnin,  p.  WM  Aposti'iliroa  .l/Vnu.s,  p. 
4IJ4;  f\ir(/fTf).  in  Oroznt  if  li>'rrii,  O'eiiirnfid,  pp.  37fi-(i;  liroifiii's  AniKhe 
Coan'.ry,  p.  '27',);  Fi'iuivr'n  Jlnin.  Ilace,  p,  4'SJ;  Jhtssd,  Mex.  O'ual.,  p.  27G. 
Vol.  I.    Xi 


408 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


signuls  matlo  for  the  scattered  and  roaniinji;  ])ands  to 
rendezvous,  or  tliey  .serve  as  a  warning  against  ajj^roacli- 
ing  dangei'.  To  the  wune  end  at  night  they  used  a  (ire 
beacon;  besides  these,  they  have  various  other  means  of 
telegra[)hing  wliicli  are  iniderstood  only  ))y  them,  foi- 
example,  tlic  disphieement  and  arrangement  of  a  few 
stones  on  tlie  trail,  or  a  bended  twig,  is  to  them  a  note 
of  warning  as  ellicient,  as  is  the  bugle-call  to  disciplined 
troops.''"* 

They  treat  their  jmsoners  cruelly;  scalping  them,  or 
burning  them  at  the  .stake;  3et,  ruled  as  they  are  by 
greediness,  they  are  always  retidy  to  exchange  them  foi- 
hor.ses,  blankets,  IkvkIs,  or  other  property.  When  hotly 
pursued,  they  nun'der  their  male  prisoners,  preserving 
oidy  the  fenudes  and  children,  and  the  captured  cattle, 
though  under  des|)erate  circumstances  they  do  not  hesi- 
tiite  to  .slaughter  the  latter.'"  The  Apaches  returning  to 
their  families  from  a  successful  expedition,  are  received 
by  the  women  with  .songs  and  fea.sts,  but  if  un.successful 
they  are  met  with  jeers  and  insults.  On  such  occasions 
says  (/olonel  Ceremony,  "the  women  turn  away  fiom  them 
with  assured  indiiVerence  and  contempt.  They  are  up- 
bj  aided  as  cowards,  or  for  want  of  skill  and  tact,  and  arc 


69  '  La  practicft.  quo  olisorvnn  pnrn  nvisnrso  \oh  tuios  h  Ins  otrns . . .  os  lovnii- 
■tiir  huiuui'filiis.'  \'ili<i-Siri<ir  1/  Sitiii  Iks,  'I'lifiilro,  ("iii.  ii.  p.  IJ'.tl.  'Smokcsan' 
^if  various  kinds,  t'lU'li  one  sii,'iiiti('aiit  of  a  iiarticular  objcft.'  <'r<w(i)it/\ 
Apnrhi'.i,  \)\).  lS.I-4.  '  111  tokiii  of  retreat*'  sonndcd  on  a  ctrtaine  small  trniii- 
iH't. . .  .iiiadf  rtrt's.  and  were  answered  aj/aine  afiirre  ott'  .  .  to  ^nne  their  fel- 
Jowos  vnderstandint,',  how  wee  niarclied  and  where  we  arriued.'  i'uroMuUt.  in 
JIakliii/l's  \''>i/.,  toni.  iii.,  j).  ;{7f»;  MulllKUDten,  Fiuclitliinj,  torn,  ii.,  p.  157;  Siinnt, 
in   iSniUliSDiiiitn  /»'(/><.,  1K(>7,  p.  419. 

'**  '  La  sniiia  erueldad  eon  (lue  tratnn  h  los  veneidos  ntenaccnndolos  yivos 
y  coniieiidose  los  ))edazos  de  la  ("arnc  (pie  la  arraiiean.'  Jfor.  II'iKf.  A'.  Vi:c(i- 
yii.  MS.,  p.  4.  'Their  savage  and' Mood-thirsty  natures  experience  a  real 
pleasure  in  torinontiii'^  their  vietini.'  t'remoni/'x  Aiiaclii's,  \). 'JW.  'Haiti,' 
their  victims  l)y  the  heels  to  a  tree  and  put  a  slow  tire  under  their  head.' 
liroiriw's  AfXivlii'  <'i>iiiiiry,  pp.201,  93,  !)(')  Amont;  the  Navajos,  '('a])tives 
taken  in  their  forays  are  nsnally  treated  kindly.'  LdhcniKin,  in  Sinitli- 
Konittn  Ji'i>t.,  IS.")"),  ]).  2!).").  '  lis  scalpent  avec  la'corde  de  lenr  arc,  en  la 
tournant  raiiidement  antonr  de  la  tcte  de  lenr  victime.'  Larhnpelk,  h'noussit- 
Jkinllxm,  ]>.  82;  Mnrr,  NuihricMm,  p.  .103;  Slnillnn's  Ciipl.  Oalniou  (llrls.  ]>]^. 
114-118,  i;jS,  140.  218:  F'trnhnm's  Tvnv.,  v.  32;  (.■rarrs.  in  /)('/.  Aft',  h'fpl; 
18.')4,  p.  180;  lni„(ii;,  in  hiL  Af.  lirpl  ,  18(i2,  p.  247:  yhiUc-lirmt,  Ptvdx  ,h 
la  (icittj.,  toni.  vi.,  ji.  4.'>3;  SrnHn  in  thf  I{nrl,i/  Mis..  ]>.  180;  Shmf.  in  llisl. 
Afnq.,  vol.  v.,  p.  1(17:  Ileiiri/,  in  Srhiinlrrnt't'K  Arrli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  21*2;  Doc.  Uisl. 
JUex.,  serif  iv.,  torn,  iii.,  p.'  10;  I'uUk's  I'ers,  Xur.,  p.  118. 


COMANCHE  WARRIORS. 


4M 


told  tliat  sucli  m(Mi  should  not  liave  wives,  1)ecause  thoy 
do  not  know  liow  to  provide  ibr  their  wants.  AVhcn  so 
ivproiU'.hed,  the  warriors  hang  their  heads  and  ofter  no 
excuse  for  their  faihnv.  To  do  so  would  only  suhjeet 
them  to  more  ridicule  and  ohjurgation ;  hut  Indian-like, 
they  hide  their  time  in  the  ho[)e  of  finally  making  their 
l)eace  hy  some  successfid  raid."  If  a  Mojave  is  taken 
piisoner  he  is  forever  discarded  in  his  own  nation,  and 
should  he  return  his  mother  even  will  not  own  him." 

The  Comanches,  who  are  hetter  warriors  than  the 
Apaches,  highly  honor  hravery  on  the  hattle-field. 
From  early  youth,  they  are  taught  the  art  of  war,  and  the 
skillful  handling  of  their  horses  and  weai)ons;  and  they 
are  not  allowed  a  seat  in  the  council,  until  their  name 
is  garnished  hy  some  heroic  deed."  IJefore  going  on 
the  war-i)ath  they  ]x?rform  certain  ceremonies,  promi- 
nent among  which  is  the  war-dance.''^  They  invariahly 
tight  on  horsehack  with  the  how  and  arrow,  sjiear  and 
shield,  and  in  the  management  of  these  weajxjns  they 
have  no  su|)eriors. 

Their  mode  of  attack  is  sudden  and  im|X'tuous;  they 
advance  in  column,  and  when  near  the  enemy  form  suh- 
di\  isions  charging  on  the  foe  simultaneously  from  opjKJ- 
site  sides,  and  while  keeping  their  horses  in  constant 
iuoti(m,  they  throw  themselves  over  the  side,  leaving 
only  a  small  jwrtion  of  the  l)ody  exjiosod,  and  in  this 
])osition  discharge  their  arrows  over  the  hack  of  the  ani- 
mal or  under  his  neck  with  great  rapidity  and  precision.'* 

*'  (^removy's  Apaches,  p.  210;  Mlilitple,  iu  Par.  Ji.  ]{.  ]{eji(.,  vol.  iii.,  p. 
114. 

"2  '  Obrim  en  la  gncrra  con  mas  titctica  qnc  los  aiiachcs.'  Unrc'ia  Cinule.  in 
Sfic.  .\[t'x.  Oeoij.,  Holit'iii,  torn,  v.,  ;UH.  'A  yonn;.?  man  is  nt'vcr  considi'i't'il 
worthy  to  occupy  a  scat  in  council  until  he  has  encountered  an  enemy  in 
hatllc'  .)f(irc!f'!i  Armi/  Lite,  p.  ;i4;  7>()/;ic)(»'(7r.s /Msfc/s,  vol.  ii.,  p.  22;  Ihituf- 
vifh.  ,/<»(»•.,  pp.  140-i;  Footv's  yVa-ds,  vol.  i.,  p.  2!(8;  Kennedy'n  reacts,  vol.  i., 
II.  ;!4(;;   Muillord's  I  fist.  Tex.,  p.  24;J. 

"'  '  When  a  chieftain  desires  to  organize  a  war-party,  he  . .  rides  around 
tliroufih  the  camp  sin<{in^'  the  war-sonp;.'  Marry's  Anny  Life,  p.  h'.i.  '  When 
!i  I'hief  wishes  to  ^o  to  war  .  .  the  preliminaries  are  discuss* d  at  a  war-dance. ' 
■'^'lioDlcrii/t'sAreh.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1112;  Ariniii.  iJus  Heutiije  MejciLi),  p.  280;  iirni<jH 
Cum.  /'jv((riV<,  vol.  ii.,  p.  .'115. 

'<  '  They  dart  forward  in  a  column  like  li<.;htning. . . .  At  a  suitHl>U'  distance 
fi'iiin  their  pvey.  theytlivide  into  two  sipiadrons.'  Jfnlley's  '/V.w.s,  p.  i.">:i.  '  .\ 
L'uuiuuuht-  will  oittiii  throw  liiuiimlf  upou  tlio  opposite  bide  of  biH  cUurger,  m) 


503 


NEW  MEXICANS, 


A  fow  .so:ilps  are  taken,  for  the  purjKisc  of  being  used  at 
tlio  war  or  scalp  dance  by  wliich  tliey  celebrate  a  vic- 
tory. Prisoners  belong  to  the  cajjtors  and  the  males 
are  usnally  killed,  bnt  women  are  reserved  and  become 
the  wives  or  servants  of  their  owners,  while  children  of 
both  sexes  are  .adopted  into  the  trii)e."  Peiice  ceremo- 
nies take  place  at  a  comu^il  of  warriors,  when  the  }»ipe 
is  passed  round  and  smoked  by  eju;h,  pievious  to  which 
an  interchange  of  presents  is  customary.™ 

Household  utensils  are  made  generally  of  wickerwork. 
or  straw,  which,  to  render  them  watertight,  are  coated 
with  some  resinous  substance.  The  Mojaves  and  a  few 
of  the  Apache  tribes  have  also  burnt-clay  vessels,  such 
a.s  water-jars  and  dishes."     For  grinding  maize,  as  Ix'lbre 

in  to  he  protoc'toil  from  the  diirts  of  tlir  onoiny.'  Gmi'l's  Com.  Prnirifn,  vol. 
ii.,  pp.  3i2-i;i;  rk'irces'  Ti'.vus,  p.  'IM;  Slupard's  Liiml  <>j  thv  Azhrs,  p.  18J; 
l.'i'lcrHX,  H  isf,  p.  104. 

'J '  lis  tiient  tons  li>s  prisoniiiers  mlnUes,  t't  ne  liiissent-  viviv  iiue  los  enfuiits, 
q'l'ils  I'levi'ut  nvct^  soin  ])onr  s'cn  scrvir  fomiuc  (Vt'scluvi's.'  ihniiUnltU,  Essai 
!'■>!.,  toni.  i.,  p.  2!t ).  '  luviiriiibly  kill  such  lucn  us  ottir  the  slij^htist  iiupcdi- 
111  ^'it  to  their  oi)eriitions,  and  t  ike  women  and  children  prisoner.'  Mairi/'s 
A-inij  L\J\\  pp.  24,  54.  '  Prisoners  of  war  helonq  to  the  oiiptors.'  liiirnct.  in 
4S  ■h(ii)li-r  I tVs  Arrk,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  232;  Fdnih'iin's  Tnir.,  ji.  32;  Fi'inhr's  lluiii. 
II  f<'.  p.  4S0;  I'dtth's  I'crx.  Xar.,  p.  41;  ^'<«>(«'.s  7V.i-rts,  vol.  i.,  p.'2"J8;  Jloni's 

('ap*.':iul;l,  p.   lo;    J  fuss  I,    MlX.   filUlt.,   p.   2lli). 

*''  '  Ten  chiefs  were  seated  in  11  .-ircle  within  our  tent,  when  the  pilie, 
the  Indi  in  token  of  peiiee,  was  produced.  . .  .they  at  tlrst  refused  to  smoke, 
tiii'ir  excuse  heinj^,  that  it  was  not  their  custom  to  smoke  until  they  had 
ri.'ieived  some  presents.'  linij I's  Com.  Vmlvhs,  vol.  ii.,  p.  3!t. 

"  '  I  saw  no  earthenware  vessels  nmon<;  them;  the  utensils  emidoyed  in 
the  preparation  of  foodheinj^  shallow  basins  of  closely  netted  straw.  'I'hey 
cirried  water  in  pitchers  of  the  same  material,  hut  they  were  matted  all  over 
witli  a  pitch.'  Smart,  in  Smilhsoiiion  llf/it.,  IHOT,  )>.  41!*.  '  Aus  liinsen  und 
Weideti  i;eHochteue  (iefiiss  mituuter  uueh  einii^'e  ausThon  f^efornitj';'.  .  •  by 
t'.iii  door  stood  '  eiu  breiter  Stein  . .  .auf  welchem  mittelst  eineskleineren  die 
Mi'hlfriichte  zeiTi(>ben  wurden.'  .Molllixuseu.  Tiiiit'lnirk.  j)j).  31)(1,  404.  '  Panniers 
of  wicker-work,  for  holding  (irovisions,  are  generally  carried  on  the  horse  by 
the  women."  Ili'iiry,  in  Si'lioDtrnit't's  Ari:li.,  vol.  v.,  p.  210;  .\'i-iiilili(irs,  in  Svlinnl. 
i"-(ifls  Anil.,  v(d.  ii.,  p.  12'.(.  'Their  onlv  implements  are  sticks,'  tlrum, 
in  Ind.  Aff.  Iltfil.,  1«7(»,  p.  140.  '  They  (the  Axuus  of  Colorado  River)  had 
u  beautiful  fishiuf^-net  made  out  of  frrass.'.  . .  .'They  had  also  burnt  <'arthen 
j;irs,  extremely  well  made.  The  size  of  »  ach  of  them  niiuht  be  about  two  feet 
in  dianu'ter  in  the  t?reatest  swell;  very  thin,  li^jht,  and  well  formed.'  Jhinli/'s 
Ti'dv.,  p.  3:)H.  'Nets  wrout^ht  v  th  the  bark  of  the  willow.'  Domenerh's 
ItfseHs,  vol.  i,,  p.  220:  Hr(iinip\  Ap'irlic  CiiiDitri/,  \).  2(10.  '  Tienen  mnelia 
1  )zii  de  las  coloradas,  y  pintadi's  y  n^f^ras,  ]ilatos,  caxetes,  salevos;  ulmofiiis, 
X  earns  niuy  f^alinas:  alj,Mina  I'.e  la  lozu  est;i  vidriada.  Tienen  mueho  a|;er- 
eibimiento  do  leria,  e  de  mn.lera,  para  hucer  sus  casus,  en  tal  numera,  a  lo 
i(UH  !ios  dieron  a  entender,  (pie  eiiando  uno  ipieria  hacker  casu,  tiene  aquella 
i!i:idera  allf  de  piiesto  piira  el  efeeto,  y  hay  mueha  cantidud.  Tiene  dos 
^"^lxexes  a  los  lados  del  pueblo,  (jue  le  sirven  para  se  bafiar,  jiorque  de  otros 
t>jos  de  ugua,  it  tiro  de  urcubuz,  bebtu  y  se  sirveu.     A  un  cuarto  de  legua 


IMPLEMENTa. 


501 


stated,  a  kind  of  motjito  is  Jiscd,  which  with  thorn  is 


ii()tiiin<r  mori'  than  a  convex  and  a  concave  stone 


Of 


a^ricidtnral  inipU'nients  thev  know  nothinjj;  a  |iointe»I. 
stick,  crooked  at  one  end.  wliich  they  call  //sA/W/^r/.  does 
service  as  a  corn- planter  in  sprinir,  and  dnrinjr  the  later 
season  answers  also  for  i>liickin}f  fruit  from  trees,  and 
airain.  in  times  of  scarcity,  to  dig  rats  and  i)rairie  dojis 
fioiii  their  sn})terranean  retreats.  Their  cradle  is  a 
lint  hoard,  pa(Med,  on  which  the  infant  is  fastened ; 
on  the  npjK'r  part  is  a  little  IummI  to  protect  tiie  head, 
and  it  is  carried  )»y  the  mother  on  her  Inu'k,  sus|KMide«l 
hy  a  strap.™  Their  saddles  are  sim})ly  two  rolls  of  sti'aw 
covered  with  deer  or  antelope  skin,  which  are  connected 
by  a  strap;  a  piece  of  raw  hide  serves  for  jrirths  and 
stirrups.  In  later  Nears  the  Nfexican  saddle,  or  one 
approaching  it  in  shajx^,  has  l)een  adoi)ted,  and  the 
Xavajos  have  succeeded  in  making  a  ])retty  fair  imita- 
tion of  it,  of  hard  ash.  Their  bridles,  which  consist  of  a 
rein  attached  to  the  lower  jaw,  are  very  severe  on  the 
animal,*^     Although  not  essentially  a  lish-eating  iK'ople, 

va  (1  rio  Snlado,  quo  dpoimoH,  por  dnnde  fu('  nnestro  camino,  nnnqne  fl  n^mn 
Kiiliulii  sc  pierdo  lie  miiclms  Ici^nnrt  iitras.'  y'nsl(u'ii>  de  Susa,  in  I'ltrlnrn,  <'<,!. 
/>.><■.  Iiii'il.,  toiii.  iv.,  J).  ;{:ll;  T<i//li>r,  in  ('<d.  Farmir,  Fi'l>.  14th,  lH(;i;  Hr<iiin>  'x 
Afyii'lii'  I'luiiitrif,  ]).  2il().  '  Tlu'ir  i)nlv  mcimnof  farniingnrc  sliarpeiied  sticks.* 
('■ihfi:  in  hid.  Aff.  Ri'pl.,  1H71.  p.  50. 

"'*' Their  utensils  for  the  purpose  of  j;;rin(linj»  luvadstnff,  consist  of  two 
stDiii'-!:  one  tiiit,  with  ii  concavity  in  the  niiildlc;  the  other  round,  fitting,'  jiartly 
inl  >  the  hollow  of  the  Hut  stone.'  Ifetiri/,  in  Srhdolrrnt't's  Arrk..  vol.  v.,  j). 
'Jil'.l:  SiiKiii,  in  Siiiidi.siinktn  llvpt.,  18(i7,  p.  418;  IV^r.sco,  yotifkis  ilf  >o(i(<(«,  p. 
■2.S.'. 

"'  '  The  cradle  of  the  Navajo  Indians  rpsrnibles  the  same  article  made  l>y 
till'  Western  Indians.  It  consists  of  a  tlat  board,  to  su]))  ort  the  vertebral 
cohrun  of  the  infant,  with  a  layer  of  lilaidvets  and  soft  waddin;^,  to  j/ive  ease 
to  the  position,  havin;.,'  the  edf^'es  of  the  fraiiie-work  ornamented  with  h  atl  tr 
frini,'e.  .\round  and  over  the  lieadof  the  cliild,  who  is  strapjicil  to  this  plane, 
is  im  ornatnented  hoop,  to  protect  the  face  and  cranium  from  accident.  A 
hiithcr  strap  is  attached  to  the  vertebral  shell-work,  to  enable  the  mother  to 
slin,'  it  on  her  back.'  Srhniilcrfift'tf  Arrh..  vol.  iv  ,  pp.  ■(.'(.">-(>,  and  jdate  p.  74. 

'*"  '  Tin-  saddle  is  not  (leculiar  but  j^enerally  resembles  that  used  by  the 
Mexicans.  They  ride  with  a  very  short  stirruj),  which  is  placed  further  to 
the  front  than  on  a  Mexican  saddle.  The  bit  of  the  bridle  has  a  rint;  at- 
tached to  it,  thronuh  which  the  lower  jaw  is  partly  thrust,  and  a  powi  rful 
]i-essiire  is  exerted  by  this  means  when  the  reins  are  tifihtened.'  I.fthfniKin, 
ill  '<iiiWisim\tlH  [i'i>t.,  185."),  p.  'J!(2.  'Saselle  est  faite  de  denx  rouleaux  de 
liaille  relies  par  une  courroie  et  niaintenus  par  nne  Hantrle  de  cuir.'  I.ikIik- 
]illi\  n'iinis.'<rt-lloidliim.  p.  8'2:  T'liiiishf/'s  Mitln,  ]>.  80.  The  Navajos  have 
'ans/iliem  Escheidiolz  gefertigtenSattelbogeu.'  Molllatusin,  FliirhUiwi.  iom. 
iv.,  p.  3'J. 


502 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


tlic  Afojavt's  siiid  Axiias  display  considcralde  inironiiitv 
in  tiie  inaniifactiiiv  of  lishinji-nctH,  wliicli  aiv  notod  H)r 
their  Htrcngtli  and  boanty.  I'laited  <rrass,  or  the  fihrv 
hark  of  the  willow,  are  the  materials  <)f  which  they  iirc 
niade,"'  Fire  is  obtained  in  the  old  primitive  fashion  of 
riibbinj^  together  two  pieces  of  w«M)d,  one  soil  and  the 
other  hard.  The  hard  piece  is  |M)inted  and  is  twirled 
on  the  softer  i)iece,  with  a  steady  downward  pressure 
nntil  sparks  apj)ear.""^ 

The  Xavait)s  excel  all  other  nations  of  this  family  in 
the  manufactnre  of  blaid^ets.'*'  The  art  with  them  is 
perhaps  of  .Nfexicaii  origin,  and  they  keep  for  this  in- 
dustry large  Hocks  of  sheep.***  Some  say  in  making 
blankets  cotton  is  mixed  with  the  w«h)1,  but  1  find  no 
notice  of  their  cultivating  cotton.  Their  looms  are  of 
the  most  primitive  kind.  Two  Iwams,  one  susjK'nded 
and  the  other  fastened  to  the  ground,  serve  to  stretch  the 
warp  i)er[)endicularly  and  two  slats,  inserted  between 
the  double  warp,  cross  and  recross  it  and  also  oi)en  a 
passage  for  the  shuttle,  which  is  sim[)ly  a  short  stick 
with  some  thread  wound  around  it.     The  operator  sits 

**'  '  Das  Nctz  wiir  wcitmnsoliij^,  nuH  feiiien,  nl)f>r  schr  stiirken  Biistfi'iiliii 
Ri'rtKchtcn,  vicr  Fnss  lioch,  niid  unyefiihr  dreissig  Fuss  liiii!,'.  Von  vier  zu 
vii'T  Fuss  bcfiiuflt'ii  sicli  litu^f  Stiibe  an  (Icnist'llifn,  niittclst  welchtT  cs  iiii 
Wiisst-r.  zuglcicli  nht'i-  auch  auf  deni  IJiiiUn  unil  aufifcht  ^I'haltt'n  wurdf.' 
Mii'lliiDtseii,  liiiivii  in  dii:  Fvtuuwieh,  toin.  i.,  p.  227;  JJomtnefli's  Dtstrts,  vol.  i., 
p.  -i'iO. 

**■-'  '  Kl  apache  para  sacnr  Ininbre,  usa . . . .  un  pedazo  de  sosole  y  otro  dc 
lt'chu<,'uilla  hicn  sfcos.  Al  jmniero  1«»  fornian  una  punta,  lo  epic  frotan  con 
la  si'^'und:i  con  cuanta  vdocidad  pueden  a  la  niancra  del  cjcrclcio  dt-  nno- 
ti'os  niolinillos  para  haccr  el  chucolate:  luc^'o  (lue  anibos  )ialos  se  caliciitan 
con   la  frotacion,   se  enciendeu  y  produceu  el  fuego.'    I'dasvo,  Svlicins  de 

lS'()/ln)V(.  p.  282. 

■"  The  Navujos  '  manufacture  the  celebrated,  and,  for  warmth  and  dmn- 
l>ility,  une(pialed,  Navajo  blanket.  The  Navajo  blankets  are  a  woiidir 
of  patient  workmanship,  and  often  sell  as  hi},'h  as  ei(,'hty,  a  hundred,  . 
or  a  hundred  and  tifty  dollars.'  M'olhi);  in  /)((/.  Af.  hep}.,  1872,  p.  r»;j. 
'  N'avajt)  blankets  have  a  wide  and  merited  reputation  for  beauty  and  excel- 
len<'e.'  I'rciiimtD's  Apni'lies,  p.  3((5;  /)(»/.  AJf.  Jlcpt.,  .^pec.  Com.,  iH(i7,  )>.  .'Ml; 
THi-iicr,  in  \'<titrelli's  Ainialvs  (hs  I'ni/.,  lH.'t2,  torn,  cxxxv.,  p.  314;  \\'liip)il', 
Eirltiink,  unit  Turni'r'A  llept..  pp.  13,  32,  in  /Vic.  //.  I{.  Ui'pi.,  vol.  iii.;  LarW 
El  irntiijo,  p.  411;  lliuihes'  DoiiiplKni'n  A'.r.,  p.  203;  Sfe)i(s  in  the  lioehy  Mis., 
p.  IH  I;  Fiiixiir's  Ifuiii.  Uaee,  p.4Sl;  I'etirs'  lAfe  of  ('(irsoii,  p.  125;  Prilcliunl's 
Xiit.  IHsf.  .!/((»,  vol.  ii.,  p.  r)(i7;  FnriilKOii's  Life  in  Cnl.,  i>p.  .373-4. 

'*^  '  This  art  may  have  been  accpiired  from  the  New  Mexicans,  or  the  rmblo 
Indians.'  Kutim.  in  Srlionhrn/t's  Arrli..  vol.  iv  ,  ji.  217.  '  This  mannfaefun 
of  lilankets  ...was  orit;inally  learned  from  the  Mexicans  when  the  two 
Deople,  lived  on  uuiicable  terms.'  Vnmoiiy's  Aini<la's,  p.  3(j7. 


NAVAJO  BLANKETS. 


608 


on  the  jiroimd,  aiul  the  hltiiiket,  as  the  weiivi)i|;  pro- 
givs-ses,  is  wound  round  the  lower  heain/'  The  wool, 
alter  heing  carded,  is  spini  with  a  spindle  resembling  u 
hoy's  top,  the  stern  heing  alxjut  sixteen  inches  long  and 
the  lower  ]M)int  made  to  revolve  in  an  earthen  howl  hy 
l)eing  twirled  rapidly  between  the  ibielinger  and  thumb. 
The  thread  after  being  twisted  is  wound  on  the  spindle, 
and  though  not  very  even,  it  answers  the  purpose  very 
well.**"  The  patterns  are  mostly  regular  geometrical 
figures,  among  which  diamonds  and  parallels  predomi- 
nate."^^ JUack  and  red  are  the  princi[)al  variations  in 
color,  but  blue  and  yellow  are  at  times  seen.  Their 
colors  they  obtain  mostly  by  dyeing  w  ith  vegetable  sub- 
stances, but  in  later  years  they  obtain  also  colored  manu- 
factured materials  from  the  whites,  which  they  again 
nnravel,  eujploying  the  colored  threads  obtained  in  this 
maimer  in  their  own  manufactures.**^     They  also  weave 


"■''  'Tho  blanket  is  wovon  by  a  tpclioiisand  rndo  procrss,  nfter  the  iimmior 
of  the  I'nt'blo  liuliiiiis. . .  .Tliu  iniiiuu'i'  of  wt'llviIl^'  is  j:i'culiar,  uiul  is,  no 
doubt,  orii^'iuid  with  these  people  and  the  neij^idiorin^'  tiilies.'  Ldli' main,  in 
I'^iiiillisoiiiiiti  lli'pl,,  IH't't,  i).'2',(l;  Sv.hiMilcruj'l's  Avvh.,  vol.  iv.,  j).  4.'i7. 

''''  '  The  Hjiinniuf^  und  weaving  is  done. . .  .by  hand.  The  thread  is  niadu 
entirely  by  hand,  and  is  coarse  and  uneven.'  Lctln'riinin,  in  >^ii(illis<iitii.H 
Jl'lit.,  IH."),"*,  J).  LKl.  '  The  wo(d  or  eottou  is  first  iirei)ared  by  curding.  It 
is  then  fastene(l  to  th(>  spindle  near  its  top,  and  is  held  in  the  h  ft  hand.  Tho 
si)indle  is  h(ld  between  the  thnnd)  and  the  tirst  lingt  r  of  the  right  hand,  and 
stands  vertically  in  the  earthen  bowl.  The  operator  now  gives  the  s|iindle  ii 
twirl,  as  a  boy  turns  his  top.  und  while  it  is  revolving,  she  proci  tds  (o  draw 
out  her  thread,  precisely  as  is  done  by  our  own  ojieratives,  in  using  the  eoni- 
nion  spinning-wheel.  As  soon  as  the  thread  is  sj  nn,  the  sjiiiidli-  is  turned 
iu  an  oiii)osite  direction,  for  the  purpose  of  winding  up  the  thread  on  tho 
portion  of  it  next  to  tho  wooden  block.'  Backitx,  iu  Sclioolvnift's  Arch.,  vol. 
IV.,  p.  4;((!. 

*^  UarLiis,  in  SchnnJirafl's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  4;!().  "Ihe  colors  are  vvovt  n 
in  bands  and  diamonds.  We  have  never  observt  d  blanktis  with  ligureH 
of  a  complicated  pattern.'   I.illn  nniDi,  in  !^ii'illihii)ii(ii(  ],ijil.,  l.^."."!,  p.  •i'.il. 

'''<  'The  colors,  which  are  givtu  in  the  yarn,  are  n  d,  black,  aiul  blue. 
The  juice  of  ci'rtain  jilants  is  eniployid  in  dyeing,  but  it  is  assi  rl<  d  by  r(c»  nt 
nnthorities  that  the  biiglilest  led  and  blue  are  ol)t;iin(  d  by  nia(  irating  strij  s 
<if  Spiinish  t'ochiiual,  anda'itamine  dyid  goods,  wliiih  have  been  jiurc  has-c  d 
at  tlie  towns.'  Jturh  its,  in  >cliiitilfnij't's  Airh.,  vol.  iv.,  ji.  J:!*).  ' 'Ihe  loh.is 
are  r((l,  bine,  black,  ai:d  yellow;  black  und  nd  being  the  njost  con-nion.  The 
red  strands  are  obtained  by  unravelling  red  cloth,  lilack  by  using  the  wool 
of  black  sill  ( p,  blue  by  ilissolving  indigo  in  feini<nt<d  mine,  and  yellow  is 
said  to  be  by  coloring  with  a  jiurticulur  flower.'  l.flln ni'du,  in  .'•»M7/,>(.jn'<i)» 
Jlriil..  IS.")."),  p.  '2'.»1.  T'he  Women  'Welcho  sich  in  d<  r  walil  der  l'"arben  und 
der  y.usammenstcllung  von  buntiii  Streifeu  und  phanlastischt  n  I'igiiren  in 
ileni  (lewebe  gegenseitig  zu  iibertrefien  suclien.  I'rsi  riingli(  h  tragi  n  die 
Decken  nur  die  versehii  den<  ii  I'arben  der  Schaafe  in  bri  iti  n  Stn  ift  n.  dcch 
Beit  die  Navahoes  farbige,  woUeue  btofi'e  vou  Neu-Mtxiko  beziehen  ktinueu, 


004 


NEW  MEXirANS. 


a  cojirso  woolrn  clotli.  of  whlcli  tlu'V  at  times  niako  ^'hirt,s 
and  Icjifiins/'-'  HoMiiU-s  pottery  of  burnt  clav,  Avicker- 
>vork  hasketH,  nn«l  saddles  nnd  bridles,  no  fienerid  in- 
dustry obtains  in  tliis  faniilv."'"  Featberwork.  sueb  as 
sewinj;  various  patterns  on  skins  nitli  featliers.  and 
otiier  ornanu'ntal  needlework,  are  also  praetieed  by  tbe 
Navajos."' 

01'  tbe  Tomancbes,  tbe  Abbe  Domenecli  relates  tbat 
tbey  extracted  silver  from  some  mines  near  San  Saba, 


vjTHoliaffcn  Hio  Hifh  Bolchp,  tim  mo  in  Fiidfii  nnfzuliisj'ii,  I'lnd  <lifsr  iImmi 
zu  iliriT  ci;,'!'!!)'!:  Wcbcri  i  zn  vrrwi'iulcn.'  J/o/Z/k/ »><•»,  Jiiisii>  in  d'n-  l-'ilxanjelt., 
turn,  ii.,  i>.  'S-l'f,  Vi'iui'  ..'S  AilriH.  Mifj-..  j>.  1115. 

""'Us  (tli<- ApiiclK'H)  truvaillciit  liit-ii  Ich  ('\iirH,  font  dc  lullrs  brides.' 
J/ivhtijwlh',  Ituinmsi'l-lloulhiin,  \i.  Hi.  'They  nmiinfiK'tiirt'  roii^li  Iciithir.' 
J'ike'H  H.fliliir.  Trav.,  \k  >yMi.  '  Man  niiicht  Lcdir.'  IIii>mI,  .W-.r.  limit.,  |i. 
V.>i>.  'It  lias  lifcii  r<'i>rcK('iit<'d  Unit  thvnv  (rilxs  (the  Xaviijcisi  wcur  It  iitliir 
HhoeH. . . .  IiKjiiiry  from  iiersoiiH  who  liav**  visitrd  or  )i<'*')i  Ktatioixd  in  New 
Mfxifo,  diHathriiiH  this  olmcrvation,  showiiii^  that  in  all  cast  s  the  Navajo 
hIioch  arc  skiiiH,  drt'sstd  and  snioiit'd  after  the  Indian  method.'  Srliaiilninl'n 
AitIi.,  vol.  v..  |).  '2(14;  Cniiiiniif's  Aimrhi's,  ji.  'AUl't;  hniiii's  (i'Hi.  J'liiiriis.  vol. 
i.,  J). '2H(i.  They  'knit  woolen  stoekin^jH.'  I)<irls'  l-JI  (iriin.ii,  \).  iW.  'Tiny 
also  manufaeture. . .  .a  eoarm-  woolen  <  loth  with  vvhit  h  they  elulhe  tht  ni- 
Kelves.'  I'htrh-,  in  U'lsi.  J/<(;;.,  vol.  viii.,  \t.  '2M0;  Jioiiinnili's  IjikiIs,  vol.  i  ,  ]>. 
40IJ,  vol.  ii.,  j)j).  '2l4-r>.  'The  Navajo*  s  raise  no  cotton.'  JUuhvs.  in  Si  In  1 1- 
crnfVs  Airh.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  21'i.  Sic  sind  '  noch  inner  in  eini^'en  ]?aiiniwoil<  n- 
f^cwehcn  ans},'ezeichnct.'  Tliiiuiuiil,  Mf,rih(>,  p.  'M'J.  '  These  jitojile  (the  iii- 
haliitants  of  .\ii/.ona  in  ir)40)  had  cotton,  Imt  they  were  ikjI  very  <  nii  full 
to  vsc  the  same;  hecausc  there  was  none  among  them  that  knew  the  aitt 
of  weaning,  and  to  make  aiijiarcl  thereof  '  AhinlKni,  in  lliil.iin/t'n  Vi'ii..  vol. 
iii.,  ]).  4I1H;  limt,  in  Srlioolrni/l's  Arrh.,  1.  i.,  p. '2411;  Tm  I! mi- el,,  in  .'^cAei./- 
(Trt/T.s  Anil.,  vol.  iv.,  J).  W);  Torqiuiiian  ,  Movorq.  huL,  toni.  i.,  p.  (iKO;  ..!/- 
('6(/(»,  hirritiiiiirld,  torn,  iii.,  J).  184. 

'•"•  The  Xicarillas,  '  manufacture  a  sort  of  ]>ottery  wliieh  resists  the  action 
of  fire.'  Jliiiiuiiiili's  J)<si lis,  \n\.  ii.,  \}.  H;  fiian fi,  in  Ihil.  Aff.  lii/il.,  \f'Li, 
J).  177.  The  Ynma  '  women  makehaskcts  of  willow,  and  also  of  tnlc,  whidi 
art'  impervious  to  water;  also  earthen  o!las  or  jiots,  which  are  nsi  d  for  cook- 
ing and  for  cooling  water.'  Kiiiury's  L'l])!.  U.  S.  (Onl  Mur.  Hi'iimlnri/  >  urn  i/, 
vol.  i.,  )1.  Ill;  liirUUii.iUifdo,  Carta,  A.S.,  p.  '21.  'Figure  4.  A  scoop  ir 
dipper,  from  the  Jlohavc  trtlie,  and  ns  neat  and  original  an  article  in  eartlien- 
waro  as  coidd  well  he  designed  hy  ii  civilized  potter.'  Wh'iiqilv,  Kirl.iinl..  ui'il 
Turner's  Hi  jit.,  p.4('>,  in  I'itc.  11.  Ii.  ]li]il.,  vol.  iii.  '  I'rofessor  t'ox  was  in- 
formed that  the  New  Mexican  Indians  colored  their  pottery  lihu  k  hy  using 
the  gum  of  the  nie/.(pute,  which  has  much  the  np])Ciirance  and  propi  rtii  s  of 
gum  arahic,  and  then  haking  it.  Much  of  the  ancient  jottcry  from  the  Colo- 
rado C'hitiuito  is  colored,  the  jirevailing  tints  being  white,  black,  and  nil.' 
Foster's  I'rv-llist.  Hares,  ]^.  '2n();  lliLvtim's  Adreii.  Mi.r.,  p.  l!'"*.  The  Ynnij  nis 
had  'some  adnnrably  made  baskets  of  so  close  a  texture  as  to  hold  water;  a 
wicker  jar  coated  with  pine  tret?  gum.'  ISitijreaces'  Zuili.  /,>.,  p.  10;  JJoit,  in 
Sclii'i'lcriij't's  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  p.  243. 

9'  Gre'ii/'s  Com.  I'niirivs,  p.  '280.  '  In  regard  to  the  manufacture  of  idum- 
age,  or  feather-work,  they  certainly  display  a  greater  fondness  fcr  dect  ra- 
tions of  this  sort  than  any  Indians  we  have  seen. . ,  I  saw  no  exhibilioii  of 
it  ill  the  wMy  of  embroidery.'  iSiinpson's  Jour.  Mil.  Ilecoii.,  p.  7t>;  TUuinwd, 
Mexiko,  p.  34'J. 


, 


PllOPEUTY. 


r>05 


from  vliich  tliov  mnnuructiircd  oniainents  for  tlicnisclvi's 
iinil  tlu'ir  .sjuMU's  ami  hrullcs.""^ 

TIk'v  hnve  no  houts.  Imt  iiso  raftn  of  \\(mm1.  or  ])i!iullts 
of  iii.slu's  fasti'iud  tij'jtlv  to"i'tlu'r  with  o^il•r  or  \villo\v 
i\\\'^f<.  and  |)ro^>v-ii('(l  .'oiiu'tiiiu'S  witli  poles;  litit  iiioio 
frt'(|iii'Htlv  tlu'V  |)la(v  upon  tlii'  craft  tlitir  |)r«)|i('rtv  an«l 
wives,  ami,  swiniiiiiii*;  alo)i<rsi(U>  of  it.  witli  the  greatest 
easi'  push  it  iK'forc  them.""  For  their  iiiainti'iiam'i', 
esjH'i'ially  in  latter  (lavs,  they  are  indehtetl  in  u  ^reat 
iiieasme  t«)  their  horses,  and  atrordinjily  th  consider 
them  as  their  most  valuahlo  j)roiH'rty.  Tin  N'avajos 
are  larger  st(H'k  owners  than  anv  of  the  oth  r  nations, 
possessinji  numerous  ll(M!ks  of  sheej),  and  h  rds  of  cattle 
iis  wi'll  as  horses  and  nudes.  These,  with  their  I  laiikets, 
tlieii"  /i  <scd  skins,  and  peaches  which  they  cultivate, 
•'onstitute  their  chief  wealth.'"  Certain  hainl-^  of  the 
A])ache  nation  exchanjio  with  the  agriculturists  pottery 
and  skins  lor  jirain.'"  Among  the  Navajos.  husband  and 
wifi'  hold  their  pro^jcrty  separate,  and  at  their  death  it 


'2  '  Mines  (Vargont  f>xploit('rs  pnr  Ifs  rcunniicliPH,  qui  on  lircnt  iIoh  oriic- 
iiifiils  ]Miur  (  nx  <  t  iHiiir  Icms  clu'vunx,  uiiisi  (jUfilt  ^s  Imllt  s  )  our  Iciuh  fusils.' 
hdiiii  iiifh,  iJiiiir.,  p.  \'.\i. 

'"  'I'lic  MfSfiilcros  had  'a  vaft  of  tmlriish  or  cane,  flriattd  and  sniiiwutid 
l)v  smut'  twiiity  or  thirty  hollow  puinpkiiiH  faKtciinl  toj,'t  Ihir.'  /.^'^Al/.l.^' 
'ill.  Mii'i-,  vol.  iii.,  p.  .")().  'Ihc  YuinaH  had  'Imttcaus  ^liich  could  hold  liCO 
(irlii'd  |iounds  wci^lit.'  hi.,  voliv.,  p.  541).  'I'lic  Mojavcs  Imd  •  Ivosm  ii,  iliti 
voii  l!iiisiii-r(ii;i(h'ln  /.nsaiiiiufii),'tfiit,'t  warcii  ( dir  riii/i!.'c  .\rt  vou  Fnhr/i  i:^', 
wcli'hi'  icli  Ixi  (h'li  Ut'Wohncrii  d«H  Colorado-'l  Imlis  In  inciktti.'  .MoIIIk.usi  n, 
Tinii'idih,  p.  KH.  •  Mtrily  liuudh'S  of  rnsln  s  pla<<  d  side  liy  side,  aiid  ki  — 
ciinly  liouud  tou'fthcr  with  willow  twif^'s  ,  .their  <i\viiirs  jiaddli  d  Iht  in  idiout. 
with  cousich^raMc  drxtevity.'  M7(///y)/c.  in  I'or.  It.  II.  It'jil..  vol.  iii.,  ji.  1  l7, 
and  plate.  .Miillliiiitsen,  Jivi-on  in  die  Fdsfixjeh.,  toni.  i.,  pi>.  '^'M,  !i54:  /if.s'  (  nl- 
iinnlii  l!ii\,  p.  (i!>. 

'"  '  Ininiense  nu"d>ers  of  horses  and  Kliei>p,  attestint,'  the  wealth  of  the 
trihe.'    Iris'  Ciiliirdili)    l!ii\.  ))p.  12H.  l.'til.      'They   Jiossi  ss   more    wealth   tliall 

all  the  other  wild  tribes  in  XewMi  xieo  eond)iiied.'  '<'/•(((■(.<.  in  Iml.  .[(!',  lUi'l,, 
IH.'it,  p.  17!l.  '  They  are  owners  of  larije  tloeks  and  heids.'  /;(/(/,  in  SiJui.l- 
cri/l's  Airli.,  vol.  i.,  p.  '2V.i;  Knton,  in  Srhunlvrifl's  Airli.,  vol.  iv..  p.  "JIT; 
Hurl.  11.^.  in  ,^rliiiiilrr<ilVn  Avrli..  vol.  iv.,  pp.  21 1,  Ul'2;  Sn  ms  in  tin-  Iti  rl, //  .l.'/.s,, 
p.  ISd;  liiir'in'  El  (Iriiiiji),  p.  Ill;  l.ilhiriiiiDi,  in  Sm'tlisi  iiUia  Jtifil..  IN").'),  ].|). 
2'.M -'J;  ilnllnfiii,  in  Nuiirillvs  AniitikK  iks  Vinj.,  lH."il,  toni.  exxxi.,  p.  'J!"'.!; 
Prir'nird's  \<it.  Hist.  Man,  vol.  ii  ,  p.  .")('>7;  ""-//i  .<'  Iiiiniiiliiin's  I'.v..  \).  iT.'t; 
P'ti'is'  Life  of  t 'arson,  p.  121;  Thiiinwil,  .]i;,dl,ii,  ji.  lilV;  Siiiiiisiiii'.-<  Jinr. 
Mi'.  liWiiii.,  p.  7',t;  I'nlimr,  in  llorim'n  Slmi.,  vol.  xvii..  \).  llIO;  Vivinoin's 
A/xirJus,  ]).  2'i4;   Hiiiori/'s  Hrroiiiiniss'iiirf,  p.  (i(). 

'''The  Jiearilhi  .\pa<-hes  '  nianufaeture  n  sjiecies  of  eoarse  <'arthenware, 
which  they  exchant,'e  for  corn  and  wheat.'  luillily,  in  Iml.  -I;/".  Uijil.,  Itij'A. 
p.  II.').  StruUuit'n  (.'apt.  Outm<m  Girls,  p.  123. 


506 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


l)ecomo.s  tlio  iiilicritaiice  of  the  nopliew  or  iiioco.  Tliis 
hiw  of  oiitail  i.s  often  eliuloJ  Ijy  the  piireiits,  ^vlu)  before 
tleutli  give  their  goods  to  their  cliildren.""  Their  ex- 
(ihiiiiges  jire  governed  by  caprice  rather  than  b\  estab- 
lished vahies.  Sometimes  they  will  give  a  valuable 
blanket  for  a  trilling  ornament.  The  Mojaves  have  a 
spe(!ies  of  currency  which  they  call  'pool',  consisting  of 
strings  of  shell  beads,  whose  value  is  detei'mined  by  the 
length/"  At  the  time  of  Coronado's  expedition,  in  15  10, 
the  Comanehes  possessed  great  numl)ers  of  dogs,  which 
they  enn)loyed  in  trans^wrting  their  buft'alo-skin  tents 
and  scanty  houwhold  utensils.'"*  When  a  buffalo  is 
killed,  the  successful  hunter  claims  only  the  hide;  the 
others  are  at  liberty  to  help  themselves  to  the  meat  ac- 
4'onling  to  their  necessities.**  In  their  trading  transac- 
tions they  display  much  shrewdness,  and  yet  are  free 
from  the  tricks  usually  resorted  to  by  other  nations."* 
Their  knowledge  of  decorative  art  is  limited,  paint- 

!"■'  '  T)rts  Eit^ontlinin  di's  Vatera  nichtanf  tlen  Sobu  iiborf^'flit,  suntltTU  class 
Ni'ffi'ii  mill  Nich'fii  iils  dii!  n'chtmiissii,'on  Erben  iiiicrknmit  wcrilcii  wonii 
iiiclit  (li'f  VattT  Ix'i  Lchzcitcn  schoii  sciiui  Hiibo  an  din  fiLji'licn  Kiiidcr  fjc- 
schiiikt  hilt,'  Afii'lliitusi  It,  lli-isiii  indie  Fvlacwuh.,  torn,  ii.,  p. 'ili-l.  '  Tin-  hiis- 
biind  liiis  no  control  ovrr  the  property  of  his  wife. . .  .Property  ilocs  not  do- 
sfciid  from  fuflifr  to  son,  but  f^oes  to  the  nei>lu'\v  of  the  decedent,  or,  in 
default  of  a  ni'phew,  to  tlie  niece.  .  .  .but  if,  while  liviiij.;,  he  distributes  his 
]iroiii'rty  to  his  children,  that  disposition  is  ri>co;j;nised.'  LvUi'-rinnn.  in  Smilli- 
soitlitii  III  jit.,  IS.")"),  p|).  '2'.»l  ">.  'When  the  father  dies.  . .  a  fair  division  is 
not  inaile;  the  strongest  n^uallv  aet  the  bulk  of  the  ettect.s.'  Jirixtnl,  in  Jnil. 
Af.  Ilii>t.  Sprc  <'oiii.,  1S()7,  p.  rt57. 

"■  ''I'lie  blankets,  thouj^'h  not  pnrclmsable  with  money. ..  .were  sold,  in 
some  instances,  for  the  most  trilling?  article  of  ornanu'nt  or  clothinj^'.'  Simii- 
smi's  .lour.  Mil.  lii'fiiii.,  )).  HI.  Shell  beads,  which  they  call  'pook,'  are  their 
Kubstituto  for  m  incy."    Whipiik,  in  P<ic.  R.  I!,  liejil.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  115. 

''The  Qnerechos  encountered  by  C'oron.ido  had  with  them  '  un  ^'rand  Irou- 
l)eau  de  chiens  qui  portaient  tout  ce  qu"ils  j)o.ssedaieut.'  ('((stiifniln,  in  Tii- 
■ii(iii.i--('iiiiii)itns,  \'i>i/.,  serie  i.,  torn,  ix.,  p.  117.  'The  oidy  property  of  these 
jieoph',  with  the  exception  of  a  few  articles  belonj,'in<,'  to  their  domestic  econ- 
omy, consists  entirely  in  horses  and  mules.'  Miiir.ij's  Aiini/  J.ij'r.  ji.  '-''J;  Ihiin- 
ruri'li's  Ihsi'rta,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '2;{;  KoDUily's  Ti.tits,  vol.  i.,  \ts  'M~ ;  Mani/'.i  lUjit., 
p.  IHH;   MiilllKiK.ieii,  Ta<ji}>nvh,  pp.  110-17. 

911  ' 'I'liere  are  no  subdivisions  of  land  acknowledged  in  their  teiriliiry, 
and  no  exclusive  ri^dit  of  t^ame.'  Xilghhitrn,  in  SihiHilinift'a  Anli  ,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
l.'tl.     '  Tlieir  code  is  strictly  Spartan.'  .l/(/)v_y',s  Artni/  Lin  .  p.  '2',i. 

luo  '  'I'liey  are  sufViciently  astute  in  dealing,'.'  Hiirncl,  in  S:-liiiiilrriijTs  A  rch., 
vol.  i..  p.  '2'i\2.  '  Le  chef  d<'s  Indiens  choisit,  jiarnii  ces  objets,  ceiix  qui 
sont  m'l'css.iires  a  sa  trilui.'  Sac.  U<!oii.,  Jhtlletin,  serie  v..  No.  !Mi,  p.  I'.Kt.  '  In 
Coiiianciie  trade  the  mai'i  trouble  consists  in  lixiii^;  the  (irice  of  tlu^  first 
animal.  This  beim,'  selth'd  by  the  chiefs.'  '//v-i/'/'.s  Citin.  I'niirii.i,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
b".:  I'arhrr's  .V-Zcs  mi  '/'.-,r.,  pp.  ]!H),  '2;U;  liitvnvl,  in  ScfiitnlcivjTs  Arclt.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  '131;  Uoiiuuivlt,  Juur.,  p.  130;  JJttnvs'  Texus,  p.  311. 


ART  AND  CALENDAR. 


507 


inns  find  sculptures  of  men  and  anininls.  rudoly  exe- 
ciitt'd  on  rock.s  or  walls  of  caverns  are  occasionally  met 
with;  whether  intended  as  hieroglyphical  representa- 
tions, or  sketched  during  the  idle  moments  of  some  hud- 
ding  genius,  it  is  difficult  to  determine,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  tiie  statements  of  the  various  authors  who  have  in- 
vestigated the  suhject  are  contlicting.*"'  The  Comanches 
display  a  certain  taste  in  painting  their  l)ull'alo-rol)es, 
shields,  and  tents.  The  system  of  enumeration  of  the 
Apaches  exhibits  a  regularity  and  dilfusiveness  seldom 
met  with  amongst  wild  tril)es,  and  their  language  con- 
tains all  the  terms  for  counting  up  tt)  ten  thousand.^"-  In 
this  respect  the  Comanches  are  very  deficient;  what  little 
knowledge  of  arithmetic  they  have  is  decimal,  and  when 
counting,  the  aid  of  their  fingers  or  presence  of  some 
actual  object  is  necessary,  being,  as  they  are,  in  total  ig- 
norance of  the  snnplest  arithmetical  calculation.  The 
rising  sun  proclaims  to  them  a  new  day;  beyond  this 
they  have  no  computation  or  division  of  time.  The}' 
know  nothing  of  the  motions  of  the  earth  or  heavenly 
bodic's.  though  they  recognise  the  fixedness  of  the  polar 
star.''" 

Their  social  organization,  like  all  their  manners  and 
customs,  is  governed  by  their  wild  and  migratory  life. 
Government  they  have  i^one.     IJorn  and  bred  with  the 

II"  Mr  Tlii'tlctf,  <l('stn'il>in}j  im  excursion  lie  made  to  tin  Sierrii  Wiieo  luur 
the  ('iiiijicr  .Mines  in  New  Mexico,  says,  lie  siiw  '  iin  overliaiij^iuu  vock  ex- 
t' iiiliiiL;  for  some  distance,  the  \vhol<' surface  of  wliicli  is  covered  wit ii  rndo 
l)iiiiliiii!s  and  sculptures,  representin-,'  men,  animals,  birds,  snakes,  and  fan- 
tastic fiLtines  ,  .  some  of  them,  evidently  of  threat  a},'(>,  lial  heen  Jiailly 
defa<  1(1  to  make  room  for  more  recent  devices.'  Jinrlklt'n  /V/'s.  \iir.,  vol.  i., 
jip.  ITt)  4,  with  <'uts.  In  .\ri/.ona,  Kniory  fotind  'a  mound  of  j,'rHn't(  lioid- 
dcrs...  covered  with  unknown  cliarai'ters  ...On  the  f,'round  near  hy  weni 
also  traces  of  some  of  the  ti,L;ures,  showing  some  of  the  hieroj^lypliics,  at 
least,  to  have  I'eeu  the  work  of  modern  Indians.'  Kniuri/'s  Hicniiiicissiiiiri^ 
ji|i.  N'.t,  '.Ml.  with  cut.  The  Comanches  'aimaieiit  heancoup  leH  inui^'i  s,  (jti'iU 
ne  sc  lassaii'iit  pas  d'admirer.'   Ihimtncrh,  Jmir.,  \t.  !.'!('). 

'"■-'  'The  .\paclies  count  ten  thousand  with  as  much  ref^ularity  as  we  do. 
They  even  make  use  of  the  decinud  secpu^nces.'  Crininhi/'s  Aintilns.  p.  "..'17. 

i"''Tliey  have  no  computation  of  time  heyond  the  seasons  tln' cold 
and  hot  season  ..  .frecpiently  count  liy  the  Caddo  mode  -from  one  to  ten, 
and  liy  tens  to  ono  hundred.  A-c.  ...'Ihey  are  ignt)rant  of  the  eletnents  of 
li.,'iires.'  \'i'ililiiir!<,  in  SchnDlrrdft's  Arrli.,  vol.  ii.,  jiji.  I'JK-IUt.  '  Ce  (pTils 
savrni  d'astrononiio  8o  Ixune  a  la  Cf)nnaissanco  dt!  I'ettyile  polaire.  .  .  l/ar- 
itliiiii'tiijue  (Its  i^auvaj^es  est  sur  leurs  doij^ts;.  .  .  .11  leur  fant  absulumint  uu 
oliji  •  p(jur  uumlirer.'  Ilaiiiiaum  and  Miltunl,  7"t.r.,  pp.  II'J-IJ. 


508 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


idea  i.f  perfect  personal  freedom,  all  restraint  is  unen- 
durable.'"* The  nominal  authority  vested  in  the  war 
chief,  is  obtained  by  election,  and  is  sul)or<linate  to  the 
comicil  of  warriors.'"^  Every  father  holds  undis})ute(l 
sway  o\er  his  children  until  the  age  of  puberty.  Ills 
power,  importance,  and  inlluence  at  the  council-liie  is 
detei-niined  l)y  the  amount  of  his  slaves  and  other  prop- 
erty.'"*' Those  specially  distinguished  by  their  cuiniing 
and  prowess  in  war,  or  success  in  the  chase,  are  chosen 
as  chiefs. 

A  chief  may  at  any  time  be  deimsed.'"^  Sometimes 
it  liappens  that  (me  family  retains  the  chieftaincy  in  a 
tribe  diu"ing  several  generations,  because  of  the  bravery 
or  wealth  of  tiie  sons.""*  In  time  of  peace  but  little  au- 
thority is  vested  in  the  chief;  but  on  the  war  piith,  to 
ensure  success,  his  commands  are  implicitly  obeyed.     It 

'"*  The  Xuvnjos  have  no  trilnil  govrrnment,  and  in  reality  no  cliicfs.  T.dlii'r- 
nmn,  in  Smillisoiiifni  ltij>(.,  IK.")"!,  p.  '28S.  ''J'hcir  form  of  gdvcrniin  nt  is  so 
cxeci'dinirl.v  jiriniitive  us  to  l)i>  hiinlly  worthy  the  niiinc  of  ii  iioliliciil  orj,'iiiii- 
Ziitiiiii.'  Itiiris'  Kl  (Intnjn,  pp.  412,  413;  Ivix'  dilimido  Itiv.,  p.  71.  'Us  n'oiit 
juinais  coiinn  (1(>  doinination.'  <Soc.  (Icoii.,  liidhthi.  serie.  v.,  Xo.  W\,  p.  ls7. 
'Each  is  sovcrcif^n  in  liis  own  ri>,'ht  as  a  warrior.'  ('rnnovi/'s  AjkiiIks,  p.  177. 

'"■>  '  It  is  my  opinion  that  the  Navajo  eliiefs  have  but  very  little  inlluence 
with  their  jHoiile.'  lioualt,  in  Iwl.  Aff.  li  pL,  IWi'.t,  p.  238,  and  lh70,  p.  152: 
Jirisliil,  in  IikI.  Af.  livpt.  Spec.  Com.',  l.St;?,  p.  357. 

'"li  'Los  pailres  di'  familia  ejereen  esta  autoridad  en  tnnto  que  Ids  liijos 
no  salen  ile  la  infau'-ia,  ponpie  poco  antes  de  salir  de  la  pnhertad  son  eonio 
lihres  y  no  reconoi'en  mas  supcrioridad  (pie  sns  jiropias  I'uer/iis,  ('i  la  di  1 
indio  (jue  los  manda  en  la  eamiaifia.'  IV/o.sro,  Xulirhts  de  Sdiiont.  jij).  •iH2-ll. 
'  I'lvcry  vicli  man  has  many  dependants,  and  these  dependants  are  obitliciit 
to  his  will,  in  ju'ace  and  in  war.'  lidi-Ln.'t,  in  SclionlcrdjV.s  Airh.,  vol.  iv.,  \>. 
211;  7V/(  liroi'ch-,  in  Sihodlrrd/I's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  KO.  'Every  one  who  has 
a  ifw  horses  and  sheep  is  a  "head  man."  '  Jjilicnuttn,  in  Stiiitliminhdi  Itijit., 
l'Sr)'i,  p.  2SS;  Mdllli'tiisdi,  liiiscii  ill  ilk  Filseinnh.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  23:!.  The  rult! 
of  the  Qnerechos  is  'essentially  i)iitriarchal.'  Marci/'.i  Anni/  Life.  )).  2(1. 

""  '  Wheu  one  or  more  (of  the  Navajos)  .u'e  suceessful  in  hnttle  or  fortu- 
nate in  their  raids  to  the  settlements  on  the  Itio  (Jraiide,  he  is  endowed  with 
the  title  of  eai)tain  or  chief."  lirixtnl,  in  lud.  .[{T.  Itipt.,  ]8<'>7,  )>.  3.")7.  'In 
eual((niera  de  estas  iucorporaeioiu's  toma  el  mando  dil  todo  por  eoniun  c<iii- 
hentiiiiiento  el  mas  aereditado  de  valiente.'  ('iiriliri>,\x\  Oroicn  y  ISirni.  Ui-n. 
firo/iii,  ]).  373.  The  ("omanches  have  'a  rij^ht  to  displace  a  chief,  and  elci't 
his  successor,  at  j)lcasure.'  luiini'di/'s  YV.ivf.s',  vol.  i.,  j).  34(!.  A  <hiet  of  th<' 
Coiaanclies  is  never  degraded  '  for  any  jirivate  act  unconnected  with  the  wi  I- 
f  are  of  the  whole  tribe.'  SclnKilcnift's  Anh..\o\.  ii.,  j).  130. 

It'"  The  olHce  of  (diief  is  not  hereditaiy  with  the  Xavajos.  f'lrinoiii/'s  . \}uicli- 
rs,  p.  3(17.  The  wise  old  men  of  the  Querechos  curb  the  imjtetuosity  of  ani- 
bitious  younj,'er  warriors.'  .}ftircy's  Annif  J,ife,  p. '20.  'I  infer  that  rank  is 
(aaiony  the  Mojaves),  to  some  extent,  hereditary.'  fres'  Ciilnriidd  liir.,  ])p. 
<i7,  71.  'This  captain  is  often  the  oldest  son  of  the  chief,  and  iisstunes  the 
coiiiiuand  of  the  ti'ibeon  thedeath  of  his  father,'  amony  the  Apaches.  Jhnri/, 
in  SclundcrajTs  Anh.,  vol.  v.,  p.  210. 


COMANCHE  GOVERNAIENT. 


509 


also  frequently  happens  that  chiefw  are  chosen  to  lead 
some  pai'ticular  war  or  marauding  exi)edition,  their  au- 
thority expiring  innnediately  ujxjn  their  return  honie.^"' 

Among  the  Comanches  public  councils  are  held  at 
regular  intervals  during  the  year,  when  matters  i>ertain- 
iiig  to  the  eonunon  weal  are  discussed,  laws  made,  thefts, 
s('(liti(ms,  nuu'ders,  and  other  crimes  punished,  and  the 
(|uanels  of  warrior-chiefs  settled.  Smaller  councils  are 
also  held,  in  which,  as  well  as  in  the  larger  ones,  all  are 
free  to  express  their  opinion.""  Questions  laid  before 
them  are  taken  under  consideration,  a  long  time  fre- 
(|ueutly  elapsing  before  a  decision  is  made,  (ireat  care 
is  taken  that  the  decrees  of  the  meeting  shall  be  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  opinion  and  wishes  of  the  majority. 
Laws  are  promulgated  by  a  public  crier,  who  ranks  next 
to  the  chief  in  dignity."' 

Ancestral  customs  and  traditions  govern  the  decisions 
(»f  the  councils;  brute  force,  or  right  of  the  strongest, 
with  the  law  of  talion  in  its  widest  acceptance,  direct 
tbe  mutual  relations  of  tribes  and  individuals."-    Murder, 

'"''  The  ^[(lsf'nlol•ns  and  Apaches  '  choose  a  heud-niau  to  direct  affairs  for 
thti  time  Ixiu;,'.'  Carliloi),  in  SinitlisonUin  Jk/it.,  1^54,  j).  'A15.  '  Es  j^mM  aiieh 
Si;iiiiiiie,  ail  (h'reii  Spitze  ein  Krie^s- sowie  ein  Friedoiis-lfaui)tliii^' stelit.' 
Aiiiiiii,  l)its  ILulhje  JlixiLo,  p.  279;  Uarcia  L'ondt,va.  ISoc.  Mux.  Ukiij.,  liuldiii, 
tout,  v.,  J).  .'{IT). 

'in  When  Col.  Lanf,'>)erfJ!  visited  the  Comanches  who  inhabit  the  liolson 
(Ic  Jrapinii,  'wiirde  dieser  Stannu  von  eiiU'r  alten  Fran  aiigefiihrt."  Fiinhd, 
Alls  Aiiii'i'ikn,  torn,  ii.,  \\.  222;  Id.,  i'mt.  Auier.,  p.  352;  Hnnh/'s  'Inir.,  ]>.  'MH. 
'  I  have  n(^ver  known  them  (Comanches)  to  make  a  tri'aty  that  a  portion  of 
tlie  tribe  do  not  violate  its  stipnlations  before  one  jear  rolls  aruvnid.'  yi'K/U- 
^./v,  in  /,((/.  Alt:  ]{ii>t.,  lHr,7,  p.  '2(57. 

'"  The  chiefs  of  the  Comanches  'are  in  turn  subject  to  tlu;  control  of  a 
|irincipal  chief.'  h'mia'ili/'s  Ti.vhk,  vol.  i.,  p.  ;!t").  'La  autoridad  central  (h: 
Ml  ijolpienio  reside  en  un  {^efe  siipr<'iiio.'  l\i  ristit  I'uvtifu'd,  toni.  i..  p.  57;  Ks- 
rmiro,  S'litirina  <lf  ('Inhiiiihiiii,  \}.  'IiU.  The  st)utliern  Conialiclies  '  do  not  of 
Lite  years  acknowled^'e  the  sovereif^iity  of  a  coninion  ruler  and  h  ader  in  their 
iiiiitid  councils  nor  in  war.'  Marri/'s  Arnnj  Uff,  p.  43.  The  (iila  Apadiea 
nckiio\vledf,'e  'no  common  head  or  superior.'  Merriicdlier,  in  Ltd.  Alt'.  Unit., 
1S.-.4,  pp.  170,  172. 

'I-  I'lie  Comanches  'hrld  re<;ular  councils  (piarterly,  and  a  j^'rand  council 
of  the  whole  tribe  once  iv  year."  Kdinirds'  Hist,  '/'i.e.,  p.  KIH.  •  .\t  these 
councils  prisoners  of  war  are  tried,  as\v(>ll  as  all  cas(>s  of  adultery,  theft,  si'di- 
lioiiand  iiiurder,  which  are  iiunishi'd  by  ileath.  The  grand  council  al^o  takes 
cnuiiii/.auce  of  all  disputes  between  the  chiefs,  and  other  niattirs  of  import- 
iiiice."  .Miiillnrils  Hi.it.  yV.r.,  p.  244.  'Their  decisions  are  of  but  little  iiio- 
iiieiit,  unless  tliey  meet  tile  approbation  of  the  mass  of  the  j)eo|)le;  and  for 
tills  reason  these  councils  are  exceecUngly  careful  not  to  run  cuiinter  to  the 
wIsIk  s  (if  tile  poorer  but  more  numerous  class,  bcint;  aware  of  the  dillieully. 
if  uut  iuipoiiisibility,  of  eufuruinjj  any  uct  that  would  uut  couiiuaud  their 


610 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


adultery,  theft,  unci  .sedition  are  puni.slied  with  death  or 
piibHc  exposure,  or  settled  by  private  agreeincut  or  the 
interposition  of  elderly  warriors.  The  doctoi*  I'ailing  to 
cure  his  patient  must  be  punished  by  death.  The  court 
of  justice  is  the  council  of  the  triJje,  presided  over  by 
the  chiefs,  the  latter  with  the  assistance  of  sub-chiels, 
rigidly  executing  judgment  upon  the  culjjrits."'  All 
crimes  may  be  i)ardoned  but  murder,  which  nnist  pay 
blood  for  blood  if  the  avenger  overtake  his  victim."^ 

All  the  natives  of  this  family  hold  captives  as  slaves;"* 
some  treat  them  kindly,  employing  the  men  as  herders 

approval.'  Collins,  in  TiuJ.  Aff.  lifpl.,  1857,  p.  274.  '  SiiiRnlis  pnp;is  siii  RpruH 
tJriiut,  (jni  p(;r  i)riiec'oiies  snos  edietii  ixipulo  (leinintiiibiiiit.'  J)i'  I.iot,  .Vi-ck.s 
Or^iin,  p.  :tl  1 .  '  Tieiu'H  otm  I'ersoniv,  (pie  lliininn  Prt- {^onero,  \  f «  In  s('f,'nii(lii 
P(.'rs((iiii  de  lii  liepilblit'ii;  f>l  oficio  de  este,  en  uiituifeNtur  ill  I'lielilo  todas  las 
fosits  (jiu-  sf  hail  de  liactr.'  T<)r(juetna(l<i,  ^fomlr(|.  hid.,  torn,  ii.,  ]>.  'Ml;  Id., 
to!ii.  i.,  p.  <iH().  They  recdsnize  'no  law  but  that  of  individual  cainict'.' 
l-'I'i-li-.  in  liid.  Aff.  liijiL,  IHl!;),  p.  lO'J.  The  Coniiujches  ' ackiiowhd^'e  no 
ri;,'ht  but  the  i'it,'ht  of  the  strongest.'  Schitolrnift's  Arrli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  r)7">.  •  J.a 
loi  du  taliiiu  est  la  base  fondanientnle  dn  code  p(diti(ine,  eivil  <'t  eriiiiiiiel  de 
CCS  divei'ses  peuplades,  et  cette  loi  re(,'oit  mie  rigonrense  application  <le  na- 
tion a  nation,  tie  fainille  a  famille,  d'individu  a  individu.'  llttrUmuia  ninl 
Milld.d,  7V.f.,  J).  114. 

"■■'  The  Conianches  punish  'Adultery,  theft,  murder,  and  other  crimes.  . 
by  established  usage.'  Ki'inu'di/'s  Ti,ms,  vol.  i.,  ]).  1147.  Among  the  Navajos, 
'  liew.lness  is  ptmished  by  a  public  exposure  of  the  culprit."  Snitis  in  lla' 
li'ifhi/  .lA/.s'.  p.  180.  Muiry's  Aniii/  Life,  pp.  '2(>,  .'50.  Navajocs  '  regard  each 
other's  right  of  ju'operty,  and  punish  with  great  severity  any  one  who  in- 
fringes uiMtii  it.  Ill  one  ease  a  Navajo  was  found  stealing  a  horse;  they  held 
a  council  and  i)ut  him  to  death.'  Uri.slol,  in  Ind.  A_ff.  Uiftt.  Sfuv.  ('inn.,  W,7, 
J),  itli.  X  Cuchano  young  boy  who  frightened  a  child  by  foretelling  its 
death,  wliii'h  accidentally  took  place  the  ne.\t  day.  '  was  secretly  accused  and 
tried  Itefnre  th(!  council  for  "being  under  the  intinenceof  evil  si)irits,"  '  and 
put  to  deatli.  Eiiioni's  Jii'i't.  V.  .S.  lual  J/f.r.  liouudnrj/  .Sum j/,  \o\  i.,  ji.  iii.; 
Fi'itl-if,  in  liid.  .Iff.  lii'itl.,  1H(!8,  p.  i;{7.  Among  the  Yuni'as.  'Each  clii.f 
l)unislies  delin(|Uent.s  by  beating  them  across  the  hiu^k  with  a  stick.  Crimi- 
nals brought  before  the  general  council  for  examination,  if  convicted,  arc 
placed  ill  the  hands  of  a  regularly  appointed  executioner  of  the  tribe,  who 
indicts  such  punishment  as  th*  council  may  direct.'  Emory's  Jiijit.  I'.  .S.  Knd 
Mi.t.  liiiiuiditrii  Snrvry,  vol.  i.,  p.  iii. 

"1  The  .Vpache  chief  Ponce,  speaking  of  the  grief  of  a  \wox  woman  at 
the  loss  of  her  sou,  says:  'The  mother  of  the  dt'ad  brave  demands  the  life 
of  his  murderer.  Nothing  else  will  satisfy  her.  .  .  .Would  money  satisfy  me 
for  tlie  death  of  my  son?  No!  I  would  demand  the  blood  of  the  nnirdi-rer. 
Then  I  would  be  satisfied.'  Cnnnmy'.t  Ajiurlirs.  j).  (lit.  '  If  one  man  (A]iache) 
kills  another,  the  next  of  kin  to  the  defunct  individual  may  kill  the  niunh  rer 
— if  he  can.  He  has  the  right  to  challenge  hiui  to  single  combat. . .  Tlicre 
is  no  trial,  no  set  council,  no  regular  examination  into  the  crime  orits  causes; 
but  the  oid.'al  of  battle  settles  the  whole  matter.'   Id.,  p.  2'.K\. 

"'  hoitivwfh's  Di'Hi'iix,  vol.  ii.,  j).  7;  Ldhirinun,  in  Sniillisiinitin  llipl.,  IH.IS, 
p.  '2!t4.  '  lis  (Comanclii's)  tueiit  tons  les  prisonnierK  adultes,  et  lie  laisseiit 
vivre  (pie  les  enfaiis.'  IHIlnn.  Hi.sl.  Mix.,  p.  'JH.  The  Navajos  '  hav(  in  their 
j>ossession  many  prisoners,  men,  women,  and  children, .. .  whom  they  hold 
ami  treat  as  slaveH.'  Jkiit,  in  HvhoulcrajTii  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  p.  244. 


TREATMENT  OF  WOMEX. 


611 


and  marrying  tlie  women ;  others  half-.^tarve  and  soourfio 
tliein,  and  inllict  on  them  the  most  painful  hihors.'"' 
Xotliing  short  of  crucifixion,  roasting  hy  a  slow  fire,  or 
some  other  most  excruciating  form  of  deatli,  can  atone  the 
crime  of  attempted  escape  from  hondage.  'J'hey  not  onl y 
steal  children  from  other  trihes  and  sell  them,  but  carry 
on  a  most  unnatnrjil  traffic  in  their  own  ollspring.^'^ 

AVomankind  as  nsual  is  not  respected.  The  female 
child  receives  little  care  from  its  mother,  being  oidy  of 
collateral  advantage  to  the  tribe.  Later  she  becomes 
the  beast  of  burden  and  slave  of  her  husband.  Souie 
celebrate  the  entry  into  womanhood  with  feasting  and 
dancing."**      Courtship  is  simple  and  brief;  the  wooer 


i""' Oup  lioy  from  Mexico  taken  by  the  Comanchcs,  said,  'dass  seiii  G»- 
nobiift  in  diT  (it'fanj,'('iisi-liaft  dariii  bcstelie  die  ricrde  Hciius  Hirni  zu  wci- 
dt'U.'  h'l'Dc'icI,  Ans  Aint'rihi,  toin.  ii.,  J).  IU'2;  (ireiiij's  Vmn.  J'ldir'ns,  vol.  ii.,  ]i. 
;ii;{.  The  natives  of  New  Mexieo  take  the  women  j)iis()ners  'for  wives.' 
Marri/'s  Itijit..  j).  187.  Some  prisoners  liberated  from  the  Comnnehes,  were 
eouniietely  eovered  with  strijies  and  bruises.  Ikinex'  'I'l.ais,  j).  'SM.  Jliss 
Olive  Oatiiian  detained  anionj,'  the  Mohaves  says:  'They  invented  modes  and 
seemed  to  create  necessities  of  labor  that  they  might  t,'ratify  themselves  by 
taxinj;  ns  to  the  utmost,  and  even  took  unwarranted  delij^ht  in  whipjiing  us 
on  beyond  our  strenjj;th.  .And  all  their  recjuests  and  exactions  were  couched 
in  the  most  insuitiuL,'  and  tauntinj,'  hmj^'uage  and  manner,  as  it  thiii  seenied, 
mid  as  they  had  the  frankness  soon  to  confess,  to  fnm(i  their  hate  against 
the  race  to  whom  we  belon<,'ed.  Often  under  the  frown  and  lash  were  we 
c()iii|)eHe(l  to  lalior  for  whole  days  upon  an  allowance  amply  sufficient  to 
stiirve  a  common  dandy  civilized  idler.'  titration's  Cdjil.  Odtiintii  Liiiis,  \  p. 
114-lS,  l;iU. 

"■'  'It  api>eared  that  the  poor  j,'irl  had  lieen  stolen,  as  the  Indian  (.\xua) 
saiil.  from  tlie  Yuma  tribe  the  day  before,  and  he  now  ofl'ered  her  for  sale." 
ll'inli/'s  Trie-.,  j).  ;(7'.l.  'The  practice  of  })arents  selling  their  children  is 
auother  proof  of  poverty  '  of  the  Axuans.    Id.,  p.  ,'t71. 

''■I  '  .\ccordiii|,'  to  their  (Tontos')  physiolc>},'y  the  female,  especially  the 
youu^'  female,  should  be  allowed  meat  only  when  mcessary  to  prevent  star- 
vation.' Slriillnii's  Viiiit.  0''hii(ta  divls,  p.  115.  The  t'omanches  'enter  the 
"iagt'  state  at  a  very  early  n<^c  frequently  before  tin  ai^e  of  jiuberty.' 
>  ii'lmrs,  in  Schndlfra/t'x  Anli.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  lli'i.  Whenever  a  .liearilla  female 
arnves  at  a  uiarriageable  aj;e,  in  honor  of  the  'event  thi'  ]iarentswill  sac- 
rilice  all  the  proiierty  they  jiossess,  the  ceremony  beinj,'  jirotracted  from  ti\e 
to  ten  days  with  every  deuntnstration  of  hilarilj'.'  Sli'c/,\  in  //,(/,  ,|^/'.  Uipt., 
Wu\.  p.  l(l',»;  Mni'iji's  Aniit/  Li/c.  \>.  '2!S-!t.  Amoiif,'  the  Yumas.  the  a]i|iliiiiiit 
fur  womaidiood  is  placed  in  an  oven  or  closely  eovend  hut.  in  wliieh  slie  is 
steamed  for  three  days,  alternating  the  treatment  with  plunges  into  the  ntar 
river,  and  niiiintaining  a  fast  all  the  time.'  Juikdi/'s  Ui/iI.  l'.  S.  iiuil  .l/r.r. 
Il'iiiii'luri/  Slim//,  vol.  i.,  l)p.  110-11.  The  Apaches  celebrate  a  feast  with 
singing,  dancing,  and  mimic  disjjlay  when  a  girl  arrives  at  the  marriigeablc 
state  during  which  time  the  girl  renniins  '  isolated  in  a  hugt^  loilge  '  and 
'listens  patiently  to  the  resi)onsibilities  of  her  marriageable  condition,' re- 
c  >unti'(l  to  her  by  the  old  men  and  chiefs.  '  .\fter  it  is  finished  she  is  di- 
vested of  hi  r  eyebrows  A  month  afterward  the  eye  lashes  are  pulh  d  out.' 
Vremony's  Apaclics,  pp.  143,  '243  0. 


'612 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


pays  for  his  bride  and  takes  her  home.""  Everyman 
may  liave  all  the  wives  he  can  buy.  There  is  generally 
a  favorite,  or  chief  wife,  who  exercises  authority  over 
the  others.  As  iK)lygamy  causes  a  greater  division 
of  labor,  the  women  do  not  object  to  it.'""  k^ome- 
times  a  feast  of  horse-flesh  celebrates  a  marriage.'-^  All 
the  labor  of  preparing  food,  tanning  skins,  cultivating 
fields,  making  clothes,  and  building  houses,  falls  to  the 
women,  the  men  considering  it  beneath  their  dignity  to 
do  anything  but  hunt  and  fight.  The  women  I'eed  and 
saddle  the  horses  of  their  lords;  oftentimes  they  are 
cruelly  beaten,  nuitilated,  and  even  put  to  death.'"     The 

""  Thoro  is*  no  niarringo  ooromony  amonp;  the  Nnvnjors  '  a  yonnp  mnn 
M'isliini,'  a  woman  for  his  wifi;  ascertains  who  her  father  is;  he  g(jes  and 
states  the  cause  of  liis  visit  and  otters  from  one  to  fifteen  horses  for  thn 
<hiu;4hter.  The  consent  of  the  fatlier  is  absolute,  and  tlie  one  so  jiurehased 
assents  or  is  taken  away  hy  force.  All  the  marriaf,'eahle  women  or  stjuaws 
in  a  family  can  be  taken  in  a  similar  manner  by  the  same  individual;  i.  e., 
he  can  purtdjase  wives  as  lon}^  as  his  jirojx'rty  holds  out.'  Ilrislnl.  in  hid. 
A(f'.  Iti'i)t.  Slier.  I'diii.,  18(J7,  ]).  ;t57;  JAnrz/'.s  Anny  JJj'i',  p.  ■!!•;  li(tckm,\n 
iSrlioolcrn/l's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  214;  I'arlii'r's  Nolfs  on  VV.r.,  p.  'ilt.'l. 

'•"'  Auioufj;  the  .\])aches,  the  lover  'stakes  his  horse  in  front  of  her  roo.st 
.  .  .  .Siiould  the  f^'irl  favor  the  suitor,  his  horse  is  taken  by  her,  led  to  water, 
fed,  and  secured  in  front  of  his  lod}i;o .  .  .  .  Four  days  comprise  the  term 
allowed  her  for  an  answer.  . . .  A  ready  acceptance  is  apt  to  be  criticised  with 
some  severity,  while  a  tardy  one  is  ret,'arded  as  the  extreme  of  eo<|U(try.' 
('reiiii)iii/'s  .l/)'/(7i(.s,  pj).  "i-l")-!);  Ten  Jiroeck.  in  SrlioolrwjTsAnli.,  vol.  iv., 
ji.  H'.};  Miin-j/'a  Aniu/  Life,  pp.  30,  51.  The  Apache  'who  cj^n  support  or 
hee]),  or  attract  by  his  power  to  keep,  the  f,'reatest  number  of  women,  is  the 
luan  who  is  d<'cmed  entitled  to  the  fireatest  amount  of  honor  and  resiiect.' 
Criiiitiiii/'s  Ai>iiclns,  jip.  44,  Hit.  I'n  Comanche,  'pent  ('pouser  auliint  do 
femmes  (pi'il  veut,  a  la  soule  condition  de  doiiner  a  chacune  iin  clieval.' 
Ihiiiunwh.  .fiiiir,,  p.  i;!o.  Amon({  tlie  Navajoes,  '  The  wife  last  idiosin  is 
idways  mistress  of  her  predecessors.'  Wliiiiple,  Mirlidnk.  (tit.l  Tiinnr'a  Uijit., 
J).  4"2,  in  I'dc.  It.  It.  It'  1)1.,  vol.  iii.  They  seldom,  if  ever,  marry  out  of  llie 
h'ibe.  U'linl.  in  Iml.  A_tf'.  Ite/il.  Spec.  I'mii.,  18(17,  p.  400.  "In  general,  when 
iiu  Indian  wishes  to  have  manj'  wives  he  (diooses  above  all  others,  if  lie  can, 
sisters,  because  he  thinks  he  can  thus  s(>cure  more  domestic  peace.'  Ihitm- 
iicrlt's  Disvrts,  vol.  ii.,  p.  UOti.  '1  think  that  few,  if  any,  have  nioie  than 
one  wife,'  of  the  Mojaves.    Ires'  Cohirailo  Itir.,  p.  71. 

''^'  '  The  Navajo  marriaj,'e-ceren)ony  consists  simply  of  a  feast  n)>on  horse- 
flesh.' I'dhiier,  in  Ikirjur'a  Mii'j.,  vol.  xvii.,  p  400.  When  the  Navajos  de- 
sire to  marry,  '  they  sit  down  on  op])osite  sides  of  a  basket,  made  to  Mold 
■water,  tilled  with  a*(de  or  some  other  food,  and  partake  of  it.  This  simple 
proceedinfi;  makes  them  husband  and  wife.'  Daris'  El  Urmio.  j).  41"). 

■'f^  Th(!  (.'ouMUche  women  'arc  drudyes. '  School  crajV  s  Arrh.,  vol.  v.,  p. 
ri7r>;  Diifci/,  ItcsititKi  <lc  r Hint.,  tom.i.,  p.  4;  Nibihhorti,  in  l)i(l.  .[f.  II' i>l., 
]H.")7,  p.  2tio;  Excuilro,  Xntic'nis  de  I'hihiiuhun,  p.  "JHO;  llavtlett'.-i  J'crx.  .\iir,, 
vol.  i.,  p.  .'U)S.  Labor  is  considered de^radinf^  by  the  Comanehes.  luimiih/'.'^ 
T'Xas.  vol.  i.,  p.  347.  The  .Xpache  men  'no  cnidan  de  otras  cosas.  sino  dt^ 
cazar  y  divertirse.'  Sononi,  Itescrip.  Uen<j.,  in  l)oc.  II'inL  Mej.,  serie  iii..  torn, 
iv.,  p.  o():!;  }fttvc!i\  .\nin/  i.i/e,  pp.  '2!t,  10,  50.  '  I.a  feninie  (du  Comaiuht-) 
bou  c'sclave  ubsolue,  doit  tout  fairc  pour  lui.     tsouvt'iit  il  u'apporte  pas  meme 


MAKRIAGE  AND  CHILD-BIUTII. 


513 


marriage  yoke  sits  lifihtly;  the  hus])an(l  may  repudiate 
his  wife  at  will  and  take  back  tlie  property  given  lor  her; 
the  wife  may  abandon  her  husband,  but  by  the  latter' 
act  she  covers  him  with  such  disgrace  that  it  may  only 
be  wiped  out  l)y  killing  somebody*"'^ — anybody  whom 
he  may  chance  to  meet.  In  the  event  of  a  separation 
tlie  children  tbllow  the  mother.  They  are  not  a  prolific 
race;  indeed,  it  is  but  seldom  that  a  woman  has  more 
than  three  or  four  children.  As  usual  parturition  is 
easy;  but  owing  to  unavoidable  exposure  many  of  their 
infants  soon  die.  The  naming  of  the  child  is  attended 
with  superstitious  rites,  and  on  reaching  the  age  of 
puberty  they  never  fail  to  change  its  name.'-*  Innne- 
diately  after  the  ])irth  of  the  child,  it  is  fastened  to  a 
small  board,   by  bandages,  and   so  carried  for  several 


le  gibicr  qn'il  a  tni',  mnis  il  envoie  sa  femmo  le  phorcli^r  nu  loin.'  Dnhvis, 
in  llinnenvvli.  Jour.,  ]•>.  4'}'.),  The  Nuvajos  'treat  tlicir  Wdiiieii  with  f^reat 
i.ttentit)!),  consider  tlieni  efjnals,  and  relieve  them  from  the  dnidj^'ery  of 
nu'.iitd  work.'  llii'ihfx'  Diniiplidn's  Ex.,  p. 'JO;).  The  Xavajo  wom»n  'ui« 
the  real  owners  of  all  the  sheep.  . .  They  admit  women  into  their  councils, 
who  sometimes  control  their  deliberations;  and  they  also  eat  with  thtni.* 
Ihiriti'  Kl  (i'rin;in,  p.  iVl;  WliippU',  Eviianlc.  a)i(t  Tmiio-'s  h'ljit..  p.  Kll.  in 
/''((;.  //.  II.  Ili'jtt  ,  vol.  iii.  '  De  atpii  proviene  que  scan  arhitros  de  sus  mn- 
gores.  dandoles  un  trato  servilisimo,  y  algnnas  veces  les  ijnilan  liasta  la  vidn 
jiorcelos.'  \'('l<isro,  XolicidK  de  Sonora,  \i.'li'M.  '  Les  C'omanclies,  <>Mij,'ent  lo 
|irisonnier  hlanc,  dont  ils  ont  admire  le  valenr  dans  le  combat,  a  s'uuir  aux 
leurs  pour  jjerpetuer  sa  race.'  Foxufi/,  ^fl'xi(^lt(■.  ji.  4(i2. 

'^3  Amonj^  the  Apaches,  '  niuchas  veces  suele  disolverse  el  contrato  ))or 
un'tnime  consentimieiito  de  los  despdsados,  y  volvit  ndo  la  mnjer  a  sn  paiire, 
entvei^a  este  lo  (pie  recibii)  por  ella.'  ('onlero.  in  Oruzro  y  Ikria,  (Iraiinifia, 
p.  ;t7;(.  When  the  Navajo  women  abandon  the  husband,  the  latter  '  asks 
to  wipe  out  th(!  disf^race  by  killing  some  one.'  /*((/.  Aff.  Itipt.  ifptc.  Ctnii., 
lf<t)7,  )).  ',U4;  Kitlon,  in  SrhoolrrajT.s  Avrli.,  vol.  iv.,  \i.  217. 

''^<  Navajo  women,  'when  in  i)aitniition.  stand  upon  tin  ir  feet,  holding  to 
a  rojic  sus|iended  overhead,  or  upon  the  knees,  the  body  beinfj:  erect.'  I.ilhir- 
iiinn,  in  .'<)iiitlisi)iii<iii  Itipl.,  IH.")"),  p.  2'.HI.  'Previous  to  a  birth,  the  (Yuma) 
mother  leaves  her  '.illage  for  soiiie  short  distance  ami  lives  by  herself  until  a 
month  after  the  child  is  born;  (lie  band  to  which  she  belongs  then  assemble 
and  select  a  name  for  the  little  one,  which  is  given  with  some  trivial  cere- 
Miiiny.'  Hiiiori/'s  Hi'pf.,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  110;  Murcy's  Anuy  l.ifi.  p.  ',\\.  '  Si  el  parlo 
es  en  marcha,  se  hacen  a  un  lado  del  caiuino  debajo  de  un  arbol,  en  donde 
Mileii  del  lance  con  la  nniyor  facilidad  y  sin  apuro  ninguno,  eontinuando 
i.i  marcha  con  la  criatura  y  algun  otro  de  sns  chi(piillos,  dentro  d<'  una 
1  specie  dc  red,  que  a  la  nninera  de  una  canasta  cargan  en  los  hnnibros,  pen- 
(lieiite  de  la  frente  con  una  tira  de  cuero  6  de  vaqueta  (jue  la  contiene,  en 
dniule  llevan  adennis  alunos  trastos  d  cosas  que  comer.'  I'l'lasm,  \i,lici<is  lie 
.^ihinni,  p.  '2H|;  Fitssei/,  Mi.vupir,  p.  4(')2.  '  Luego  <ple  sale  a  lu/  esta.  sale  la 
vii'ja  de  aquel  lugar  con  la  nniiio  jiuesta  en  los  ojos.  y  no  se  descubre  liasta 
line  in)  haya  dado  una  vuelta  fuera  de  la  casa,  y  el  objeto  (jue  primero  se  le 
piiscutii  a  la  vista,  es  el  nouibru  que  se  le  pyne  a  lu  criaturu.'  Ahiin ,  Jlibl. 
(.'oiiip.  (/i-  ./i.sKs',  torn,  i.,  p.  335. 
Vol.  I.    iU 


:  I 


514 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


montlis  oil  tlio  ])aok  of  tlio  motlior.  liOtor  tlio  cliild 
rides  on  tlic  motlu'i"  s  hip.  or  is  canic*!  on  lior  hack  in  a 
hasUt't  or  hlaiikot,  whicli  in  travclUnji;  on  liorsohack  is 
i'astcncd  to  the  ]M)nnnL>l  of  tlic  sacUUe.  IJoy.s  are  early 
taught  the  use  oi' weapons,  and  early  learn  their  siii»eji- 
ority  over  <iirls.  hein^  seldom  or  never  [)tnjished.'''' 

It  is  a  sin.ii'idai"  faet  that  of  all  these  [)eople  the  thiev- 
ish nu'at-eatin|i;  Apache  is  almost  the  only  one  who 
makes  any  jjretentions  to  female  chastity.  All  authori- 
ties a;j;ree  that  the  Ai)ache  women  hotli  hefore  and  after 
marriaue  are  remarkahly  pure.'"*' 

Yuma  hushands  for  gain  surrender  not  only  their 
slaves,  hut  tlieii  wives.  Hospitality  carries  with  it  the 
ol)li<j!;ation  of  providing  for  the  guest  a  temiK)rary  wife. 
The  usual  punishment  for  infidelity  is  the  mutilation  ot" 
the  nose  or  ears,  which  disfigurement  prevents  the  ol- 
fender  from  marryinii.  and  commonlv  sends  her  forth  as 
a  public  harlot  in  the  tribe.'^'     The  setlucer  can  ai)})ease 

'^■^  I'dllic'a  Pirn.  Xar.,  p.  !)'2;  MiiUhintsei),  Ttdsrn  in  tlk  Filsmfich.,  torn. 
i.,  p.  :W(I;  /ccs' f '(i/onc/i)  Nin'i;  pp.  (lii,  71;  lliiiri/.  in  SflnxiliTo/rs  Arch,,  vol. 
v.,  p.  '21 1.  '  (^iiiiiul  l«'s  Imlii'init's  (Coiiiimi'lics)  voyiii^i'iit  iivt'c  Icni-H  riifniits 
«>li  liiis  I'l^'O,  ('lies  It's  siisi't'iulcnt  a  la  scllf  iivi'c  dcs  courioics  (|u'fllis  li  iir 

{)ass<'iit  ciitn'  It's  jaiiiln's  ft  st)nK  U'S  luas.  I^t's  stinlncsinits  tin  t-lu'Val,  Its 
)raiii'ht's.  It's  luttiissaillcs  lit'urti'iit  »'t's  painris  jiflits,  It's  (li'fliiiiiil.  Its 
ini'iirtiisst'iit :  iifU  inipoi'tc,  c't'st  uiif  fa(;i>ii  de  Its  af^iitriir. "  JUnimnfli,  Ji.tnn 
p.  lit.");  h'liiori/'.f  lt't'roiiiii>!ss(nic(',  \t.  r)2.  'A  la  t'llatl  ilt;  sicli'  afios  tit-  It'S 
aput'lit's,  ti  aiitt's,  lo  juiiiu'io  tpU'  liafili  Ids  iiadlfs,  vs  j  cuu'l'  a  sus  liijtis  i  I 
fart'ax  fii  la  iiiiiiio  t'lisfnAiiilitlfs  a  tiiar  liicii,  iiiva  tfulifa  i  luiit'/iin  a  nintii- 
<l«'r  t'li  la  I'a/a  '  Wlusco,  \otiriiis  ilr  .^ninini,  p.  'isi!.  'I  lif  Ajiaclics,  'juviiitii- 
.tt'iii  si'tliili)  iiistitiiunt  castitiaiit  tpuul  aliis  liailiaiis  iiisdlituiii.'  /'c  l.d'l, 
XiirKsOrliis.  |i.  ."IKI.  Malt' t'liiltlri'ii  tif  llif  Coniaialus  'arc  ('Vcii  priviltui  d  In 
rt'ht'l  against  tlifir  parents,  who  art'  iMit  tiilitltd  tt)  cliastisf  llit  ni  Iml  liv  tt  ii- 
Ht'nt  tif  tlif  frilit'.'  Id  until  I/'. •<  7'i,r((s.  vul.  i.,  ji.  ;M(i  7.  In  fat't.  a  N'aviijti  liiiii- 
)>n  lias  said,  '  that  lit'  was  afraiil  tti  forrcct  liis  own  Ixiy-  I'^t  H'*'  «'liil<1  slionltl 
wait  for  a  t'onvt'iiit'nt  oppottnnity.  anil  shoot  liini  wiih  an  anow.'  J.itlnriiiiin, 
ill  SiiiillixoiiiiDi  Iti'jil..  Is'i"),  p,  '21)4. 

''•"'  /)('/.  .1//'.  Ii'ijit.  >;)(■(•.  ('(»/(. .  1807,  11.  :m')4;  ('rr)iioiiy's  A}iacliis,  )>.  HI"; 
MoHhinisii.  Twirlnirh,  J).  :til',t;  I'altk's  I'lrs.  .\<ir..  p.  11!»/ 

''■^'  ''nit>  Navajo  women  ar»>  very  loose,  and  tlo  not  Itiok  njion  foriiicatieii 
ifls  a  crime.'  h'ni/llnr,  in  liul.  Aft'.  I!>iil.  .V/icc,  <'i,)ii..  Ih(l7.  i>.  lilt',);  Criiiiuiiif's 
vl/)((('/(('.s',  p.  '2-14.  'Prostitution  is  the  rnle  anion},'  the  (Vnnia)  wcmicn,  i;et 
the  e.vet'ption.'  Mnirrj/.  in  Intl.  .!/.  /.'<y»/.,  1.^57,  p.  ItOl;  FrmUil,  Ai's 
AmvriLii,  tt>m.  ii.,  ]>.  47(1;  Uroirm's  Ai'drhe  Cininlrt/,  p.  !)(!.  '  I'rostitntien 
prevails  to  a  i^'reat  extent  aniont;  the  Navajoes,  the  Maricoiias,  ami 
the  Yuma  Indians;  anil  its  attendant  iliseases,  as  before  statttl,  lia\i' 
more  or  less  tainted  the  l)lt>od  of  the  adults;  and  by  i'lherilanee  of 
the  fhildreii.'  Citrhloii.  in  linl.  Afi'.  Ittjil.  i^pcr.  ('(dii.,  lH{i7,  j).  4liit. 
Among  the  Navajoes,  '  the  most  nnfortu'iate  thiiit;  whieli  enn  befall  a 
captive  woman  is  it)  be  claimed  by  two  jiersiuis.  In  this  ease,  she  is  eillii  r 
shut  or  delivered    ui^^for    iudist-Timiuute    violeuue.'    Emory's  JitcuuMns- 


AMUSEMENTS. 


515 


the  aiigor  of  an  injured  hnsband  by  presents,  although 
lu'loro  the  law  he  Ibrleits  his  Ufe.  Kvon  sodomy  and 
incestuous  intercourse  occur  among  tliem.  Old  age  is 
dislionoral)le.'^ 

They  are  innnoderately  fond  of  smoking,  drinking, 
feasting,  and  anuisements  which  fill  up  the  many  hours 
ol'  idleness.  J)ancing  and  masquerading  is  the  most 
I'iivorite  })astime.  They  have  feasts  with  dances  to  eele- 
hrate  victories,  feasts  given  at  marriage,  and  when  girls 
attain  tiie  age  of  })ul)erty;  a  ceremonial  is  observed  at 
the  burial  of  noted  warriors,  and  on  other  various  occa- 
sions of  private  family  life,  in  which  both  men  and 
women  take  part.  The  dance  is  performed  by  a  single 
actor  or  by  a  num])er  of  persons  of  both  sexes  to  the 
accompaniment  of  instruments  or    their  own  voices.'-* 


.s((/i(v,  J),  no.  Tbo  roloriulo  lliver  Iiuliiiis  'Imvter  niul  sell  their  women 
into  prostitution,  with  liardly  iiii  exception,'  iS'ifurd.  in  IikI.  Aft'.  Ite/it.,  \H~{), 
p.  i:i'.l.  '  'I'he  (.'onianclie  women  are,  as  in  many  otlier  wild  trii)i's,  the  slaveu 
of  tliiir  lords,  and  it  is  a  eonunon  practice  for  their  liushands  to  lend  or 
wll  them  to  a  visitor  for  one,  two,  or  three  days  at  a  time.'  .lAovv/'.s  JtijiL,  j». 
in";  Arrirlrild,  Cri'Diicit  S<ri{ti<'ii,  p.  419.  '  Las  faltas  <'onynf;ales  uo  se  casti- 
pin  por  la  )>rimera  ve/;  pero  a  la  se^unda  el  marido  corta  la  pniita  de  la  nariz 
a  su  inlicl  es])osa,  y  la  lUspide  di^  sii  lado.'  JitriKlu  ("utitijicii,  vol.i.,  p.  57;  >(»<;. 
(I •'■'>:!.,  Itiilliliii,  serie  v..  No.  !M>,  p.  11(2.  'Thesciuaw  whohasheen  mutil.iti'dfor 
sucli  a  cause,  is  ij>s<i  fucto  divt)rced,  and,  it  is  said,  for  ever  precluded  friua 
iiianyin^  a},'ain.  The  consecpience  is,  that  she  heconn'S  a  contiruied  harlot 
in  the  trihe.'  (ireijifx  Cum.  I'niifks,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  -lit,  308-llt,  'M:\.  'El  culpa- 
hle,  se),'iiu  dicen,  jamas  es  casti^'ado  por  el  marido  con  la  mnerte;  solameiitft 
sc  ahro^a  el  derecho  de  darle  al.i{nnos  ^olpes  y  coj^evse  sus  ninlas  u  cahallos.' 
Ill  liuiiilh  r  1/  Tliiin-I,  IHurUi,  p.  'ioH;  Miirri/'fi  Amu/  Lifi',  y.  l'.>.  '  TIk  se  ynntj 
null  may  not  ham;  carnall  copulation  with  any  woman:  hut  all  the  yun;^  men 
(if  tile  countrey  which  are  to  marrie,  may  company  with  them.  . .  1  .saw  like- 
wisr  certaiue  wons.ai  which  lined  dishonestly  among  men,'  Aktrcho)t,  in  Huh- 
liiift's  Viiji ,  vci.  ill.,  p.  4;{(J. 

i-^'Tliey  toldt!  mey  that. ..  .such  as  remayned  widowes,  stayed  halfe  a 
yecre,  or  a  wlioh^  yecre  before  they  nuirried.'  Ahnrhon,  in  Hdklni/t'.v  '",'/•• 
vdj.  ill.,  p.  431;  lCniiirt)'s  Jlcjit.  I'.  S.  and  J/cr.  lUnnHUtry  Siirni/,  vol.  i.,  p. 
110;  _][iiri/'s  .\nnif  LU'i\  p.  o4;  Mi'iUhnnmn,  Ji' Isin  in  dh-  FiUokiiI,.,  tom.  ii., 
p.  2;! I;  Hiin-'m  Cinidv,  in  Sof.  Mex.  Hukj.,  Iluhthi,  tom.  v.,  ]>.  liin. 

'••'''  ■  En  las  referidas  rennioms  los  bailes  son  sus  diversiones  favorifas. 
Los  hacen  de  noche  al  son  de  una  olla  cu1)i<'rta  la  boca  con  una  piel  tiraiite, 
1(111'  siunan  con  un  palo,  en  cuya  estremidad  lian  wn  boton  de  trapos.  So 
iiiti'i'|)olan  umbos  secsos,  saltan  todos  a  un  mismo  tiempo,  dando  ahiridos  y 
hiicieiido  miles  de  ademanes,  en  <pie  nuK.'ven  to(h)s  his  miembros  del  cuerpo 
coil  una  destreza  estraordinaria,  arremedamlo  al  coyote  y  al  veiiado.  Desta 
iiiiiiicra  forman  diferentes  grupos  simetrii^amente.'  \'i'l(i.sro,  Molicius  ili'  .*>()- 
>!"/•'(,  p.  •2(i!l;  Mnrcj^'s  Anntf  Life,  p.  177;  ('n'm<))i!f'.<>  AitiirlieK,  p.  '!>>').  '  Lste 
111  forma  una  junta  de  trnhanes  vestidos  de  rid.culo  y  autorizados  )or  los 
viijos  del  puelilo  para  cometer  los  mayores  desi'irdenes,  y  ^nstan  t  into  do 
estos  hechos.  (pu!  ni  los  nuiridos  reparan  las  infamias  (pie  cometen  'oii  su3 
Wiiyercs,  ni  las  ^uu  resultun  eii  perjuiciy  dc  lus  liijus.'  Akgre,  Uist.  (.  jinj).  de 


ruG 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


All  festivities  are  incomi)leto  witlioiit  iniproin|)tii  .soiij^s, 
tlie  music  being  lui^thiiig  but  agreeable,  and  tlie  aeeuui- 
]ianiinent  corn-stalk  or  cane  tlutes,  wooden  drums,  oi- 
calabaslies  filled  with  stone  and  shaken  to  a  constantly 
vai'ying  time.*""  They  also  spend  nuich  time  in  gamb- 
ling, often  staking  their  whole  property  on  a  throw,  in- 
i'hiding  everything  njjon  their  backs.  One  of  tliese 
games  is  played  with  a  bullet,  which  is  passed  rapidly 
from  one  hand  to  the  other,  during  which  they  sing,  as- 
sisting the  music  with  the  motion  of  their  arms.  The 
giime  consists  in  gue>  -Ing  in  which  hand  the  bullet  is 
held.  Another  Comanche  game  is  played  with  twelve 
sticks,  each  about  six  inches  in  length.  These  aio 
(Iropped  on  the  ground  and  those  falling  across  each 
other  are  counted  for  game,  one  hundred  being  the  lim- 
it,'" Horse-racing  is  likewise  a  passion  with  them;'" 
as  are  also  all  other  athletic  sports.*'"     AVhen  smoking, 


,/('.sv(.s,  torn,  i.,  p.  33").  'Tlio  females  (of  tho  Apiicbcs)  do  tlip  principal  imit 
of  the  diuifiiii^.'  Ikiiry,  in  ^choolcnij't's  Arrli.,  vol.  v..  p.  '21'2.  '  Anioiij,'  tlu' 
Alicimkis,  ("liin'tiis,  Coiuiinclu^s,  luul  otluT  Indiiiii  tribes,  the  women  (liince 
Mie  Hiinie  (l;iMces,  but  lifter  the  men,  ami  far  out  of  their  night. .  .  .they  are  sel- 
<li>m  adniiurd  to  share  any  annisenient,  their  lot  being  to  work.'  DotmmcW^ 
l>\-:rrl.i,  vol.  ii.,  ])p.  11)S»,  211.  '  De  estos  vinieron  tiinco  danzas,  cada  una 
conipuesta  de  treinta  indias;  de  estas,  veintiseis  eonio  de  15  a  '20  anos,  y  las 
cuatro  restantes  de  mas  edad,  que  eran  las  (jne  ouidaban  y  dirigian  a  las  ji'i- 
V  lies.'  Miisvo  Mi'.f.,  turn,  i.,  p.  28S.  'The  danee  (of  the  Tontos)  is  similar 
t  >  that  of  the  California  Indians:  a  stamp  around,  with  clapping  of  hands 
and  slapping  of  thighs  in  time  to  u  drawl  of  monotones.'  limaii,  in  l^initli- 
aoidun  iUpi.,  lM(i7,  p.  41!i. 

Ii"  SlraVita'n  Cnjil.  Oaltiian  Girls,  p.  180.  The  Yumaa  'sing  scmie  few  mo- 
notonous snugs,  and  the  beaux  captivate  tlu^  hearts  of  their  lady-loves  by 
I'laying  on  a  tlute  made  of  cane.'  Ktuory's  Hi'i>t.  l'.  .S.  anil  ,l/(.r.  linnmUu-ij 
.^iirv'  >/.  vol.  i.,  J),  iii.  '  No  tieneu  mas  or(jiiesta  que  sus  voces  y  una  olla  d 
iMsco  de  calabazo  a  que  se  amarra  una  piel  tirante  y  se  toea  con  un  jjiilo.' 
t'ordvro,  in  (>r<>:ro  i/  lierra,  Gmiirafia,  pp.  ;173— I;  AnirirUa,  Cruuirn  ISinijicii, 
ji.  41!);  Ires'  Colorado  IVw.,  pp.  ii-l;  Uarc'ia  Vondv,  in  Album  ihx.,  toin.  i., 
l.|i.  ItiG,  UW. 

1"  Slniiky's  rortrnits,  p.  r)5;  SchoolcrajTs  Arch.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  133.  '  Y  el 
vicio  que  tienen  estos  Indios,  es  jugar  en  las  Estufas  las  Mantas,  y  otrus 
I'nseas  con  vnas  Cannelas,  que  heclian  en  alto  (el  cpial  Jiiego  vsaban  estos 
Indios  Moxicanos)  y  al  que  no  tiene  mas  (jue  vna  ^[anta,  y  la  pierde,  se  la 
buelvi>n;  con  condicion,  <jue  ha  de  andar  desnudo  por  todo  el  Pueblo,  pinla- 
(ii).  y  embijado  todo  el  euer|)o,  y  los  Muchachos  divudole  grita.'  Torqueinadii, 
MoiKtrq.  liid.,  toni.  i..  \i.  (iHO. 

•  !••!  Jv'iumtj/'s  Te.ms,  vol.  i.,  p.  347. 

i»  ' The  players  generally  take  each  about  ton  arrows,  which  they  hold 
with  their  bows  in  the  left  hand;  he  whosti  turn  it  is  advances  in  front  of 
the  judges,  and  lances  his  first  arrow  ujjwards  as  high  as  ])ossible,  for  he 
must  send  off  all  the  others  before  it  comes  down.  The  victory  belongs  to 
liim  who  has  most  arrows  iu  the  air  together;  and  he  who  can  make  thtiii 


SMOKINT,  AND  DRINKING. 


r,17 


.l;tj 


Y  fl 

otras 

cstos 
r  la 

])iiitik- 
iiatJd, 


tlio  romanrhos  diivct  tlio  first  two  pufts.  with  mucli  ccr- 
ciiKmy  and  iniitti'riii<i".  to  tlio  sun.  and  tlio  third  juMf 
with  a  lik(5  (U'inonstiation  is  hlown  t«)ward  the  eaitli. 
When  short  of  tohacco,  tliov  make  use  of  the  drieil 
leaves  of  the  siunacli,  of  willow-hark,  or  other  plants."* 

The  Comanche.s  are  reniaikahle  for  their  teui[)eran('i', 
or  rather ahhorrence for into.xieatinu'  drink;  all  the  other 
iiiitions  of  this  fainilv  ahaiidou  tiieinselves  to  tiiis  sul)tlo 
demoralization,  and  are  ra[)idly  sinking;'  under  it.  They 
make  their  own  spirits  out  of  eorn  ami  out  of  auave 
Mmericana,  the  pukpie  and  meseal,  hoth  very  strong  and 
iutoxieatinij;  liquors.''*^ 

Of  all  North  Ameriean  Indians  the  rcmianehes  and 
(Mieyennes  are  said  to  he  the  most  skillful  riders,  and 
it  would  he  diflicult  to  find  their  superiors  in  any  pait 

all  fly  lit  onop  is  dlipro.'  Dometifch':^  Dosorlfi.  vol.  ii.,  p.  lOS.  '  Tbc^  Indiiiim 
iimusc  thfiiisclvcs  sliMotinj^  iit  tlie  fruit  ^i)itiivai,  iiiul  when  one  misses  liis 
aim  and  leaves  his  arrow  stiekini;  in  the  top  of  the  cactus,  it  is  a  soun f 


uMicli  lanifhtcr  to  his 


ailes.'    Ilriiiriif's  Apurlii:  ('iniiilri/,  p.  7H;  An 


l><, 


II  iilhf'  M>.\-iL(>,  p.  ;!(!'.».  The  hoop  ami  jiole  j^ame  of  the  Mojaves  is  thus 
playcil.  'The  hoop  is  six  inches  in  diaineter.  and  made  of  elastic  cord:  tlin 
poles  are  straiirht,  and  ahout  fifteen  feet  in  lenj,'tli.  Kollin;^'  the  hoop  from  one 
cml  of  the  course  toward  the  other,  two  of  the  jilayers  chase  it  half-way,  and 
at  the  same  time  throw  their  ])oles.  He  wlio  succeeds  in  jiii  reinj,'  the  hoop 
wins  the  i,'ame.'   I'ohiii'r,  in   //(trpvr's  Mmi..  vol.  xvii.,  p.  4(!;t;  Enutn/x  l.'ijif. 


r 


S,  kikI  .)/,!•.  B'lmitlm'ji  Surrii^,  vol.  i.,  p. 


Wliijilili',  in  /'(((•.  Jt.  /»'.  lii/il. 


vol.  iii..  ]i.  IH;  .l/oW/'/i/scu,  II  ixfii  in  dh'  lAlsinijeh..  tom.  i.,  jij).  'ilH,  •J'.i.');  ,l/o7- 
luiiisni,  Tiiiji'liUfh,  p.  ;i!C»;  lidr/.Ks,  in  SvliiKilrriill'fi  Anil.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  214.     '  'I'ie- 


ii'ii  Unas  pelotas  de  materia 


ne''ra  como  nez,  em 


diutichi 


IS  en  ella  varnis  coii- 


chuelas  )ie(pienas  del  mar,  eon  ipie  jiie^'an  yapuestan  arrojandola  con  1 1  ) 


ilV'lir. 


.M<. 


I  list,  t'liiiij).  ilf  .li'siis,  tom.  iii.,  p.  Ill;  Svililiiiidr,  lltlariun,  in  Dov.  llisl. 


serii'  ni 


vol. 


p.  s.-.i. 


I  ••  ■  Los  salvav'es  re<'oj,'en  sus  hojas  r;(>neralmente  en  el  Otono,  las  ^\\}^'  eii- 
t  'iMces  est.'in  rojas  y  mny  oxidadas:  ])iira  hacer  sn  ]irovision,  la  secan  al  f n(  ;,'o 


al  sol,  y  para  fumarlas,  las  me/ilan  con  tal> 
p.  -"(7.     The  Comanches  smoke  toln 


I'i'riiiiiilh'r  ji  'riiiinl.  I)! 
lixed  with  tlie  dried  leaves  of  th 


eh.  inlialin;^'  the  smoke  into  their  Innf^'s,  and  jjivinj,'  it  out  throiij^di  their 
nostrils.'  Miirrifn  Aniij/  l.ii'v.  pp.  •211.  :!2:  Alurdion,  in  IfaUnyt's  I'o//.,  vol. 
iii.,  i>.  W2:  [jth<riii't)i,  in  Siii'itlisnnidii  llrjil..  \H')'>,  p.  '2S5. 

'/,  .l/c.i'i/,'),  p.  :i.")2.     The  Comanches  'avoid  the  nse  of  ardent 


II'  Thi 


spirits,  which  thev  call  "fool's  watc 


\i  iiiiiili/ 


V. 


)1. 


P 


!I7; 


Uraffx  i'diii.  I'r'iirirn,  vol.  ii.,  j).  H((7.  Duliidx.  m  Dawvnivh,  ,li)ur.,  ]>.  •Ifi'.t. 
'  In  order  to  make  an  intoxicatin;.,'  lieveraj,'e  of  the  mescal,  tlu^  roasted  root  is 
mici'rat<'d  in  a  iiroportionahle  (pnintity  of  water,  which  is  allowed  to  st.ind 
S'  veral  days,  when  it  ferments  rapidly.  The  liipn)r  is  boiled  down  and  jiro- 
duces  a  stron},'ly  intoxieatiiiL,'  fluid.'  ('rrminii/'s  AjiUfhis,  \^.  217.  'Winn  iU 
stem  (of  the  maf»ney)  is  ta|)]ied  there  flows  from  it  a  juice  which,  on  beini; 
f'liiiented,  produces  the  ])ulipu'.'  I'ntrtkH's  I'its.  Xnr..  vol.  i.,  jk  'I'.H).  '1  he 
.Anaches  out  of  corn  m.ake  an  intoxicating,'  drink  which  they  called  '"tee. 
s'.vin,"  made  by  boilinj,'  the  corn  iind  feriiientiny  it.  .Murpliy,  in  Jnd.  Ajf\ 
I!  I'l.  Sjiec.  Com.,  IbGT,  p.  317;  llanly's  Trar.,  pp.  ^34,  337. 


518 


NKW  MEXICANS. 


of  the  world.  Yoimji  cliililnMi,  almost  iiifai'ts.  nrc  tied 
bv  tlii'ir  iiiotluTH  to  liall'-wild,  hari'-ltai'ktMl  inu.stan^s, 
wliicli  plai'o  1 1  u' not' fort  1 1  boiHuiu's  tlii'ii*  lionu'.  'Ili«'y 
jiiipljly  tiu'TUsi'lvcs  with  IVc.'^h  horses  Iroin  wild  droves 
vauderinji  over  tiic  prairies,  or  froiii  Me.xican  ranclien'as. 
A  liiNorite  horse  is  loved  and  cherished  above  ail  thiiiiis 
on  earth,  not  exceptinfi  wives  or  children.  The  woiiicii 
arc  scarcely  l)eiiind  the  men  in  this  accomplishnu  lit. 
They  sit  astride,  jiuide  the  horses  with  the  knee  like  the 
men,  and  catch  and  break  wikl  colts.  In  fif:htin}i.  the 
(.\iinanches  throw  the  body  on  (jne  side  of  the  horse,  hang 
on  b\-  the  heid  imd  shoot  with  <:reat  i)recision  and  ra})idity. 
It  is  beneath  the  dignity  of  these  horsemen  to  tra\el  on 
foot,  and  in  their  sometimes  knij;'  and  rapid  marches, 
they  defy  pnrsnit.'"'  Jieforo  horses  were  known  they 
nsed  to  trans})ort  their  honsehold  ell'ects  on  the  backs  of 
dogs,  which  custom  even  now  prevails  among  some  na- 
tions.'" 

i:ifi.r„«M,  in  Twl  A(r.  U<i<l.,  ISr.O,  p.  223;  Emory's  nijit.  U.  S.  mid  .V-. 


Annul' 


iliiri/  Snriri/,  vol.  i.,  p.  108;  /A; 


rh,  .!>, 


S  III: 


,•?!' 


>.  IH7;   7'((ni('/',  ill  Snni'illit 


'!/■ 


IK.")'.*,  toiii.  lUri,  1).  ;,07;  lliiih  IIS.  in  Srlinnlvriit't'sAvili.,  vol.  iv 


I 


I'i;  'jdma  i'onib\  in  Alhinn  Shx.,  1H4'.»,  toiii,  i.,  p.  Kiu;  Hnssil,  Mix.  Umil., 
V.  277;  Slii'piiyd's  Lnu'l  uj'  the  Atlirs,  \t.  182;  Miillli<iiisen,  Tiiijihnrli,  p.  lll-(i; 
r'liiiiri/'fi  I'lriiinniissiinf".  ]>.  (11 ;  Multr-ltnni,  I'l'ivis  ili  lit  '#'«'<'</.,  loin,  vi.,  ji.  Il'.'lt. 
'I'lif  .ipiichc  w  mien,  '  Son  tun  Inicniis  j,'iiietiis,  (jue  brincaii  I'li  nil  potKi,  y 
nil!  iiiiis  iiciuliis  (jmi  nil  (■iibrtstillo,  siilitn  iiiriiidarlo.'  Smn  ni,  Jlisiri]i.  Cmii , 
in   l>iic.   Jlisl.   J/f.>'.,  scrii-  iii.,  loin,  iv.,  ji.  5(4;  J'liUii's  J'ns.  yiir.,  y.  'iHh; 


Min-'-j/'.t  Ariiiij  T.i/i\  i>.  28;  /•'(';, 


Jlii 


lliiri;  p.  18(»:  'A  shorl  Imiv  liiilt.  r 


viis  piisscd  iiround  under  the  neck  of  llic  horse,  and  Ixilli  fiids  ti^hll.v  luaiili  d 
inli)  Iho  niaiit',  (in  the  witlnis,  Icaviiii,' a  loop  to  han^,' niidi'V  Ihf  iict'li.  and 
ii.L;aiiisl  tlio  lircast  which,  Ixinj,'  canf^ht  nj  in  the  hand,  inakcs  a  slin;,'  into 
Avliich  till'  flhow  1  Us,  taking'  the  \\ti|;ht  of  thf  hody  on  the  niiddle  of  the 
nplirr  arm.  Into  his  loop  the  rider  drops  suddenly  and  fearlessly,  haviiij,' 
his  heel  lo  haiiic  c     r  the  haek  of  the  horse,  to  steadv  him,  and  also  to  restore 


uni  wlieii  lie  \v 


■Ifs  Jiiil.   L 


s  to  repiin  his  upri^'lit  jiositioii  on   the  horse's  had 


r.4l>;  Dm- is'   El  Hn 


1 


■112.     Les  Coniaiiclii 


rej,'ar.lent  coninie     n  deslionneur  d'aller  ;i  pied.'  Suo.  (Irmj.,  UnUil'iu.  •r^i'nv 


v.,n(). 'J(i,  ]).  1!)2;  '' 


ly's  Ai>iwhi's,  p.  282.    The  I'oiuanehes,  for  hardeiiinj,' 


the  hoofs  of  horses    m\  ninles,  have  a  cnstoin  of  niakine;  a  lire  of  the  wild 
rosemary  -nrteinisi    -and  exjiosinj;  their  hoofs  to  the  vapor  and  smoke  by 


leadini'  them  slowl      hrouKh  it.  I'livi 


SdIi 


y'p.r.,  p.  2():{. 


ill 


1^7  Mav'ji's  Anh,)  Lifv,  ]>.  18;  Unniliolilt,  Es.-<ai  I'vl..  tom.  i.,  p.  290:  ('"i-. 


in  Ti 


(.v-l'umindis,   Viii/.,  serie  i..  torn.  x..  p.  443;  Malh-llrmi,  I'ri'iis 


dv  In  (ii'oij..  tom.  vi.,  p.4.")4;  Mimlii 


W'lirlil,  p.  2(ll».     'LesTiyas 


et  (^iiereebos  out  de  <j;i'ands  troupeaiix  de  ehiens  ipii  portent  leur  lia;.iit,e 


ils  lattaehi  nt  sur  le  dos  de  ces  aiiiinaux  an  niov 


Siilinle  et  d'nii  )'i  tit 


l)at.     (Juard  In  phiir<^esedi'ran.!,'e  les  ehitiis  se  mettent  a  liurler,  ];onr  avc  rtir 


]enr  maitre  de  I'arr.iiii'er.'  ('iislnrii'iln,  in  Ti 


'iiiiii.e-('i.iiiii<n 


serie  1. 


torn,  ix.,  jip.  117,  ]■-■').  I'.M).     'On  the  toj)  of  the  Imnk  we  struck  a  ('amai:itie 
trail,  very  bvoad,  and  mudo  by  the  ludye  poles,  which  they  transport  from 


COMANLIIE  CUSTOMS. 


519 


Tho  roiniinclic  oljsorvcs  laws  of  liospihilUv  as  strictly 
us  tilt'  Aral),  and  lie  oxactn  the  ohsurviiiifo  of  liis  rules 
of  eticiiK'ttc  from  straiijicrs.  When  a  visitor  enters  his 
(Iwellinii',  the  master  of  the  house  points  to  him  a  seat, 
iuul  how  to  reaeh  it,  and  the  host  is  jireatly  oil'ended  if 
his  diiections  are  not  strictly  followed.  Meeting  on  the 
prairie,  friends  as  well  as  enemies,  if  we  may  hiTievo 
Colonel  Marcy,  put  their  '">r>ic's  at  fidl  speed.  '•  When 
a  party  is  discovered  approachiu}^  tiius.  and  are  near 
enoiijih  to  distin^uisji  sijiiials,  all  tiiat  is  necessary  to 
asceitain  their  disposition  is  to  raise  the  ri^ht  lumd 
with  the  j)alm  in  front,  and  gradually  push  it  ft)rward 
and  hack  several  times.  They  all  understand  this  to  he 
a  connnand  to  halt,  and  if  they  are  not  hostile,  it  w  ill 
at  oncii  he  olieyed.  After  they  have  stoi)i)ed,  the  lijiht 
hand  is  raised  ajiain  as  hefore,  and  slowl 
ridit  and  left,  which  sit-nilies,  I  do  not  k 


mo\ed  to  tiio 
now  sou.     Who 


are  you  ?  They  will  then  answer  the  inipiiry  hy  {j;ivin<5 
their  sijiiial."  Then  they  intlict  on  stranjiers  the  huji- 
.iiin<;'  and  face-rul)hin<;'  remarked  amonji'  the  llskimos, 
demonstrating  thereby  the  magnitude  of  their    joy  at 


meetniii 


The  various  trihes  of  the  Yuma  and   Mo- 


jave  nations  hold  connnunication  with  one  another  by 
means  of  couriers  or  runners,  who  «|uickly  disseminate 
imjiortant  news,  and  call  together  the  various  hands  for 
consultation,  hiuiting.  and  ^var.  Hesides  this,  there  is 
used  everywhere  on  the  i)rairies,  a  systiin  of  telegra|)h3', 
Avhich  i)erhaps  is  oidy  excelled  liy  the  w ires  themselses. 
Smoke  during  the  day,  and  tires  at  night,  perclied  on 
mountain-tops,  Hash  intelligence  (piii-kly  and  surely  across 
the  plains,  giving  the  call  for  assistai»ce  or  the  order  to 

jiliipo  to  place. . .  .liy  ftistciiiiif;  tlieiii  on  cnch  side  of  Uicir  jmck  Ikivscs,  Icuv- 
i)ii,|  the  loii)^  ciids  tniiliii)^' iipoii  the  (,'r(iuiitl.'  I'nil.ir's  Xi'lismi  7'm'.,  ]i.  li'A. 
'  Si  cavifcu  (It)  oiil)iiljj;ii<liir.is,  lar^'iiu  los  iniU'lilis  las  iiniji  lis  i^^ualiiK  iilr  (|iu' 
sus  ciiatnvas.'  liuiriu  t'onJt,  in  iSuc,  Mix.  <»t(<;y.,  Jiolitiii,  toin.  v.,  \k  'Ml;  lir.i' 
( 'iiliinnlo  /.'jr.,  p.  12H. 

'■"*  Xiiijlihors,  in  SrhDolrriijVn  Arch.,  vol.  ii.,  j).  IIIJ;  Molllitmsi ii,  ii'iisni  in 
(lie  Filscmn-h.,  ]>.  '234;  Miiiti/h  Army  ]. if),  |)]).  '.il*,  lilt.  IMI;  MiUii/'s  JU/il.,  p. 
liS7;  'i'r(';//'.s  Cdin.  J'rairiis,  vol.  ii.,  (p.  ;js,  4(;;  Arrii'iritK,  (  r^' utm  S'ri'ijicd, 
])p.  171!,  47."i;  i'lirih'ro,  in  Orozco  >/  llfrni,  (idnird/.K.  ]>.  '.ilH.  ANlitii  the  Yain- 
pais  'wish  to  jiarli  v  they  raise  ii  tinhraud  in  the  air  as  a  si^ii  of  friend- 
bhip.'  Dvintiiidi's  iJi-ncrls,  vol.  i  ,  p.  21B. 


520 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


(lisporso  Avlion  pursued.  Tlio  iidvanced  posts  also  inform 
tho  main  hoily  ol'  the  {i[)proa('li  ol' stiaugiMs,  and  all  this 
is  done  witli  astonishing  rcguhirity,  hy  either  inereasinji 
or  diminisiiini;'  the  signal  column,  or  b\  dis[ilaying  it 
only  at  certain  intervals  or  ])\  increasing  the  nundter.''' 
In  cold  weather  numy  of  the  nations  in  the  neighhor- 
hood  of  the  Colorado,  carry  iirehrands  in  their  hands, 
as  they  assei't  for  the  })nrpose  of  warming  themselves, 
which  custom  leil  the  early  visitors  to  name  the  Colo- 
rado the  l^io  del  Ti/on."" 

The  Comanches  stand  in  great  dread  of  evil  spirits, 
which  they  attemjjt  to  conciliate  by  lasting  and  absti- 
nence. AVhen  their  demons  withhold  rain  or  sunshine, 
siccording  as  they  desire,  they  whi[)  a  slave,  and  il"  their 
gods  prove  obduiate,  their  victim  is  almost  Hayed  alive. 
The  Xavajos  venerate  the  l)ear,  and  as  before  stated,  nev- 
er kill  him  nor  touch  any  "<'  his  ilesh.'"     Although  early 


139  '  These  niesKeiif:;ers  ( of  tlio  'Mohavcs')  were  their  iiews-niniers iiiid  seiiti- 
nols.      FrnjiKiilly  two  I'riers  were  enil)h(ye(l  (sollietillleh  more)  one  from  eiich 


trilx 


Til 


on';l  have  their   nieetiU''   stiitioiis.     At  tliese  stiitiolis  ihi  se 


criers  would  meet  with  \t 


i]itii 


iiul  hv  word  of  month,  each  would  de- 


jio;-it  his  store  of  ui'ws  with  his  fellow  eNipressiiian.  ami  then  each  would 
retur;-  to  his  o\vM  trihe  with  the  news.'  >ilnill<iii's  ('d/il.   Onlndn  'i ///>■,  jip. 


'2-21 1,  -is.; 


Kl  II 


dv  (hirse  sus  avisos  j)arii  reunir^e  en  casus  Ar  nr; 


•  iicia 


de  ser  ]ierse^'uidos,  >s  ])or  medio  dv  sus  teh'j^rafos  de  hunuis  (jue  forman  en 
hts  cerros  mas  ehvados  forniando  hoj,'ucras  df  los  jialos  mas  hiimit  iitos  (pn' 


ellos  ciiiiiiicii  mnv  oieii 
<'i7s',  vol.  ii 


<l,is 


Ao/i 


(/(■  Si 


Diiurii.  |).  usl.    Diiiiii'iiifli's 


houd 


1' 


J'ai'a  no  deteiierse  cu  hacer  los  huHuis,  llevaii  los  mas  d( 


iri'i 


y  mnjires,  los  nistrumentos  neeessarios  jiara  saei 


lundi 


V 


lieren  la  jiiedra.  el  ivl  dion.  y  la  ysca;  jiero  si  no  lii-ni  n  cstos  utiles,  suplen 
su  falta  con  jialos  |irej>araihis  al  efecto  hien  secos,  <|Ue  frotados  sc  inllamau.' 


(iltrt-KI  I  'nil 


Ir 


M'. 


liciHi.,  liiilcti:!    tom.  v.,  !>.  :tl7. 


""  h'liliiii,  ill  Scliiiiilfi-iilTs  itffh.,  vol.  iv.,  j).  217:  Sil'in arcs'  /.iiTii  K.i\.  p. 
18.  '  Sii  fra/.ada  cii  tiempo  de  frio  es  un  tizon  eiiceiidido  ([Ui'  ajilicandolo  ;i 
hi  hoca  del  esti'ima;.<o  caminan  jxir  los  manaiias,  y  ealeiilaiKlo  ya  i  1  sol  coiiio 
II  las'ociio  tiraii  los  ti/.oiies,  (jile  ])or  inilchos  (pie  hayaii  tiraih)  jior  los  (•ami- 
nos, iiUfdcii  ser  <,'uias  de  los  caminanti's.'  Suli  limtii ,  Jitl'ir'nm,  in  J>iiv.  Il'isl. 


M 


I.I'..  SI  rie  Ml.,  Vo 


111  'PI 


1.  iv.,  p.  M.'.l. 


omaiiclies 


'have  yearly  },'atlierini,'s  to  li^^lit  the  sacred  this;  they 


huild  iiumenuis  huts,  and  sit  huddled  idiout  them,  lakin^;  medicine  for  pini 
lication.  and  fiistinu;  for  seven  thiys.     'J'hose  who  can  endure  to  liee|)  the  fast 


diroKiii  1)1 


sacred  iiithp''Ves()f  the  others.'  I'nl 


nil  r.  II 


llii 


•'I" 


Ml 


'■/■ 


vol.  xvii.,  ji.  |.")1.      If  a  Yiiiiui  kills  luie  of  his  own  trilie  he  keeps  "a  fast  for 


oiKi  moon;  om  such  occasions  lie  eats  no  meat     only 
wa 


■lal. 


drink 


ih 


ter,  knows  no  woman,  and  hathes  freipieiitly  duiiiii,'  tlie  day  to  jiurify  tli 
llish.'      I\iii'iri)\   Upl.  /'.  S.  mill  Mij".  llinnnliiri/  Sum  i/.  vol.  i.,  ]i.  I  l(t.     'It 


tl 


as  tin  ir  i  >[ojav 


es, )  cils 


tom  luvi  rto  cut  salted  meat  for  the  next 


le  coiiiiii''  ol  a  I'liptivc  aiiioiu 


th 


•/,' 


Slnilt, Ill's  i'lijil.  <hil 


iftcr 
isii; 


Inch,  pp.  l'2.j-(l. 


/>  s'  rts,  vol.  ii.,  J).  41)2;  Dointnrli,  Jnnr,  [i.  I.'t;  MuUhiiiiti<'n,  Tiaji- 


DISEASES  AND  MEDICINE. 


Wl 


writers  speak  of  ciiniiilnilisni  among  these  ])eoj)le,  tliero 
is  no  evidence  that  tiiey  tlo  or  ever  tlid  eat  Innnan 
llesh.'^"  In  their  interconrse  tliev  jire  di^^iiilieil  and  re- 
served,  and  never  interrnpt  a  peison  speaking.  L  niess 
eoni|)elle(l  l)y  necessity,  they  never  speak  any  iantinaii:!' 
hut  their  own,  it  heing  harburous  in  their  eyes  to  make 
use  of  loreijiii  tonjiues.*" 

AhhouLih  en(h)\ved  uenerally  witii  ro])Ust  and  healtliv 


constitutions, 


l)il 


lous    aiK 


I    mahirial    i'ever, 


)neumonia. 


rheumatism,  dysentery,  ophthahnia,  measles,  small-po.x, 
and  various  sy[)hihtic  diseases  are  sometimes  met  amoii|ji; 
tiieiii;  the  hitter  occurring  most  I'reiiuently  among  the 


X 


i\ajos, 


Moj. 


i\'es 


nmas,  ai 


id    C 


omanclies. 


Wl 


lole 


hands  are  sometimes  aftectod  with  the  hist-ntention  'd 
disease,  an<l  its  elVects  are  often  visihk'  in  their  young. 
A  cutaneous  aihnent,  called  ^>/h/o.s,  also  makes  its  ap- 

For  these  ailments  thev  have  dif- 


lU 


})earance  at  time; 
ferent  I'emedies,  co»)sisting  of  leaves,  herhs.  and  roots,  of 
which  decoctions  or  [H)ultices  are  made;  scarification  and 
the  hunger  cure  are  resorted  to  as  well.  Among  tht;  Mo- 
javes  the  universal  remedy  is  the  sweat-house,  emphned 
hy  them  and  the  other  nations  not  only  as  a  remed\  for 
diseases.  ))ut  ibr  pleasure,  'i'liero  is  no  essential  dill'er- 
ence  hetween  their  sweat-houses  and  those  of  nortluMU 
nations — an  air-tight  hut  near  a  stream,  heated  ston 
ii[)ou  which  water  is  thrown  to  generate  steam,  and  a 
jilunge  into  the  water  afterward.  As  a  cure  for  the  hite 
of  a,  rattlesnake  they  em[)loy  an  herb  called  ciip/itir/ilti. 
Ih'oken  or  wounded  limbs  are  encased  in  wooden  splints 


es. 


"■'  '  I'lid'i'  ciiyns  tribiis  Iniy  nl.Ljuiiiis  qnc  so  ('(niun  .-'i  siis  <iiciiiii,'i)s.'  Aluirr, 
Ilisl.  I  'iiiiijt.  (.V  .li'siis,  toiii.  i..  p.  'M'i.  '  liiis  iliiinicias.  (|Ur  luc  ]iiiii(iii  stv  Ins 
viuiias,  111)  sc  (jiif  coiiiuii  ciiriii'  Imiimiia  coiiio  dijo  el  indiu  cohtiiiia.'  linras, 
ill  l)iic.  IHsl.  .l/i.i',,  Ki'rio  ii.,  tnin.  i  ,  j).  .'Ki.'t.  'Anunif,'  tlic  spoil  wliidi  «c 
took  frcMii  these  CaiiiaiU'lics,  we  I'ouiiil  latL!f  piirtiniis  of  Ininiaii  Hi  sh  ivi- 
ilriit'y  pii'paicil  for  I'ookiiif^  '  Dcini.i'  'J'lX'is.  \i.  :'M  Ii.  Ciitaiii  l'.iiro|  i  alls 
liavr  iTprisi'iittil  the  ("oliiaiiclns  'as  ii  rare  of  (Miiliilials;  imt  arcoi-iiiiiL;  to 
llii'  Spaiiiai'ils  .  .  tlii'V  are  iiurely  ii  cnu'l,  ilastanlly  race  of  savaj,'i  s.'  /'i/;/.  s' 
7V'Mv/.s,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  1(17. 

'"  ruliiicr.  ill  lliU'ix'r'K  Mkj..  vol.  xvii.,  p.  ird;  Jli  rlmflii  r  1/  'Hinnl,  li'mno, 
p.  2")lt:  ('n  iiiiiiii/'.-i  .t/»((  iii.v,  p.  Ill;  Dmis'  Ei  Hi'iihjo.  p    1(7. 

(K  .*<');i<//7.  ill  SiiiUlisdiiimi  H'jil.,  Ih(i7.  p.  IIH.  '  (iononliii.i  ami  sypliilis 
ale  not  at  all  rare  ' 'iiiionj,'  the  Niivajos.  Litltinudii,  in  >;/'('//(.mi((|I(/i  liijil., 
iNJi"),  p.  'J'JU;  Murcy's  Army  Lij'i,  p.  31. 


522 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


until  hoalod.  r)iit  fiwiuontly  they  ubiindoii  tlicir  .sick  and 
iiuiinu'd.  or  treat  tlieiu  with  jireat  har.shiu'.s.s,"'  riio.st.-s 
or  nu'diciiK'-nK'ii  possess  ahiiost  exchisively  the  secrets 
of  tlie  art  of  heahiig.  When  herbs  I'ail  the\  resort  tu 
ineantations.  sonjis.  and  mailings.  They  are  lirni  be- 
lie\ers  in  witelieral't,  and  wear  as  anndets  and  cliarnis, 
feathers,  stones.  antek)i)e-toes,  crane's  bills,  bitsot'charivd 
wood  and  the  like.  Their  j)roi)hets  claim  the  power  of 
Ibretellinj;'  i'liture  events,  and  are  Ireijuently  consulted 
therefor."''  ^lost  of  the  nations  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Colorado,  burn  their  dead  as  wkhi  as  possible  alter  death, 
on  which  occasion  the  worldly  effects  of  the  deceased 
are  likewise  si)iritualized;  utensils,  [jroperty,  sometimes 
Avives,  are  sent  with  their  master  to  the  s})irit  land. 


s 

U7 


i^i  Il(ir(h/'.i  Triiv..  ji.  142-3.  'Los  ooninnchps  In  lliiman  ruin;  y  oiaiido 
iiiK)  (Ic  ciitrc  cllds  istA  111  lido,  niuscun  hi  raiz  {i\ni'  fs  uiny  lav^ai  v  t  h|iriiiitu 
•'1  yiiL;c)  y  la  saliva  cii  la  llaj,'a.'  liirliDnliir  i/  Tlnml,  hiario,  )>.  'J.i>~\  l.'tln  iiikiii. 
iu'Siiiilfisniihhi  Hi  1,1.,  isr,.").  J).  290;  i'((»i( '.s  i'w.s.  Xnr.,  ]).  118:  Slralloii'x  (<i]it. 
OnliiiiDi  'if'/'/s,  \),  \'>(\:  J.illii inKOi,  ill  Siiiithniiiikin  Jiijit.,  i^^)^),  ji.  liMt;   lin  ind:'^ 


A/i  irlii 


itnj.  )).  (11!;   Mi'ill)ii(\i>ien,  Taijvbvih,  j).  W'l;   hi.,  I, 


l<  ISI  )l    III  nil' 


/•W.s- 


<l<b.,  ti)in.  i  ,  !>.  IIS;  Jliiim mrli's  Di-.svrts,  vol.  ii.,  )).  3;{r>;  ]\'iii,lilt<'i-s.  in  I^cIkkiI- 
rriijl's  Arch.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  j;i();  I'arkir'K  Ao^.s  ox  'J\x.,  j).  I'.t.'i.     'Jlic  A|  aclics: 


•  Ciiaiulo  s( 


('  ciiiciina  a 


!^Mnio  a  (piit'ii  no  lian  iiodiilo  liaccr  <fccfo  fa 


il>l( 


aplicaciou  (Ir  lis  y<  ilias.  I'inico  antidoto  con  (juc  sc  cnian.  lo  aliandonan,  sin 
mas  diliL;<  iicia  ultci'icir  (|iif  i)onci'le  un  nionton  dv  lirasas  a  la  calu ctia  y  una 
bcisc  hasta  hoy  que  siguitica  t'sto  u  con  qui'  lin  la  hactn.' 


)oi'a  (Ic  aijua.  sm  sa 


1' 

Wlii.t 


.\ii/i 


ll'll(S  III'   ,'>lllllll'll. 


2H(). 


H'i  I-mIiiii,  in  Srlii)i)lrriift',-<  Airli.,  vol.  iv..  p.  217:  T)<mii)nrli,  ,h 


V 


13, 


13!):  Wliqijih'.  Knhiiiil,-,  mill  Tornir's  Uvpl..  \i.  42,  in  I'nr.  Ii.  II.  liijil.,  vol.  iii.; 
Jliiiri/,  in  .'<rliiiiilrf(ii't'.'<  Arrli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  212;  J'arLir'.s  yuhs  mi  V'l.r.,  j).  210-1. 
AiiKinL;  the  Coinanclits  duiini,'  the  steam  bath,  'the  shamans,  or  medicine- 
men, who  jirofess  to  have  the  po'verof  commnnicating  with  the  nnse<  n  woild, 
iinduf  i>ropitiatinL;  tlie  lualevoleuceof  evil  spirits,  are  jierlorming  v.-uious  in- 
j'Miitatiiins,  accompanied  by  music  on  t}<e  outside.'  Mnrrifx  .\niii/  Liu-,  \>.  W; 
,'<i:liiiiilrriifl's  ,\ri  h.,\it\.  v.,Y).^u(j;  Jiristo!   in  Iml.  A[t'.  lii  jit.  Sjuc.  I'lun..  1M17, 


•.\:,H. 


■J). 


ha  suc(  (lido  (jtie  al(.;nnvis  indios  naturahneiite  aslutos.  se 
lian  ('(invertido  en  adivinos,  (pio  han  llej^ado  a  sostener  conio  a  sus  or.'ic- 
ulos.  Kstos  misnios  adivinos  haccn  de  medicos,  ipie  por  darse  ini]i(irlan<iii 
a  la  a|ilicaci(in  de  cierfas  yerbas,  at,'regan  ]iorcion  d»!  ceremoiiias  suicisti- 
ciosas  y  ridi'culas,  con  caiiticos  estrafios,  en  ([Ue  liablan  a  sus  enl'ernios  milts 


lie  cMibiistes  v  liatrafias.'    I'llasro,  Natlr 


(/e  Si 


iiiirii,  ]) 


2M). 


""At  the  Colorado  river  thev  'burned  those  which  dved.'  Aliiri'hdn.  in 


Jlnkhn/rs  I'd//.,  vol.  iii.  |i.  432;  MiilUntii.tcn,  7W'/(/i(((7i.  ]).  104;  /</•< 


Ai'dihi 


i'luiiilrjl.  p.  !t7:  I 'ill  nil  r,  in  llni'iivr'.'i .)/(((/..  vol.  xvii..  ]).  4''i7;  Slrnlluii'.-i  (  ujil.  Onl- 
III)  I'irls.  ]>.  240-1 .     '  It  is  the  custom  of  the  Mojaves  to  burn  their  jiidperty 


1  a  relation  dies  to  whoso  memory  thiy  wish  to  ]iay  esjiecial  Ik 
Ciiliiiiiilii  llir..  )).  f  0.     'l)ie  Comanches  t(idteten  friiher  das  l.idilii 


when 
/( 

Weil)  dcs  ^'cstorbcneii  llaupt]iiiL;s.'  MiilU'r,  Aim  rihinisrlif  Irriliiiiniii  n,  ji.  h'H. 
'  No  Navajo  will  ever  oc(  upy  a  lodj^'c  in  which  a  person  has  died.  The  lodj,'e 
is  liuiii((l.'  Il(irl,ii.<,  in  .^rliiiiilrral'l's  Arrh.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  213:  I.illn  rii.nii.  in 
SiiiiUi.^.<iiiiiiii  Hijil..  Ih.">."),  |i. '2M!).  '  When  a  death  occurs  they  (  Viinias )  move 
their  villag( •^),  aUhough  sonietiuies  only  u  short  distance,  but  never  occupy- 


KURIAL  OF  THE  DEAD. 


623 


Tlioso  that  do  not  Imrii  the  (lead,  burv  tlicm  in  caves  or 
ill  sliidlow  tinivos.  \vitli  tlio  rohos,  blankets,  weapons, 
utensils,  and  oriuunents  of  the  deceased.  The  Conian- 
clics  tVeniiently  hiiild  a  heap  of  stones  over  the  |ira\e  of 
a  warrior,  near  which  they  erect  a  pole  from  which  a 
pair  ol'  moccasins  is  .suspended.'^"  After  hnr\in<i'  the 
corpse,  thcv  have  some  mourning  ceremonies,  such  as 
dances  and  songs  around  a  fire,  and  go  into  moniiiing 
for  a  month.  As  a  sign  of  grief  thev  cut  oil'  the  manes 
and  tails  of  their  horses,  and  also  crop  their  own  hair 
and  lacerate  their  bodies  in  various  wavs;  the  worn- 
en  giving  vent  to  their  aflliction  by  long  contiiuied 
howiings.  But  this  applies  only  to  warriors ;  children, 
and  old  men,  are  not  worth  so  ostentatious  a  finieral."^ 


iiif,' o\ac'tly  fho  same  Incality.'  Emory's  Ii('i>t.  V.  S.  and  Mrjc.  BoMnhinj  Si'r- 
vij.  vol.  i..  ](.  110. 

iH  •  When  11  Coiiiiiiiche  dies.  . .  .he  is  nsniilly  wm])pccl  in  his  best  Mankets 
or  robes,  and  interred  with  most  of  his  '■  jewflrv,"  and  other  arlidrs  of 
esteem.'  (Iri'ii't'tt  <'i»)t.  Pmlnia,  vol.  ii..  j)]).  317,  '2-4I1.  '  Cnando  iniiin>  alj^'uu 
ilidio, ,  .  .  juiitaii(h)  sus  deudos  todas  las  alhajas  dc  su  )ie('iilio,  ht'.  las  jkhuii 
y  dc  csti  luaiiira  lo  I'nviulvt'H  en  nna  jiitl  de  cilmlo  y  lo  llivan  a  elite  rrar.' 
Ahiivi',  llixt.  I'liiiij).  do  Jtsiis,  toni.  i.,  p.  [i'M);  Knni<il!)'t<  Ttxus,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  ;M7; 
JI'i.s/ii'/iK.s'  Timr,  ]).  (i!).  The  Conianehes  cover  tluir  toudis  'with  ;^rass  and 
jtlants  to  l<ir])  till  111  coneealed.'  Doiii'ikcIi's  J)i:ifrls,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ;i(>:i;  Id .,  .Itnir., 
]).  U.  'i'hi'  A|)a(hes:  'prohahly  they  bury  their  (h'ad  in  eaves;  no  graves 
are  ever  found  that  I  evi'r  heanl  of.'  JIdhi/.  in  Srh<.i)li-i-(ii't's  Ar<h.,  vol.  v.,  ]>. 
'212.  See  also  .Idiiii'ft'  Ks]i<'d .,  Vol.  ii.,  ]>.  IJO.").  'On  the  hij,'hest  jioint  of  the 
hill,  was  a  ("imianche  ^'rave,  marked  by  a  pile  of  stones  and  some  leiiinants 
of  sc.nity  elothin;,'.'  I'lirlcr's  A'c/c.s  on  Ti.w,  jip.  Ili7.  ir)l.  'I'lie  ciisloni  of 
the  Mesealero  .\|iaehes  'heretofore  has  been  to  leave  their  dead  iinbinied 
in  some  secluded  s|iot.'  Cttftia.  in  ///(/.  .1//'.  lii/'L,  ]s71,  ji.  -1112:  (inniiiii/'a 
Al>ii<'liin.  p.  ,">();  Mdllli(iiis<n,  lieisin  In  dk  J-'tl.iiwub.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  "ilj:!;  I'altk's 
Fa-tt.  Xnr.,  p.  ll!t. 

!'■'  .\iiwue.,'  the  Xavajos  'Immediately  nfter  a  death  occurs  a  vessel  c(Ui- 
tainiiiL;  water  is  ]ilaced  near  the  dwelling,'  of  the  (U  ceased,  wliei'e  it  remains 
over  iiii,'ht:  in  the  morniuL;  two  naked  Indians  come  to  uet  the  body  for 
burl  il.  with  their  hair  falling'  ovc  rand  upon  their  face  and  slnudih  is.     \\  hen 

till remouy  is  completid  they  retire  to  the  water,  wash,  dress,  do  up  their 

hair,  and  i;(t  about  their  usual  avocations.'  Ilrialul,  in  luil.  .[{}'.  Ilijil.  Sjur. 
I'niii.,  IH(17,  J).  :tr>S.  'J'hc  Navajos  'all  walked  in  solemn  iirt)cessioii  round  it 
(the  i^ravc^  sin!,'inf;j  their  funeral  soii;_'s.  .\s  they  left  it,  every  one  left  a 
]ircseut  on  the  i^rave;  some  an  arrow,  others  meat,  nioccusins,  toljacco,  war- 
feathers,  and  tlie  like,  all  articles  of  value  to  them.'  I'lilti  's  I'lrs.  .\'"r.,  ]>, 
111);  It-rislii  i  "n  iit'Jiri,  tom.  i.,  p.  ")7.  '  .\  los  nifios  y  nifiasih'  ]>(!iho  les  llevan 
en  un  I  jicara  la  h'lhe  ordenada  (h"  sus  ]ieclios  las  misnias  niadn  s.  y  se  las 
I'chan  en  la  scpultura;  y  esto  lo  hai'cn  jior  al^'uno--  dias  continuos.'  Sniinnt, 
Ih-si'ijt  h'riiii.,  in  Itiic.  JlisI,  Mix.,  scrie  iii..  tom.  iv.,  p.  511);  .V' i  ,7(/;(/r.s',  in 
>'c/ciii'''iv/''r.s  ,lc(7i.,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  Ilt.'t;  \'iliis'-iy,  Xnl'ii'iits  dr  .somirw,  p.  '280;  rrmlnl, 
vji's  .iia/'i/,''/,  tom,  ii..  p,  lint;  MiiHlnlnsi  n,  Itdstn  in  dli'  /•'(/.sc/i  ,(''i.,  tola,  i.,  p. 
;!()!;  Miiiri/'a  Armi/  Lil'i,  ]i.  r>(!.  ■  When  a  yoiiiiL;  warrior  dies,  they  moiiiii  t\ 
hnv^  time,  but  when  an  old  person  dies,  they  mourn  but  little,  saying  that 


524 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


The  n.iiTio  of  a  doceasod  person  is  rarely  mentioned,  and 
tlio  Anax'lies  arc  sliv  oradniittinii  straimers  to  a  celelira- 
tion  of  funeral  ceremonies.  >vhieh  mostly  take  place  at 
niu'lit.  In  jicneral  tiiey  are  averse  to  spejikinu'  upon  the 
snhject  of  death  at  all.  The  Xavajos.  says  Mr  Davis. 
"ha,ve  a  superstitious  dread  of  approaching  a  dend  hoily. 
and  will  never  go  near  one  Avhen  they  can  avoid  it.'  '^' 
In  the  character  of  the  several  nations  of  this  divi- 
sion there  is  a  marked  contrast.  Tlie  Apaches  as  I  ha\e 
said,  thouuh  naturally^  lazy  like  all  savages,  are  in  their 
industries  extremely  active, — their  industries  being  theft 
and  nun'der.  to  which  they  are  trained  )»y  their  mothers, 
and  in  which  they  disi)lay  consummate  cunning,  treach- 
eiy.  and  cruelty.^'"'^  The  Xavajos  and  Mojaves  dis[)liiy 
a  more  docile  nature;  their  industries,  although  tlu-rein 
they  do  not   claim  to  eschew  all  trickery,   being  of  a 

lh(^y  ciiniiot  livo  forever,  ami  it  was  time  they  should  go.'  I'arkisr's  SoUs  (-/i 
Tex.,  \>\\  li»2,  '2:1(1. 

I'll  Ihiris'  Kl  liiiiiijo,  pp.  41-1-u;  ('rcmo}iy\s  Aii'irhrii.  jip.  250,  '2!»7. 

''•  'The  quiihtv  of  iiiercv  is  niikuown  uiiioii;4  the  Apaehes.'  Cirmnju/'.'i 
Ajxirlirs,  1  ]).  ;{.!-».  "ill.},  '2l')-l)!,  '2'27-S.  '  I'erfeetly  liiwhss,  s.-ivuL-e.  and  brave.' 
Miirij/'s  Hi  jil.,  p.  P,(7.  '  Tor  tlie  sake  of  tlie  booty,  also  take  '.'Av.'  .'^flinali  nij'I'.'i 
Arch.,  vol.  v.,  p.  2n2.  '  Inclined  to  intemperanee  in  strong,'  drinks.'  Ilair)/. 
in  ScliiMili'vii/r.^  .\rcli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  211.  'Ferocisinios  de  eondicion,  de  natnr- 
ale/.ii  saiitirientos.'  Aliiidiiid,  in  J)ii<\  Hist.  Mcc  ,  serie  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  ji.  S2i. 
'  Sunianniite  veiiLjativo.'  Vilnsro,  Xutir'nt.'i  di'  Suiiorii,  ]>.  2s:i.  'Alevoso  y 
veiinativo  caracte.  .  rastntos  ladroiies,  y  sannninarios.'  lUisUniumU',  in  Covd, 
I'l-i's  S'l'jlti-t.  toni.  iii.,  J).  78.  'I  hav<>  not  seen  ii  more  intellii^'cnt,  elieirfiil, 
and  j^'r.ttifid  tiibe  of  Indians  than  the  rovini;  .\paches.'  ('<ili/ir,  in  Iml.  A[i'. 
Uijit..  1S71,  ]i)i.  1">,  17,  51;  (iiircUi  ('tnulv,  in  Svr.  .l/i,r.  'r'c'f/.,  lUMin,  torn, 
v.,  |ip.  JJll-b"),  :{17;  l>iir.  Hist.  y.  r/.scf (_(/(/,  ^l.^<.,  p.  l;  ('i>nUn>,  in  (h-'^n-u 
1/  Hirni.  iiiiiijriit'iii,  p.  ;t71;  lidvHiWn  I'vrs.  Aiir.,  vol.  i.,  \>]).  'A'12,  :)2('i-7; 
SiiKdl,  in  >'//u7/(,M//iii(/t  ]{tiil.,  1S<)7,  p.  -llll;  A|l<|>l('|lil^llS  Afanis,  p.  -Hid;  J.kiIik- 
]iclli\  Huiiii.'i.'ii l-lliiiillitiii.  p.  hit;  Tiirmr,  in  .N'l nn'r/Zis  AkikiIik  (lis  I'"//.,  l^■")■_', 
torn,  c'xxxv.,  ]ip.  11(17,  'Ml;  Ihniu'iicrh's  Jtiscrls,  vol.  ii..  pji.  ">.  (1,  S;  Miilllniiisi  n, 
Jil  is  a  ill.  (/)■'■  /-'i/.s! /I ,('/).,  toHi.  i.,  p.  'lUl;  M(iilliiiii.-;i-ii,  Tiniihin-li,  jip.  ;i;i(i,  ;i(;i; 
He.iit,  in  .'^rliunlrvdi'l  s  Arrli.,  vol.  i..  p.  '2t;i;  W'mil'.i  .Mixim,  vol.  i.,  ji.  ."iSd; 
Miiirri/'s  Arimiiii,  ]i]\.  :tl-2;  /'('/»',  in  I'ar.  H.  It.  Hijit.,  vol.  ii.,  \i.  Ill;  W'/ilji- 
jili;  Kir'iiinl.',  mill  'I'liniir's  lUjit.,  \).  II,  in  l\u\  It.  It.  Iti]>t..  vol.  iii.;  Unl- 
liiliii.  in  .\iiiirillis  Aiuinlis  ilfs  I '"(/.,  IH")!,  tom.  exxxi.,  p.  '.17:1;  (imiii's  I'mn. 
rntiri's,  vol.  i.,  pp.  21tl,  2'X>;  JHsl.  Cliivtiinne  (h'  lit  ('<il.,  p.  '.('.1;  kilii-iiriVs 
nisi.  '/'■,r..  p.  II");  /'i/()'.s'  Life  iif  ('arson,  p.  KJ.'i;  Sue.  (ii'iuj.,  Iliilliliii,  serie  v.. 
No.  '.((I.  p.  IS7:  I'ih'.'i  Ki-jilnr.  Tnir.,  p.  ;!41:  lla.-isil,  JA.r.  (Imit..  \\.  '27(1; 
I'liliinr.  in  ll'irjur's  Maij.,  vol.  xvii.,  ])p.  4(12-;t;  Fiiinier's  Hum.  Itiire.  )ip. 
4H2,  IfSt;  Ai'riririia,  Cri'iiiicn  Senijint,  p.  41'.(;  Ali'ijre,  Hist.  (Unnt.  de  •lisus, 
toni.  ii.,  !>.  4.1;  //v,s' Co/ixv/i/d  ltii\,  \\.  41;  Enmrii's  Hi i>l.  V.  S.  und  Mi.v. 
Jiitidiiliirii  SKrcei/,  vol.  i.,  )i.  Ill;  FruiM.  An^-  AniiriLn.  (oni.  ii..  ])]>.  17ri  (1, 
and',  ,'.  Aiinr'.,  p.  i")27;  I'ntliv's  I'lrs.  .Sar.,  ji.  117;  Wliii'i'li.  in  Hue.  It.  It. 
Itijif.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  lilt;  Sidehiiiiir,  Itihteiun,  in  Ihir.  liisl.  Mi.i\.  si  lie  iii..  tom. 
iv.,  |i.  s.Vi;  see  further.  Hid.  Aff.  Itejits.,  from  l8Ji  to  1«72;  .'ytrattun'.s  (  iipl. 
Outiiinn  iiirls,  pji.  1 10,  l;i2. 


NEW  MEXICAN  CHARACTER.  C^S 

Tiioro  peaceful,  substiintial  cliiiracter,  such  as  stock-rais- 
inj:'.  ajirieiilture.  and  luaiiul'actures.  J*role.ssii)ual  thiev- 
ing' i.s  not  countenanced.  Tlioujili  treacherous,  they  are 
not  naturally  cruel;  and  though  deaf  to  the  call  of  grati- 
tude, they  are  hospitable  and  socially  in(;lined.  Tliey 
are  ever  ready  to  redeem  their  pledged  uord,  and  never 
shrink  from  the  faithful  performance  of  a  contract. 
They  ai'e  brave  and  intelligent,  and  possess  much  nat- 
ural common  sense.'"  The  Tamajabs  have  no  inclina- 
tion to  share  in  marauding  excursions,  ^riiough  not 
wanting  in  courage,  they  jxjssess  a  mild  dis[)osition.  and 
are  kind  to  strangers.*''  The  Comanches  are  dignilicd 
in  their  deportment,  vain  in  respect  to  their  personal 
appearance,  ambitious  of  martial  fame,  unrelenting  in 
their  i(.'uds,  ahvays  exacting  blood  for  blood,  yet  not 
sanguinary.  They  are  true  to  their  allies,  jtrizing  highly 
their  freedom,  hospitable  to  strangers,  sober  yet  gay, 
maintaining  a  grave  stoicism  in  presence  of  strango-s, 
and  a  ►Spartan  inditlerence  under  severe  sulVering  or  mis- 
fortune. Formal,  discreet,  and  Arab-like,  they  are 
always  faithful  to  the  guest  who  throws  himself  upon 
their  hos[)itality.  To  the  valiant  and  brave  is  awarded 
the  liiuhest  ])lace  in  their  esteem.  Thev  are  extrenielv 
clannish  in  their  social  relations.  Quarrels  among  rel- 
atives and  friends  are  unheard  of  among  them.''^ 


'■'2  Tho  Niivajds:  '  Hospitality  exists  nmoiif.^  IIk^so  Indians  to  u  ^,'n>iit  rx- 
tint  . .  .Xor  live  tlit'sc  jH'iiplc  crncl.  .  .  .Tlu'y  iii'''  ti'cachcroiis.'  Litlnrnmn.  in 
.'^milli^innitiii  UipL,  IS.");"),  j)|),  "iit^,  'J'.)").  '  1  Siuvc,  Imidv,  iiulustrioiis.'  Culi/ir, 
in  lii'l.  Af.  Ilij^l.,  lHi;i»,  j).  M);  l),,,iiriwrli's  Ih'sivts,  vol.  "ii.,  p.  (d.  'Tricky  iiml 
unrcliulilf.'  Siiiijimin's  .limr.  Mil.  Ilvmi..  ji,  .")'!.  Tln^  Mojavis;  •Tiny  aio 
lazy,  cruel,  seltish;  .  .  .there  is  one  (,'(io(l  quality  in  them,  tin'  exa.  fitmle  witli 
wiiii  h  they  fiilttl  an  iij,'reenient.'  Ins'  ('iiliir<uht  Uii\,  jip.  "JO,  71-2;  ItH'-iiis, 
in  Srliooh'nij't'a  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  "211:  linrtldt'n  l'<rs.  \iir.,  vol.  i.,  ]).  .'i'J'.i; 
Mii'lhnii.-fi'i),  ltii.«)i,  in  ilif  Filsni'iili..  ton),  ii..  ]>.  2i!4;  Knlun,  in  SclKitilcrnJI  .i 
.l/c//.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  "217  IS:  llihili's'  lliiiiiiiliiin's  J:'d\,  p.  '-Oli;  Miillli'inKm,  'J'iii,f- 
i>"'-li.  ]>.  ;ts-i. 

'''  I'di-lv..  in  T'lir.  Ii.  11.  Jli'jit..  vol.  iii.,  )i.  VH.  '  Kstos  indios  se  aventa- 
j  in  in  niuchas  eirennstancias  a  Ids  yiini.is  y  deiiias  naciones  del  IJio  ('i)liiia- 
do:  son  nienos  niolestos  y  nada  ladrones.'  (iiirc'H,  in  J)iir.  Hist.  lA.r..  siiie 
ii..  toni.  i.,  p.  27:!;  also  in  .{rrii'lriln,  Cn'mird  Svriifii'ii,  \t.  472;  Itdim-nvfli's 
his  ris.  vol.  ii.,  ]].  (!2. 

'■''(irave  and  ilif^nitied.  .  .  iinplacahlp  and  nni-elenlinj,'.  .  .  .  liospit.alile, 
and  kind.  .  .  atlcetionate  to  each  other. ..  .jealous  of  llieir  own  fre(ilotii.' 
'/'OT/z's  .I/')////  /.I/,',  pp.  2'),  :M  1,  ;!l.  :!(!  O.  il.  en.  'Alta  estinia  ]::ic(  ii  d.  1 
valor  eatas  raziis  uuniadas.'  Mu.svo  Mi:a\,  toni.  ii.,  p.  al,     '  Loiu  d'etre  cruels, 


im- 


I 


520 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


TiiK  non-noiTiJiflic  sonii-civilized  town  and  agricnltiirul 
peoples  of  New  Mexico  {ind  Arizona,  the  second  division 
of  this  grotip,  I  call  the  l*ri:i5r,(»s,  or  IWns-people,  (Voiii 
])ti('f)/o,  town,  population,  people,  a  name  given  l)y  the 
S[)aniards  to  such  iidiabitants  of  this  rej-ion  as  ^vere 
foinid,  when  first  discovered,  i)ermanently  located  in 
corn[)uratively  well-built  towns.  Strictly  speaidnjr.  the 
term  Pueblos  applies  onl}'  to  the  villagers  settled  aloug 
the  baidvs  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  and  its  tributa- 
ries, between  latitudes  34^'  45'  and  8G  30',  and  although 
the  name  is  employed  as  a  general  appellation  for 
this  divisi(m,  it  will  be  used,  for  the  most  jiart.  only  in 
its  narrower  and  popular  sense.  Jn  this  division,  be- 
sides the  before-mentioned  Pwhlos  pro})er,  are  enibraceil 
the  Mftqiflii^  or  villagers  of  eastern  Arizonu,  and  the 
non-nomadic  agricultural  nations  of  the  lower  (Jila 
Hi\'er, — the  J^imas,  Marivopas^  JYtpigos,  and  cognate 
tribes.  I'he  country  of  the  Towns-pco])le,  if  we  may 
credit  Tiieutenant  Simpson,  is  one  of  "almost  imiversal 
])arreiuiess,"  yet  interspersed  with  fertile  spots;  that  of 
the  agricultural  nations,  though  dry.  is  more  generally 
j)roductive.  The  fame  of  this  so-CJilled  civilization 
reached  ^fexico  at  an  early  day;  first  through  Alvar 
Nunez  (^ibeza  dc  Vaca  and  his  companions,  who  be- 
longed to  the  expedition  under  the  unfortunate  lVimi)hilo 
de  Narvaez,  traversiim'  the  continent  from  Florida  to  the 
shore  of  the  gulf  of  (;alifornia;  they  brought  in  exagger- 
ated rumors  of  great  cities  to  the  north,  which  i)i't)nn)ted 
the  expeditions  of  Marco  de  Niza  in  1539.  of  Coronado 
in  1540,  and  of  Espejo  in  158(').  These  adventurers 
visited  the  noi'th  in  quest  of  the  fabulous  kingdoms  of 
Qui\  ira.  Tontonteac,  Marata  and  others,  in  which  great 
riches  were  said  to  exist.     The  name  of  (^uivira  v»'as 

ils-sont  tri'S-donx  vt  tivs-ftrlMes  dnns  lours  aniitii's.'  Castailedit.  in  T<ni(ivx- 
('oiiiji'Din,  To//.,  sci'io  i.,  tiiiii.  ix.,  p.  I!U;  I'ui/iio,  in  llrvisln  ("uiit'iu-ii,  toiii.  i  , 
]).  57;  Kscmlrro,  Nolirins  (In  ('hlhudhnu,  )i]).  'iii'J-ItH;  DoiiioikIi,  .luur..  ]>]>.  Hi, 
1  >7.  41')'.):  S(M'.  <ieo<l.,  linllrtiii.  torn,  v.,  No.  !•(!,  p.  1!):!;  Aei'i/A/iocs,  in  Sclionl- 
crajTn  Airh..  vol.  ii,,  pp.  l.'!2-;{;  avfiji/ti  Com.  J'ruirh's,  vol.  i..  pp.  'i'.!:),  'iilH; 
vol.  ii..  pp.  ;j()7,  'M'i;  (hiUulin.  in  .Voin-cWcs  Annaks  (Us  To//.,  liS")!.  toni.  cxxxi^. 
p.  '27>;  Slicptrd's  l/ind  af  the  Axlecs.  j).  Wl\  /'(r;/c.s'  Tntvds,  vol.  i.,  p.  107; 
Uakkron  (k  la  Barca's  Life  in  Mcx.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  308. 


THE  PUEBLOS. 


r)27 


nfterwiirds  applied  by  tliom  to  one  or  inoro  of  tlio  pueblo 
eities.  The  li.ime  Ci'bolu,  IVoin  dbolo,  Mexieiiii  bull,  bun 
hixoii.  or  Avild  ox  of  New  Mexico,  wliere  the  Sptmidrds 
lirst  eneoiintered  builiilo,  was  given  to  seven  of  the  towns 
Aviiieh  were  afterwards  known  as  the  seven  eities  of  Ci- 
bola. But  most  of  the  villages  known  at  the  picsent 
day  were  mentioned  in  the  reports  of  the  early  expedi- 
tions bj' their  present  names.  Tiie  statements  in  ii'gard 
to  the  number  of  their  villages  dift'ered  i'rom  the  lirst. 
( 'astaneda  speaks  of  seven  cities.''^'  The  I'ollowing  list, 
ac(;ording  to  Lieutenant  Whipple's  statement,  apjjeais  to 
be  the  most  complete.  Connnencing  noith.  and  follow- 
ing the  southward  course  of  the  Rio  (Jraude  del  Norte; 
Shipap.  Acoti.  Taos,  Pi(!uris,  t>an  Juan.  r»»iua(|ue,  Santa 
(Mara.  San  lldeibnso,  Xambe,  TesiKpie.  CcKrhite,  IVcos, 
Santo  Domingo,  Cuyaman(|ue,  Silla,  ,leme/.  San  Felipe, 
(Jalisteo.  Santa  Ana,  /andia,  l^aguua.  Acoma,  Zufii, 
Isleta.  and  Chilili.''"'  The  Moquis  who  speak  ti  distinct 
language,  and  w  ho  have  many  customs  peculiar  to  them- 


''"'  ' Ti^^iifx  fst  sitni'  vrrs  le  noril,  k  environ  qniiriinti'  licues.'  fnnii  Cilioliv. 
('(iMiUif'lii.  ill  '!'( riniii.i'-'  ('iiiiKDix,  \'iii/.,  si'ric  i.,  toiu.  ix.,  |i.  M'i'k  'l.a  ]ir(i- 
viiicf  (Ic  Ciholii  cdiitiriit  srjit  villiij^i's;  h^  plus  j^iii'ul  sc  ndiiiiin'  ^lu/iKiuc  ' 
/'/.,  ji.  Ki:!,  Of  two  piiiviiicis  iiortli  of  Tigiitx,  '  Vwm-  si'  iioiiiiii.iit  Hciius,  <t 
iciifrnii.iit  sept  vill,iL;rs:  I'mitri'  Vii(iu<'-Yun<iiic.'  hi  .  \).  IIJm.  'I'lus  an  iioid 
I  of  Ti:,'i\i'X)  est  li  in'oviiict' (Ic  Quirix. .  .  et  ccUf  ih  rutiihiico.'  Id.,  )).  KJS. 
From  Ciciiyi'  to  (^iiivini,   'On  coniiite  sept  iiutri's  villiii;ts.'   /r/..  ]>.  l"',l.     •]! 

t'xistc  iiiissi.  tV  iipr.'s  le  nipport un  iintit'  rovMiiiiu'  tivs-vastc.  iioiiiiiu' 

Acns;  cai' il  y  11  Aliaciis  ct  Aciis;  Aliiicns  avcc-  I'aspiiatioii  est  uiic  ilcs  sept 
villcs,  ct  la  caiiitali'.  Acns  sans  asjiii'iitioii  est  un  idvaiinic.'  .Xim,  in  7V/- 
hi(i(,\--('itiiiii'iii!<,  I'"//.,  si'rio  i.,  toiii.  ix.,  p.  "271.  'Tlic  kiii^'iloiiii'  of  Totoii- 
tcac  so  iinicli  extolled  liy  the  I'atlicr  proniiiciall,  .  .  .  the  liiiliaiis  say  is  a  liotte 
lake,  aliout  wliich  .tre  tiiic  or  sixc  houses;  iind  that  tlietc  \vi  le  ceftailie  other, 
liilt  that  they  are  ininatcd  by  waire.     The  kiii^'iloiiie  of  Maiata  is  not  to  he 

t'oiuid,  iiciihei'  haiie  the   Indians  any  knowlid^r,.  til,  icof.     'I'Ik' KinLjdoii f 

Acus  is  one  oiiely  small  citie,  where  tiny  ^'atlnr  cotton  whii'li  is  call<  il  Aciicii, 
and  I  say  that  this  is  a  towue.  For  Acus  with  an  aspiration  imr  without,  is 
no  word  of  they  countrey.  Aiicl  because  I  j^'esse  that  they  Would  diriue 
Acucu  of  Acus,  1  say  that  it  is  this  towne  wlnreinto  the  lvin,,dom  of  Aeus  is 
c  muerted.'  Ciiniirtilo,  in  llnhhijil's  I'ni/.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>.  liTS;  h'sjiihi,  in  /'/.,  )  p. 
.'iS(i-;;!i| ;  Minilii:ti,  hitrc.  in  'rirMtuf-'iiiiijuiiis.  Vinj.,  si  rie  i,  tom.  ix..  ]>. 
li'.tl;  />('  Lmt,  Sin-Hs  Or'iis,  p.  Id.");  ,'>iiliii(nin,  Jtil(iri,iiii s,  in  liar.  Hint.  1/r.r., 
serie  iii..  torn.  i\.,  y.  ind;  /''xrnldnle,  in  /(/..  ])p.  121  .">:  /'iAi'.s'  K.ffih'f.  Tmr.. 
jip.  ;Ul-2;  .Miililniji/onll,  Mijivo,  foin.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  jip  ."r2.S-'.»;  Eulun,  in  ^^i-IukiI- 
iTHj'Vs  .\rrh.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  220;  Mussel,  .l/cr.  iliuiL,  p.  1:'7. 

'I'li  n'i,i;n,IP.  Kirhdiih;  iiHil  Tiinwr's  lirpt.,  pp.  1(1-12.  in  I'nr.  I!.  II.  lipt., 
vol.  iii.;  Simiisnii's  .liiiir.  Mil.  /I'lcoo.,  pp.  12H  ll{((;  l,'i:iii,  Sulifia  ili  Ins  .\ii>i- 
Oiti's,  in  Mdim's  Tiro  'I'/kiiisiihiI  Miks.  jiji.  20S-',);  I'liiK-mi,  in  /(/..  ])p.  2:(I-II; 
,1/  iirnsli-r.  in  /(/.,  p.  212;  Darin'  El  (jfrimjo,  p.  115;  Cidlionn,  in  .sc/K/o/iwyrs 
Arcli.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  tJJJ. 


r.28 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


selves,  inliabit  spvon  villnjroH,  iiiuned  Orai])o.  Shnninth- 
pa,  Miishaiiiia,  AliU'la,  (iiialpi,  k^iwinna,  and  Tt'jiiia.'''' 

By  tlio  J^panish  coiKjiicst  of  Now  Mexico  the  natives 
Mere  probably  disturbed  less  than  was  usually  the  ca^e 
Avitli  the  van(|uished  race;  the  Pueblos  being  well-domi- 
ciled and  well-behaved,  and  having  little  to  be  stolen, 
the  invaders  ado[)ted  the  wise  iMjlicy  of  jK'rniittin<i  tlicni 
to  work  in  [)eace,  and  to  retain  the  customs  and  tiadi- 
tious  ol'  their  ibreliithers  as  they  do,  many  of  them,  to 
this  day.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  prove  a  ivlation- 
ship  with  the  civilized  Aztecs  of  Mexico,  but  thus  far 
Avithout  success.  No  alhnities  in  language  appear  to 
exist;  that  of  the  Mcxpiis,  indeed,  contains  a  few  faint 
traces  of  and  assiniihitions  to  Aztec  words,  as  1  shall 
show  in  the  thiid  volume  of  this  work,  but  they  aie  not 
strong  enough  to  support  any  theory  of  common  origin 
or  relationshi[).'''' 

The  Pimas  inhabit  the  banks  of  the  Gila  River  about 
two  hundred  miles  al)Ove  its  continence  with  the  Colo- 
rado. Their  toi'itory  extends  from  about  the  bend  of 
the  (iila  up  the  river  to  a  place  called  Maricopa  (\)j)[ier- 
luine;  northwai'd  their  boundarj'  is  the  Salt  lliver,  and 
south  the  ricacho.     They  are  generally  diviiled,  and 

•"  ]VliippIi\  Eirha»l',  ami  Tvrnrr's  B'pt.,  p.  13,  in  7''(c.  7?.  //.  11<}>I.,  vol. 
iii.  'Los  iioiiilins  (Ic  ii.s  jmcblos  ilil  MiKjiii  sim,  scj^mi  hiij,'iiii  dc  Ids  Yii- 
vi|)nis,  ScscpuiiliiliA,  Miis.iLtiU'vc,  .Jiiuogniilim,  MiKjui,  C'(iiiciil)t'  y  !Muca  a 
(jiiicii  los  znfiis  llainaii  Oiaivc,  ([iio  I'S  vn  t'l  que  I'stuvc'  (rKms,  in  J>iir. 
Ilisl.  .l/r.i'.,  scric  ii.,  toni.  i.,  p.  332;  liuxton's  Adrin.  Mix.,  p.  I'.'o;  Jrv^'  Cul- 
orado  llir.    p.  VJ.7. 

'i'*  AlHiMiiiitions  live  abnndant  onongli,  but  they  haw  no  foundation  what- 
rvcr  in  fact,  and  many  aif  absurd  on  thiir  fa<'t'.  '  Nons  atHiiiions  (pic  li  s 
Indicns  I'ucblos  ct  Ics  ancicns  J[cxioains  sont  issus  d'  unc  sculc  ct  niciiic 
h'lU  lie."  Jlii,rl"((,  in  .\'tiitri'lli-s  Aidciks  dis  Vny.,  Ih5(),  toni.  cxxvi..  p.  It. 
''I'hcsc  Indians  claim,  and  arc  j^cnorally  supposed,  to  have  descended  from 
the  ancient  A/tec  race.'  Merriinlln  r,  in  Ind.  A_{f'.  itept.,  IS.lt,  p.  174.  "Tlicy 
arc  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  rulers  of  the  country.'  hai  is'  Kl  h'riiii;i), 
!>.  1 II.  'Thev  are  the  remains  of  a  once  powerful  peo(ile.'  M'dlhvr,  in  Iml. 
.\tr.  lli'pt.,  \Hi-l.  ]i.  :,-)-.  Cnli/T.  in  /</.,  18(!!),  p.  !KI.  'They  (Mo(piis)  are  snp- 
jiosed  by  some  to  be  descended  from  the  band  of  Welsh,  which  I'riiice  Madoc 
tnok  with  him  on  a  V(iy,i^r,.(if  discovery,  in  the  twelfth  century;  and  it  is  said 
that  they  weave  pei'uii  illy  and  in  the  same  nmniier  as  the  people  of  Wales.' 
Till  Itroirk,  ill  Si'iKiiiU-vKi't'ti  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  81.  'II  est  asse/  siiit^Milier  ijuc 
hs  Moipiis  soieiit  desiL;nes  par  les  trappers  et  les  clia,-  ;eurs  anicri<-aiiis,  ipii 
p''n!'trent  (hins  leiir  lays  ..sous  le  nom  d'liidieiis  Wtlches.'  Yi'k.i/ik/.  in 
.V<)'/'V'//Vs  Aioi'ilra  ili\<  ]'i>i/.,  ISrid,  toni.  cxxvi.,  ji.  ^.5.  '  ^loipics,  sujijmsi  d  to  be 
v<'sti;^;es  of  A/tecs.'  Amur.  Quart.  Jlcijiiskr,  vol.  i.,  p.  173;  I'rkhard's  ii'cst'./c/a.v, 
vol.  v.,  p.  131. 


PIMAS  AND  PAPAGOS. 


620 


known  as  tlio  ii})|K'r  and  lower  Pimas,  wliidi  br'aiiclic'.s 
show  but  sliu'lit  (lialc'C'tic  diftbrencos.  Whcii  lirst  seen 
1  heir  territory  extended  further  southward  into  Sonora. 
Tlie  Pa[)a,!4"os,  their  nei,L;'ld)ors,  are  elosel;;  allied  to  them 
l»y  lan!4UaL(e.  In  nowise  related  to  them,  hut  veiy  simi- 
lar in  their  manners  and  customs,  are  the  ]\rari('o|»as, 
who  reside  in  their  immediate  vicinity,  and  wlio  claim 
to  have  mi_L,n"ated  to  that  })lacc  some  centuries  ayo,  from 
a  more  westerly  territory. 

All  these  people,  althou<4'h  not  dwelling  in  houses 
laiilt,  like  those  of  the  Puehlos,  of  solid  materials,  have 
settled  villages  in  which  they  reside  at  all  times,  and 
are  entirely  distinct  from  the  roving  and  nomadic  trihes 
(lescril)ed  in  the  Apache  family.  When  lirst  found  by 
the  Spaniards,  they  cultivated  the  soil,  and  knew  how 
to  weave  cotton  and  other  fabrics;  in  fact  it  was  easily 
observable  that  they  had  made  a  step  toward  civiliza- 
tion. I  therefore  describe  them  together  witli  the 
Pueblos.  The  region  occupied  by  them,  although  con- 
taining some  good  soil,  is  scantily  provided  with  water, 
and  to  enable  them  to  raise  crops,  they  are  obliged  to 
irriixate,  conducting  the  water  of  the  Gila  to  their  iields 
in  small  canals.  The  water  obtained  by  digging  wells 
is  frequently  brackish,  and  in  many  places  they  are 
lorced  to  carryall  the  water  needed  for  household  pui-- 
j)oscs  quite  a  long  distance.  The  climate  is  claimed 
to  be  one  of  the  hottest  on  the  American  continent. 

The  Pueblos,  and  ^loqui  villagers,  are  a  race  of  small 
})eople,tho  men  averaging  about  live  feet  in  height,  with 
small  hands  and  feet,  well-cut  features,  bright  eyes,  and 
a  generally  ])leasing  expression  of  countenance.^''''  Their 
hair  is  dark,  soft,  and  of  fine  texture,  and  their  skin  a 

'■''•' 'Lcs  hommcs  sontpctits.'  Meiidozn,  Lettre,  in  Ternaux-Comimnn,  Voi/., 
s  lie  i.,  toin.  ix.,  p.  '2!)t.  The  Moipiis  arc  'of  medium  size  aiul  iinliHerontly 
inopoitioiieil,  tiioir  features  strongly  marked  and  homely,  with  an  expression 
>;iuenilly  hriirht  and  good-natured.'  Ices'  Colorado  ltii\,  pp.  Ii*()-'J,  l"J0-7. 
'J  he  Keres  '  sind  hohen  Wuchses.'  M ii/ilfnp/on/t,  Mcjicn,  torn,  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  p. 
ri'JS;  Malli'-liriin,  Prirh  ile  la  <'Vo'/.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  4.")3;  //avar/,  }[i\i\  OikU., 
p.  VSl ;  Mollliausen,  Ilcixen  in.  du'  Fcf-innjch.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  '240;  J)fi  Lai:!,  A'oni.i 
VrhU,  p.  .101;  Sim/'soii'n  Jour.  Mil.  Iicron.,  p.  JKl;  ('(ustuSicila,  in  T<rn'iitu'- 
<''iinj)(iii.t,  Vol/.,  seric  i.,  torn,  ix.,  pp.  G7-8;  Itiixtoii,  in  Xourdh's  Aiinales  dca 
yijj.,  ISJO,  tom.  cxxvi.,  pp.  52-3;  Pike's  Explor.  Trav.,  p.  342. 
Vol.  I.    34 


530 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


clear  shade  of  brown. *"*'  The  women  seldom  oxeoed 
four  feet  in  hei<,dit,  with  fii^ure  rotund,  hut  a  fTfriiceriil 
carriaj^e,  and  face  full,  with  pretty,  intellij^ent  features 
and  o()()d  teetli.^"^  Albinos  are  at  times  seen  amongst 
them,  who  are  described  as  having  very  fair  com- 
plexions, lii^dit  hair,  and  blue  or  pink  eyes.^®'^ 

The  Pimas  and  their  neighbors  are  men  of  fine  phy- 
sique, tall  and  bony,  many  of  them  exceeding  six  fert 
in  height,  broad-chested,  erect,  and  muscular,  but  fre- 
quently light-limbed  with  small  hands,  though  the  feet 
of  both  sexes  are  large.  They  have  large  features,  ex- 
pressive of  frankness  and  good  luture,  with  prominent 
cheek-bones  and  aquiline  nose,  those  of  the  women  being 
somewhat  retrousses.^*^''  The  females  are  symmetrically 
formed,  with  beautifully  tapered  limbs,  full  busts,  pleas- 
ing features,  embellished  with  white  and  evenly  set 
teeth.^"'  Their  coarse  hair  grows  to  a  great  length 
and  thickness,  and  their  dark  complexion  becomes  yet 
darker  toward  the  south.^"'    The  ordinary  dress  of  the 

wo  I  The  people  are  somewhat  white.'  Nh.a,  in  I fnl-hiyVs  Vop.,  vol.  iii.,  ji. 
.S7'2.  'Much  fairer  in  complexion  than  other  tribes. '  Jiuxtoii'ii  Adirn.  Mn-., 
p.  195;  I\<'wlnll's  Nar.,  vol.  i.,  p.  370;  Mollhaimfn,  TiKjclnich,  p.  'JIJO;  Prh'h- 
ard'K  Ite-'frarchrs,  vol.  v.,  ])p.  42;{,  431;  Walker,  in  S.  F.  Herald,  Oct.  15,  1.S5,!; 
JJoinriiflcli'/i  Jh'ncfta,  vol.  ii.,  p.  41. 

""  '  Prettiest  squaws  I  have  yet  seen.'  Mnmfs  Army  Life,  p.  111.  Good 
looking  ami  symmetrical.  JJaiua'  El  Griu'jo,  pp.  421-'J. 

"'■^  Tt'ii.  liroi'ch,  in  SclioolcrajVs  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  81.  'Many  of  the  in- 
habitants have  white  skin,  fair  hair,  and  blue  eyes.'  Dnmeiiech'n  Dflf^crtu,  vol. 
i.,  p.  '210,  vol.  ii.,  p.  OO;  Eaton,  in  SclioolcmfCa  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  i'JD- 1 ; 
Mbllhaiiscn,  Taijelmch,  p.  285;  Palmer,  in  Ifarpcr'n  Afm,/.,  vol.  xvii.,  p.  45(1. 

ica  'Arobustaml  well-formed  race.'  CVe /«'*«//'<) /l/(rtfAe.<,  pp.  90,  103.  'Well 
built,  generally  tall  and  bony.'  Walhr^s  Piman,  MS.  Tlio  Maricopas  'sunt 
do  stature  plus  haute  ct  plus  athlctiquoquc  Ics  Pijnios.'  Gallatin,  in  XoHirll'!< 
Anniilex  dca  \'oy.,  1851,  toni.  cxxxi.,  p.  '290;  sec  also  Einori/,  in  Fremont  ami 
Emory's  N<itcs  of  Trav.,  pp.  49,  50;  /(/.,  in  Pac.  Ii.  11.  liept.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1-; 
Domenech's  Dcxertif,  vol.  li.,  p.  19;  Alei/rc,  Hist.  Comp.  de  Jenux,  toin.  iii.,  ]\ 
103;  Murr,  Xachrlchten,  p.  190;  Emory's  lieconnoitisancc,  p.  132;  Bhjler'a  Earhj 
Days  ill  Utah  and  Nernda,  MS.;  Johnson's  Hint.  Arizona,  p.  11;  Uracblt.  in 
Western  Monthly,  p.  1G9;  Froebel,  AusAmirika,  torn,  ii.,  p.  448;  San  Franci<i'0 
Bulletin,  July,  IStiO. 

"*'  'Las  mujeres  hcrmosas.'  Mange,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  iv.,  tom.  i., 
pp.  298,  304.  'Katlier  too  much  inclined  to  embonpoint.'  Ives'  Colurwio 
liiiK,  pp.  31,  33,  39;  Jiartlett's  Pers.  Nar.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '2'29. 

itij  'Ambos  secsos..  ..no  mal  pareeidos  y  muy  nielcnudos. '  Velasco,  .Vo- 
ticias  de  Sonnra,  pp.  110,  101.  '  Trigueuos  de  color.'  Sedelniair,  llelaeinn,  iu 
Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  iii.,  tom.  iv.,  p.  851.  'Die  Masse,  Dicko  und  Liiii!,'o 
ihres  Haupthaares  grenzt  an  das  Unglaublichc.'  Froebel,  Aus  Ameribi,  tom. 
ii.  p.  455;  Id.,  Cent.  Amer.,  p.  513;  Prichard's  Nat.  Hist.  Man,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
•  557;  Paltie's  Pers.  Nar.,  pp.  143-5,  149;  Utratton's  Vapt.  Oatman  Girls,  p.  180. 


DRESS  OF  THE  PUEBLOS. 


S8l 


PuoMos  is  tlic  hrecch-cloth  and  Idaiikt't;  sonic  add  a 
l)l()Uso  of  cotton  or  dcor-skin,  a  waist-l)olt,  and  buckskin 
li'iJC^ins  and  moccasins.  The  women  wear  a  louo;,  cot- 
ton, sleeveless  tunic,  confined  round  the  waist  l)y  a 
colored  f^irdle,  a  species  of  cape  bordered  in  ditfertiit 
colors,  fastened  round  the  neck  at  the  two  corners,  and 
reaching  down  to  the  waist,  while  over  the  head  a  shawl 
is  thrown.  The  feet  are  protected  by  neat  moccasins  of 
doer-skin  or  woolen  stuff,  surmounted  by  lej^i^ins  of  the 
same  material.  They  have  a  habit  of  paddinuf  the  kg- 
yins,  which  makes  them  appear  short-lejj^i^ed  with  small 
feet.*'"'"  The  men  bind  a  handkerchief  or  colored  band 
round  the  head.  Young  women  dress  the  hair  in  a 
])oculiarly  neat  and  becoming  style.  Parting  it  at  the 
back,  they  roll  it  round  hoops,  when  it  is  fastened  in 
two  high  bunches,  one  on  each  side  of  the  head,  placing 
somet  imes  a  single  feather  intho  center ;  married  women 
gather  it  into  two  tight  knots  at  the  side  or  one  at  the 
back  of  the  head;  the  men  cut  it  in  front  of  the  cars, 
and  in  a  line  with  the  eye-brows,  while  at  the  back  it  is 
])laited  or  gathered  into  a  single  bunch,  and  tied  with  a 
l)and.""'  On  gala  occasions  they  paint  and  adorn  them- 
selves in  many  grotesque  styles;  arms, legs, and  exposed 
})ortions  of  the  body  arc  covered  with  stripes  or  rings, 

ICO  'Jf^.jids  ni-e  uncovered.'  Ifiixton'.t  Aihrn.  Me.v.,  p.  lfl(i.  'Los  hoiiibres 
visten,  y  ciilrnu  do  cucro,  y  las  inugeres,  quo  se  precian  do  larj^os  cabellos, 
cubi'eu  SUM  cabe(,"as  y  verguenvas  con  lo  mcsinc'  Oomuni,  J  list,  J  ml.,  fol.  '27  "i. 
'J>o  kleediiig  boitund  uit  kotoi'iio  inaiitelH,  Imidcii  tot  1)roek(>n,  geiiaeyt, 
sclioeiioii  en  laeiv.en  van  goed  leder.'  Moidnintu,  Xicnirc  Wiiniil,  p]>.  "JOit, 
-17-KS.  Tbe  women  'having  the  calves  of  their  legs  wrapped  or  stiitled  in 
such  a  niaiuicr  as  to  give  them  a  sweUed  appearance.'  S^mpxiui's  Jour.  .Mil. 
J.Woii.,  pp.  14,  II.');  /),'  Lnit,  \onin  Orl/is,  pp.  'JJIT-S,  Wl,  ;{();!,  3I2-I:{;  Com- 
will),  ill  //(tk/ii>//\i  I'o//.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  .'177,  •?'S(i;  h''<]j  Jo,  in  A/.,  pp.  .SS-t-tHi;  .Xi'.a, 
in  /'/.,  pp.  .StiS,  370;  I'almcr,  in  //(ir/icr'n  .Miuj.,  vol.  xvii..  p.  4.")7;  \\'/ii/>/)lf, 
L'irhaii/:,  fiiiil  Titrnpr\t  J'e/it.,  pp.  .SO,  1'2'2,  in  Par.  II.  It.  It']it.,  vol.  iii.;  hnmi- 
vi'ch's  JJi .11  rf.'i,  vol.  i.,  pp.  I'.t7,  ^O.'l,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  '2i;{,  '281;  I'va  iirnerk,  mSrhdol- 
rralYx  Air/i.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  7.'1  ScS;  iViz/hf nils'  Tdiiv.  ]>.  '2(i;  Lurciiainlii  ri\  .lA.c. 
('  (I'liiiL,  p.  147-  Viitnlrii,  l'i>c/ii'rchi-<,  p.  70;  .M(ii-ci/'>i  Arinij  L{lr,  \)[^.  OO-KK), 
lO.V-0;  I'o.slcr'n  Pri'-lliif,.  L'aeci,  p.  304;  Caxlartii/n,  in  '!''  niuii.r-Cninjiiiif.  I'"//., 
mrioi.,  torn,  ix.,  pp.  61-08,  70,  103,  17.'^,  \";  Juraiiullo,  in /</.,  pp.  .".(iO-37i; 
li'm'  (.'olonido  li'iv.,  pp.  119-127;  Uu.vton,  in  XouvcllfH  Amiilen  dc-i  I'o//.,  IS.">(t, 
torn,  cxxvi.,  p.  53;  Eaton,  in  Srfio drmft'.t  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  '220;  Ahirt.  in 
Kiiii>ri/\i  I'rroiinnii.idiire,  p.  471;  Mfiijir\t  .Me.v.,  Azter,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  3."»0;  .)loll- 
haiiHoii,  Tdijcbiu-ii,  pp.  '217,  2S3;  KiiidalVa  Nar.,  vol.  i.,  p.  370;  Itivilla-di'ji'ih, 
Curta,  MS.;  A/ado,  I^lrrioimrio,  torn,  iv.,  p.  .388;  Arriciviin,  ('riiidcuSi riijiai, 
p.  470;  6'/v;/(/'.s  Com.  Prairhs,  vol.  i.,  pp.  248,  '279-80;  Mvllhauaen,  liti-iCii  in 
die  False nijtb.,  torn.  ii.  jip.  195,  239. 


033 


NEW  -MEXICANS. 


and  (•oiu<'al-sliape(l  lirad-drcssos;  fuatliors,  slioop-skiii 
\vigs,  and  masks,  aru  likuwi^e  oin[)l<)y(jd.^'^''  Tlio  lialiili- 
nionts  «)t'  the  Pinias  arc  a  cotton  scrape  of  their  own 
inanufactnro,  a  l>rccch-clotli,  with  sandals  of  raw-liido 
or  deer-skin.  Women  wear  the  same  kind  of  seru])", 
wound  round  the  loins  and  pinned,  or  more  fre(]U(;ntlv 
lucked  in  at  the  waist,  or  fastened  with  a  belt  in  wliicli 
different-colored  wools  are  woven;  some  wear  a^ short 
petticoat  of  deer-skin  or  bark.'"*  They  wear  no  heu«l- 
drcss.  Like  tlie  J^ueblos,  the  men  cut  the  hair  short 
across  the  forehead,  and  either  plait  it  in  different  coils 
bL'hin<l,  which  are  ornamented  with  bits  of  bone,  sluHs, 
or  red  cloth,  or  mix  it  with  clay,  or  gather  it  into  a  tur- 
ban sliap(jou  to[»  of  the  head,  leaving  a  few  ornamented 
and  l)raided  locks  to  hang  down  over  the  ears.^'"'  l']acli 
paints  in  a  manner  to  suit  the  fancy;  black,  i-ed,  and 
yellow  are  tlie  colors  most  in  vogue,  black  being  alone 
used  for  war  paint.  Some  tattoo  their  newly  born  chil- 
dren round  the  eyelids,  and  girls,  on  arriving  at  tlio 
aixo  of  maturitv,  tattoo  from  the  corners  of  tlie  mouth 
to  the  chin.  Some  tribes  oblin'o  their  women  to  cut  tln) 
hair,  others  permit  it  to  grow.™    For  ornament,  shell 

"■'  r>()th  Rpxos  jxo  linrc'hca;k'(l.  ' Tlio  hair  is  worn  hntr;,  nml  ii  iVmo  up  in 
ft  grciit  (jiunii!  that  fulls  tlown  beliiml.'  J)(iri,i'  Kl  (,'riii  /n,  ]);>.  117,  l"il-"i,  l-'l. 
Tilt!  viiiiu'ii  'trciicari  hm  i;al)cllo.s,  y  nxloiniso  lo^  ;i  I.i  i'al)C(,'a,  ]ii)i'  si)lii(!  l;n 
oifjas, '  (ioiiHirri,  Hist.  I  ml.,  fol.  'Si'X  'Llcv.'ui  las  vk^jai  it  jicId  IiciIid  duj 
trinzas  y  laa  ww/.ixa  iiu  mono  sobro  cadii  (U'cja.'  (iain.-i,  JJinrio,  in  Dur.  lliJ. 
Mix.,  ssLiiu  ii.,  tuin.  i.,  pp.  y^S-l);  L'aion,  in  Schou!cr(()Tfi  'irrh.,  vol.  iv.,  p. 
'2-20. 

ii;s  1  Yjiji  vcstidos  catos  indioa  coi:  ''r.azatliisi  do  algotlun,  fpio  olios  f.ilivicni, 
y  otras  do  laiia. '  (tarcfx,  Diaiio,  in  JJoc.  Ills/.  Mr.r.,  sciio  ii.,  toiii.  i.,  p.  -;!■'>. 
Tlii'ir  dirs.i  U  cotton  of  do>u.  il.i  inainifacturc.  Knvirifs  Ikroiiiiii'KMinri:,  p. 
l.'iJ.  '  Kuiisticic'ii  da^uc'gcn  &\\y\  dio  buiiteii  CJiirtcl  gcwcbt,  iiiit  duiii'ii  dio 
lladchcn  ciii  Stiick  Zoug  als  Rock  uin  dio  Hiiftoii  l)iii<leu.'  Froih:!,  .[m 
^)//iC;v7.vf,  tmn.ii.,  pp.  4t(),  447;  Browiif'n  A/iai'/iel'iiiiiifri/.]i. (>>>•,  L'luori/'.i  A'f/./. 
(/.  S.  and  Mcx.  JlouiiilKrii  i^nrvcii,  vol.  i.,  p.  \'1'.\;  lirnlli  tl'n  /V/'v.  A'di:,  vd.  !., 
p.  4'>2,  V(d.  ii.,  pp.  '.M(J-7,  '219;  C'irnw»i/\i  A/Ktc/ie^,  p.  104;  Alc'jn',  Ili-'t.  ('ohijk 
ill' Jusii.i,  torn.  iii.  p.  1().'J;  Ires'  Cvlomdn  Uic,  ])p.  .'11,  .'!■'>;  Mmrrii'.i  Arh'nia.  p. 
.'{{);  Afiiii'jc,  in  />iir.  lliif.  Mea-.,  soric  iv.,  torn,  i.,  pp.  .3(.i4-ri;  Vi /a.ico,  Solivin-i 
lie  Scnora,  p.  11(5;  llrivt'i' wis  den  \'i  rchi.  St'iat.,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  3-2. 

i(,st  I  },l^^l^^  never  cut  tJicir  liair.L  Creinoni/'it  A/iacliix,  p.  DO.  'ilioy  plait  and 
wind  it  round  tlicii-  licada  in  many  ways;  ono  of  the  most  general  foriiiiii 
tiu'l)an  wldcU  they  smear  with  wet  cirtii.  Froehel,  Aii-iAiiiiriLft,  toni.  ii.,  pj). 
4.14-0;  Fri'iwittaud  L'lDOri/'s  A'o^csoy'  Trar.,  ]i.  4/;  JCinnr;/,  in  Pur.  J,'.  II.  loyl., 
vol.  ii.  p.  i);  Pattir'.-i  Pers.  Nar.,  pp.  14.3,  145,  14!;;  Broirfir'n  A^arlic  Voiinlnj, 
p.  107;  SrhnolrrajVa  .'    -li.,  vol.  lii.,  p.  '2M. 

^'^Sunoni,  Dcscri^   ^<:oij.,  iu  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  Jli'. 


ri.M.V  AND  MAKICOPA  DWELLINGS. 


533 


find    l)Oii(l   ncckliiccs  iir(»  used;  also  cuv-jmiiiih  of  u  Mil 


4oiu>  loiip-d  in  the  inoiintuiiis 


171 


Tlu'  (Iwclliiius  of  the 


ii,:iri<'iiltiir:il  I'imas,  Miiricopiis,  and  PiipaLios  consist  of 
doini'-slia[H'd  Inits,  either  i'(Mnid  or  oval  at  the  hase. 
There  are  iisnally  thirty  oi'  more  to  a  viUauc,  and  they 
are  ^i-onju'd  with  some  reuai'd  to  rei:idarity.  Stronji" 
forked  stakes  are  fn-mly  lixed  in  the  ^ronnd  at  reiiiikir 
distances  iVom  i-acii  other,  the  mnnher  \aryin,u  accord- 
inu'  to  tlie  si/t'  of  the  hut,  eross-|)oles  are  laid  iVom  one 
to  tile  (►thei*.  around  these  are  placed  ('otton-^vood  |»oles, 
\vhich  are  hentover  and  fastened  to  the  transserse  sticks, 
the  structure  is  then  wattled  with  willows,  reeds,  or 
coarsi"  straw,  and  the  whok'  eoveivd  with  a  coat  of  mud. 
The  only  openings  are  an  entranci;  door  ahout  three  feet 
hiiih.  and  a  small  aperture  in  the  center  of  the  roof  that 
serves  lor  ventilation.  Theii*  heiuht  is  from  li\e  to  se\cn 
I'eet.  and  the  diameter  from  twenty  to  lift\.  ()utsid(; 
staiiils  a  shed,  open  at  all  sides  with  a  roof  of  l)rauches 


or  corn-stal 
Their  1 


<s.   under  wnicn   the\'   jjrepai'c   ihen 
1 


louses  are  occupied  mam 


S( 


c* 


food, 
ily  dnriiit:  tlii'  rainy  si'a- 
m;  in  summer  they  build  Vi'Ad  sheds  of  twigs  in  their 
>rii-llelds.  which  not  only  are  more  airy,  hut  are  also 
more  coiiNcnieiit  in  watchinu'  their  jirowini:'  crops.  I'e- 
sides  the  dweUiniz-i)lace.  each  family  has  a  ,i:ranary. 
similar  in  slia[)e  and  of  like  materials  liut  of  stroiiLicr 
coiistriu'tion;  hy  frecpii-nt  plasterinu'  with  mud  they  are 


mad 


e  im[K'rvious  to  rain. 


The  t 


owns  ol 


tl 


K' 


IK 


Id 


OS 


'All  (if  tliciii  jiiiiiit,  iisin^'  no  ]i;irtirnlar  dcsi'^ii:  fhi'  imn  mcistlv  with  diirk 
ciijiirM,  ihc  wiiiiicii.  red  iiiiil   villow.'    W'lll.'i-'.-i    I'iiiius.    .!/>  ;  .liiliiisnn's    ll'i.<l. 

Ariuinn.  |>.  II.     • 'I'lic  wniiirn   wiiiii  tiny  arrive  at  iiialnrily draw  twn 

liiii'S  witli  S()iiii>  liliic-ciilorcd  dvc  frnni  radi  cori'ir  ui  tin-  iiKHitli  ti>  tin' 
diiu.'   Itur//  It's  I'irs.  A'"/'.,  vol.  ii..  p.  TIS, 

'"  '  Ailoriiausc  cdii  ;_;arL;aiitillas  dc  caracolillns  del  mar,  ciitrrv.'.-adiis  dc 
(itnis  f'liciilas  dc  (•(iiii'lia  I'lilorada  rrdmida.'  Mniff,  iti  /'^c.  Hist.  Mi.r.,  scri" 
iv  ,  toiii.  i.,  |i.  'i'.l'.l.  ■  Till  y  had  many  uriiamiiits  of  sea  >!..  lis.'  hjnmrj/'s 
.l!'ciii,:iiiissiiiici\  ]K  l.'!2.  'Siimi'  havi'  liniu;  striiit;s  of  sca-slu  IU.'  IliirH'ICfi 
/'i /'s.  Aw;'.,  vol.  ii..  ]).  "J;!!!  1.  '  Itarcly  use  (iriiaiiiiiils.'  ]i'iiU.' I's  I'limis,  .!/>.; 
Mii.rr,  Xm-lii  irhl'  II.  jiji.  '.i'lii-li;  .Sk/i/i/ikic,  Uilitrhm,  in  l>iii\  liisi.  JA.r.,  .si  iii> 
iii.,  torn,  iv.,  Y\\.  s'liul. 

'"■-'  t'ri'iii'iiii/'x  AiKiclii'n.  \).  !M  :  (idlhdin.  in  yinn-fUfH  Ainnihs  </(.-,■  I'"//..  IS")I, 
toni.  l:il.  )i.  'i'.IJ:  llrDirm's  Ajutrhv  I'luiiilrii,  \\.  IDS.  'J'hc  Maiicuji-is  '  occn- 
jiy  th.ilchiil  cotta'^t's,  thirty  or  forty  fict  in  dianictci-.  made  of  thr  twi'_'s  of 
Cotton-wood  tiiis.  int<  inovcn  with  tlu'  straw  of  wlnat.  corn-stalUs,  and 
CMiio.'  Emory's  livvoaiiu'a-.-^nai'v,  p.  1152;   luimri/'s  Japt.  L  .  -S.  Uial  Mi,c.  Jiuuial- 


5'1-t 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


are  essentially  unique,  and  are  the  dominant  feature  of 
these  aboriginals.  ^>oine  of  them  are  situated  in  vahevs, 
others  on  mesas;  sometimes  they  are  planted  on  eleva- 
tions almost  inaccessible,  reached  only  by  artificial  grades 
or  by  ste[)s  cut  in  the  solid  rock.  Some  of  the  towns  arc 
of  an  elliptical  shape,  while  others  are  square,  a  town 
being  frecpiently  but  a  block  of  buildings,  Tims  a 
I'ueblo  consists  of  one  or  more  squares,  each  enclosed  by 
three  or  four  buildings  of  from  three  to  four  hundred 
feet  in  length,  and  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in 
width  at  the  base,  and  from  two  to  seven  stories  of  i'rtmi 
eight  to  nine  feet  each  in  height.  The  buildings  ibrni- 
ing  the  s(iuare  do  not  meet,  but  in  some  cases  are  con- 
nected ])y  bridges  or  covered  gangways,  {ind  in  some 
instances  the  houses  project  over  the  streets  below, 
which  being  narrow,  are  thus  given  an  undergi-ound 
appearance.  The  stories  are  built  in  a  series  of  grada- 
tions or  retreating  surfaces,  decreasing  in  size  as  they 
rise,  thus  forming  a  succession  of  terraces. 

In  some  of  tbe  towns  these  terraces  are  on  both 
sides  of  the  l)uilding;  in  otliers  they  face  only  toward 
the  outside;  wliile  again  in  others  they  are  on  the  in- 
side. In  IVont  of  the  terraces  is  a  parajjct.  wliich  serves 
as  a  shelter  for  the  inhabitants  when  forced  to  dei'end 
themselves  against  an  attack  from  the  outside.  Tbeso 
teri'aces  are  about  six  feet  wide,  and  extend  round  the 
tliree  or  four  sides  of  the  square,  forming  a  Avalk  lor 

'()•)/  Siirri\i/,  vol.  i.,  ji.  117;  Mumje,  in  Boc.  Hist,  .l/i.c,  scric  iv.,  tom.  i.,  ;ip. 
277.  ltd.")  (!.  '  Ijcui's  ( I'iqmtJios)  iiiiiisoiis  sout  do  foi'iius  ciinicjiirs  it  cnn- 
Ktruitcs  ell  joiic  rt  fii  l)(iis.'  Si)i\  'I'c'"/.,  Ilitlli'liii,  Hi'riv  \.,  So.  WJ,  \u  l^fS;  W'kII.- 
ir's  I'liiiii^,  MS.;  \'illii-Siri(ir  y  Saiiclnz,  TliKitro,  tniii.  ii.,  ]>.  Itllo;  Si/./- 
miiir,  lli'lurioii,  ill  l>(i<\  llisl.  Mce.,  siTic  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  j).  Hi)\;  I VAf.sco,  .V■'^'(■(^^s• 

(/('  .S'(»»(l/'((,  ))p.    115,   l(;i.       '  Alull'l'C,   iK'SOlulcrS  (litMluilllllCU    I'iI])ML,'<>S.    lllilchtrll 

Lochcr  1111(1  scliliifiii  ties  Xuflits  liicriniit'ii;  jii  im  Winter  iiiiichtcii  sir  in 
ihri'ii  Diii'lisliichrni  /uvcn'  l''cncr,  iiml  liit/.tcii  ilifsilbcn.'  Miirr,  Sarhr'trlii' n, 
\\.  I't").  "TlKir  siiniiinr  slidtci's  urc  of  ii  nincli  nioiv  tcinjiorarv  nature,  lieiii'.,' 
i'(Mistriic(etl  lifter  llie  niiiiuier  of  a  foniiiion  arhor,  covered  witli  wiilow  roiU, 
to  olistriict  till'  rays  of  the  vertical  sun.'  UikiIics'  l>(iiiiiili<iii's  /v'.i'.,  ]>.  i--- 
In  front  of  the  I'inio  house  is  iisiiallj'  '  ii  lar;,'e  arbor,  on  top  of  which  is 
jiiled  the  cotton  ill  the  poll,  for  drviii;^'.'  L'liinri/,  in  Fn  iimiil  itml  Eiiinrifs  .\i7'.s 
tif  I'nir.,  ]).  4H.  The  r.ipaiios'  huts  were  '  fcriiiecs  ])ar  lies  jicanx  ile  luillh  s.' 
]■'■  rri/.  Scriirs  <Ir  Id  \"k'  .Sk/ov/i/c,  p.  Ili7.  Granary  built  like  the  Mexican  Jithils. 
They  arc  belter  structures  tjian  their  dwelliiij^'s,  more  open,  in  onhi-  to  tiive 
a  free  circulation  of  air  throiv^'h  the  f,'raiu  dopositid  in  them.  JliirtliU's  I'li's. 
Sar.,  vol.  i.,  i>.  IltS'J,  vol,  ii.,  pp.  21)3-5. 


rUEBLO  HOUSES. 


tlie  occupants  of  the  story  resting  upon  it,  and  a  roof  for 
the  storv  beneath ;  so  with  the  stories  above.  As  there 
is  no  inner  connnunication  with  one  another,  the  only 
means  of  mounting  to  them  is  by  hulders  whieli  stand 
at  convenient  distances  along  the  several  rows  of  ter- 
races, and  they  may  be  drawn  up  at  pleasure,  thus  cut- 
ting off  all  unwelcome  intrusion.  The  outside  walls  of 
one  or  more  of  the  lower  stories  are  entirely  solid,  hav- 
ing no  openings  of  any  kind,  with  the  exception  of.  in 
some  towns,  a  few  loopholes.  All  the  doors  {uid  win- 
dows arc  on  the  inside  opening  on  the  court.  The  sev- 
eral stories  of  these  huge  structures  are  divided  into 
multitudinous  coui[)artments  of  greater  or  lesser  si'/e, 
which  are  apportioned  to  the  several  families  of  the 
tril)e.  Access  is  had  to  the  different  stories  by  fneans 
of  the  ladders,  which  at  night  and  in  times  of  diiuger 
are  drawn  up  after  the  person  entering,  'i'o  enter  the 
rooniN  on  the  ground  floor  from  the  outside,  one  must 
mount  the  hulder  to  the  first  balcony  or  terrace,  then 
descend  through  a  trap  door  in  the  lloor  by  another  ladder 
on  the  inside.  The  roofs  or  ceilings,  which  are  nearly 
ilat,  are  formed  of  transverse  beams  which  slo[)e  slightly 
outward,  tiie  ends  resting  on  the  side  walls;  on  these,  to 
make  the  lloor  and  terrace  of  the  story  above,  is  laid 
brush  wood,  then  a  layer  of  bark  or  thin  slabs,  and  over 
all  a  thick  covering  of  nuid  sullicieut  to  render  them 
water-tight.  Tlie  windows  in  the  up[)er  stories  are  made 
of  Hakes  of  selenite  instead  of  glass.  The  rooms  are 
large,  the  substantial  j)artitions  are  made  of  wood,  and 
neatly  whitewashed,  The  apartments  on  the  ground 
lloor  are  gloomy,  and  generally  used  as  store-rooms; 
those  above  are  sometimes  furnished  with  a  small  lire- 
place,  the  chinniey  leading  out  some  feet  above  the  ter- 
race. Houses  are  connnon  prcperty.  and  both  men  and 
v''  .lien  assist  in  building  them;  the  men  erect  the  wooden 
frames,  and  the  women  riake  the  mortar  and  build  the 
walls.  In  pl;ic(!  of  lime  for  mortar,  thev  mi.x  ashes  with 
earth  and  chai-coal.  They  make  adobes  or  sun-dried 
bricks  by  mixing  ashes  and  earth  witL  water,  which  is 


536 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


then  moulded  into  large  blocks  and  dried  in  the  siui. 
Sonic  of  the  towns  are  bnilt  with  stones  laid  in  nuid. 
Capt-.in  Simpson  describes  several  ruined  cities,  which 
he  visited,  which  show  that  the  inha])itants  ibrmerlv  iiad 
a  knowledge  of  arcliitecture  and  design  superior  to  any 
that  the  PucIjIos  of  the  present  day  possess.  Yet  tlieir 
Ijuildings  are  even  now  well  constructed,  for  although 
several  stories  in  height,  the  walls  are  seldom  more  than 
three  or  lour  feet  in  thickness.  The  apai'tments  are 
well  ai'ranged  and  neatly  kept;  one  rooui  is  used  for 
cooking,  another  for  grinding  corn  and  preserving  winter 
supplies  of  ibod.  others  for  sleeping-rooms.  On  the  bal- 
conies, I'ound  the  doors  opening  u[)()n  theui,  the  vil- 
lauers  coui:reu'ate  to  iiossin  and  smoke,  while  the  streets 
below,  when  the  ladders  are  drawn  up,  present  a  gloomy 
and  forsaken  a])pearance.  Souietimes  villages  are  built  in 
the  forui  of  an  oi)en  stpiare  with  ))uildings  on  three  sides, 
and  aiiiiin  two  or  more  larue  terraced  structures  capable 
of  accoiiiiHodating  one  or  two  thousand  pe()i)le  ai'e  built 
contiguous  to  i}iU']\  other,  or  on  opi)()site  hauks  of  a  stream. 
In  souie  instances  the  outer  wall  presents  one  unbroken 
line,  without  entrance  or  anything  to  indicate  the  l>iisy 
life  within;  another  Ibrin  is  to  join  tiie  straiuht  walls, 
which  encompass  three  sides  of  a  s(piare,  by  a  iburth 
circular  wall;  in  all  of  which  the  chief  object  is  del'euse. 
The  I'ueblos  take  great  pride  in  their  picturesipie  iuid. 
to  them,  mamiilici'nt  structures,  anirmiim'  that  as  ibrt- 
resses  they  ha\e  ever  ])r()ved  impregnable.  To  wal'  out 
l»lack  barliiM'ism  was  "hat  the  I'ueblos  wanti'd,  and  to 
be  let  alone;  undei"  these  conditions  time  was  giving 
them  ci\  iliziition.'''* 

'"■'  ViUii-Si'i'idV  }j  Sonchci,  Thcatro,  toni.  ii..  ji.  Jl'i;  Whijipli'.  En'lanlr.  nhil 
Tiirnii-'s  111  III..  \t\\.  -il,  'S-i,  \:>'>,  in  I'ltr.  ]{.  7.',  Hi/il..  vol.  ii. :  Ni  /k.v  )'(/  //,<  /,'o<7,// 
MIfi.,  ]i.  177;  Siihiii  rmi,  JU'liii-iii>ii.'<,  in  Jlac.  Ili.-<l.  J/'.r.,  soic  iii.,  t(ini.  iv..  ]i\k 
'J"),  ;((l-|,  'Kilns  son  liis  ';iic  liiU'cii,  y  cditicini  Lis  Ciimis,  iihsi  di'  I'ii  iliii. 
t'onio  di'  Ailovi',  y  'lii-nii  i(niiisa<1ii;  y  ciin  iii)  teller  la  !':.:'  i'  inns  ile  vn  ]iie  ui' 
imclio.  sullen  las  Casas  dus,  y  ins.  y  iinatro,  y  eiinn  Sdlnadus,  I'l  ,\ltis:  y 
a  eada  .Mtci.  eciii  spunde  vn  (iincddf  ]i(ir  de  fu<ra;  si  solne  (  sta  altnra  lii  clmn 
mas  altiis,  I'l  Si'biailns  qidnine  ay  Casas  (jue  llei;an  a  siete)  son  los  denias. 
Ill  de  JiaiTo,  sino  di'  iladira.'  'ruriiiiiiiiiiibi.  Mninin/.  /id/.,  toni.  i.,  p.  iM. 
For  fiirtlier  jiarticalars,  see  ('iisliirmlii,  in  'I'l  riiiiu.v-i  'niiiinni.f.  \'iii/..  s'rU'  i., 
toui.  iv,.  ]<\t.  2.  I'J,  r.s,  (I!),  71,  Ti'i,  Si».  Kis,  |(',;i,  i(;7.  ICi'.i;  .VZ-'/.'in  /</.,  iiii. 
201,  -M),  270,  27'J;  JHai,  in  Id.,  pp.  2'j;i,  2',)ii;  JuriuiiUli,,  in  hL,  p^i.  M'.', 


rUEBLO  ESTUFAS. 


537 


The  swcat-lioiisc,or  as  the  Spaniards  call  it,tlio  rsfufa, 
assumes  with  tho  Pueblos  the  grandest  j)ro])ortions. 
Every  vilki'^e  has  from  one  to  six  of  tliese  singular  struc- 
tures. A  large,  semi-subterranean  room,  it  is  at  once 
bath-house,  town-house,  council-chamber,  club-room, 
and  church.  It  consists  of  a  large  excavation,  the  roof 
1  jcing  about  on  a  level  with  the  ground,  sometimesalittle 
above  it,  and  is  sujiportcd  by  heavy  timbers  or  pillars  of 
masonry.  Around  the  sides  are  benches,  and  in  the 
center  of  the  floor  a  square  stone  box  for  fire,  wherein 
aromatic  [)lants  are  kept  constantly  burning.  Entrance 
is  made  by  means  of  a  ladd(.'r,  througli  a  hole  in  the  to[) 
jilaced  directly  over  tho  iire-place  so  that  it  also  serves 
as  a  ventilator  and  affords  a  free  passage  to  the  smoke. 
Usually  they  are  circular  in  form  and  of  both  laige  and 
( inalldimonsions;  they  arc  placed  either  witliinthe  great 
l»uildinn"  <'i'  underground  in  the  court  without.  In  some 
of  the  ruins  they  are  found  built  in  the  center  of  what 
v.as  once  a  ])yramidal  pile,  and  four  stories  in  heiglit. 
.Vt  Jemez  tlio  cstufa  is  of  one  story,  twenty-iive  feet 
v.'ide  b}'  thirty  feet  high.  The  ruins  of  Chettro  Kettle 
contain  six  estutas,  each  two  or  tlu'ee  stories  In  heiu'ht. 
At  Ii>onito  are  cstufas  one  hundi'cd  jind  seventy-five  feet 
iii  circumference,  built  in  alternate  layers  of  thick  and 

'.uii:  Cnrrloiir,  in  f:I.,  toill.  X.,  pi).  4,'5S-0;  Siiiipsnii'i  Jo'ir.  M'L  Ihrnti., 
pp.  •*?,  JK),  114;  y>V//',  ill  Srli'Kilcfa/Yti  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  p.  '2\\\  Tcii  Jirocck, 
ih  II.,  Vol.  i\'.,  pji.  V^»,  Sil,  ami  pUit(j3,  pp.  lit,  7-;  Wunlcti,  Ji'crh' irhi:-',  p.  79; 
/.'■'.I 'om'.s  AdvfH.  Mii'.,  p.  I'.ll;  l'uliii<r,  in  ll'trjirr\'<  Mnj.,  V(/i.  xvii.,  p.  4.Vi; 
jUiiUe-i'ri:ii,  J'rrcis  df.  In  i<'ii>ii.,  loin,  vi.,  p.  A'u\\  llasscl,  Mix.  (lual.,  ]>.  '27^; 
-;//(')'.<  .'.ec,  A'.,  c,  rt'\,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'A')',);  tr'/v;/.'/".s  ('(//;(.  Pniirlc-i,  vol.  i.,  jip. 
-■/  ",;i;  IfnijhoC  ])oiiiplinii\~i  K.r.,  ji.  IIJ,"(;  durre',  /)if(rio,  in  JJur.  IIl<t.  .][<•■., 
S'l-ic  ii.,  toin.  i.,  i>.  .S2'J;  /rc.^'  Culont/lo  llii:,Y\).  lilt,  I'JI,  I'Jd;  Mnrr;/'.',-  Arm;/ 
J.'/c,  pi_>.  07,  !'!',  101,  \0'>;  /'ii.ffnii,  in  .\'iinr)/li/<  Aini<i.t(>:  i/v.i  \'oi/.,  |S."i!l,  toiii. 
I'Nxvi.,  pp.  4i',  4">,  Cy2,  n~;  GitlhUiu,  in  Id.,  1851,  toiu.  cxxxi.,  pji.  'JIS,  'I'u,  -('7, 
270,  277,  27.^,  2SS;  E^yrjo,  in  llid'nift'.^  \'oi/.,  vol.  iii.,  p]).  ;js,"),  .'{;)2, ,'!'.) l(i;  ( '--/■- 
(iiin'h),  in  /(/.,  vol.  iii.,  jip.  ;i77,  ''u'.);  X'r.i,  in  //.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  'Mu,  '.\~,1\  M iili- 
I  iipj'firi/f,  Mij'irn,  torn,  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  p.  .")I!S;  .Mollli'iunin,  lieiHiii  in  i/ic  i\l<oiiii<U., 
1  111),  ii.,  ]i.  2.'W;  liK,  Tii;/' 'mr/i,  pp.  217-1'^,  2.S.");  MiDit'Uiux,  XiritiC''  H'ce/v  .'■/, 
P|..  20!»,  21."),  217.  'I'lu!  Iowa  of  ('il)ola  Moiiios  6  lapidihiis  et  cmnicnto  iill'a- 
lii'o  c'onstruct.'n  ct  t'onjiuR'tiin  disjio-iitas  osso,  su]H'rliiniii:iria  portarir.n  oya- 
lu'isfrcMnuiis,  ('{''niroiikvH  vocant)  ornata.'  /V  /.ncf,  A'o'-^-i  <)vl'is,  \<\>.  2!t7.  Ill  I  -1  I; 
Arric'tri'ii,  i.'roiiii'n  Si  nijici,  p.  4SI).  ''i'iio  houses  arc  well  (listfihiittMl  aiulxory 
11'  :it.  Olio  room  \:i  ilc'si;_,'ii('il  for  tlio  kitehen,  and  anothei  to  i;rind  tlii'  grain. 
'l'l'-i:i  laat  ii  ii]iart,  and  contaiiH  a  i'urnaco  and  three  sl;one.-i  iiiado  fast  in  nia- 
>:o!M-y.'  Ihu-:^'  I'd  <;,iii'j..,  PI).  ll.S-2;),  111,  ;tll,  :;i;!,  ;!l'-i,  420,  422;  <;i.-<'int,><le 
."'•i-ii,  ia  Pur'irr^i,  CuL  '/><•.  /,)■■/.,  to:!i.  iv.,  pp.  :{20-;]0;  Jluii'iH'a  J\i:<.  Nar., 
vul.  ii.,  p.  17S;  Fostcr'a  I'n-JIidi,  A'licv.',  p.  iiOl. 


538 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


til  in  stono  slabs.  In  those  subterranean  temples  the 
old  men  met  in  secret  council,  or  assembled  in  worship 
of  their  gods.  Here  are  held  dances  and  festivities, 
social  intercourse,  and  mourning  ceremonies.  Certai'i 
of  the  Pueblos  have  a  custom  similar  to  that  practiced 
by  some  of  the  northern  tribes,  the  men  sleeping  in  the 
sweat-house  with  their  feet  to  tlie  fire,  and  permitting 
women  to  enter  only  to  bring  them  food.  I'he  estufas 
of  Tiguex  were  situatod  in  the  heart  of  the  village,  built 
undergro!  1 1,  both  roand  and  square,  and  paved  with 
large  polii-.  i         ones.^''* 

From  the  .  iicst  informaiion  we  have  of  these  na- 
tions they  arc  known  to  have  been  tillers  of  the  soil; 
and  though  the  implements  used  and  their  methods  of 
cultivation  were  both  simple  and  primitive,  cotton,  corn, 
wheat,  beans,  with  many  varieties  of  fruits,  which  con- 
stituted their  principal  food,  were  raised  in  abundance. 
The  Pueblos  breed  poultry  to  a  considerable  extent ;  fish 
are  oaten  whenever  obtainable,  as  also  a  few  wild  ani- 
mals, such  as  deer,  hares,  and  rabbits,  though  they  are 
indifl:erent  hunters."^  The  Papagos,  whose  country  docs 

'"*In  the  province  of  Tucay.an,  'domiciliis  inter  so  junctia  ct  .affabrc  con- 
structis,  in  quibus  et  tcpiJaria  qnao  vulgo  Stuvas  appelhiinus,  sub  terra  coii- 
structa  ailvcrsus  hyeinis  vcliementiam. '  De  Laet,  Xorux  Orliis,  p.  301 .  ' In  tlio 
centre  was  a  small  square  box  of  stone,  in  which  was  a  lu-o  of  guava  biislies, 
and  around  this  a  few  old  men  were  smoking.'  Man-ifs  Annij  Li/t\  p.  110. 
'  Estufas,  quo  mas  i^ropiamente  dcbcrian  Uaniar  sinagogas.  En  cstas  liaceu 
6U3  junta.s,  forman  su.s  conciliiibulofj,  y  cnsayan  sus  bailca  ii  pucrta  ccrrada.' 
Alcijre,  I  Hat.  Comp.  de  Jesus,  tom.  i.,p.  'SSli;  Beaumont^  Cruii.dc  Mtclioacan, 
MS.,  p.  -118;  ilomara,  lllst,  Ind.,  fol.  '273;  Simpson's  Jour.  Mil.  ricron.,  p]i. 
13,  '21;  Ccuitiiiiela,  in  Teniaux-Compans,  Voi/.,  surie  i.,  tom.  ix.,pp.  13!),  Iii.'>, 
100-70,  17t> ;  Esprjo,  in  HaHui/l'a  Toy.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  392-3;  iV'ie/,  in  Doc.  JUkI. 
Mvr..  sorio  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  pp.  90-1. 

''^' Magna  ipsia  MayzU  copia  ct  legumimim.'  De  Laet,  Novus  Orbis,  p]i. 
298,  302,  .'(10-13,  31.5.  '  llallaron  en  los  pueblos  y  casa.s  muchos  mantciii- 
micntos,  y  gran  infinidad  do  gallinas  do  la  tierra.'  Espcjo,  in  llalhiiil'.-i  l'ii>/., 
vol.  iii.  pp.  380,  393.  'Criaban  las  Indias  nuichas  Gallinas  do  la  Tierra.' 
Ton/ueniada,  Monarq.  Ind.,  torn.  i.  p.  078.  'Zy  Icven  by  mair,  wittc,  I'rwctcii, 
liaesen,  konynen  en  vovder  wild-braed.'  Monlnn'is,  Xi(uwi>  \\'e<-  Id,  p.  21  "i, 
and  Dapper,  Aeuc  Well,  p.  '242.  Compare  Scenes  in  the  Unci':/  Mts.,  p.  177; 
Marci/'s  Army  Life,  pp.  97-8,  104,  108;  Cortez,  in  Pnc.  U.  7>'.7.V/)/.,  vol.  iii., 
p.  122;  Sifijrenrcs'  Zufil  Ex.,  \\\).  b-G;  jam inillo,  in  Tivnaux-Compun'i,  \'<'!l., 
HI  lie  i.,  tom.  ix.,  pp.  309-71 ;  Diaz,  in  /(/.,  pp.  '294-.1;  Orei/i/s  Vom.  Prairl  x, 
vol.  i.,  jtp.  '208,  '281;  Ten  limcek,  in  Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  SO; 
Simpson's  Jour.  Mil.  Jiccon.,  pp.  10,  82,  91,  113;  Wislizenus'  Tunr,  p.  '20;  Il<iif, 
in  SchoolcnijTs  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  p.  244;  linxton,  in  Nouvellcs  Anmdis  dcs  I'o//  , 
KS-jO,  torn,  cxxvi.,  p.  52;  Gallatin,  in  Id.,  18ol,  torn,  cxxxi.,  pp.  270-1,  271*, 
'<i88-9,  '292,  297;   Eroebd,  Aua  Attierika,  tom.  ii.,  pp.  439,  •44j,  453;   Muil- 


HOW  FOOD  IS  OBTAINED. 


539 


not  present  such  favorable  conditions  for  agriculture  are 
forced  to  rely  for  a  subsistence  more  upon  wild  fruits 
and  animals  than  the  nations  north  of  them.  They 
collect  large  quantities  of  the  fruit  of  the  ijitaha^a  ( re- 
rem  gif/aufansj,  and  in  seasons  of  scarcity'  resort  to 
whatever  is  life-sustaining,  not  disdaining  even  snakes, 
lizards,  and  toads.'™  Most  of  these  peoi)le  irrigate  their 
lands  by  means  of  conduits  or  ditches,  leading  either 
from  the  river  or  from  tanks  in  which  rain-water  is  col- 
lected and  stored  for  the  purjiose.  These  ditches  are 
kept  in  repair  '  v  the  conununity,  but  farming  operations 
are  carried  on  hy  eacli  lamily  for  its  own  separate  l)en- 
efit,  which  is  a  noticeable  advance  from  the  usual  savage 
couununism.'"  Fishi)ig  nets  are  made  of  twisted  thread 
or  of  small  sticks  joined  together  at  the  :ids.  A\lien 
the  rivers  are  low,  ii.sh  are  cjuight  in  })askets  or  sliot  with 
arrows  to  which  a  string  is  attached.™  The  corn  which 
is  stored  for  winter  use,  is  first  par-boiled  in  the  shuck, 
and  then  suspended  from  strings  to  dry;  peaches  are 
dried  in  large  quantities,  and  melons  are  preserved  l)y 
peeling  and  removing  the  seeds,  when  they  are  placed 


i 


linnsfn,  I^pisen  hi  Hie  Frlsmqeh.,  toni.  ii.,  pp.230,  284;  Bnrtl'tt's  /Vrs.  Xar..  vol. 
(i.,  pp.  178,  214-18,  •2:i3-'7;  limirm'n  Apnchv  i'<i,i),tn/.  pp.  78,  1)4,  107-10, 
141  "2,  27(i-7;  Seihliii'ilr,  in  liar.  Hist.  .lA.c,  scrii.'  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  j)p.  848,  850; 
/'/.,  st'rio  iv..  torn,  i.,  p.  !!•;  Kuiori/'^  HfCimmilssiinci',  p.  l:il;  Mnirri/'s  Ari- 
Z'liKi,  p.  ;{();  Htssul,  Mix.  (hiat.,  ]>.  278;  llwihes'  Dnnijilian's  /•>..  pp.  IKti,  221; 
Enton,  in  Srliaolrntl't's  Airh.,  v<il.  iv.,  p.  221;  (jovuiia,  Hint.  ImL,  fol.  273; 
Iml.  Aff.  Ilei>ts.,  fr()in  1857  to  1N72. 

I'lj  '  Parii  su  susti'iito  no  rt'usa  iininial,  por  innniiulo  qnt'  sea.'  yulit-Sei'ioi' 
y  Siint'liijg,  Thiatni,  toni.  ii.,  ]).  ;i".)5.  '  I.os  papagos  se  niautiiiuii  dc  los  fni- 
tos  silvi'strcs.'  IV/asco,  ydtiriua  ih  Sdu^'nt,  pp.  100-1.  'Ilattcli  yvosscu 
Apjictit  zii  I'ft'nl-  uiid  Mimlt'Sflticiscli.'  Murr,  Xiifliri'lilr)),  jip.  247  !»,  2(i7, 
2H2-02;  SiiHord,  Iksciip.,  (iroij.,  in  Ihic.  Hist.  Mi,v.,  siiic  iii.,  tuni.  iv.,  ji)). 
837-8;  Soc.  6'('0»/.,  Jiulklin.  st-rio  v.,  No.  ',)(!,  p.  188;  ,Sti>ne,  in  Hist.  Mdi/.,  vol. 
v.,  p.  IOC. 

'^^  Tho  I'inias  '  Hacen  pvamlis  sicnihras. .  para  rnyo  rio^o  tiencn  fonna- 
ilas  liiicnas  aci'ipiias.'  <!iirrfs.  Iiiarin,  in  Puc.  Hist.  .Mt.v.,  scric  ii.,  toni.  i.,  \t]t. 
235,  237.  '  We  \vi  re  at  onci'  iiiiprcssid  with  the  beauty,  oidir,  and  dis]iosi- 
tionof  the  arranLjenieiifs  for  inij,'atiii;,'.'  J^'iiKiri/,  in  Fn  ininit  mid  Hnmri/'s  Xntin 
i\i'  Tinr,,  pp.  47-8.  With  the  I'li- lijov.:  '  l{egen-l>akken  ver!,'a((l(  rdeli  't  wa- 
ter; of  zy  h'iden  't  uit  I'en  rievier  door  f^rafteu.'  Mioitdims,  Xiinirf  II'mciYi/,  ]>. 
218;  he  hii't,  Xnrits  Orliis,  p.  312;  Fsjujn,  iu  lldldiujt's  l'"*/,,  toni.  iii.,  pp. 
3M5-7,  3'.)2-4;  Cutis'  f <»,</.  of  Cut.,  y.  V.)\\. 

'"'■•  Wiilkvr's  J'iiiifis,  MS.;  Mnuiji',  Ititicmrio,  in  T)iic.  J  fist.  Mi.r..  seric  iv., 
torn,  i.,  p.  20!(.  '  Usan  de  hilo  toreido  unas  redes  y  otras  di'  varios  palitoH, 
(pie  los  tiieret^n  y  jinitan  por  las  pinitas.'  Scddmuir,  Jtt'itcivii,  in  Jlvc.  Hist, 
jyi'.r.,  serie  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  i)p.  851-2. 


'5i0 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


in  the  sun,  and  .iftcrward  liunj^  up  in  trees,  ^[oiil  is 
ground  on  the  nictate  and  used  I'or  making  iMU'ridge,  tor- 
tillas, and  a  very  thin  cake  called  f/uaijace,  Avliicli  latter 
forms  a  staple  article  of  ibod  auiongst  the  Pueblos.  I'lie 
jn'ocess  of  making  the  guayave,  as  seen  by  Lieutenant 
iSimpson  at  Santo  Domingo  on  the  llio  (Jrande,  is  thus 
described  in  his  journal.  "At  the  house  of  the  govern- 
or 1  noticed  a  Avoman,  proba])ly  his  \\\i\\  going  through 
the  process  of  baking  a  \ery  thin  species  of  corn  cake, 
called,  according  to  Gregg,  guayave.  She  was  hovering 
over  a  Hre,  upon  which  lay  a  flat  stone.  Xear  her  was 
a  bowl  of  thin  corn  paste,  into  which  she  thrust  her 
fingers;  allowing  then  the  paste  to  drip  sparingly  upon 
the  stone,  with  two  or  three  wipes  from  the  palm  of  her 
hand  she  would  spread  it  entirely  and  uuiforudy  over 
the  stone;  thi.s  was  iio  sooner  done  than  she  ])eeled  it 
olV  as  fit  for  use;  and  the  process  was  again  and  again 
repeated,  until  a  sufficient  (piantity  was  obtained. 
AVhen  folded  and  rolled  together,  it  does  not  look  uidike 
(particularly  that  made  from  the  l)hie  corn)  a  hornets 
nest — a  nauie  by  which  it  is  sometiiues  called."'  The 
I'iuias  do  all  their  cooking  out  of  doors,  uuder  a  shed 
erected  for  the  purpose.  They  collect  the  pulp  froui  the 
fruit  of  the  pitahaya,  and  boiling  it  in  water,  make  a 
thick  sy ru[).  which  they  store  away  foi-  future  use.  They 
also  dry  the  fruit  in  the  sun  like  lii:s.'''' 

The   Pueblos  and  !Mo(piis  are   reuiarkable   for  their 
personal  cleanliness  and  the  neatness  of  their  dwell- 


ings 


IHO 


i"3  'Hiu'pu  (li^  lii  Miisn  (1p  Mir'z  pnv  Li  iiiaiinna  Atolc. . .  TiUiiMcn  liiic(Mi 
Tfiuiiilt'S,  y 'I'ui'till.is.'  7''/;vy/((/)((('/((,  MiitKini.  //n/.,  tdin.  i..  ]>.  (iT'.l.  "Tin- fruit 
of  th(!  l)ctiijaya  ...is  dried  iii  the  siiu.'  r/()//i;////'.'j  Ajiiirlns,  ]\\t.  8',),  ",)1,  ]ll(i, 
]11-1"2.  '  l-'ruiu  tlu;  snwarniw  iCcreirs  (tij,'aiiti'us)  and  jitava  tiny  iiial<i'  an 
t  xcclU'iit  pri'Sirvi;.'  Kiiitirtfa  ],'(pl.  l'.  S.  unil  Mi.v.  lUnnnUirti  Sin'ruj.  vul.  i  , 
J).  Vr,\.  See  also  /ci.s'  Vol<<riuh>  l!ir.,  py).  M,  45.  121,  TJ;). 'l2tl;  Cui-Ulm,.  in 
i^iiiillisiiiiiitii  liijil.,  l.So^l,  ]).  lidS;  'I'm  liriiirl,-,  in  Scln'iilcriu't's  Arch.,  vol.  iv., 
)>|).  S,  7<1;  ('i>r(iiiii(lo,  in  JIuUiii/l's  I'"//.,  tuni.  iii.,  ]>.  !i7S;  Sitniisnu's  Ji'iir.  MU. 
7iV('ii/i.,  jip.  11;!,  11");  ('((.s^(/7(i/(/,  in  i) ni<iii.r-('iiiii]i(iii.i,  r<i//.,  si'rii' i.,  toni.  ix., 
jip.  CI,  71,  1(11,  17(M2:  Diiris'  Kl  (Inwj,,,  pp.  Ill,  IIH,  \li---l,  117-H;  MOUIhua- 
.sc)(,  'rii<irlii(rli,  jip.  '21H-!I,  28.'). 

i'*"  Ires'  Ct,h,r<i,h,  Ifir.,  ])]).  ll'.t-'iO,  l'2-l:.  'Ilsvont  faire  liMirs  odcnrs 'Ui 
loin,  et  vass('nilil<'nt  Ics  urines  dans  de  ^'vands  vases  de  terre  (pie  Van  va 
vider  linrs  du  villaj^'e.'  I'ai^ldilitla,  in  'r(.ritau,(-C(>iiiji'iHS,  !''■//.,  serie  i.,  tdni. 
ix.,  p.  171. 


PUEBLO  WEAPONS. 


Ul 


Tlioir  Avonpons  are  ])ow.s  ami  arrows,  spears,  and  clul)s. 
The  Pueblos  use  a,  crooked  stick,  which  they  throw  some- 
ANliat  ill  the  iiiaiiiier  of  the  hooiuciaiiji,':  they  sire  excecd- 
iimlv  .skillful  in  the  nso  of  the  «linii'.  with  a  stone  from 
which  they  are  said  to  l)e  ahle  to  hit  with  certainty  a 
small  mark  or  kill  a  deer  at  the  distance  of  a  hundred 
yards.  For  defense,  they  use  a  buckler  or  shield  made 
of  raw  hide.  Their  arrows  are  carried  in  skin  quivers 
or  stuck  in  the  belt  round  the  waist. '*^'  ]?ows  are  made 
of  willow,  and  arc  about  six  feet  in  length,  strung  with 
twisted  deer-sinews;  arrows  are  made  of  rei'ds,  into 
M-hich  a  piece  of  hard  wood  is  fitted. ^'^^  The  rimas 
wing  their  war  arrows  with  three  feathers  and  ]K)int 
them  with  flint.  Avliile  for  hunting  purposes  they  have 
only  two  feathers  and  wooden  jxiiuts,"^''  It  has  been 
stated  that  they  poison  them,  but  there  does  not  appear 
to  be  good  foundation  for  this  assertion.^***  Clu])s,  which 
are  used  in  hand-to-hand  combats,  are  made  of  a  hard, 
heavy  wood,  measuring  from  twenty  to  twenty-four 
inches  in  length.  Jn  i'ormer  days  they  were  sharpened 
by  insertinii'  Hint  or  obsidian  alon<;'  the  edge. 


18o 


'**'  '  The  only  dcfciisivt*  uvnior  they  use  is  a  rude  sliitld  iiiiuli'  of  raw  IniU- 
liiilc'  I>ih  i^'  III  lirimio,  pp.  ll")-().  '  J>()\vs  1111(1  iiii'ows,  and  the  wciodcii  liiKinic- 
raiif,'.'  Cdli/'i-,  in  litd.  At}',  llijit.,  iHt;',),  ji.  ',11.  Tlif  I'aim^'os'  '  ainics  sunt  In 
niassno,  la  lance  it  Tare;  ils  iiortcnt  anssi  \nw  ciiiiasso  ct  un  lidiiclicr  •  u 
pcau  dc  biitllt'.'  Noc.  (h'oi;.,  nulUlin,  Hi'rio  v.,  No.  !•<!,  p.  IMS.  For  fiiitli'  r 
I'onipaiisiiiis  si'O  Wliijijilc,  Kn'hauk,  (tml  Turmr'n  Uipt.,  p.  iic,  in  /''"'.  //.  h. 
/I'cyi^,  viil.  iii. ;  (hnii/'s  Cuin.  I'rdirkx,  vol.  i.,  ]). '2H(l;  he  l.iul,  yums  <lrl  is, 
1).  ;i()li;  l.itn  itdHdii'ir,  .][i,y.  ct  (.riiat.,  p.  147;  J'il,v's  K.rjiliir.  Tntr.,  ]^.',U'2\  Xii", 
n\  Ihikhnjt'a  Voij.,  toni.  iii.,  p.  'Xi'l\  Miililciipi'orill,  M' Jira,  toiii.  ii.,  I't  ii.,  ]>. 
"i-iS;  Mii)iqi\  Itiiiiriirlo,  iu  Jhic.  Jlist.  J/i.r.,  siTic  iv.,  tonii.,  i).2'.l'.l;  Suhliiiii'ir, 
in  /(/.,  sciic  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  p.  Sol;  Suhiicnm,  Itiktcioias,  iu  Jd.,  j).  Jt)(i;  JUtrt- 
IHi's  J'l'rs.  yin:,  vol.  ii.,  iiji.  '217,  L';S7. 

'^^  Bows  'of  stroiii;  willow-tiouulis.'  Wdll.rr's  J'iiinif!,  MS.  'Bows  aro 
six  ft'tt  in  linj^'th,  and  made  of  a  very  t()U}_'li  and  ulasfic  kind  of  wood,  wliiidi 
thu  S|ianiards  call  7'(//'/ii'<.'   I'lillii's  I'lrs.  \((r.,  ]ip.  '.tl.  Mil. 

i,s;i  ''I'll,.  ]>iiiia  '  arrows  dirt'cr  from  tliosc  of  all  the  Ajiaclic  tribes  in  having; 
only  two  featliers.'  ('niiiiiiii/'n  Aiiiif.lna,  p.  idli.  'War  arrows  have  stoni^ 
]ioints  and  three  feathers:  Imntin^' arrows,  two  feathers  and  ii  wooden  point.' 
W'tdhi r'.t  I'limis.  ,".s'.:  ('nrniKKhi.  in  llnl.-hii/l's  \'i'i/..  toni.  iii.  ]i.  liso. 

'^*  The  I'iliias:  '  Fleelias,  ennervadas  con  el  etica/  niortifero  velieno  (pio 
(?oniponen  de  varias  jion/ofias,  y  el  zniiio  de  la  y(  rha  llaiiiada  en  jiiiiia  I's'ip.' 
Mmi'ie,  Him rnrio.  in  l)ii<;.  Hist.  Mv.v.,  serie  iv.,  toni.  i..  p.  :tll7.  •])!(•  Spitzen 
ihrer  I'feile  . .  welcher  niit  einer  dunklen  Siihstan/  iiberzoj^'eu  wareii.  Sie 
lieliaupteteii  das  diese  aus  Sclilan.i,'en^'ift  bestehe,  was  niir  indess  uiiwahv- 
scheinlich  ist.'  Frmhil,  Aus  Aiiwrihi,  toni.  ii.,  p.  tlW;  t'astur<id<t,  iu  Th'ikikx- 
ComiKiiis,   Villi-,  serie  i.,  toni.  ix.,  pp.  ">',),  l(l7.  I'2ll. 

'"j  '  Uuiv  liiaoaua,  couio  eliiva  o  porra. . .  Estim  sou  de  uu  palo  uiuy  duro 


'542 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


The  Pimas  wauo  unceasing  war  against  the  Apaches, 
and  the  Pueblos  are  ever  at  eiuriity  with  their  neigh- 
bors, the  Xuvajos.  The  Pueblos  are  securely  protected 
by  the  position  and  construction  of  their  dwellings,  IVoni 
the  top  of  which  they  are  able  to  watch  the  appearance 
and  movements  of  enemies,  and  should  any  be  dai'ing 
enough  to  approach  their  walls,  they  are  greeted  hy  ji 
shower  of  stones  and  darts.  As  an  additional  protec- 
tion to  tbeir  towns,  they  dig  pitfalls  on  the  trails  lead- 
ing to  them,  at  the  bottom  of  which  sharp-pointed  stakes 
are  driven,  the  top  of  the  hole  being  carefully  covered."*" 
Expeditions  are  sometimes  organized  against  the  Xavajos 
for  tlie  recovery  of  stolen  property.  On  such  occcasions 
the  Towus-peoi)le  equip  themselves  with  the  heads,  horns, 
and  tails  of  wild  animals,  paint  the  body  and  plume  the 
head.^**'  Lieutenant  Simpson  mentions  a  curious  custom 
observed  by  them,  just  previous  to  going  into  action. 
"They  halted  on  the  way  to  receive  from  their  -chiefs 
.some  medicine  from  the  medicine  bags  which  each  of 
them  cairied  a)joiit  his  person.  This  they  rubbed  upon 
their  heart,  as  they  said,  to  make  it  big  and  brave.' 
The  Pueblos  fight  on  horseback  in  skirmishing  order, 
and  keep  up  a  running  fight,  throwing  the  bod 3'  into  va- 
rious attitudes,  the  better  to  avoid  the  enemies'  missiles, 
at  the  same  time  discharging  their  arrows  with  rapidity.^^'* 
The  Piinas,  who  fight  usually  on  foot,  when  they  decide 
on  going  to  war,  select  their  best  warriors,  who  are  sent 


y  posado.'  .S())iom,  Dcscrip.  Gear/.,  in  Dnc.  Hist.  .l/etK.,  serie  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  p. 
Gof).  '  ^Iac;uuis,  ([\Ui  sou  vnas  palos  dc  media  vara  do  liirgo,  y  llanos  todos 
dc  i)f'd('niidt's  a,i;udos,  (juo  bastan  a  partir  por  medio  vn  hombre.'  Enp'jo,  in 
llal.lKi/t'.i  Vo'i.,  toHi.  iii.,  pp.  38<!,  31t3. 

Hii  •  1),.  (grosses  piiTi-es  avaient  ete  rassembk'es  an  sommet,  ponr  les  ronler 
snr  (piiconiinc  attaipicrait  la  place.'  (jallatin,  in  Xnui-elhs  Anuoles  des  I'l///., 
l><r>l,  toui.  cxNxi.,  ]).  '270.  'They  have  jdaced  around  all  the  trails  leading 
to  the  town,  pits,  ten  feet  deep.'  Ten  linwrk,  in  Schoolcrd/rs  Arrh.,  vol.  iv., 
p.  81.  See  further.  I'onmiulo,  in  IlakhajVs  I'oi/.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  370;  Krniriii's 
Apiiche  CoHiiIri/,  p.  '27'.);  Sonora,  A.srn'/).  'reof/.,  in  Doc.  JlL-^t.  J/i.v.,  serie  iii., 
toin  iv.,  p.  (SlU;  Caski/ieda,  iii  Teniaux-Compuns,  Vou.,  serie  i.,  torn,  ix.,  p. 
179. 

^'^  '  Painted  to  the  eyes,  their  own  heads  and  their  horses  covered  with 
nil  the  str!iii<<(!  ('(piiinueuts  that  the  brute  creation  could  afibrd.'  Einorifs 
liecnnnoisadiift'.  j).  37. 

It'*  'Sometimes  a  fellow  would  stoop  almost  to  the  earth,  to  shoot  under 
\s  horse's  belly,  at  full  speed.'  Emory's  lieconnuissance,  p.  37. 


WAR  CEREMONIES. 


54.'l 


1H9 


to  notify  the  surrounding  villages,  and  a  place  of  mcet- 
mix  is  named  where  a  orand  council  is  held.  A  fire 
being  lighted  and  a  circle  of  warriors  formed,  the  pro- 
ceedings are  opened  by  war  songs  and  speeches,  their 
))rophet  is  consulted,  and  in  accordance  with  his  pro 
i'ossional  advice,  their  plan  of  operations  is  arranged 
The  attack  is  usually  made  about  day-break,  and  con- 
ducted with  much  pluck  and  vigor.  They  content  them- 
selves Avitli  proximate  success,  and  seldom  pursue  a 
Hying  foe.^""  During  the  heat  of  battle  they  spare 
neither  sex  nor  age,  but  if  prisoners  are  taken,  the  males 
iire  crucified  or  otherwise  cruelly  put  to  death,  and  the 
women  and  children  sold  as  soon  as  possible. ^"^  The 
successful  war  jiarty  on  its  return  is  met  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  villages,  scalps  arc  fixed  on  a  pole,  trophies 
dis)>layed,  and  feasting  and  dancing  indulged  in  for  sev- 
eral days  and  nights;  if  unsuccessful,  mourning  takes 
the  place  of  feasting,  and  the  death-cries  of  the  women 
resound  through  the  villages. ^^^ 

For  farming  implcme;  '.s  they  use  plows, shovels, har- 
rows, hatchccS,  and  sticks,  all  of  wood.^"^  Baskets  of 
willow-twigs,  so  closely  woven  as  to  be  water-tight,  and 
ornamented  with  figures;  and  round,  baked,  and  glazed 
earthen  vessels,  narrow  at  the  top,  and  decorated  with 
paintings  or  enamel,  are  their  household  utensils."*  For 

'f»  Wnllvr's  Pima.9,  MS. 

190  C)-(>  1)10)1  )j\-i  Aiiachfs,  p.  100. 

'■•"  ff /'fi/.'/'s  Coin.  I'rairicD,  vol.  i.,  pp.  274-5;  Brownf'.t  Apachr  Country,  p. 
104;  Patik'fi  /Vr.v.  Nai:,  pp.  9;j,  148;  VuUh'  Couq.  oJ'Cal.,  p.  223;  Soc.  O'ioij., 
Jhillctiii,  suric  v.,  No.  9(>,  p.  188. 

''■'-  Ten.  Jiroerk;  in  S'lioo'crajVn  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  78-9;  Murr,  NiK-k- 
rii-Ii/ni,  p.  2()(>;  Vrernonifn  AiiacliC'^,  pp.  108-9. 

'•'■'  Walkvr'n  Pitiirm,  J/.V.;  Gallatin,  in  NouveUcs  Annates  de/t  Voy.,  IS.ll, 
toni.  cxxxi.,  pp.  292-4. 

'•"  IJaskets  anil  pottery  'are  ornamented  with  geometrical  figures.'  Bart- 
Iclf'.f  pcr-i.  iVftr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  382,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  227-8,  236.  'Schii.sselfori-ii.'e 
runile  Kiirbe  (Coritas),  iliese  flechten  sie  aus  cincm  iioruforniigen,  g.  icli 
cincr  Ahlespitzigeu  Unkraute.'  Mnrr,  Nadirirht,cn,\).  193.  Tiie  I'uelilos  liail 
'tie  la  vaiselle  de  terre  tres-belle,  bieu  vernic  et  avec  ))eaucoiip  d'ornements. 
On  y  vit  aussi  de  grands  jarres  remplies  dun  mtJtal  brillaut  ijui  .scrvait  a  fairo 
le  vernia  de  cette  faience.'  (JaMiiiinla,  in  Tcrnaux-Votnjian.i,  Vnif.,  st'n'ie  i., 
torn,  ix.,  pp.  138,  173,  18.1;  see  also  Niza,  in  Id.,  p.  259.  'Tli^y  (Puelilos) 
v.se  vessels  of  gold  and  sillier.'  Xiza,  in  llaklujit'x  \'i>y.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  372; 
Mi/ll/iuiisi'n,  Tajclnich,  pp.  210,  271,  273,  279;  ScliodrriU't'.i  Arrh.,  vol.  iv., 
p.  43.">;  Miirc'/'.i  Army  Life,  pp.  97,  111;  Car/etan,  in  Smit/monlun  Rcpt.,  1854, 
p.308;  I'ulmtr,  in  Harper's  Ma;/.,  vol.  xvii.,pp.4J7,  459;  Grey/s  Vom.Pral- 


i :  fi 


514 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


masliing  InillGd  corn  thoy  used  tlio  iiu'tiito.  ji  >'"xioiin 
imi)k'meiit,  inado  of  two  stones,  one  concave  and  the 
other  convex,  hereafter  more  Inlly  desciil)ed.  Anioni; 
their  household  ntensils  tliere  mnst  also  he  nii-ntioned 
liair  sieves,  hide  ro[)es,  Avater-jionrds.  i)ainted  I'ans.  stone 
Itipes,  and  frame  paimiers  conne(;ted  with  a  nettin*:;  to 
carry  loads  on  their  hacks.''*''  In  their  manufacture  of 
blankets,  of  cotton  and  woolen  cloths,  and  stock- 
injis,  the  Pueblos  excel  their  neijihhors,  the  Xavajos, 
although  emi)loving  essentially  the  same  method,  and 
using  similar  looms  juid  si)iiniing  instruments,  as  ha\(! 
been  described  in  the  preceding  })ages.  Althougli  the 
>vomen  perform  most  of  this  uork,  as  well  as  taming 
leather,  it  is  said  that  the  men  also  are  expert  in  knit- 
ting woolen  stockings.  According  to  Miihlennibrdt 
the  IMmas  and  Maricopas  make  a  basket-boat  which  they 
call  coi'ti,  woven  so  tight  as  to  bo  water-proof  without 
the  aid  of  pitcli  or  other  applicati(m.^"'''  All  these  nations, 
j)articularly  the  Pueblos,  have  great  droves  t)f  horses, 
nndes.  donkeys,  cattle,  shee|).  and  goats  grazing  on  the 
extensive  plains,  and  about  their  houses  poultry.  turke\  s, 
and  dogs.  The  flocks  they  either  leaAC  entirely  unpro- 
tected, or  else  the  owner  herds  them  himself,  or  irom 

vlfA,  vol.  i..  p.  27S;  Fonlfr'n  Pn-HiM.  Txnreit,  p.  ."^OH;  S!mpyin)i's  .Imr.  M'll. 
Jti'riiH..  p.  1)7;  Mulihiqifi)rdl,  Mijico,  tdui.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  I'io;  ('(iriiniiilo,  in 
Jl'ildni/l's  Viiy.,  vol.iii.,  p.  iHO;  liroicuv's  Aimclie  Couxtri/,  pp.  (JH,  WJ,  112, 
27(1. 

'•'■'  'All  tho  inhiibitants  of  the  Citie  (Cibolu)  Ho  vpoii  hi-ddcs  rayscil  a 
f,'ood  h('i.i,'ht  from  tin;  ^jronml,  with  (jnilts  iiiul  ciiiiopifs  imtT  thciii,  wnirh 
t'out'i'  the  siiydo  Iicils.'  Xiiu,  ill  lfnlli(i/t's  I'"//.,  vol.  iii.,  \>.  liTU;  /(/..  in 
To-iKtii.v-i  'iiiniKiiis,  \'(ii/.,  si'i'if  i.,  tiiin.  ix.,  ji.  271.  The  (inirt's  liiid  •  niiilniicnla 
( vul^'o  Tiruziili.'s)  (piiims  Siuciist's  utmitur  Solis,  L\iiin%  ct  StcUarmii  inia;_;i- 
iiilms  cli'i^antoi'  picta."  Jl"  //id,  Xanin  Orl/'iK,  ji.  ;tl2;  F.s/k jn,  in  ll<il,liii/r:i 
I'l)//.,  vol  iii..  p.  '.V.Ki.  The  Mo(]uis'  chief  nu'U  liavo  pipes  iiiaile  of  sino'lh 
polishetl  stone.  YVrt  Jiroeck,  in  Schoolcruft' a  Arrli.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  87;  Vcca'  i  <'/- 
imiilo  It'll-.,  ().  121. 

wii  Ten  Hnxck,  in  Si'hnDkrafl'.i  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  72,  7*'),  S7.  '  Sie  tlech- 
teii  von  Ziirtiiesehlitztt'ii  I'aluieii  iinf  Daniastiirt  die  sehoiislen  ^,'an/.  leieh'(  n 
Iliithe,  iius  einem  Stiicke.'  .\fiirr,  .Vitrliri'lilni,  j).  l'.)2.  The  Maiieo|)a  IjIimi- 
kets  will  turn  rain.  Crfinin}j/'.-<  Aixtclns,  jij).  KMi,  !M).  'The  MiKpiis  ^\l'vo 
blankets  from  the  wool  of  their  sheep,  and  made  cotton  cloth  from  the  indit'i- 
noiis  staple.  Po.-ilon,  in  Iml.  Af.  lifj)!.,  IHII;},  \k  ;}S8.  The  Maiicopas  iimke 
a  heavy  doth  of  wool  and  cotton,  'used  by  tht!  women  to  ]>iit  around  their 
loins;  and  an  article  from  H  to  1  inches  wide,  used  asaband  for  the  head,  or 
a  {,'irdle  for  the  waist.'  Jiiiiikir.s  JU-r.-^.  Xm:.  \o\.  ii.,  \}.  221.  'linpicapia- 
rum  terj^ora  eminebaiit  (union j,'  the  Ynmanes)  tarn  industrie  pra-parata  ut 
cum  lielyieis  certureut.'     JJe  Lad,  Xucus  Urbis,  p.  310. 


rUEBLO  TRADE. 


C45 


each  villajT^G  one  is  appointed  by  the  Mar  cajitain  to  do 
so.  Tlie  Piipagos  carry  on  an  extensive  trade  in  salt, 
taken  fn^ni  the  j^reat  inland  salt  lakes.  Besides  corn, 
tliey  nianufacture  and  sell  a  syrup  extracted  from  the 
j)itahaya.^'''^  Tlie  laws  regulatinj^  inheritance  of  })rop- 
ertvare  not  well  defined.  Anionic  some  there  is  notli- 
ing  to  inherit,  as  all  is  destroyed  when  the  person  dies; 
among  others  the  females  claim  the  riijht  of  inhei'i- 
tance ;  at  other  times  the  remaining  property  is  divided 
among  all  the  mend)ers  of  tlie  tribe.  In  general  they 
care  but  little  for  gold,  and  all  their  trade,  which  at 
times  is  considerable,  is  carried  on  b}''  barter;  .a  kind 
of  blue  stone,  often  called  turquoise,  beads,  skins,  and 
blankets,  serving  the  purpose  of  currency.*'-"* 

The  Pueblos  display  nmch  taste  in  painting  the  walls 
of  their  estufas,  where  are  represented  difierent  plants, 
birds,  and  animals  symmetrically  done, but  without  any 
scenic  effect.    Hieroglyphic  groupings, both  sculptured 

""  De  LaH,  Novt(»  Orhis,  p.  ,101 ;  Emorifn  Hrpf.  U.  S.  and  Mi'x.  Bnumlnry 
SniTci/,  vol.  i.,  pp.  117,  l-',i;  (Inllat'ni,  in  NoiivvUck  Aniiales  dcs  Vnij.,  I8r)l, 
tipiu.  cxxxi.,  p.  'IW);  Siiiijixon'H  Jour.  Mil.  /iV'o«.,  pp.  91, 113,  11.");  Tea  Uroerk, 
ill  Scfwolcrdj'/'n  Arrli.,  vol.  iv.,  j)p.  81,  8(i;  Katun,  iu  /(/.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  i'lX  ; 
L'mori/,  iu  /'rcniont  uiid  Kmon/n  2\(jtcs  of  TruiK,  p.  48;  see  fui'tlier  //((/.  ,1,//'. 
],'• /mrts,  from  I8.")4  to  187- ;  Jlniwiic'n  Aiiache  Coiititri/,  p.  -MM).  'Tlu'se 
I'upagos  rt'giiliirly  vi.sit  a  salt  lake,  wliicli  lies  near  the  coast  ami  just  aci'o.sa 
tlio  line  of  Sonora,  from  M-liioh  tliey  pack  large  quantities  of  salt,  anil  fiml  a 
roady  uiarki't  at  Tuljao  anil  Tucson.'  Walker,  in  Iiid.  A,[l\  lie/il,,  18.">0,  p.  3.V2, 
and  1800,  p.  KiS.  'ilauy  I'imas  had  jars  of  tlie  molasses  expresseil  from 
the  fruit  of  the  Cereus  Giganteus.'  Etaorij,  in  Fremont  and  Emori/'s  A'^olen 
of  True,  p.  48. 

'"**  'Die  Verulchtung  des  Eigenthun^s  cincsVerstorhcnen, — cincn  nngliick- 
lii'hcn  Gehrauch  der  jeden  niateriellcu  Kortscliritt  nnmoglieh  macht.'  Froehel, 
Aii'i  Ameririi,  tom.  i. ,  p.  437.  'The  riglit  of  iidieritance  is  held  by  the 
females  generally,  but  it  is  often  claim.^d  by  the  men  also.'  Gorman,  in  Ind. 
Af.  li'e/if.,  18.")8,  p.  *J0O.  '  All  tlie  etlects  of  tlie  ileceased  (I'ima)  become  com- 
iiiou  property:  his  grain  is  distributed;  his  tields  shared  out  to  those  who 
Heed  land;  his  ehickons  and  <logs  divided  up  among  the  tribe.'  Jlf  '  ii<  a 
A/i(irhe  Coi(^>tri/,])\^Aiii,  ll'i;  Ins'  Colorado  l{ir.,\^.  1'21;  0'allalin,in  A''i  ■  ''  h 
Anuales  de^  I'oi/.,  18.")1,  tom.  cxxxi.,  p.  'J(i2;  Xir.a,  in  Ternau.»< !onipnn'<,  I  <>//., 
sOrie  i.,  torn,  ix.,  pp.  204,  2('h->,  'J(i7,  "iOS  ;  Id.,  in  IfaklinjCsVaii.,  vol.  iii.,  p. 
372.  The  Zunis  '  will  sell  nothing  for  money,  but  dispose  of  their  com- 
modities entirely  in  barter.'  Siniitson'.s  Jour.  Mil.  Ilecon.,  p.  91.  The  I'imos 
'  wanted  white  beads  for  what  they  ha<l  to  sell,  iind  knew  the  value  of  money.' 
CiUls'  (Jon<i.  of  (Jul.,  p.  188;  CiiKlaneda,  iu  Ternaiix-Com/>ans,  I'oi/.,  scrie  i., 
torn.  xi. ,  pp.  104,  7'2.  'lis  apporterent  des  coijuillages,  des  tunjuoises  et  des 
plumes.'  t'aher.a  da  Vara,  llelalion,  in  Id.,  torn,  vii.,  p.  274;  hioz,  in  IiL, 
tiiin.  xi.,  p.  294;  Coronado,  iu  I/aklni/t's  Vo;!.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  377.  Many  of 
the  Puel)lo  Indians  are  rich,  'one  family  being  worth  over  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  They  have  large  flocks.'  Volijer,  iu  //((/.  Aj)'.  liept.,  1809, 
li.  89;  Mitllhanxen,  Taijebuch,  p.  144. 
YuL.  I.    U3 


pI: 


C40 


TTEW  MEXICAN'S. 


aiwl  [laiiitiMl,  arc  frequently  seen  in  tlie  ancient  PuoUlo 
towns,  (le|»ictin_i^,  perhaps,  their  liistorieal  events  and 
deeds.  With  eolored  earths  tlieir  ]>(>ttery  is  ])aint<'d 
in  hriiL^Iit  colors."'''*  Many  Spanish  autliors  mention  ;i 
ijjj'eat  many  ljoM  and  silver  vessels  in  use  amon^^st  them, 
and  s|»eak  of  the  knoNvledi^e  they  luul  in  I'edueimj^  and 
^vorkinLf  these  metals;  but  no  traces  of  such  art  aiu 
found  at  present.^"" 

Amonn-  the  Pueblos  an  organized  system  of  fvovcrn- 
ment  existed  at  the  time  of  Coronado's  expeditinn 
through  tluir  country;  Castaneda,  speaking  of  the 
province  of  Tigucx,  says  that  the  villages  were  governed 
by  a  council  of  old  men ;  and  a  somewhat  similar  system 
obtains  with  these  peoi^lc  at  tlic  present  time.  Each 
village  selects  its  own  governor,  frames  its  own  laws, 
and  in  all  respects  they  act  independently  of  each  other. 
The  governor  and  his  council  are  elected  annual)  by 
tlie  people;  all  atlairs  of  importance  and  matter)-  t- 
ing  to  the  welfare  of  tlic  comuumity  are  discussed . 
estufa;  questions  in  dispute  are  usually  decided  1)V  ;i, 
vote  of  the  majoi'ity.  All  messages  and  laws  cmanatiii'^ 
from  the  couucil-cliamber  are  announced  to  the  inhal)i- 
tants  by  town  criers.  The  morals  <^f  young  peo})le  an: 
carefully  watchetl  and  guarded  by  a  kind  of  secret 
jiolice,  whose  duty  it  is  to  report  to  the  governor  all 
irregularities  which  may  occur;  and  especial  attention 
is  given  that  no  improper.intcrcourse  shall  be  allowiil 
between  the  young  men  and  women,  in  the  event  of 
which  the  offending  parties  are  brought  before  the  go\  - 
crnor  and  council  and,  if  guilty,  ordered  to  many, 
or  if  they  refuse  they  arc  restricted  from  lu.lding  in- 
tercourse with  each  other,  and  if  they  persist  they  iwr, 


^'■>^  Orrfj;i\i  Com.  Pmlnex,  vol.  i.,  p.  27S;  DnrW  El  Grh}rin,\).  147;  .9'T/i.  s- 
ill  (hi'  liocky  Mu.,  p.  177 ;  Palmer,  in  Jfarpcr'x  Afdij.,  vol.  xvii.,  p.  4.")S;  <  'oro- 
iiiulo,  in  llakliijiCK  Vcji.,  toin.  iii.,  p.  ."JSO;  MollhitKni'ii-,  Tm/fhiicfi,  p. '2S4. 

'■"'"  '  EstoH  aliij.ados  ticiicii  innclio  oroy  lo  benelician.'  Sdlmrroii,  /,'rliirloii'<, 
in  7>oc.  ///',s7.  Mcx.,  scrio  iii.,  toni.  i.,  p.  "28.  '-Tlu.'y  vse  ve.siscls  of  golil  mul 
.sillier,  for  tlioy  have  no  other  mcttal.'  Nhti,  in  l/cdlin/l's  I'o//.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  '•'''- ; 
<'(islit)irdii,  in  Tiriinit.v-Compaii^,  lo//.,  sOrio  i.,  toni.  ix.,  pp.  2,  l.'l.'t;  h''i"J", 
in  lUtkliijit'x  Vol/.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  386-8,  'AQli-o;  lMoiitaini»,  Kicim-c  WntixUl,  i>. 
217;  JJiaz,  in  Ternaiu-Compann,  Voij.,  sc-ric  i.,  toin.  ix.,  p.  21)4. 


LAWS  OF  THE  rUEDLOS. 


C17 


wliippi"!.  Ainoiiji'  tlR'ir  laws  lU'sorvcs  to  lie  piirtioularly 
iiii'iitioiu'd  oiii',  acu'ordiiijj;  to  wliicli  no  oin'  can  sell  or 
iiiairv  out  of  the  town  nntil  lie  obtains  ju'iinission  IVoni 
the  authorities.'-"'  In  the  seven  confederate  puehlos  ot' 
the  Moquis,  the  odlce  of  chief  governor  is  hei'editar\  ;  it 


IS  n< 


)t.  1 


lowever,  necessai'dy  jiiven 


to  tl 


th 


le  nearest  Deir,  as 


the  [)eo[)le  have  the  power  to  elect  any  nieniher  of  the 
dominant  family,  'i'lu;  governor  is  assisted  hy  a(X)Mn('il 
of  elders,  and  in  other  res[)e(!ts  the   .Motpii  go\erinnent 


IS  s 


imilar  to  that  of  the  other  town> 


The  r 


nnas  a 


nd 


Marico[)as  have  no  oi'ganized  system  of  goNernment.  and 
aie  not  controlled  by  any  code  of  laws;  each  tribe  or 
village  has  a  chief  to  whom  a  certain  degree  of  resj^ct 
is  conceded,  bnt  his  [)ower  to  restrain  the  people  is  M'vy 
liinitc;d;  his  inlhience  over  them  is  maintained  chielly 
by  his  oratorical  powers  or  militar>  ^Ivill.  \n  war  the 
tribe  is  gnided  bv  the  chief's  advice,  and  his  anthority 
is  fnlly  recognized,  but  in  time  of  pi'ace  his  ride  is 
nominal;  nor  does  he  attem[)t  to  control  their  fieedom 
or  punish  them  for  ollences.  The  chief  s  olliee  is  hered- 
itary, yet  an  nnpoi)ular  rnler  may  be  deposed  and 
another   chosen   to  lill  his  place.'-"' 

Among  the  I'ueblos  the  usual  order  of  courtship  is 
reversed;  when  a  girl  is  dis[)osed  to  mai'i'\'  she  does  not 
wait  for  a  young  man  toi)roi)ose  to  her.  but  selects  one  to 
her  own  liking  and  consults  her  father,  who  visits  the  i)a- 
rentsof  the  youth  and  acquaints  them  with  his  daughti-r's 

2111  PucMo  "jtovornmont  pntf'lv  (IciiiDorntir:  election  lieM  mieoa  year.  '  Px- 
siiles  the  otHcers  elected  l)y  tmiveisal  sutlV.iLje,  tlie  iiriinijial  chiefs  (•iiiii|iii>o 
il  "cDiiiicil  of  wise  men."  '  />■('•■.<'  F.I  linii'l<i.  yy.  II'.;  I.  ( )lie  of  their  re^- 
iilatious  is  to  npijoiut  ii  Keer' t  watch  for  the  piuiio^e  of  kee))iii!4  down  dis- 
orders and  vices  of  evi  ry  descrijitioii.'  '/'/n/i/'.s  I'mn.  I'mir'ns,  vol.  i..  ji. 
271.  See  farther:  Cdatnrniln.  in  Tiriiiiitx-C'iiiiji'iiix.  \'iii/,,  serie  i.,  toni.  ix  , 
lUi.  (il,  1(!S;  Mzd,  in  /(/.,  ]).  ■id'.*;  I'lilniir,  in  /[(trjxr's  Md'i.,  vol.  xvii,,  \).  \'>'t; 
!>■  l^'ii'l,  .V/CKs  Orhis.  p. -ills ;  H';.s//:«7/'(.s'  Tuiir,  p.  'iCi;  M'li/i-r'.-i  Mex.,  .l;^'^ 
We.,  vdl.  ii.,  p.  ;}-)'.•:  (rilliiliii  in  XtinrdOs  AiDntlis  (/(.sl'oy..  1S.")1,  toni  cwxi., 
p.  277;  StiDihi/'s  I'ortrdils,  p.  o'l. 

202  7V/(  liioeck,  in  Schoo'ii-dit's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  tip.  «•"«,  7('r,  Mdmj's  Arim/ 
life,  p.  1(»H. 

"  21"  (toliierno  no  tienen  al^nno,  ni  leyes,  tradiciones  i')  costninhres  con 
(|nc  f,'ol)ernarse.'  Mdwv,  Itimrdno,  in  Itur.  lliM.  M.w,  serie  iv.,  toni.  i..  p. 
iHifi.  'Cada  cnal  ^'olierniido  por  nn  anciano,  y  todas  jior  el  ^'eneral  de  l,i 
nacion.'  Escivlirn,  yntirias  ih-  Soimni  y  Sixdiod.  p.  142;  Mmr,  Xdrliri'lddi, 
]<.  21)7.  Compare:  (Irossmd)',  in  liul.  Atf.  lli/it..  1870,  p.  I'.'A;  Moicry,  in 
lad.  Aff.  lii'pt.,  Ibij'J,  p.  350;   Walka-'n  I'imas,  .UH. 


518 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


1 


wishes.  It  seldom  happens  that  any  olijcotioiis  to  the 
match  arc  made,  but  it  is  imperative  on  the  lather  of  tlic 
bridegroom  to  reimljiirsc  the  parents  of  the  maiden  f(n* 
the  loss  of  their  daughter.  This  is  done  by  an  offer  of 
presents  in  accordance  with  his  rank  and  wealth.  The 
inhabitants  of  one  village  seldom  marry  with  those  of 
another,  and,  as  a  consequence,  intermarriage  is  frequent 
among  these  families — a  fertile  cause  of  their  deteriora- 
tion. The  marriage  is  always  cele))rated  by  a  foast,  the 
provisions  for  Avhich  are  furnished  by  the  bride,  and  the 
assembled  friends  unite  in  dancing  and  music.  Polyg- 
amy is  never  allowed,  but  married  coui)les  can  separate 
if  thev  are  dissatisfied  with  each  other;  in  such  a  con- 
tingeiicy,  if  tliere  are  cliildren,  tiiey  are  taken  care  of 
by  the  grandparents,  and  both  parties  are  free  to  luany 
again;  i'ortunately,  divorces  are  not  of  fi-equent  occur- 
rence, as  the  wives  ju'c  always  treated  with  respect  by 
their  husbands.-"*  To  the  female  falls  all  indoor  work, 
and  also  a  large  share  of  that  to  be  done  out  of  doors. 
In  the  treatment  of  their  children  these  people  are  care- 
ful to  guide  them  in  the  ways  of  honesty  and  industry, 
and  'o  im[)ress  their  minds  with  chaste  and  vii'tuous 
ideas.  Mothers  bathe  their  infants  with  cold  water,  and 
boys  are  not  permitted  to  enter  the  estufas  for  the  pur- 
pose of  war'uing  themselves;  if  they  are  cold  tliey  are 
ordered  to  chop  wood,  or  warm  themselves  by  ruiming 
and  exercise.""'  A  girl's  arrival  at  the  age  of  puberty 
among  the  Gila  nations  is  a  period  of  nnich  rejoicing; 
when  the  first  sym))toms  appear,  all  her  friends  are  duly 
informed  of  the  important  fact,  and  ])rep;irations  are 
made  to  celebrate  the  joyful  event.  The  girl  is  tiikeii 
by  her  parents  to  the  riophet,  who  iKM'Ibrms  certain 
ceremonies,  which  are  supposed  to  drive  the  evil  out  of 
lier,   and  then  a  singing  and  dancing  festival  is  held. 

*"*  'T''n  liomnio  u' ('ponse  jiimnia  pins  d' uno  nonle  foniino.'  Cdslarinl'i, 
in  TfrHitii.v-Ciiiiiiiiiii-^,  Vdij.,  .svrie  i.,  tuui.  ix.,  p.  1(')4:  Wu  Hr^i'd'.  in  Sclinnl' 
crijVs  Ai-rli.,  vol.  iv..  pp.'Hii-?;   Wunl,  in  /»-/.  .if.  n<pl..  isct.  \^.  I'.K). 

M'>  '  Jls  tniitont  bicn  ItMirs  [(jninics.'  VitnUiriciUi,  in  'l\i-i\iiii.f-i  '(hhikius.  Vi>j/., 
Bi'rie  i,,  toni.  ix.,  ]>.  I'id.  '  Ix'siU'  nne  niiunan  los  Xiiuis,  los  Inbur  siis  M.i- 
dri'S  con  Nifve  todci  el  cu'i'po.'  'limjiieiiitiiln,  .Mnnnni.  Iml.,  turn  '.,  p.  07'J; 
Ives'  Cvlurudo  liiv.,  p.  12U;  Hanes  in  the  liocki/  Mts.,  p.  178. 


WOMEN  AMONG  THE  PUEBLOS. 


549 


4ry, 

tiioiis 

and 

pur- 

I'ini:'; 
duly 
iiro 
akrii 
•tain 
ut  of 
lold. 


AVlien  a  3'onng  man  sees  a  girl  whom  lie  desires  for  a 
Avife,  lie  ih>t  endeavors  to  gain  the  good  will  of  the 
parents;  this  accomplished,  he  proceeds  to  serenade  his 
lady-love,  and  will  often  sit  for  hou'-s.  day  ai'tei*  day, 
near  her  house,  jjlaying  on  his  Hute.  Should  the  girl 
not  a})pear  it  is  a  sign  she  rejects  him;  hut  if,  on  the 
other  iiand,  she  comes  out  to  meet  him,  he  knows  that 
his  suit  is  acce[)tcd,  and  he  takes  her  to  liis  house.  Xo 
marriage  ceremony  is  performed.  Among  the  IMpagos 
the  parents  select  a  husband  for  their  daughter  to  whom 
^ihe  is,  so  to  say,  sold.  It  not  unfrerpiently  happens  that 
they  oft'er  their  daughter  at  auction,  and  she  is  knttcked 
down  to  the  highest  bidder.  However,  among  all  the 
nations  of  this  family,  whether  the  bridegroom  makes  a 
love-match  or  not,  he  has  to  recompense  tlie  parei^ts  with 
as  much  as  his  means  will  permit,-'""  Although  polygamy 
is  not  permitted,  they  often  separate  and  marry  again 
at  pleasure,  ^\'omen,  at  the  time  of  their  confinement 
as  well  as  during  their  monthly  periods,  nnist  livea[)art; 
as  they  believe  that  if  any  male  were  to  touch  them,  he 
would  l)ecome  sick.  The  children  are  trained  to  war, 
and  but  little  attention  given  to  teaching  them  useful 
pursuits.  All  the  houseiiold  labor  is  ]ierfoi'med  b\-  the 
women;  tliev  also  assist  larii'elv  in  the  labors  of  the 
Held;  severe  laws  oblige  them  to  observe  the  strictest 
cha>tity,  and  yet.  at  their  festivals,  nuich  debauchery 
and  prostitution  take  place.*'^ 

^Vith  but  few  exceptions,  they  are  temperate  in  drink- 
ing and  smoking.  Intoxicating  li([Uors  they  javpareout 
of  the  fruits  of  the  pitahaya,  agave,  aloe,  corn,  mezcal 

Sfir,  '  Karly  iniiiTiai,'('S  nrcnr  Imt  tho  i'ol;iti<in  is  not  Miiiliiif;  r,?iti'  jivd- 
fjiiiy  results''  /'..n/.-,,.  ill /»,/..  I//'.  /.■/)/..  isCk  p.  152.  '  No,i;iil  is  fci-cid  to  miir- 
rv  Mi^'.iiiist  liiT  w  ill,  liout'Vir  ili^'ilile  lur  i)iii'c''.ts  iiiay  eniisiiltr  tin  iiiutih.' 
llnililffi  I'l-rs.  A'//'.,   vol.  ii.,  ]>.  'J22-1:   haris'   F.I  (.iniKjn,  y.    llii;  irnnnnij'^ 

Aii'Irlii'S,   |>.  10.-);    Ilrnflli's   AjuK'hi'   Ciilliilri/,  ]).    11"J. 

''"'  'Si  (1  iiiiii'idd  y  imijcr  si'  ilcsiivieiicii  y  los  liijns  sdii  jn  (|n(  nos,  sr  nrri- 
iii;ni  ;'i  cuiiliiuii  111  il^  Ins  dos  y  ciidii  niio  ^,'iiim  jmh'  sn  lailo."  Mninii ,  ll'in'  rnrio, 
ill  It'll',  lllsl.  .\/i,\\.  scric  iv..  tola  i.,  )i.  .'i'i'.t.  'Tuiirn  los  )k'iJ)m^'(is  ncciil"  iitiilt  s, 
CI  linn  Ids  citiiilos  1,'ilas  (Icsi'oiux'fii  l,i  iMilii_;iuniit.'  I'llnsi'n,  \iiliiiiis. '.  Snimni, 
]i.  Kii.  'AmiiiiL;  tin-  I'iiiius  loiisi-  woiiicii  are  tolcratfil."  I'l-i'iivni;'',  Ajunhin, 
I'ji.  loi>  I:  ilnxiiDi.  ill  A'ii"('/'s  AiDiiihn  </is  T'l//..  In""  ♦om.  i'xx\i.,  p.  o'J; 
llini'i-ii'-i  lii^it.  C.  s.  and  .'ii.c.  JJouiidari/  .'^urni/,  vol.  i.,  i'.  H". 


!  t  \ 


550 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


prickly  pear,  wild  and  cultivated  grapes.  Colonel  Civ- 
mony  says  that  the  Pimas  and  Mnricopas  'maceri  le  tlio 
fruit  of  the  pitahaya  (species  of  cactus)  in  water  after 
])eing  dried  in  the  sun,  when  the  saccharine  qualities 
cause  the  liquid  to  ferment,  and  after  such  fermentation 
it  hecomes  highly  intoxicating,  it  is  upon  this  liquor 
that  the  ^Faricopas  and  Pimas  get  drunk  once  a  year, 
the  revelry  continuing  for  a  week  or  iwo  at  a  time;  1  ut 
it  is  also  an  universal  custom  with  them  to  take  reguinr 
turns,  so  that  oidy  one  third  of  the  party  is  supposed  to 
indulge  at  one  time,  the  remainder  heing  recpiired  to 
take  care  of  their  stimulated  conn-ades.  and  ])rote('t 
them  fi'om  injuring  c;  "^.h  other  or])eing  injured  by  otlior 
tribes."-'**'  All  are  fond  of  dan;  ing  and  singing;  in  tlieir 
religious  rites,  as  well  as  In  other  pulilic  and  i'amily  cele- 
brations, these  form  the  cliief  diversion.  DiiVerent 
dances  are  used  on  difterent  occasions;  for  example, 
they  have  tiie  arrow,  scalp,  turtle,  fortune,  buft'alo,  green- 
corn,  and  Montezuma  dances.  Their  costinnes  also  vaiy 
on  each  of  these  occasions,  and  not  oidy  are  grotesipie 
masks,  but  also  elk.  bear,  fox.  and  other  skins  used  as 
disguises.  The  dance  is  sometimes  performed  by  only 
one  person,  but  more  frequently  whole  tribes  join  in, 
forming  figures,  shulHing.  or  ho])ping  almut  to  the  time 
given  hy  the  nnisic.  Jjieutenant  Simpson,  who  wit- 
nessed a  green-corn  dance  at  the  Jemez  pueblo,  describes 
it  as  Ibllows: 

'  When  the  performers  first  appeared,  all  of  whom 
Avere  men.  they  came  in  aline,  slowly  walking  and  bend- 
ing and  stoo))ing  as  they  ap[)roaehed.  They  were  dressed 
in  a  kirt  of  blanket,  the  upper  ])orti()n  of  theii*  bodies 
being  naked  and  painted  red.  Their  legs  and  amis, 
which  wei-e  also  bare,  were  variously  striped  with  nil. 
white  and  blue  colors;  and  around  thei»*  .irms,  abo\e 


JOS  'Tlio  Pii)i;is  nlsn  rnltivntp  a  kind  of  toliacco.  this,  wliicli  is  vi  rv  liiLt, 
tlicy  iiialvi'  up  into  ci'^.ivitds,  ncvtr  usiii^'  a  jiipc'  W'llhr'x  I'liims.  .)/>. 
'J'hf  riitl)liis  •sdtiM  tiiiiisf^'ctiiitdxicalcd.'  V\'iilhi\\\\  h,il.  Aff.  I!i)'i..  l"li|'.  1'. 
It')!).  Till'  I'liclilds  •  iivc  j^ciicriilly  free  from  ilnnikt'iiiK'ss.'  l)m-in'  KlUnn',", 
]).  i  |f!.  Cfoiinini'K  Ajiiii'lics,  It.  112;  Fivdnl,  .[tis  Ainoiiu,  toni.  ii.,  p.  Il''i 
Murr,  S'liilirlclUfii,  p.  24y. 


PUEBLO  DANCES. 


551 


the  elbow,  they  wore  a  green  band,  cleekcrl  with  nprigs 
of  pifion.  A  nt'ckhice  of  the  .stiuie  (lescrii)tion  was  worn 
around  the  neck.  Their  heads  were  decorated  with 
feathers.  In  one  hand  they  carried  a  dry  gourd,  con- 
taining some  grains  of  corn;  in  the  other,  a  st  I'i  ug  fi-om 
which  were  Inuig  several  tortillas.  At  tlie  knee  were 
fastened  small  .•shells  of  the  ground  turtle  and  antelo[)e's 
feet;  and  dangling  IVom  the  back,  at  the  waist,  de})ended 
a  fox-skin.  The  ])arty  was  accompanied  by  three  eld- 
ers of  tlie  town,  whose  business  it  was  to  make  a  short 
speech  in  front  of  the  dilferent  houses,  and.  at  particu- 
lar times,  join  in  the  singing  of  the  rest  of  the  party. 
Thus  they  went  from  house  to  house,  singing  and 
dancing,  the  occupants  of  each  awaiting  their  arrival  in 
front  of  their  res[)e<!tive  dwellings.' 

A  somewhat  similar  ^[oqui  dance  is  described  ])y  Mr 
Ten  IJroeck.  Some  of  the  Pueljlo  dances  end  with 
Itacclnmalia,  in  which  not  only  general  intoxication, 
but  promiscu(^us  intercourse  between  the  sexes  is  per- 
mitted.-"'''     'Once   a   year,'    says   Kendall,    'the   Keres 

2f'!»  Siwpson's  Jour.  }fil.  Bernn.,  p.  17.  'Their  hair  Imnc;  loose  ujioii 
their  shonhh'vs,  iiiul  both  iiieii  iiiid  wuint'ii  liinl  their  hiiiuls  jiaiiiteil  witli 
white  clay,  in  siuh  ii  way  us  to  veseiulile  oiieii-work  j^loves.  The  wo- 
men. ...  were  l)iire-fo(iti(l,  with  the  exception  of  ii  Hith'  Jiiece  tied  iihout 
tlie  heel.  .  ..They  all  wore  their  hair  eonilied  over  their  faees,  in  a  manner 
(hat  rendered  il  ntterly  inipossilile  to  reeo^,'ni/e  any  of  theiii...  Tliey  kcejt 
thrir  elliows  close  to  their  sides,  and  their  heels  jiresst  d  firmly  toi_;ilher,  and 
do  not  raise  the  feet,  hut  shulHe  aK)n;j;  with  a  kind  of  rolling'  m<'tion.  movin.,' 
thi>ir  arms,  ."roni  the  elhows  down,  with  time  to  the  step.  At  times,  each 
aiaii  dances  around  his  sijiiaw;  while  she  turns  herself  aliout,  as  if  her  heels 
formed  n  iiivot  on  which  she  niove(l.'  Ti'it  liri>irl,\  in  Si-lnKili'mi'l's  .Ice//., 
\ol.  iv..  p.  Ti.  The  dresses  of  the  men  were  similar  to  those  worn  on  other 
festiv'ties,  'except  that  they  wear  on  their  heads  lari,'e  pastelioard  towers 
jiainted  typically,  and  curiously  decorated  with  ftathers:  and  t  ach  man  hiiH 
ills  fa<'e  entirely  coverecl  by  a  vizor  made  of  small  \nllows  wilh  the  hark 
]ieeled  ort".  and  dyed  a  dee[(  lirown.'  /(/.,  ]i.  S,'t.  'Such  horiihle  masks  I 
never  s;iw  before  -noses  six  indies  lon^,',  mouths  from  ear  to  ear.  and  f^reat 
!40'_'j,'le  eyes,  as  bif;  as  half  ii  hen's  ej^'u;,  hanj^'int,'  liy  a  strill^  jiartly  out  of  the 
socket.''  /'/.,  p.  H.">.  '  ii^ach  I'ueblo  generally  had  its  particular  uniform 
dress  and  its  i)articular  dance.  The  nun  of  one  village  would  sometimes 
dis.nuise  .lemsdves  as  elks,  with  Iku'Us  (ui  their  heads,  moviiii,'  on  idl-fours, 
and  mil.  .cliini,'  the  animal  they  were  atteni]itini,'  to  personate.  Otlurs 
would  appear  in  the  ^arb  of  a  turkey,  with  lar.Lte  heavy  winus.'  (hrtj'i'.'i 
Coin,  /'/((//'i'.s',  V(d.  i.,  pp.  '271,  '275.  '  Festejo  todo  ( Pimas)  el  dia  iinestra 
llci,'ada  con  un  esipiisito  baile  en  forma  circular,  en  euyo  centro  li|,'araba  nn;i 
proloni,'ada  asta  donde  ])endian  trece  cabelleras,  iircos.  tleehas  y  deiiias  des- 
]iojosde  otrostantos  enemiL,'os  apaches  ijue  habian  muerto.'  Mamj' ,  llhurn- 
riii,  ill  Ihif  llisl.  .l/'.i'.,  scrie  iv.,  tiun.  i.,  p.  277.  '  Este  lo  forma  una  junta  d?) 
truhaues  vestidos  dc  ridiculo  y  iiutorizadus  pur  los  viejos  dtl  pueblu  puni  come- 


552 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


have  a  great  feast,  prepared  for  three  successive  days, 
which  time  is  spent  in  eating,  drinking  and  dancing. 
Near  this  scene  of  amusement  is  a  disnud  gloomy  cave, 
into  which  not  a  ghmpse  of  hght  can  penetrate,  and 
where  places  of  repose  are  provided  for  the  revellers. 
To  this  cave,  after  dark,  repair  grown  i)ersons  of  every 
age  and  sex,  who  pass  the  night  in  indulgences  of  the 
most  gross   and  sensual  description.' 

Hoed  ilutes  and  drums  are  their  chief  instruments  of 
music;  the  former  they  inmierse  in  a  shallow  basin  of 
water,  and  thereby  imitate  the  warbling  of  birds.  The 
drum  is  made  of  a  liollow  log,  about  two  and  a  half  feet 
long  and  fifteen  inches  in  diameter.  A  dried  hide, 
from  which  previously  the  hair  luis  been  scraped,  is 
stretched  over  either  end,  and  on  this  the  player  beats 
with  a  couple  of  drumsticks,  similar  to  those  used  on  our 
kettle-druuis.  Gourds  fdled  with  pebbles  and  other  rat- 
tles, are  also  used  as  a  nuisical  accompaniment  to  their 
dances.'-'" 

The  Cocouiaricopas  and  Piiias  are  rather  fond  of 
athletic  sports,  such  as  football,  horse  and  foot  racing, 
.swiunning,  target-shooting,  and  of  gambling.-^^     ]\huiy 

tor  los  niayores  (li'S(')iHlenes,  y  gustiiii  tanto  do  ostos  licchos,  quo  ni  los  innridos 
rcimriUi  las  iiifaiiiias  ijuo  cuiiiftcii  con  sus  luuycris.  ni  las  (jiio  rcsnltan  lU 
prrjuicio  dv.  las  liijas.'  Akt/ri',  Hist.  C<i)iii>.  de  Jiaiin,  tuin.  i.,  pii.  Jiy;)-.",.  Fiir 
further  iiarticiilars  si'O  KtndnWs  yai\,  vol.  i.,  ji.  ;J7H;  Jhuri/'s  Ariny  J.i/c,  jip. 
lOl-H;  Mitllhniis(n,  Twjehuih,  p.  '214;  liaris'  El  (iriiii/a,  ]ip,  ini-f);  L'^pijo, 
ill  llitkh(i/l's  \'<<y.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  3l»4;  SiUjimii.  ,'  Zm'd  K.v  ,  jilatts  1,  2,  3; 
11 7( ;/»/(/(',  in  7V(c.  7i'.  R.  J,'ii>t.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  <17;  J'ihi's  K.qilor.  Tnti-.,  \i.  Hi;!. 

2IU  Tm  Br<m:h\  in  Si'iKxilrvdft'a  Arcli.,  vol  iv.,  ]ip.  7.i-l;  J(iliii!<(oi'x  Hist. 
Arizona,  p.  11.  'Their  instruments  consisted,  each  of  half  a  gourd,  placid 
liefore  them,  with  the  convex  side  up;  upon  this  tin  y  placed,  with  the  left 
hand,  a  Hiiiooth  stick,  and  with  their  rifj;ht  drew  forward  and  liackwards 
upon  it,  in  a  sawiii;,'  manner,  a  notched  one.'  .^inijisnti's  .hnir.  Mil.  Uicnii., 
p.  17.  '  I  noticed,  amoiif,'  other  things,  a  reed  musical  instrument  with  a  bell- 
8hrt]ied  end  like  a  clarionet,  and  a  pair  of  painted  drumsticks  tijiped  with 
t,'audy  feathers.'  Jirs'  t'olnmiln  lUr.,  ]).  1'21.  '  Les  Indieiis  (PueMosi  ac- 
coinpagneiit  leurs  daiises  et  leiirs  chants  avec  des  flutes,  oil  sunt  niariiues  li» 
ondroitsoii  il  faut  placer  les  doigts. . .  .lis  disent  ([ue  <'es  gens  se  reunissent 
cimi  on  six  ]iour  jouer  dc  la  flute;  quo  cos  instruments  sont  d'iiiegales  gran- 
deur!!.' J)i(n,  in  Tmtfnt.v-<'(iiii]iiins,  I'd//.,  serie  i..  tom.  ix.,  p.  'I'.l^r,  Cn-idi'iild, 
in  [(I.,  PI..  72,  172;  Frovliel,  Ait.t  Annriha,  toiii.  ii.,  ji.  -I."),");  (i.ircis.  hinrio,  iu 
/>()(•.  //;.si.  3/<'.r.,  sorie  ii.,  tom.  i.,  p.  ;j;3l.  'While  lliey  are  at  work,  a  mni\, 
Hcatod  at  tlio  door,  plays  on  a  liagpi])e,  so  that  '.hey  work  keejiing  time:  th;i 
sing  in  throe  voices.'     Ihivix' El  drhnio,  \^.  WW. 

>"'  The  ("ocomaricojias,  '  conijioiien  unas  liolas  rodoiulas  del  tamnno  do 
una  pelota  de  materia  negni  como  jiez,  y  onilmtidas  en  ellas  vaiias  concliitas 
pucpiofuib  del  uiur  cuu  que  Luctu  luborcs  y  cou  quo  jucgan  y  apucstuu,  tiran- 


CUSTOMS  OF  PIMAS  AND  TAPAGOS. 


553 


curious  customs  obtain  among  tlieso  people.  ^\y  T\"alker 
relates  that  a  Pima  never  touches  his  skin  with  his 
nails,  but  ahvays  uses  a  small  stick  for  that  purjjose, 
which  he  renews  every  fourth  day,  and  wears  in  his 
hair.  Among  the  same  nation,  when  a  man  has  killed 
an  Apache,  he  must  needs  undergo  purification.  Sixteen 
days  he  nuist  fast,  and  only  after  the  fourth  day  is  he 
allowed  to  drink  a  little  pinole.  During  the  sixteen 
days  he  may  not  look  on  a  blazing  fire,  nor  hold  con- 
verse with  mortal  man;  he  nuist  live  in  the  woods  com- 
panionless,  save  only  one  jK^rson  appointed  to  take  care 
of  him.  On  the  seventeenth  da}  a  large  space  is  cleared 
oft'  near  the  village,  in  the  center  of  which  a  fire  is 
lighted.  The  men  form  a  circle  round  this  fire,  outside 
of  which  those  who  have  been  purified  sit,  each  in  a 
small  excavation.  Certain  of  the  old  men  then  take 
the  weapons  oi'  the  purified  and  dance  with  them  in  the 
circle;  ibr  which  service  they  receive  presents,  and 
thenceforth  l)oth  slayer  and  weapon  are  considered  clean, 
but  not  until  four  days  later  is  the  man  allowed  to  return 
to  his  family.  They  ascribe  the  origin  of  this  custoui 
to  a  mythical  personage,  called  S/.eukha,  who,  after  kill- 
ing a  monster,  is  said  to  have  fasted  ibr  sixteen  days. 

The  IMpagos  stand  in  gread  dread  of  the  coyote,  and 
the  Piuias  never  touch  an  ant.  snake,  scorpion,  or  spider, 
and  are  mu(!h  afraid  of  thunderstoi'ms.  Like  tlie  .Mo- 
javes  and  Yumas,  the  Maricopas  in  cold  weather  carry  a 
firebrand  to  wai'm  themselves  witlial.  In  like  uianuer 
{he  Pueblos  have  their  singularities  and  semi-religious 
ceremonies,  many  of  which  are  connected  with  a  certain 


(lull!  ron  111  puiita  del  jiir  oorrt'n  fivs  ''  oiiatro  U'^'iias  y  lii  pnrtii'nliu'idud  cs  (jno 
(1  qiii'  dii  vmlta  y  lU;;!!  id  i>ntst((  duiidc  (•(iiiirii/avdii  y  siiliiioii  a  la  par  »>o 
^'iiua.'  .^I'llcliiKiir.  Jiducinii.  in  linr.  llisl.  ,l/c,i'..  S(  lie  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  \).  ^51. 
'It  is  a  liivovitt'  iiinusiiiuiit  with  Imth  men  |  ^raiicninis]  and  Imivs  to  try 
their  skill  at  liittin^,'  the  iiitahaya,  which  jircsentsa  tine  uliject  on  the  plain. 
Knndiers  often  colhct  for  this  purpose;  and  in  crossing' the  threat  plateau, 
where  these  ]ilalits  aliound,  it  is  (Mninion  to  see  them  )iiere(il  with  aridws.' 
JlKithira  I'n-s.  \'ir..  vol.  ii.,  p.  -rM:  Mnini/,  in  //'«/.  .1//".  Jt'i't.,  1N">T,  p.  Iinl. 
'  AuMlsenientM  of  all  Idliils  are  universally  resorted  to  [amoni!  the  rnehlos]; 
snen  as  foot-racini;,  liorse-raein;,'.  eoek-ti^'htini,',  j^'anililini,',  daneini,',  eating,', 
and  driidciii;,'.'  W'unl.  in  Iml.  .Ul'.  IlipL.  IHdl,  p.  pj2;  Mawjc,  Itiinmi-in,  in 
Due.  IJlsl.  Alex.,  serif  iv,,  torn,  i.,  pp-  'I'M,  'Mo, 


554 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


mytliicjil  per.sonn,2;o  called  Montezuma.  Amonp;  these 
may  be  mentioned  the  perpetual  watchnij;  oi"  the  eternal 
estufa-fh-e,  and  also  the  daily  waiting  for  the  rising  sun, 
with  Avhieh,  as  some  writers  aflirm,  they  expectantly 
look  for  the  promised  return  of  the  mucli-loved  AFon- 
tezuma.  The  Mocjui,  nefore  commencing  to  suioke,  rev- 
erently bows  toward  the  four  cardinal  i)oints.'-'^ 

Tbeir  diseases  are  few;  and  among  these  the  most 
frequent  are  chills  and  fevers,  and  later,  syphilis.  The 
I'ut'blos  nnd  Moquis  resort  to  the  sweat-house  remedy, 
but  the  riniiis  only  bathe  daily  in  cold  ruiniing  Avater. 
Here,  as  elsewhere,  the  doctor  is  medicine-man,  coujuror, 
and  prophet,  and  at  tiuics  old  women  are  consulte(h  If 
iucanttitions  fail,  emetics,  purgatives,  or  blood-letting  are 
prescribed.^'^ 

The  I'iuias  bury  their  dead  immediately  after  death. 
At  the  bottom  of  a  shaft,  about  six  feet  deep,  they  ex- 
cavate a  vault,  in   Avliich   the  corpse  is  placed,  after 

212  WdU.i'r's  Phiiif!,  ,V.Sf.  '  The  rnpaf^'o  of  to-diiy  will  on  no  npcouiit 
kill  a  coyiitc.'  h'lriiltiDii,  in  Iiul.  A^f'.  Ui'jii.,  18(15,  p.  i;)2.  '  Ebtii  so  nliir- 
{,'l;iuljis('liiu  Ci('1)iiiucli  liiitteu  sie  bi  y  (liohcnilcn  Kifsi^lwcltcr,  dii  sie  den 
Hiij,'('l  iilizuwcndcii  (in  Stiick  von  cincni  I'alnitcppielic  an  cini'ni  Stcckcn  mi- 
hcl'toten  nnd  <^i:-iH'n  die  Wolkcn  n<'htet(Mi.'  Miur,  yiti'hvirhkx,  ])]>.  '20;J,  2(i7; 
Aniij,  in  lti(l.  Alf.  Itipt.,  1H71,  pp.  ltS5,  389.  'A  scntiuel  ascends  ivciy 
in(irnin<,'  at  snnvisc  to  tlie  roof  of  the  liiKht'st  honse,  and,  with  eyes  directed 
towards  the  east,  looks  ont  for  the  nriival  of  the  divine  chicflain,  who  is 
to  Kive  the  si;4ii  of  diliverunce.'  Doiiiinech's  J)is(r(s,  vol  i.,  p.  Ki."),  li)7,  3',»li, 
210,  and  vol.  ii.,  p.  54.  '  On  a  dit  que  hi  eoutnnie  sinj-uliere  de  ronservi  r 
]iirp('tnillrnient  un  fen  sacre  pres  dnqnel  les  aneiens  llexieains  atteii- 
daient  le  retoiir  dii  dif  ti  (Jnetzacoatl,  existe  aussi  ehez  les  i'nelihjs.'  Uti.vtaii, 
in  XoHvilli X  A)in(il(s  disl'oi/.,  IH'A),  toni.  exxvi,  p.  58;  ><iil(l)ii(iir.  Hihirinn.  in 
JJih:  ll'isl.  Ml. v..  serie  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  p.  851;  (Jullalhi,  in  X<iitr<llis  A)()ii(l(sihH 
Vol/.,  1*^51,  toni.  cxxxi.,  p.  278;  ('reiiioni/'s  AjKirln's,  ]>.  ',12;  ,^'niijisiiii'n  Janr. 
Mil.  I-tc'im.,  ]\  \K].  •  1,  however,  one  niitht,  at  San  Felipe,  t'landcstiiiely  wit- 
nessed a  )M>ition  of  their  seeret  worshi]).  One  of  their  secret  ni^ht  dances 
is  called  "I'ociiia,  which  is  too  horrihle  to  write  abont.'  Ann/,  in  hid.  Afl'. 
ll'lit.,  1871,  p.;!s5;  U'ltnl,  in  /</.,  ]8(il,  p.  11)2;  Ires'  Colnraila  Jli'r.,^  121;  fni 
Jlrnirk-,  in  SflniiilrniiVa  Airh.,  vol.  iv.,  ])]).  73,  77;  Mi'illlniiifiin.  Tiujihnvli.  ]>. 
278.  'lis  ont  (les  pri'tres.  .  .  .ils  niontent  snr  la  terrasse  la  pins  ('lev('e  (in 
village  (t  ."ont  nn  sermon  an  moment  on  le  soleil  s(^  l("'ve.'  Vudunvda,  in 
TenntH.v-i'iiiiijiiuifi,   ]'<ii/.,  s('rio  i.,  torn,  ix.,  pp.  133,  KH,  230. 

si.i  ll'((//,.)'.s-  r!,iii(K,  MS.;  Miiin-i/,  in  Jml.  A(r.  lUiil.,  18.57.  p.  3(il; 
JiwKlk.'^,  in  Id.,  mW).  p.  201);  Andrnrs,  in  7-/.,  1870,  p.  117;  Ward,  in  /-/.,  ISCt, 
p.  188;  Mfci.s'  £1  (hiiiij'i,  ]ip.  Ill),  311.  The  eanse  of  the  decrease  of  the  IV 
cos  Indians  is  'owint.'  to  the  fact  that  tliey  seldom  if  ever  marry  ontside  o' 
their  respective  imeblos.'  J'livhvr,  in  lii'd.  Af.  I,'tj,t.,  bSCO,  ]).' 251 ;  J/i«r 
Xnrliriclil'ti,  ]^.  273.  'An  milieu  [of  tlu^  estiifa]  est  nn  foyer  alliim('.  snr 
le([Uel  on  jette  de  temps  en  temps  nne  jioi^Mu'e  (h'  thym,  ce  (jni  siillit  iioiu- 
entretenir  la  chaleiir,  de  sorte  (jn'on  y  est  comnie  dans  un  bain.'  Vu.skiriidit- 
in   Ta-naiur-Coiiijian.t,   Voy.,  Herio  i.,  torn,  ix.,  i>.  170. 


CII.VKACTEU  OF  THE  PUEBLOS. 


D55 


having  first  been  tied  up  in  a  blanket.  TTouse,  horses, 
unil  most  personal  effects  are  destroyed;  but  if  children 
are  left,  a  little  pro^jerty  is  reserved  for  them.  A  widow 
or  a  daughterniourns  for  three  month.s,  cutting  the  hair 
and  abstaining  IVom  the  bath  during  that  time.  Tho 
Maricopas  burn  their  dead.  Pueljlo  and  Moqui  l)urials 
take  place  with  many  ceremonies,  the  women  being  the 
chief  mourners.^" 

Industrious,  honest,  and  peace-loving,  the  peojile  of 
this  division  are  at  the  same  time  brave  and  determined, 
when  necessity  compels  them  to  repel  the  thieving 
Apache.  i:^o])riety  may  be  ranked  among  their  virtues, 
as  druid\eimess  only  forms  a  part  of  certain  religious 
festivals,  and  in  their  gambling  they  are  the  most  mod- 
erate of  barbarians.^^^ 


2'*  Walhrr's  Phtins,  MS.  The  Pinias,  'iisan  enten'nr  sns  vnronrs  con 
fill  nroo  y  Hi'chiis,  y  iilj^mn  hiistiiiniitd  y  calabiizo  (1<-  ngiia,  scnal  (|ue  ah'aii- 
zaii  vislunibii'  (1(^  la  iiiiinortaliilad.  auiKjUf  iiii  con  la  (listiiii'idii  ile  jiri'iuio 
('i  casti,L;().'  .lAoc/c,  Kim vnv'ui,  in  Ihic.  }!>,■<(.  -l/i.v.,  sciic  iv.,  toni.  i.,  ]>.  'M',), 
'  Tiie  Mai'i('i)]ias  invariably  bury  their  dead,  and  mock  tlu!  ceremony  of  crema- 
tion.'.  .  .  . '  sacrirtce  at  the  j^rave  of  a  warrior  all  the  i)roperty  ol  wliieh  he  died 
jiossessed,  toi.;<ther  with  all  in  jjossession  of  his  various  relatives.'  <'niiiinii/'s 
Ajxtrlii's,  j)|).  10l{,  lu,").  'The  rinios  bury  their  dead,  while  the  Coco-Muri- 
copas  burn  theirs.'  llnrlh'll'.'i  I'lr^i,  ,V((;'.,  vol.  ii.,  j).  2(i2.  'The  females  of 
the  family  [  I'ueblo]  approached  in  a  monrnful  jirocession  (while  the  males 
titood  around  in  solemn  silence),  each  one  bearing'  on  her  head  a  tinaja,  or 
water-jar,  tilled  with  water,  which  she  emptied  into  the  grave,  and  whilst  do- 
ing so  commenced  the  death-ciy.  They  came  singly  and  (niptied  tlu'ir 
jars,  and  eacli  one  joined  successively  in  the  death-cry:.  .  .  Tin  y  believe  that 
on  a  certain  day  (in  August,  I  think)  the  dead  rise  from  their  graves  and  Hit 
about  the  n<'ighboring  hills,  and  on  that  day,  all  who  have  lost  friends,  carry 
<int  (piantities  of  corn,  bread,  meat,  and  such  other  good  things  of  this  life  as 
they  can  obtain,  and  i)lace  them  in  the  haunts  freipnnted  by  the  dead,  in 
order  that  the  departed  spirits  may  once  more  enjoy  the  comforts  of  this  nether 
world.'  'J\'H  Hiniil,-,  in  ScliiinlcrKjVs  Arrli.,  vol.  iv.,  p]).  75-8.  If  the  dead 
I'ima  was  a  chief,  '  the  villagers  are  summoned  to  his  burial.  Over  his 
giiive  they  hold  a  grand  festival.  The  womin  weep  and  the  men  liowl, 
and  they  go  into  a  ]irofound  mourning  of  tar.  So(ui  the  cattle  arc  driven  up 
and  slaughtered,  and  every  body  heavily-laden  with  sorrow,  lo.uls  his  stpiaw 
with  beef,  and  feasts  for  many  days.'  liro"-i, c's  Aparlio  Ciiiinlri/.  i^i).  112  l.'t; 
Miin\  Xiiflifirldfn,  ]ip.  "Ji'-t,  'ild.  '2M ;  7'  ■  ^c-'his  ik  la  rin  S((iiriiiie,  ]>.  11."); 
Fr^ichvl's  Criit.  Aiiirr.,  J),  add;  ///.,  Aiin  Antiiihi.  torn,  ii.,  ]>.  437;  ('usUirada, 
in  T> rnaii.r-i'iDiijiiniH,  I'ni/.,  serie  i.,  tom.  ix.,  ji.  1(15. 

2lJ  'Though  naturally  disposed  to  ja'aceful  jjursuits,  the  Pajiagoes  are 
not  delicient  in  courage.'  Urmoti's  Apiiclie  CmDilnj,  pp.  1}'2,  107,  11(1-11, 
Tilt,  '277;  Jdlotsnn's  Hist.  Ariiciin.  p.  Id;  Shnie,  in  jllsl.  Mikj.,  vol.  v.,  p.  Kid; 
Site,  liriiij.,  liiilliliii,  serii!  v..  No.  IMJ,  p.  IHH;  Esviulirii,  \"tiri(ts  il('  Siiitara  y 
SiwiliKi,  p.  112;  \'iliiscii,  \iitici<iK  (le  Smiant.  pp,  11(1,  Kid;  Frmhil's  Cmt. 
A)iH'r.,  ]i|).  odd,  ")()('),  'A'l;  Id.,  Aus  Aiticrihi,  tom.  ii.,  ]ip.  'li!7,  TI7,  4.V(;  h'ur- 
cc.s,  hinvio,  'u\  Voc.  Hid.  Mix.,  serie  ii.,  tom.  i..  ]>.  2!W;  Siildiiinir.  Jtdariim, 
in  /(/.,   scrit  lii,,  tom.  iv.,  p.  «r)d;  Uullunlu,  in /</.,  p.  8'J2.     '  The  peaceful 


556 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


The  Lower  C  vliforxians  present  a  sad  picture.  Occu- 
pying the  [jenirsula  from  tlie  head  of  the  gulf  to  Cape 
San  Lucas,  it  i.s  thought  hy  some  that  they  were  driven 
thither  from  Upper  California  hy  their  enemies.  When 
first  visited  hy  the  Missionary  Fathers,  they  presented 
hiunanity  in  one  of  its  lowest  phases,  though  evidences 
of  a  more  enlightened  people  having  at  some  previous 
time  occupied  the  peninsula  were  not  lacking.  Clavi- 
gero  describes  large  caves  or  vaults,  which  had  been  dug 
out  of  the  solid  rock,  the  sides  decorated  with  paintings 
of  animals  and  figures  of  men,  slnnving  dress  and 
features  difterent  from  any  of  the  inhabitants.  Whom 
they  represented  or  by  whom  they  were  depicted  there  is 
no  knowledge,  as  the  present  race  have  been  unable  to 
afford  any  information  on  the  subject. 

The  peninsula  extends  from  near  32^  to  23°  north 
latitude;  in  length  it  is  a])Out  seven  hundred,  vary- 
ing in    width   from   thirty-five   to  eighty    miles.     Its 


disposition  of  the  Marieopas  is  not  the  result  of  incapacity  for  war,  for  thr y 
nvo  at  all  times  enabled  to  meet  and  vanipiish  tlie  Apaches  in  biitth.' 
Emory,  in  Frunonl  and  Emurij'a  Xnksof  Trav.,  p.  41';  AU'ijir,  Hist,  i'dihj).  ile 
Jesun,  Unix,  iii.,  pj).  tii,  10.');  .Um/t,  Xni'hrirlitcii,  p.  '2H"2;  Jldnli/'s  Tnir.,  \]\. 
440,  44;J;  Mdwie,  Jilnentrio  ni  Due.  Jl'mt.  Me.v.,  serie  iv.,  tiini.  i.,  y\>.  liOo-ii; 
Moicri/'s  ArUana,  ]•>.  30;  Arriciritd,  Cfnn'va  Senifiat,  jip.  ;)'.(7,  41'2;  .So/ioca, 
Disrrip.  (ifd'i.,  in  Doo.  l/'int.  J/i-.c,  serie  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  ])]).  nrj;!-,"),  KW.  ''J'lio 
Pueblos  were  industrious  and  nnwarlike  in  their  habits.'  Mairi/'s  Anni/ 
Lift,  pp.  1)H,  110.  The  MiKpiis  'are  a  mild  and  peaceful  race  of  jk-ojiIc, 
almost  unucipiaiuted  with  the  use  of  arms,  and  not  ^'iven  to  war.  The  y  are 
8tri(;tly  honest  ...They  are  kind  and  hosi)itable  to  stran.i,'ers.'  Jhiris'  El 
GriiK/o,  pp.  421,  14.").  '  C'est  uno  race  (I'ueblos)  remanpiablenient  sobre 
et  industrieuse,  rpii  se  distingue  par  sa  min-alite.'  (iulldtin,  in  Xmirillr-t  An- 
nalis  (hs  Voij.,  1S.")1,  torn,  cxxxi.,  yy.  277,  288,  2'.KI;  Hii.vltin,  in  /(/.,  I8.">ii.  tmii. 
cx.wi.,  i)p.  4."),  47,  (iO;  liiu't^m's  Adren.  ^flX.,  j).  1!)1;  /fcs'  (Oloniilo  l!li\,  ]>]i. 
31,  ^(i,  4."),  122,  124-7;  ^^m/./'.s  Com.  I'rairiis,  vol.  i.,  p.  120,  2f;8,  274; 
J'iki'.-i  Exiihn-.  Tr<ti\,  p.  312;  Jiihas,  Hist,  ik  /o.s  TriKmjilins,  p.  '241;  Mall.- 
livnn,  J'ri'cis  de  Id  (tt'd(j.,  toni.,  iv.,  p.  453;  Chumfidtiudr,  Vojidijiur,  ]>.  84; 
lldijlms'  DtiniiihiDi'.s  Ex.,  pp.  llXi.  221;  EsihJo,  in  Ildhbii/t's  \'<ii/.,  vol.  iii.,  p. 
31)2;  Wiftlitiims'  Tour.,  p.  2(1;  J'dtlii''s  I'l'm.  Xar.,  ]>.  HI;  VVu  Bnnrh-,  m 
Sclioolcrd/l's  Arch.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  72,  87;  Eoton,  in  /'/.,  ]>.  220;  Iknt,  in  Id., 
vol.  i.,  p.  244;  Kindidl'a  Xdr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  378;  ('(isld/'ndd,  in  T(r)tdii.\'-i 'om- 
pdns,  Vol/.,  si'rii'  i.,  toni.  ix.,  pp.  12('),  1(!3;  Miililnip/orill,  .Mijiro,  tom.  ii.,  pt 
li.,  p.  r)28;  Mollhdiisin,  Td(irliHrli,  p.  114;  MiilllidKKin,  llfiscn  in  die  Fihiinir'i., 
toni.  ii.,  p.  240.  The  I'licblos  'are  passionately  fond  of  dancini,'.  and  j-'ivo 
themselves  aj)  to  this  diversion  with  a  kind  of  frenzy.'  Iloineincli'.-i  Disn-t.-i, 
vol.  i.,  i)p.  IDS,  18.'),  2o3,  2ii(l,  and  vol.  ii.,  jip.  10,  51-2;  Cntl.s'  Coii'i.  of  (<d., 
pp.  188-1»,  222;  Simpson's  Jonr.  Jill.  Ilcnm.,  i)p.  81,  1)1,  113,  115;  ScofS 
in  fin'  liochii  Mis.,  p.  177;  Tonincnntdii,  Jfondnj.  lud.,  tom.  i.,  yyi.  ()79  80; 
Mdi/cr'.H  M<x.  as  il  n-ns,  p.  2:!0;  /'/.,  .1/i.f.  Azkc,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  358.  See 
further:  Ind.  Aff.  llvpt.,  from  1854  to  1872. 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


657 


general  features  arc  rugged;  irregular  mountains  of 
granite  formation  and  volcanic  upheavals  traversing 
the  wjiole  length  of  the  country,  with  barren  rocks  and 
sandy  plains,  intersected  by  ravines  and  hills.  Some 
fertile  spots  and  valleys  with  clear  mountain  streams 
are  there,  and  in  such  places  the  soil  produces  abun- 
dantly ;  then  there  are  plains  of  greater  or  less  extent, 
M'ith  rich  soil,  but  without  water;  so  that,  under  the 
circumstances,  they  are  little  more  than  deserts.  These 
plains  rise  in  places  into  mesas,  which  are  cut  here  and 
tliere  by  canons,  where  streams  of  water  are  found, 
Avhich  are  again  lost  on  reaching  the  sandy  plains. 
Altogether,  J^ower  California  is  considered  as  one  of 
the  most  barren  and  unattractive  regions  in  the  tem- 
perate zone,  although  its  climate  is  dcliglitful,  and  the 
mountain  districts  especially  are  among  the  healthiest 
in  the  world,  owing  to  their  southern  situation  between 
two  seas.  A  curious  meteorological  phenomenon  is 
sometimes  observed  both  in  the  gulf  and  on  the  land ;  it 
is  that  of  rain  falling  during  a  perfectly  clear  sky.  Sa- 
vants, wlio  have  investigated  the  subject,  do  not  appear 
to  have  discovered  tlie  cause  of  this  unusual  occurrence. 
The  greater  part  of  the  ]ieninsula,  at  the  time  of  its 
discovery,  was  occupied  by  the  Cochimifi,whoHC  territory 
extended  from  the  head  of  the  gulf  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Lorcto,  or  a  little  south  of  the  twenty-sixth  parallel ; 
adjoining  them  were  the  GiiaicurU,  living  between  lati- 
tude 20"  and  23°  CO';  while  the  Pericuis  were  settled 
in  the  southern  part,  from  about  23°  30'  or  24°  to  Cape 
San  Lucas,  and  on  the  adjacent  islands.^^" 

^^^  Baenert,  in  Smithsouian  licpt.,  18G3,  p.  S.IO;  Forbes' Cal,  pp.  20-2;  J/o- 
frrts,  Kxploi:,  torn,  i.,  p.  2.'J!);  Muttc-Bruii,  Pricls  de  In  Oro(j.,  toin.  vi.,  p.  4o)  ; 
OlccfioD'H  Hist.  Valh.  Cliurch,  vol.  i.,  pp.  95-G;  Prirhm-d'a  liC.icurchrs,  vol.  >'., 
p.  44().  '  Esse  sono  tro  nclla  California  Cristiana,  cio6  quelle  cle'l'cricui, 
do'Ciuaicuri,  c  do'Cocliinu. '  Clarinero,  Slorid  dclla  C'al.,  toin.  i.,  p.  10!). 
A'enegas,  in  giving  the  opinion  of  Father  Taraviil,  says ;  '  Tres  son  (dice  e.sto 
lu'ibil  Mis.sionero)  las  Leuguas;  la  Cocliimi,  la  I'erici'i,  y  l:i  de  Loreto.  l)e 
csta  ultima  salcn  dos  ranios,  y  son :  la  Ouayciira,  y  la  Ueliil. ;  venlad  es,  que 
es  la  viu'iacion  tanta,  que  el  (pie  no  tuviere  connociniiento  de  las  tres  Lcnguas, 

iuzgarii,  no  sol''*  ';"n  hay  quatro  Lcnguas,  sino  que  hay  cinco Estii  poblada 

la  priniera  i~izia  el  Medioda,  desde  el  Cabo  de  San  Lucas,  hasbi  mas  ae/i  del 
Puerto  de  la  Paz  de  la  Xacion  Pericii,  6  siguiendo  la  terminaeion  Castellanii 
de  lo3  Periciics :  la  se{,'unda  dcsdc  la  Paz,  hasta  mas  arriba  del  Presidio  Real 


:|!i 


Co8 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


The  Lower  Californians  arc  well  formed,  robust  and 
of  good  stature,  with  limbs  supple  and  nuiscular ;  they 
are  not  inclined  to  corpulence;  their  features  are  some- 
what heavy,  the  forehead  low  and  narrow,  the  nose  well 
set  on,  hut  thick  and  fleshy;  the  inner  corners  of  the  eyes 
round  instead  of  pointed ;  teeth  very  white  and  regular, 
hair  very  black,  coarse,  straight,  and  glossy,  with  but 
little  on  the  face,  and  none  upon  the  body  or  linil)s. 
The  color  of  the  skin  varies  from  light  to  dark  brown, 
the  former  color  beinsj  characteristic  of  tiie  dwellers  in 
the  interior,  and  the  latter  of  those  on  the  sea-coast.-''' 

Adam  without  the  fig-leaves  was  not  more  naked  than 
were  the  Cochimis  before  the  missionaries  first  taught 
them  the  rudiments  of  shame.  They  ignored  even  the 
usual  breech-cloth,  the  onlyscmblancc  of  clothing  being 
a  head-dress  of  rushes  or  strips  of  skin  interwoven  with 
mother-of-pearl  shells,  berries,  and  pieces  of  reed.  The 
Guaicuris  and  Perici'iis  indulge  in  a  still  more  fantastic 
head-dress,  white  feathers  entering  largely  into  its 
composition.  The  women  display  more  modesty,  for, 
altliougli  scantily  clad,  they  at  least  essay  to  cover  their 
nakedness.  The  Pericui  women  are  the  best  dressed 
of  all,  having  a  petticoat  reaching  from  the  waist  to  tljo 
ankles,  made  from  the  fibre  of  certain  palm-leaves,  and 
rendered  softand  flexible  by  beating  between  twostones. 


tie  Lorcto,  es  do  los  Monquia;  la  terccra  desde  el  territorio  rlo  Loroto,  por 
todo  lo  dc'sctiliiei-to  al  Norte  do  la  nacion  Cocliimi,  ('>  do  los  (  oi'liiiniua.' 
Vi')>ciin>i,  Xoliciailf  la  Cul.,  torn,  i.,  pp.  fi.S-O.  'Auf  der  If.'ilbiiisol  Alt-<  ';ilifor- 
iiien  woliuoii:  an  der  Siidspitze  die  I'ericues,  dann  die  MoiKjiiis  (xlcr  Mi'iij;uiH, 
zii  M'ok'licu  die  Familieii  der  Guaycuras  uml  ("oraa  goliiiivn,  die  ('(leliinias 
oder  Culiiuii's,  die  Lainiunes,  die  Utsehitas  odcv  Vchitis,  mid  die  leas.'  Muk- 
h'lipfiinlf,  Mcjico,  toin.  i.,  p.  '212.  'AH  the  Indi.-iu  tril)cs  of  the  ]Vnin>ula 
scoiii  to  lie  atiiliated  with  the  Yumas  of  the  Colorado  and  with  tlie  Coras  lic- 
low  La  Paz,  . .  .in  no  case  do  they  differ  in  intellect,  habits,  customs,  dress, 
implements  of  w.ar,  or  hunting,  traditions,  or  appcainnces  from  the  well- 
known  Digger  Indians  of  Altji-California,  and  undoubtedly  belong  to  tlio 
same  race  or  family.'  i>Vo«v(',''s  Lower  Cut.,  pp.  53-4. 

'^''  '])i  buona  statura,  ben  fatti,  sani,  e  robusti.'  Clariijero,  Sfaria  (tclhc 

Cal.,  tom.  i.,  pp.  112-13.     'El  color  en  todos  cs  may  moieno no  ticneii 

barba  ni  nada  dc  vello  en  el  cnerpq.'  VtUifnniias,  Notkiii.'<,  carta  i.,  pp.  47,  <>1, 
carta  ii.,  p.  12.  Compare:  Kiiio,  in  Doc.  Hint.  Mcx.,  serie  iv.,  tom.  i.  p.  407; 
Crcnpi.  in  /'/.,  serie  iv.,  tom.  vii.,  p.  13">;  Ulloa,  in  linmuslo,  Xdviijuiii'iii,  torn, 
iii.,  fol.  34."),  3.'tl;  I'ciieijas,  Notkia  <h-  la  Cul.,  tom.  i.,  p.  68;  Jiwi/rrt,  in 
UmlHis'iiikiii  Rt'pt.  1803,  p.  3j7;  Miih/cnpfordt,  Mvjko,  torn,  ii.,  pt.  ii.,  pp. 
443-4;  GkcsoiCs  JJist.  Cath.  Church,  p.  [)[). 


COCin.Mi  AND  rEUICCi  DRESS. 


ssgr 


Over  tlio  slioiildcrs  tlioy  throw  a  mantlo  of  similar  ma- 
tfM'ial,  or  of  [)laitL'(l  rushes,  or  of  skins.  The  Cocliiini 
woiiu'ii  inal\t'  aprons  of  short  reeds,  striin<i  upon  cords 
of  al()e-i)laiit  (il)res  fastened  to  a  jiirdle.  The  ji[)ron  i.s 
open  at  the  si(U's,  one  part  hanging  in  front,  the  other 
behind.  As  they  are  not  more  tlian  six  or  eight  inches 
wi(U',  l)nt  little  of  the  body  is  in  trnth  coveied.  When 
traveling  they  wear  sandals  of  hide,  which  they  fasten 
with  sti'ings  pa.'^.^ed  between  the  toes.'*'"^  Both  sexes  are 
fond  of  ornaments;  to  gratify  this  passion  .they  string 
together  pearls,  shells,  friiit-.stones  and  seeds  in  the 
forms  of  necklaces    and  bracelets.      In   addition  to  tlu^ 


liead-d 


ress 


the  1 


ericms  are  ( 


list 


nitrnis 


bed  1 


)V  a  I 


m\U 


highly  ornamented  with  pearls  and  mother-of-[)earl 
shells.  They  perforate  ears,  lips,  and  nose,  inserting  in 
the  oi)enings.  shells,  bones,  or  hard  sticks.  I'aint  in 
many  colors  and  devices  is  freely  used  on  war  and  gala 
occasions;  tattooing  obtains,  but  does  not  appear  to  be 
nniversal  among  them.  Mothers,  to  protect  tlu'm  against 
the  weather,  (!over  the  entire  bodies  ol'  their  children 
with  a  varnish  of  coal  and  urine.  CN)chimi  women  cut 
the  hair  short,  but  the  men  allow  a  long  tuft  to  gi'ow  on 
the  crown  of  the  head.  l>oth  sexes  among  the  (iuai- 
curis  and  Pei'iciiis  wear  the  hair  long  and  llowing  loo.sely 
over  tlu!  shoulder; 


211) 


Ivpially  Adamitic  are  their  ha1)itations.     They  appear 
to  hold  a  superstitious  dread  of  sulfocation  if  they  live 


2''*  'Sifiulo  do  pi'ixn  dcshonra  en  los  varonos  el  vostido.'  Sulriilli'mi, 
in  />(»!.  IlisI,  Mix.,  scric  iv.,  tcnn.  v.,  ]>.  42.  'Ajimns  arc  alidiit.  a  s]ian  wide, 
and  of  (liflrniit  Icn^'lli.'  lUniii  i-l.  in  SntithndiiiiDi  Hi  pi.,  isd:).  \i\i.  ;{('>1-J. 
Ciinsnlt  furtlicr:  Wtoiins,  Xnlirin  ih' hi  Cul.,  U>\n.  i.,  ii|).  HI  S,  11;!;  '#'/((. si  id's 
Jlisl.  Citlli.  Clinirh,  jjp.  !»('.-;>,  107-1(1;  /•'(^Wx.s'  Cnl.,  ])p.  '.(,  IS;  Clnriiiiro,  .'^tuvia 
iMlit  ('ill.,  toni.  i.,  i>|i.  12n-;(,  i;i:),  14-1;  UvnnUi  ('unri.  in  ('Inirrhill'.i  Col,  !'<■//- 
uijcs,  vol.  iv.,  p.  -lii'.l.  and  in  lliniiiiir,  Col.  do  V<ii/.,  toni.  ii.,  ji.  oil. 

'•^'9  '  Unos  so  cortan  nn  pcdazo  do  oroja,  otros  las  dcis;  otros  aunj^'oroan  <1 
labio  inferior,  otros  las  nari/os,  y  os  ousa  do  risa,  jmos  alli  llcvan  ool^'andu 
ratoncillos.  lau;artijitas,  oonohitas.  iVc'  ('(ili/nniiiin,  .V(//;('iwn,  carta  i.,  \i\u 
48,  2'2.  'It  has  been  asserted  that  they  also  iiierce  the  nose.  I  can  oidy 
say  that  I  saw  no  one  dislif,'nred  in  that  paitionlar  manner.'  Hunjirt.  in 
Siiiilh.'^iiiiiiin  Ui'iit.,  iSCilt,  ]).  ;t()2.  '  Nndi  aj,'nnt.  f^'enas  (luadratis  (inilinsdain 
notis  siLtnati.'  lU'  l.nii,  Xovits  0)iii!<,  j).  lUMi.  Fnrther  reterence:  \"illit-.'^i- 
fior,  y  Siuirlivz,  Theidfn,  toni.  ii.,  ]>j).  279,  "282;  UUnn,  in  llitiiiush),  Xnnijitlinii'i, 
torn.  iii..  fol.  ;M7-S,  and  in  Jlaklui/t'sVoi/  ,  vol.  iii.,  ^i.  412;  JAhqimie,  Itcwm, 
torn.  X.,  p.  428. 


0(50 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


or  sloop  in  covered  huts;  lienoe  in  their  rare  and  moafrro 
attein[>ts  to  protect  themselves  IVoin  tlic  inclemencies  ot' 
tne  weather,  tlu'y  never  [nit  any  roof  over  their  heads. 
Kovin^'  heast-liiie  in  the  vicinity  of  springs  dmin;;  tiie 
lu-at  of  the  day,  seei<in<;"  shade  in  the  ravines  and  over- 
lianjiinji  nniks;  at  nijiht.  should  they  desire  shelter,  tiiey 
resort  to  caverns  and  holes  in  the  |iroinid.  Duriim'  win- 
ter they  raise  a  semi-circular  \n\ii  of  stones  or  brush- 
wood, al)out  two  feet  in  height,  hehind  which,  with  the 
sky  for  a  roof  and  the  hare  ;iround  for  a  hed,  they  camp 
at  nijiht.  Over  the  sictk  they  sometimes  throw  a  wretched 
hut,  hy  sticking  a  lew  i)oles  in  the  ground,  tying  them 
at  the  top  and  covering  the  whole  with  grass  and  reeds, 
and  into  this  nest  visitors  crawl  on  hands  an<l  knees.'^-° 
Reed-roots,  wild  fruit,  pine-nuts,  cahhage-palms,  small 
seeds  roasted,  and  also  roasted  aloe  and  mescal  roots 
constitute  their  lljod.  Dui'ing  eight  weeks  of  the  ^ear 
they  live  wholly  on  the  redumlant  (at-producing  piUdtaija. 
after  which  they  wander  ahout  i  i  search  of  other  native 
vegetahlo  products,  and  when  these  fail  they  resort  to 
huntinu'  and  fishinu'.  Of  animal  food  they  will  eat  anv- 
thing — heasts,  hirds.  and  fishes,  or  re[)tiles.  worms,  and 
insects;  and  all  ])arts:  llesh,  hide,  and  entrails.  Men 
and  monkeys,  liowever,  as  articles  of  food  are  an  abomi- 
nation; the  latter  because  they  so  nnich  resemble  the 
former.  The  gluttony  and  improvidence  of  these  peo- 
])le  exceed,  if  possible,  those  of  an j  other  nation;  alter- 
nate feasting  and  fasting  is  their  custcm.  When  so  for- 
lunate  as  to  have  plenty  they  consume  large  (piantities, 
preserving  none.  An  a])omina])le  habit  is  lelatcd  <  '" 
them,  that  they  pick  np  the  nndigested  seech  A'  f  pitu- 
haya  discharged  from  their  bowels,  and  nchiug 

and   grinding   them,  eat  the  meal  with        .rli   i''li>-li. 

220  Vm<'qn!i,  Xolh'in  de  hi  Cal.,  torn,  i.,  p.  88;  CitrnphiU's  Ilixl.  Spn  Amer., 
p.  8G;  Ulloa,  in  lidiuiish,  AV/r/;/'/(io/(i.  tuin.  iii.,  fol.  ;i47,  3511;  CiO'ifi.  /ks,  .V'/- 
ilcht,  carta  i.,  p.  4");  Litrkxvm'x  Trar.  Jisuils,  vol.  i.,  \).  4(i3.  '  Lv  iibitii/iniu'olle 
pill  couinni  souo  certe  chiiisc  ciroolari  ili  sassi  sciolti,  (mI  iuiinuii  cliiati,  lo 
quali  lianno  cinquo  pieili  di  iliauietro,  e  meno  di  due  d'altt/za.'  ('hn-'Kjiro, 
t>toria  ili'lla  Cal.,  torn,  i.,  p.  11!).  'I  am  certainly  not  much  mistaken  in  say- 
ing that  nmny  of  them  chanu'e  their  iiif,dit-quarters  more  thuu  a  huudrid 
times  iu  a  year.'  Baeyert,  iu  iSinitUsouian  liept.,  1803,  p.  301, 


LOWEll  CALIFOUMAX  FOOD. 


561 


('liiviji'ci'o.  BiU'p'it.  iiiid  other  authors,  mention  smother 
rather  nneonnnon  leatnj-e  in  tlie  (hnnestie  econoiiiv  of 
the  Cofhinu's;  it  is  that  of  suallowinj:'  their  meat  sv'veral 
times,  therehv  nMjhi|>l\ inj;'  their  jihittonons  jiK'asure.N. 
Tvin;^  to  a  strin;^  a  piece  of  well-di'ied  meat,  one  of  their 
number  masticates  it  ii  littU'.  and  swallows  it.  leasinji 
the  end  of  the  strini:'  han^inu'  ont  of  the  month  ;  after 
retaininii  it  for  altont  two  or  three  mimites  in  his  stom- 
ach, it  is  pidU'd  ont.  and  the  operation  repeated  several 
times,  either  hv  the  same  individual  or  hy  otheis.  until 
the  meat  hecomes  consmned.  lli'j'e  is  i'atlier  l>aei:ert"s 
summai'v  '.f  their  edildes:  •'They  li\o  no\v-a-(hiys  on 
doiis  and  cats;  horses,  asses  and  imdes;  item:  on  owls, 
mice  and  i-ats;  li/.iirds  and  snakes;  hats.  ^I'assiiojjpers 
and  crickets;  a  kind  of  i-reen  caterpillar  uiljiont  hair, 
ahout  a  linjicr  lonj:.  and  an  ahominahle  white  NNorm  of 
the  leniith  and  thicknes.s  of  the  thumh.  ""' 

Their  wea[)on  is  the  how  and  arrow,  hut  tlu>y  use 
stratagem  to  [trocnre  the  uame.  The  deer-hiniter  ile- 
ceives  his  [)rey  In  placin;;'  a  deer's  head  nj)on  his  own; 
hares  are  trapped;  the  Cochimi's  thi'ow  a  kind  ol"  hoom- 
eran<i  or  Hat  ciu'ved  stick,  uhich  skims  the  ground  and 
hreaks  the  animal's  legs.  Fish  arc  taken  iVom  j)oolsleft 
hy  the  tide  and  from  the  sea.  sometimes  several  miU'S 
out,  in  nets  and  with  the  jud  of  long  lances.  It  is  said 
that  at  San  Ivoche  Island  they  catch  fish  with  hirds. 
They  also  gather  oystei's.  which  they  eat  roasted,  hut  use 
no  .salt.  They  have  no  cooking  utensils,  hut  roast  their 
meat  hy  throwing  it  into  th  •  lire  and  after  a  time  raking 
it  out.  Insects  and  catei-pillai's  are  parched  o\er  the 
hot  coals  in  shells.     Fish  is  counnonh  eaten  raw;  they 

221  'TwiMity-fniir  pounds  of  innnt  in  twoiity-fonr  lionvs  is  not  (IccukmI  mi 
I  xtraonliiiaiy  iiiticin  fni' u  siii-lc  jm  rsdU.'  Ilnfiirl,  in  SniillisuKidii  li'i't.,  INlilt, 
jij).  li('>l-7.  '  No  tit'iicii  lioi.,.-.  .  -n  !''iil!is  |iiii-a  saciar  su  apiiiid:  cdnii  n  ciiaiito 
lial'iiin  i»il'  (Iclaiitc;  liasta  las  eosas  ma.-  silcias  sirvt  ii  a  su  tjula.'  ('urifnyiiin^, 
X'll'a'hix,  carta  i..  iiji.  tH-T,  "21;  sec  also.  Sulun'rim,  U^'ariitimt,  in  hnr.  ///>/. 
l/c.f..  stric  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  p.  KJ;  Sidnd'urrn,  in  /(/.,  Kciic  iv.,  fojn  v.,  ji.  11(1; 
Cns/ii.  in  /(/.,  scric  iv.,  toni.  vii..  jip.  ll'fi.  i;J">,  113;  Ihlnjiorli',  L'lisiK,  toin. 
X.,  J)]),  l^l!  -1;  I'unUuieihi,  in  Ti'niu>i.v-('(iii>ji'nts,  I'"//.,  si'iic  i.,  toni.  i\.,  p.  l"»;i; 
.l/'f/cc,  I[isl.  I'liiiip.  ih  Jisus,  Una.  iii.,  \>.  lOfi;  l'lliiii,\n  Hniiiitsi'i,  X'/riiiiilvmi, 
toui.  iii.,  fol.  ;t.lii;  Miilb-linui,  I'rcc'm  de  la  O'c'oy.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  lol;  Alcvdv, 
JJiccionur'uK  toni.  i..  p.  'MH. 
Vol.  I.    au 


^ 


502 


>JEW  MEXICANS. 


(Iriiik  only  water.""     It  is  said  that  tlicy  never  wasli. 
and  it  is  useless  to  add  that  in  their  filthiness  tiiey  sin- 


ass 


the  1 


)riite 


J'j:i 


liesides  hows  and  arrows  they  use  iavelins.  chil)s,  and 


sliniis  ol"  etjrvls,  IVoni  which  thev   throw  stoi 


les. 


Tl 


leu' 


l)()ws  tire  six:  feet  long,  vei'v  hroad  and  thi(;k  in  tlie  mid- 


'07 


die  and  tapering  toward  the  ends.  Avith  strings  made 
iVoni  tiie  intestines  of  animals.  The  arrows  are  reeds 
aliout  thirty  inelies  in  length,  into  the  lower  end  ol'whicli 
a  piece  of  hai'd  wood  is  cemented  with  resin  ohtained 
from  trees,  and  pointed  with  tlint  shai'pen«'d  to  a  trian- 
gular shape  and  serrated  iit  the  edges,  davidins  arc 
shari)ened  hy  lirst  hardening  in  the  (ire  juid  then  grind- 
ing to  a  point;  they  are  sometimes  indented  like  a,  saw. 
Cluhs  are  of  dilVerent  forms,  either  mallet-head  oi-  axe 
shape;  they  also  crook  and  shar[)en  at  the  edge  a  piecf 
of  wood  Ml  the  i'orm  of  a  scimeter."' 

Their  wars,  which  spring  ironi  disputed  boundaries, 
are  fretpient  and  deadly,  and  generally  occnr  about  I'ruit, 
and  set'd  time.  The  battle  is  commenced  amidst  yells 
and  brandishing  of  Aveajjons.  though  without  any  \m'- 
concerted  plan,  and  atumidtiious  onsl:night  is  made  with- 
out regularity  or  discipline.  exce[)ting  that  a  certain  num- 


b 


)er  aiv  held  m  reserve  to  relieve  those  w 


th 


,ho  1 


lave  exnenil 


ed  their  arrows  or  become  exhausted.  While  yi't  at  ;i 
distance  they  discharge  their  arrows,  but  soon  rush  fm- 
Avardand  (igh  tat  close  (juarters  with  their  clubs  and  s])ears: 
nor  do  they  cease  till  many  on  l)oth  sides  have  iallen.'  ' 


■Hi 


,il    pc 


•a  si  f:i  (1,1  Ion 

Ir 


o  m  (Inc  iniiiiirip,  o  con  rcti  iicllu  spiuLtf^M 


110  g(ir<,'lii  niiiusi  (irllii  iii.ircii.  n  cd 


>)i  f( 


)iii  in  alt"  mure'   (lurtiiiro,  Slni'm 


tldln  ('ill.,  tiiin.  i.,  ]ij).   Ill,  Vl')-i\\  •  I'sc  luitlur  nets  hir  Imuks,  liut  u  liin 
IliK-jcrt,   in  Siiiilli.'iDiiiiiii   ll'jil.,   iSiUi,  p.  ;!<il.   •  Fdrnian  los  hi 


)f  lai.i 
ri'Jcs  para  pcscar,  y  ]iara  otros  use 


I'nichr  It'  stcssi'  dunni'  si  lavavan 


'i-iii'iins,  Siii'if'iit  ih'  In  ('ill.,  tiiiii  i.,  ji. 


(),  (' 


si  lavaiio  ancho  ( 


iL'yuli  t'lin  I—-;! 


(orina)  la  faccia.'  Cbinji'ro,  Slnria  ibUa  Cnh,  tnni  i  .  p.  V.\'.\. 


'1    (rllii'lll   Curi'l'i.  in    Clinvrliiir.'i   (ill.    ri)//'(i/(.s',    Vol.    iv.,    ]).  ■I'iH;    //' 


XitriiliiHiini,   toiii.   iii  .   fol.  ;)1(),  ."l.")! ;   liiiiiiirt,  '\n  .'^inilli.- 


liiiit.,  isi;;;.  p 


;!()J;  hiiiii.  in  llm'.  Ili.-il.  .l/i'.f.,  scric  iv.,  tiini  i.,  ]>.  -4(17;  '  /'07/i.  in  fil..  srri 
iv.,  t(ini.  vii.,  ]>,   IIIJ.     'Si  trovarono  altrc  spc/ic  d'armi  pir  t'crir  da  vici 


ma  tiittc  di  Ict^no.     lia  ji 


i'  nn  ma/./ i])iii-lii<>,  siniih^  nc  lia  tdriiia  a  ini.i 


gircUa  cdI   siio  nianiro  tntta  d'nn  pc/.ZD.     I^a  sicomla  r  a  fo^'Ltia  dim 

di  li't;naiui)li)  tutta  ancli'i  ssa  dun  sol  iiczzo.     La  tcrza  lia  la  furuia  d  1111 

j)icci)la  Si-imitara."  ('liir','ii'rit,  Slnrvi  illla  Cnl.  ~ 


1' 


121, 


idi)  liv.iii 


2^''  '  El  niodo  do  pultlicar  la  Lfuorra  ora,  liaocr  con  nnicho  cstruii 
provision  do  cauus,  y  podcniultsj  pani  «ub  tiucluiH,  y  procmar,  (juo  por  varii 


IMPLEJIENTS  IN  LOWER  CALIFOLNIA. 


oi'j'-i 


Tlic'ir  iinplomcMits  and  lioiiseliold  utonsils  are  lM)tli 
rude  and  low.  [Sliarp  ilints  serve  them  instead  oi'  knives; 
a  hone  jiround  to  a  [)oint  answei\sthe  i>ur[)oseoi"  a  needle 
<ii'  an  awl;  and  with  a  sharp-pointed  stie'.v  roots  are  dii^'. 
Fire  is  oltained  in  the  nsual  wav  IVoin  two  pieces  of 
wooil.  When  travelinii'.  water  is  carried  in  a  larjic  hlad- 
('er.  The  shell  of  the  turtle  is  apnlied  to  various  usi's. 
siu'ii  as  a  reee[)tacle  lor  Ibod  and  a  cradle  for  infants. 

'i'he  Lower  r'alifornians  have  little  injienuity,  and 
their  display  of  mechanical  skill  is  confined  to  the  man- 
ufacture of  the  afori'said  im[)lements.  ^veal)ons  of  war, 
and  of  the  chase;  they  make  some  Hat  haskets  of  wicker 
work,  which  are  used  in  the  collection  of  see'ls  im\ 
fruits;  also  nets  from  the  fihre  of  the  aloe,  one  in  which 
to  carry  provisions,  and  another  fastened  t(^  a  forked 
stick  and  hung  U[)on  the  back,  in  which  to  carry  chil- 
(hvn.- 

Vcv  l)oats  the  inhal)itants  of  the  peninsula  construct 
rafts  of  reeds  made  into  bundles  and  bound  tightly 
together:  they  are  propelled  with  short  paddles,  and  sel- 
(loui  ai'e  capable  of  carrying? more  than  oni'  person.  In 
tliost!  parts  where  trees  grow  a  more  servici'able  canoe 
is  made  I'rom  b.u'k.  and  sometimes  ol'  thi'i'c  or  more 
logs,  not  hollowed  out,  but  laid  together  siile  by  side; 
Mud  made  fast  with  withes  or  pita-fil)re  cords.  These 
lloats  are  buoyant,  the  water  washing  over  them  as  o\cr 
a  catamaran.  On  them  two  or  nidi'e  men  will  pioceed 
fearlessly  to  sea.  to  a  distance  of  scNci'al  miles  from 
the    CO 


list.      To   transport   their    chattels   across    river: 


ii< 


is'-cii  Ins  ilssiiiiiul:is  it  (HI 


I'llcis  (Ic  sils  (•iititviviii-. 


1' 


<!'■  ii  I  III.,  tdiii.  i..  [i)).  DT-S.     Krt'cvriiit'  to  NCihl!;!-,    work.  l'M.;cit.  >ii'ii!,s:' 
iiiiiii  Ui  jit..  Ihlil,  ]).  ilS"),  says:  '  All  tliat  is  saiil   in  it  fcii  m  c  In  tiir  wail'aii'  (■ 


tli.'C 


aliliMlilaiis  is  wi'iiiiL,'. 


In  tlnir  t'dl'Micr  wais  llnv  nicnlv  attaiknl   ill 


iilsh 


oin  an   aiiiliiisli.   unit   kiI.ii 


<l 


•  iirliiy  iiiuxiici'tt'illy  (liii'iii'4  the   iiiL;lit,  or  fi 

iniiiiy  as  tlicy  cdiiIiI,  \vithiint  order,  jiiivioiis  (li(  jaraiioii  of 

iiiiiiiics  wlialcvcr.'    Sco  also:  Apnst'liois  Afinns,  \>\\.    l;il--">,  and  Cluri'^ 


war,  or  imv  ciri- 


Slitriii.  lit/Ill  ( ■(//.,  toni.  i. 


1' 


l\il. 


2-''  '  In  lieu  of  kliivis  and  scis;ors  tlicv  use  sharp  lliiil--  for  cnlliiiu'  alino-t 


evcrvtliin^'  -call"',  \vood,  ajor,  and  even  tluir  liair."   11 


li.  in 


1.-t(l.l.  J).  ;!(')3,   '  fjc  loro  ri'ti,  tanto  (jinllc  da  iiiscarc,  ipianlo  i| 


vh 


Kirvoiio  a  ]iortaro  chcctdii'ssiM,  li 


faiin 


1  till 


idle    t 


iraiio  ( 


ilallr   fouli''  d'l 


M 


ill  1 


c'zcal.'   Cldi-'i'ii  m,  Shirld  (hllii  CkI.,  tc 


I'iniiisio, 


S 


iri'iiil!''lii.     tolll. 


111.  I.,  ]) 


m.     iMirt 


I'l-  notice  m 


/■//., 


fed.  ;r.t):  I 


I  Ill'ilUfl. 


.\nlirill     (/l      /.(     (■((/. 


toiu.  i,,   p.  'JO;  Multkiipj'vrdl,  Mijim,  turn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  ]}.  117, 


564 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


tlioy  use  wicker-work  l)askcts.  which  arc  so  closely 
woven  as  to  be(|uite  iini)crnieable  to  water;  these,  when 
l()a<le(l,  are  pushed  across  by  the  owner,  who  swims 
beliiiul.'"" 

ik'sides  their  household  utensils  and  boats,  and  the 
feathers  or  ornaments  on  their  persons,  I  find  no  other 
])roperty.  "JMiey  who  dwell  on  the  sea-coast  occasionally 
travel  inland,  carrying  with  them  sea-shells  and  leathers 
to  barter  with  their  neighbors  I'or  the  productions  of 
the  interior.-'-'^ 

Tlivy  are  unal)le  to  count  more  than  five,  and  this 
mnnber  is  expressed  l)y  one  hand;  some  few  among 
them  are  able  to  understand  that  two  hands  signify  ten, 
l)ut  beyond  this  they  know  nothing  of  enumei'atiou.  and 
can  only  say  unich  or  many,  or  show  that  the  nuuiber 
is  beyond  computation,  by  throwing  sand  into  the  air 
and  such  like  antics.  The  year  is  divided  into  six  sea- 
sons; the  first  is  called  Mejibo,  which  is  midsuumicr, 
and  the  tiuie  oi'  rii)e  pitahayas;  the  second  season 
Amaddappi,  a  time  of  i'ui'thei'  ripening  of  fruits  and 
seeds;  the  third  Amadaappigalla.  the  end  of  autuum 
and  begiiniing  of  winter;  the  I'oui'th.  which  is  the  cold- 
est season,  is  called  .\hijibel:  the  lil'th.  when  spring  com- 
mences, is  .Majiljen;  the  sixth,  before  any  Iruits  or  seeds 
liave  rijM'ned.  conse(iuently  the  time  of  greatest  scarcity. 
is  called  Majiibenmaaji.'"' 

Neither  government  nor  law  is  found  in  this  region: 
every  man  is  his  own  master,  and  aduiinisters  justice 
in  the  forui  of  vengeance  as  best  he  is  al)le.    As  Father 

2^'  V;iiu'()TiV('r,  \'iii/.,  viil.  ii.,  \).  4S-2,  Kjifiikiii;^  of  T.nwrr  Ciilifuniia  smvs: 
'  Wti  were  visit  111  liy  111  ii'of  till'  Dill  ivcs  in  a  strinvciiiioc'  '  N'liliinnnM-iit'  VM'i 
Vim  caiiDiia  in  inaieccm  tr<'  luili.iiii  ilallc  lor  caiiaiiiic.'  I'lliKi.  in  .Hhiiik.i'h), 
Nitrhintiiiiii,  turn.  iii..  ful.  l!")!)-},  ;(i;j,  ;U7,  and  in  llnkini/t.-i  !'"//••  ^"''  "'•• 
J).  -US.  Sec  fiiitliir:  I'tnrvji'm,  Slari'i  ihUn  I'al.,  turn,  i.,  ]i.  I'iii;  tifiii'lH 
('Kriri,  in  CliKrcliiU's  Co/.  I'liyciis,  vol.  iv..  ji.  -Kilt,  and  in  Iknuijvr,  Col,  ih' 
Villi.,  tiiin.  ii.,  ]>.  .'IT I. 

2-'*  'Tii'ncn  tiiito  dc  jicsc.uld  con  los  indios  dc  ticvra  ad(  ntro.'  Snlmirun, 
Jic/'J'i'iic  s.  in  /)iii\  /list,  l/i.r.,  sirii'  iii.,  tnni.  iv.,  \t.  17:  also,  I'lUnt,  in  llniiin- 
fi'io,  Xiiri  iiitiiiiii.  tiiin.  iii.,  fol.  ;H7  .s. 

'^''  •  Sii  inodo  di!  contar  cm  nuiv  diuiinnto  y  covto,  ])ni's  a])('nas  llri,'aii  .'i 
cinco,  y  otios  a  die/.,  y  van  ninlti|ili(  undo  si'^;iin  iPiicdcn.'  ('ulii'dniins.  .N'n- 
<(('(V».s',  carta  i,,  ]>.  Kill.  '  Xon  dividcvano  IWiiiio  in  M<si.  ma  solamcutt'  in 
8('i  atiigioni.'     Clarhjiro,  Storiii  iklki  Cal.,  torn,  i.,  JH).  llU-11. 


MARRIAGE. 


565 


Bacgort  remarks:  'The  diflforont  tril)os  rcprosciiteJ  ])y 
IK)  means  commimities  of  rational  heings,  ^vllo  submit 
to  laws  and  regnlations  and  obey  their  siipei'iors,  bnt 
resembled  I'ar  more  herds  of  wild  swine,  which  run 
aljoiit  according  to  their  own  liking,  being  together  to- 
(hiv  and  scattered  to-morrow,  till  tliev  meet  auain  by 
.  'cident  at  some  future  time.  In  one  word,  the  ("alilor- 
nians  lived,  i^a/ra  rrnid,  as  though  they  had  been  i'reo- 
thinkers  and  materialists.'  In  hunting  and  war  they 
have  one  or  more  chiefs  to  lead  them,  who  nvo  selected 
oidy  lor  the  occasion,  and  hy  reason  of  su[)erior  strength 
or  cunning.-'"^ 

Furthermore,  they  have  no  marriage  ceremony,  nor 
any  word  in  their  language  to  ex[)ress  marriage.  Like 
birds  or  beasts  they  pair  oil*  according  to  fancy.  The; 
l*ei"icui  takes  as  many  women  as  he  pleases,  makes 
them  work  for  him  as  slaves,  and  whi'n  tired  of  any 
one  of  them  turns  her  away,  in  which  case  she  may  not 
be  taken  by  another.      iSome  form  of  courtshi[)  iippears 


to  1 


lave 


obti 


iine( 


anion 


g   tho  (luaicuris;  for  e.\ami)le, 


when  a  \()um;'  man  saw  a  uirl  who  i)leasi'd  him.  ho 
presented  her  with  a  small  bowl  or  basket  made  of  the 
pita-libre;  if  she  accei)ti'd  the  gift,  it  was  an  evidence 
that  his  suit  was  agreeable  to  hei\  and  in  return  she  gave 
him  an  ornamented  head-dress,  the  work  of  her  own 
hiuid ;  then  they  lived  together  without  I'urther  cere- 
nu)ny.  Although  among  the  (Juaicuris  and  Cochimis 
ue  hold  a  plurality  of  wives,  it  is  not  so  conunon  iis 
with  the  I'ericuis.  for  in  the  two  lirst-nieutimied  tribes 
there  ai'e  more  men  than  women.  A  breach  of  feuiale 
chastity  is  sometimes  followed  by  an  attemjit  of  the 
holder  of  the  womini  to  kill  the  olfender:  yet  morality 
never  attaiiu'd  any  great  lieight.  as  it  is  a  pi'actici; 
with  tiiem   for  dilferent  tribes  to  meet  occasionallv  for 


SOI 


21"  Cldrhicnt,  Shirht  (hlln  Cul.,  toiii.  i..  jip.  I'2'.l  .'M.  \'i')iiii<is.  yulici'i  iln 
III  ('ill.,  toiii.  i.,  |).  7'.t.  '  Kiitri'  <'ll(is  siciiipic  Imy  iiIliiiiii)  mas  (IismIiii.^hiId  y 
iiti'cviilo,  (jiic  SI'  iivistf  ('(111  (1  ciir.'icti  r  ilc  Ciqiitim:  ]hvi>  ui  tsli'  tiinc  juiis- 
iliccidii  illinium,  ni  Ic  nludi'ccii,  y  <'ii  cstMiiiln  iilu'ii  vicjo  lo  sm  Ic  n  iiuil.ir  ild 
iii.-iikId:  solo  en  los  litiHcs  iini'  li'S  tiriic  ciuuta  sigucii  siis  lUil.iiiiiiics.' 
I'lilifuriilis,  Xiiliriii.i,  I'iii'tii  i.,  pp.  -11',  4"). 


6G6 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


tlie  purpose  of  liokliug  indiscriminate  sexual  intercourse. 


Childbirth  i 


s  easv 


the  r 


ericuis  and  iiuaicuris  Avasii  tlu 


til 


■j:U 


])ody  of  tlie  ncwlv  horn,  tlien  cover  it  uitl»  aslii's;  as 
the  cliild  ^urows  it  is  placed  on  a  lranle-^vork  of  sticks, 
and  ii'  a  male,  on  its  chest  thev  lix  a  hag  of  sand  to 
})reveiit  its  hrciists  growing  like  a  Avomans,  which  they 
consider  a  delonnity.  For  a  cradle  the  Cochinii's  take 
a  forked  stick  or  hend  one  end  of  a  long  pole  in  the 
forui  of  a  hoop,  and  fix  thereto  a  net,  in  which  tii(»  in- 
fant is  placed  and  covered  with  a  second  net.  It  cmi 
thus  l»e  (;arrieil  over  the  shoulder,  or  when  the  mother 
wishes  to  he  reliex  ed.  the  end  of  the  pole  is  stucl^  in  the 
ground,  and  nourishment  given  the  child  through  tiu! 
meshes  of  the  net.  M'hen  old  enough  the  child  is  car- 
ried astride  on  its  mother's  shoulders.  As  soon  as  chil- 
di'en  are  al)le  to  get  food  for  themselves,  thev  are  lel't  to 
theii-  own  di"  ices,  and  it  sometimes  happens  that  when 
food  is  scarce  tlie  child  is  abandoned,  or  killed  by  its 
parent.' 

Nevertheless,  these  miseral)les  delight  in  feasts,  and  in 
the  gross  debauchery  there  o[)enly  ))erpetrati'd.  I  nac- 
i(!iaintcd  with  intoxicating  li(;iiors.  they  \v\  llnd  drunls- 
enness  in  tiie  fumes  of  a  cei'tain  herb  smoked  tiiroiiiih  a 
stone  tube,  and  used  chielly  during  their  festivals.  Tbeir 
dances  consist  of'a  series  of  gesticulations  and  junqiiugs, 
accompanied  by  inarticulate  nuuMnuriugs  and  yells.  One 
of  their  great  holidays  is  the  pitahaya  season,  when. 
with  plenty  to  eat,  they  spend  days  and  nights  in  auuise- 

2"  t'liirhjcri^,  SI'irhi  ildhi  CaL,  toin.  i.,  ]1|).  li'O-l;  (ll<iii,  in  Hniiin^io, 
X'lrhidHiiiii,  tdiii.  iii.,  fill.  ',HX;  \'Uln  Sr,'i"r  1/  S'fnrhi'Z,  'I'IikiIio,  tnni.  ii..  |>. 
'2SI;  li<ti' ii'i-l.  \n  SiiiitlisDiihin  lli'iil.,  ISCplt,  ]i|i.  liiiT  i).  '  Sus  (MsMiiiinitus  .-"ni 
liiuy  lid  culds:  uiios  |iiuii  ciuiiii'sc  ciiscriim  sus  ciu  ijnis  fi  his  iim,u;cns,  y  isias 
i'l  I'llos;  y  inliii>t,iiiili)si.  a  sii  Ljustii.  sc  ciisaii:  otfos  rii  tin,  (|Ui'  (s  l.i  mis 
oomiiii.  sc  (Msim  sin  (•fvcinoniii.'     1  ''iH/nriiiKs,  .\'irr  i'ls,  ciivtii  i..  |i]i.  ."i".  Hi  1 

'  Kl  ilillllt  rill  ilil  lllil';lil()  ciiliKi  (U  lito,  (|llf  Jior  In  llli'lios  (lill),l  justn  lunlivo 
A  l.i  vcii-j.ni/.a.  a  cX''!)  rioii  dc  ilos  ocasiniic's:  una  la  dr  sus  liistas.  y  liaylcs: 
y  iitm  la  dc  las  lucli.is.'  I'l /k./k.s',  .Vc'/(<'i'.(  (/■  la  (dl..  Inui.  i.,  ji.  '.>■'<.  'l.is 
Liinuiics  s'aii)U'(ich  liiiit  dcs  fcniiues  ('(uuinc  d^s  aniiuaux.  it  hs  fciniiMS  so 
iiii'ttaicul  [)ulili(|iu  lui  lit  a  cjuativ'  patics  ]>(iui-  l"s  iccrvoii.'  Cusliirn'il'i.  in 
Ti riuiiix-Cniiiii'iii^.  \'>ii/..  si'iif  i.,  tiiiii.  ix.,  i>.  ]•":!.  'I'liis  niitlidd  of  rii|mlM- 
tiidi  is  liy  no  luraiis  iicculiai'  to  tlii'  r.owcr  (idifiiniians.  liiit  is  )ii:!i  licid 
uliiumt  universally  hy  the  wild  trihcs  ,f  the  I'aril'.o  Slates.  Wiitiis  1  atmally 
dn  nut  iiiiiitiiiii  tills  riistoin,  luit  travellers  are  iiiiauiiuuus  in  tin  ir  veili.d 
Mcouuiits  resj^iLciiuy  it. 


V-. 


L3WEH  CALIFOENIAN  FEAST. 


jC7 


ments;  at  such  times  foats    of  streii<:tli    and    trials    of 
■ipood  take'  j)laco.     The  most  noted  lesti\al  anion,!;'  the 


Cod 


innis  occurs  n 


poll 


tl 


1  tlie  occasion  o 


f  tl 


leir  annua 


1  d 


is- 


tribution  of  skins.     To  the  women  esneciallv  it  was  an 


important    and   enjovable  even 


hU 


It.    r 


)on   an   ai)|)oin 


ited 


day  all  the  peojile  collected  at  a  designated  i)lace.  In 
an  arhor  constructed  with  branches,  the  road  to  which 
was  carpeted  with  the  skins  of  wild  animals  that  had 
been  killed  tluring  the  year,  their  most  skillfid  hunters 
asseiii))led ;     they   alone   were   jirivile^^cd    to    enter    tl 


10 


irhor,  and  m  tlieir  Honor  was  alreadx  oreiiaret 


prep 


aii- 


(piet  and  pipes  of  wild  tobacco.  I'he  viands  went  round 
as  also  the  pil'e.  and.  in  ^ood  time,  the  partakers  became 
])artially  intoxicati'd  ))y  the  smoke;  then  one  of  the 
itriests  or  sorcerers,  arrayed  in  L.s  robe  of  ceremony,  ap- 
])ear"<l  at  the  entrance  to  the  arbor,  and  made  a.  speech 
to  the  people,  in  which  he  recountetl  the  deeds  of  the 
hunters.  Then  thi>  occupants  of  the  arbor  came  out 
id  made  a  repartition  of  the  skins  anionti'  the  women 


ai 
tl 


us  lulls 


hed, 


(lancinu'  and  sinmiiii'  conn 


iienceil  and  con- 


tinued throuuhoiit  the  niiilit.  Jt  sometimes  haitpened 
thiit  their  festi\u!s  ended  in  (i,i:htin<i"  and  bloodshed,  as 
they  were  seldom  conducted  without  debauchery,  espe- 
cially amoup;  the  (jiuaicuris  and  rericuis."'" 

When  they  have  eaten  their  fill  they  jiass  their  time 
in  silly  or  obscene  conversatii^n.  or  in  wrestlinu',  in 
which  sports  tie  women  ol'teii  take  a  })art.     'fluy  are 


\er\'  adroit  in   trackiim'  wi 


Id 


ists  to  their  hiirs   aiu 


d 


tamiuu' them.  At  <'ertain  festivals  their  sorcerers,  who 
were  called  b\'  some  (/hidhiix.  by  others  (■ns/i/(i<!<.  wore 
long  robes  of  skins,  ornamented  with  human  hair:  these 
saji'es  filled  the  oillces  oi'  priests  and  mediciue-meii.  and 
threati'iied  their  crcdidous  brothers  with  inuumerabli^ 
ills  and  death,    unless   they  su})plied  them  with  provis- 

'-■'-  '  I'it'stii  ('litre  Ills  Iiulios  (ii  utiles  no  I's  luMs  (jiie  mill  eoiieniTeiieia  ile 
liiiiiilires  y  iiinj^ei-v's  de  tniliis  jiiirtes  iiiira  desiiliej^'iiv  los  upetitus  ilr  JiiMiria  y 
v;nhi.'  Cdli/driiiKs,  Xdlitins,  eiirtii  i.,  pp.  tiCi-Tr).  '  run  tie' Ins  liestas  inns 
e  leliies  ile  his  (  ueliiiiiies  era  la  ilel  dia,  <')i  (jiie  rejiartiaii  las  i  itjes  a  las  luu- 
1  afid.'  i'r)i"/".s',  \<iliiiii  lie  III  I'lil.,  tiiiii.  i.,  ]']■'■  s"e U.  il'i;  /'"■ - 
li'ijil.,  isdl,  p.  liS'.t;  ,Sulridl'ri\t,  in  J'ur.  IHM.  Mce.,  heiio 


.•eves  una  vez  a 


i/i'W,  ill 


i7/..- 


iv.,  tuiu.  v.,  pp.  iWi,  lit), 


5G3 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


ions.  Tlicsc  favored  of  lioavfii  pi'ofossod  to  hold  coni- 
imiiiiciitioii  witli  onick's,  and  would  vnivv  eavorns  and 
woodi'd  ravines,  sending  thence  doleftd  sounds,  to 
frighten  the  pe'>[)le,  who  were  by  such  trieks  easily  iui- 
])osed  upon  iiad  leu  to  believe  in  their  deceits  and  jug- 
gleries.-''* 

As  to  ailments,  Lower  Californians  arc  sul)]ect  to 
consuin[)tion,  l)urning  fevers,  indigestion,  and  cutaneous 
diseases.  J^nudl  pox,  measles,  and  syphilis,  the  last 
ini[)orted  by  troo[)s,  have  destroyed  nuud)erless  lives. 
A\'ounds  inllicted  by  the  bites  of  venomous  reptiles  may 
be  added  to  the  list  of  troubles.  Loss  of  apj)etite  is 
with  them,  generally,  a  symptom  of  approaching  death. 
1'liey  submit  resiguedh'  to  the  treatment  ])rescribed  by 
their  medicine-men,  however  severe  or  cruel  it  may  be. 
They  ueglect  their  aged  invalids,  refusiug  them  attend- 
ance if  tJK'ir  last  sicikness  proves  too  long,  iind  i'eco\erv 
iij)[)ears  iiuprobable.  In  several  instiuiccs  they  ha\e  put 
an  end  to  the  patient  by  suffocation  or  otherwise.-''^ 

Diseases  iire  treated  externally  l)y  the  aijplication  of 
oiutuients.  })lasters.  and  fomentations  ol"  medicinal  hcrl»s. 
particularly  the  wild  tobacco,  ►'^moke  is  also  a,  great 
panacea,  and  is  adnnnistered  through  a  stone  tube  ])hiced 
on  the  suifering  part.  The  usual  jugglei'ies  attend  tlu' 
j)ractice  of  medicine.  In  extreme  cases  they  attempt  to 
draw  with  their  fingers  the  disease  from  the  patient's 
mouth.  \i'  the  sick  person  has  a  child  or  sister,  they 
cut  its  or  her  little  linger  of  the  right  hand,  iind  let  tln' 
blood  drop  on  the  diseased  part,  lileeding  with  a  sharp 
stone  and  whi[)[)ing  the  alfected  part  with  nettles,  or 
a[)pl\  ing  ants  to  it,  are  among  the  remedies  used.  For 
the  cure  of  tumors,  the  medicine-men  l)urst  and  suck 
them   with   their  lips  until   blood  is  drawn.     Interuid 

21:'  Cnli/iirii'KtK,  Xotir'ui^,  cnvUx  i.,  jiji.  f)!)-!!.");  Cltivvjirri,  Slov'vt  ihlhi  Cal. 
toni.  i.  i)j)  IJC),  140.  ' 'I'lu'i-c  (xistfd  iilways  aiiiDii^,'  the  ('iilifoniiiiiis  iiidhi- 
(liiiils  ot  liotli  sixi's  who  played  the  ]>arl  <if  soii'crcls  iir  (•(injure  is,  jii'cli  iiilin.,' 
ti)  jKisscss  the  jiowfr  iif  cxorciKiiiy  the  devil.'  Iktiiicrl,  in  Suiilhsvii'inn  llijit.. 
]8(il,  1).  :ts'.t. 

'"'■"  liiK'iii  rt,  in  Siiiitlisnu'iai)  l!i pt.,  ISC.t,  j))).  HS.")-?.  •  Las  caiTcias,  Inclia-J. 
])( leas  y  (ilvas  trabajds  volnntavins  les  ocasioiian  nnichcis  dulorts  dc  jiceiin  y 
utroti  acuidtutL!).'  CuHj'ornkts,  Sutickts,  carta  i.,  pp.  S"j  U'J. 


DEATH  AND  BUllIAL  IN  LOWEll  CALIFORNIA. 


J3G9 


diseases  nro  troatetl  ^vitll  cold-wntor  l)atlis.     Tlio  moans 


eiiii)l(!\e(l    1)\-    the   iiicdiciiK'-inau 


are   n 


])eated 


l)V 


tl 


le 
11 


iiu'iiihcrs  of  the  ])atient  s  I'ainilv  and  hy  his  friends.     J 
dauLiei"  e\en   the  imitation  of  death  startles  them.     If 
au  invalid  is  pronouneed  hevond  re(X)verv,  and  he  hap- 
})i;ns  to  shind)er,  they  innnediateh'  aronse  him  Avith  hlows 
on  the  head  and  hody,  for  the  pnrpose  of*  preservinj. 
lifi     " 


'•-.tr, 


Death  is  followed  ])y  a  plaintive,  monrnful  chant, 
attended  with  howling  l)y  iriends  and  relatives,  who 
heat  theii"  heads  with  sharp  stones  nntil  hlood  Hows 
freely.  Without  fm-thei'  ceremony  they  either  inter  or 
hnrn  the  hody  inmiediately.  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  locality:  in  the  latti'r  ease  they  leave  the  head 
intact.  Oftentimes  they  hury  or  hurn  the  hody  heiore 
life  has  actually  left  it,  never  taking  pains  to  ascertain 
the  liict.-'"' 

\\'eaj)ons  and  other  personal  effects  arc  huried  or 
hurni'd  with  the  owner:  and  in  some  localities,  where 
hurying  is  customary,  shoes  are  put  to  the  feet,  so  that 
the  spiritualized  hody  nuiy  he  pre[)ared  l()r  its  journey. 
In  Colechii  and  (Juajamina  mourning  ceremonies  are 
practiced  certain  days  after  death — ^juggleries — in  which 
the  priest  ^jrctends  to  hold  converse  with  the  de))artcd 
spirit  through  the  scalp  oi'  the  deceased,  couuuending 
the  qualities  of  the  departed,  and  concluding  ])y  asking 
oil  the  spirits  hehalf  that  all  shall  cut  off  their  hair  as 
a  siuii  of  sorrow.     After  a  short  dance,  more  howliiiLi', 


iair-i)ullni'. 


iiid  other    ridiculous  ai 


ts.   tl 


le 


pr 


les 


t    .U 


mands    provisions    lor    the   spirits  journey,   which  his 


''■•''  fV'fr; /I  )vj,  .'<!,, ri't  ihVn  I'ifl..  tuni.  i..  jip.  112  i:i,  M2-");  Jy/<W.:/;.v,,s' 
Ai'iiiD's,  ]ij).  I'Ji;-?;  Siitratii  riv.  in  line.  Ilisl.  J/r.c,  sciii"  iv.,  toin.  v.,  ]i.  '_.'!; 
IhliifKirlf,  loi.trii,  tdlil.  X.,  ]iji.  l:!:i  1.  '  ltc)L;;il)il  il  cllfi  liuo,  (lUc  ]c  clmp.issc  ii, 
y  Siiplissiu  di'  el  niixlo  lllisiim.  ([Ui'  In  li.U'iiill  IdS  CuimikIi  los.  K\i  iMltul);!U 
tndosjuii'  su  cirdiii  cstc  (ilicin  dr  picdail,  chuiiiiiidn.  y  wipliiiid"  jiiiim  ni  l.i 
jiiirtc  Icsa,  y  drspui'S  todDslosotros  nrj^iiiuis  dc  lor;  siaitidos.'  !'<  ('(;/"•■■,  ScIU-'ki 
'If  Id  I'dl.,  tcilll.  i.,  ]ii>.   1 17    is. 

an;  |!;ii'L,'ri't  says:  '  It  serins  trdiciis  to  lliciii  lo  sjiciid  iiincli  time  in^av  an 
'il<l.  dyiii^  [ici-sdii  that  was  Ihiil;  aj^^'o  a  Imrdcii  tn  tliini  and  lookid  u|Hin  with 
iudill'crcMcc.  A  (ici-sdn  nf  my  arcinaintanci'  I'lsldicd  n  i;ii'l  to  lifr  that  was 
already  Itiinnd  np  in  a  di  ii-skin,  accnnlin^,' tn  tht  ir  I'Ustciiu,  and  ivady  fur 
hiaial.'   JJac'url,  iu  .Sinitltsudutu  Jtipl.,  IbUl,  p.  3s7.  * 


570 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


lioiircrs  roiidily  C()iitri])uto.  and  uliicli  the  })ri('^t  appro- 
l)i'iatt's  t(»  liis  own  nse,  tollin^ii'  tlicni  it.  liasalrciuly  started. 
Ot'casionally  tlicv  honor  the  memory  of  thi  ir  cK'ad  l»y 
])la('in,i;'  a  rough  imauo  of  the  de[)arted  on  a  hi^^h  p(^le, 
and  a  i/iniiiiti  or  priest  sings  his  pi-aises.'-'' 

^I'he  eai'ly  missi(^naries  ibund  the  peojjle  of  tlie  penin- 
sula kind -hearted  aiul  ti'actahk',  ahhoiigh  dull  of 
comprehension  and  ])rutal  in  their  instincts,  rude,  nar- 
row-miiiiled.  and   inconstant.     A  marked    dillerence  of 


character  is  ol)serval)le  hetween 


ixbli 


the  ( 


oclinnis  an( 


1   ti 


le 


I 


ericuis. 


TUe  1 


ornier  are  more  courteous  in  their  man- 


ners ami  better  behaved;  although  cuiming  and  thievish, 
they  exhibit  attachment  and  gratitude  to  their  suj)eri()rs; 
natiu'ally  indolent  and  addicted  to  childish  })ursuits  and 
anuisemeuts.  they  lived  among  themsehes  in  amity, 
direct! ul;;  their  savage    and    revenucful   natui'e    auainst 


nei: 
re 


dil 


jorni 


li'  tril 


>es  AVI 


th  wh 


lom  the\  wei'e  at  variance, 


The  I'ericuis.  before  they  bi'came  extinct.  Avere  a  iiei'ce 
and  baibarous  nation,  unruly  and  brutal  in  their  ])as- 
sions.  cowardly,  treacherous,  false.  ])etulant,  and  boast- 
fid,  with  an  intensely  cruel  and  heartless  disposition, 
often  shown  in  relentless  ])ersecutions  and  nuirdeis. 
Jn  their  character  and  disposition  the  (luaicuris  did  not 
dilVer  essentially  IVom  the  IVricuis.  In  the  midst  oi' 
so  nnicb  darkness  there  was  still  one  bright  spot  visible, 
inasmuch  as  they  were  of  a  chcerl'ul  and  hap])y  nature, 
lovers  of  kind  and  lovers  of  country.  Isolatt'd.  occupy- 
ing an  ill-la,\()red  country,  it  was  circumstances.  I'atlier 
than  any  inherent  incapacity  for  im])rovement,  that  held 
these  poor  j)eople  in  their  low  state:  for.  as  we  shall  sec 
at  son'c  future  time,  in  their  intercoui'se  with  civili/cd 
Ibi'eigiiers.  they  were  not  lacking  in  cmming.  diplomac\. 
SoKishness,  and  other  aids  to  intellectual  jjrogress.'-'"* 


NOUTHEKN  MEXICANS,  571 

The  Xoi!TiTi:i!N  ^rKxrcAX;^,  the  fourth  and  last  divi 
.sioii  of  thisuroiij).  spread  over  the  torritorv  Iviuj:  lietwocii 
])aralk'ls  l]l  and  2o  of  north  latitiido.  Thoir  hinds  have 
an  averaiic  hrcadth  of  ahont  live  Innulred  niik's.  with  an 
ai-ra  of  sonic  250. OOO  s([naro  miles,  com] )ri si nti'  the  states 
of  Sonora,  Sinaloa,  Dnhnahna.  Dnran^o.  Xuevo  Leon, 
and  tlie  northern  portions  of  Zaciitocas.  KSan  Luis  I'otosi 


an( 


1  T 


unaiun)as 


P 


Nearly  parallel  \vitli  the  Pacific  seahoard,  and  divid- 
iiiji'  the  states  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa  from  (Miihnahna 
and  Dni'anuo.  runs  the  jrreat  centi'al  Coi'dillera;  further 
to  the  eastward,  passint;' throudi  (\)ahuila.  Xuevo  Leon, 
and  San  Luis  I'otosi'.  and  following  the  shoi'c  line  of  the 
^fexican  Oulf.  the  Siei'ra,  Ahid re  continues  in  a  souther- 
ly direction,  until  it  unites  whh  the  lirst-named  ranuo 
at  the  Isthnnis  oi' Tehuantepec,  All  of  these  mountains 
ahound  in  mineral  wealth.  The  tahle-land  lietween 
them  is  intersecti'd  hy  three  rid.tics;  one.  the  Sierra  Mim- 
bi'cs.  issuinu'  from  the  inner  tlank  of  the  Western  Cordil- 
lera  north  of  Arispe,  extendinj:'  in  a  nortlu'rly  direc- 
tion and  following;  the  line  of  the  Rio  tJrande.  ^fhe 
middle  mountainous  divide  ci'osses  from  Duranpoto  Coa- 
huila.  while  the  third  rises  in  the  state  of  .lalisco  and 
taking'  an  easterly  and  afterward  northerly  direction, 
tra\'erses   the    taliK'-land    and   mersi'es    into    tlie    Siei'ra 


^hulre  in  tlie  state  of  San  Luis  I'ot 


OSl. 


On  tl 


lese  hro; 


id 


tal''e-lands  are  numerous  laki's  fed  hy  the  streams  which 
ha\e  their  rise  in  the  mountains  adjacent ;  in  hut  fe 


w 


laiilail,  y  fl;i(|Ui  zii  i]v  aiiiiiio;  y  finiilniciiti'.  la  falta  iniscraMi'  dc  toilo  \o  (|no 
Imiua  a  los  linmlin's  csto  cs.  rai'ioiialcs,  juililicos,  y  utiles  para  s'l.  y 
para  la  Sdcicdad.'    1' 


Xdtirid   ill'  III    I  'ill.,  Idiii.   i. 


11' 


l-'.»,  s7 


I. 


ciiics  (1(1    Ndrtc  cvan  mas  <1(  sjiicrtas,  di'ciU  s  y  I'u  lis.  hk'ikis   vicidsas  y 
lilacs,  y  pur  taiitu  ".iicjnr  disjincstas  jiara  rci'ihircl  iMistiaiiisino  (]iic  las  (jnc 
lialiitaliaii  al  Siir.'   ^  nl'il  ij  Mi xi'imn,   \'iiiiii\\\.\\\\\\.   '  Ei'iili  los  corasy  p- 
ctlcis.  y   jj;cii(ralii](  iitc   las 


raiu'lu  rias  del  Siir  dc  Cdifcrr.ia.  ii 


ladi 


capaccs;  j'cru  laiiilii(  ii  mas  vici()S(is  i'  iii(|ui(  tos  (jiic  las  d( mas  iiaciciics  do 


a  lull  iisiila 


.1/. 


//■(■ 


lli<t .  I  limit,  ill'  ,]i' 


fdlll. 


111. 


ulr.    ill     V'ljl.   ih-  r  h'lllj 


•2.")2.   '  ('(  s  ]i(  n]il(S 

( 'ii.'i I'i'i  nil'.  .Xiiiiri  III- 

iii'iiirili  III  (  liiiit',  y.  ]i  t.     Other  aliiisieis  tn  their 


SdHt  d  line  tres-^'raiide  ddcililc,  lis  s(>  laissciit  iiistnni 


■haiacter  inny  he  fmiiid  in  ('iililvrmi  il'lit  Jlni'rit's  J/ifc  in  M 


Villi 


(-.S('//()/' 


y  Siiiirlii'z,    Tlii'dtrii,    fdlll.   ii.,  ]> 


>1)2: 


rl. 


<\.  i.,  p 
Inilln'iiiiiiin 


Uijil..  INdl,  ])]).  ;17H  S.'i;  {'yi'fpu  ill  /''"'.  U'lsl.  Mix.,  s(  ric  iv.,  tdiii.  \ii.,   \>\i 


]:i."),  M;i-c.:  /;;V(s,  //;.-/.  ,/.   /„s  v 


nmiijilii 


p.  AA-1:  (III 


Nil 


ill  llu 


(((/.,  tola,  i.,  PI).   113-11;  Malk-liruii,  J'i\'i.is  di:  la  Ui'wj.,  toiu  vi,,  p.  'ir>l. 


672 


NEW  m::xicans. 


spots  is  the  Itiiul  aviiilahlc  for  tilliip'.  Liit  it  is  admiraltly 
juliiptod  to  pastoral  [)urpost's.  'riic  rlimatc!  eaii  iiardly 
bo  Hiir[)asso(l  in  its  tonic  and  cxliiliiriitinji'  pro[)c'rti(.'s; 
the  atinos[)l»ero  is  ever  clear,  ^vith  sunshine  by  day,  and 
a  galaxy  of  brilliant  stars  by  nidit;  the  absence  of  rain, 
Ibjis.  and  dews,  Avitli  a  delicious  and  even  tenii)eratiire, 
renders  liahitations  almost  niuu'Ci'ssary.  All  tliis  \ast 
region  is  o(!ciii)ied  by  nnnieroiis  tribes  si)eaking  different 
languages  and  claiming  distinct  oi-igins.  L'[)on  the 
northern  seaboard  of  ^^onora  and  Tibiiron  Island  are 
the  Ccfiii,  T'llmroin'!^^  and  Tcponix;  south  of  them  the 
Cah'tfds,  or  S1ihiIo(I><,  Avhicli  are  genei-al  names  lor  the 
YaqiiU  and  J/di/os,  tribes  so  called  from  the  rivers  on 
whose  banks  they  live.  In  the  state  of  Sinaloa  there 
are  also  the  Cochlfax,  Tncaves,  Safidiliox,  ZtiafjHcx,  and 
A/ioincx.  besides  many  other  small  tribes.  ScattiM-ed 
thnjugli  the  s'ates  of  the  interior  are  the  O/mt'tH,  Hinlr. 
veK,  Joras,  '/'nxihiniiansj  Tiilxiroi,  iuid  Tifu'lnKdiex^  who 
inhabit  the  moiintainou,>-  districts  of  (.'liilmahua  and 
Durango.  Mast  of  the  Tarahumares.  in  the  northern 
])art  of  the  first-named  state,  dwell  the  Coiichoa. 
h\  Dnrango,  living  in  the  hills  round  'l'o[)ia,  are  the 
Acaxnts;  south  of  whom  dwell  the  Xlchiicx.  On  the 
table-lands  of  ^lanimi  and  on  the  shores  of  its  numer- 


al) 
ous  lakes,  the  Irrltllns  and  main  other  trila 


s  are  se 


ttled 


while  south  of  these  again,  in  Zacatecas  and  t^an  Luis 
IN^tosi.  are  the  (riuichlrh'dcs.  llnniiKin'x.  and  ('iizrnni's,  and 
further  to  the  east,  and  bordering  on  thi'  gulf  shores  we 
lind  the  country  occupied  by  scatteretl  tribes,  distin- 
guished by  a  great  variety  of  names,  prominent  among 
Avliich  are  the  (^(trrivn^  or  (iiiv/M^,  A'>//i'iiii')r(;<.i\\u\  I^liifus.''''' 
^b)st  of  these  nations  are  com[)osed  of  men  of  large 


2'3  Father  Hibiis,  tlic  livst  jivicst  who  visitcl  thr  Yai]iii^!,  was  surpristd  at 
the  lo.l  I  I'liu-'h  t.me  in  which  thiv  spuke.     Wlieii  lie  iiiiimistrati  il  with  thi  in 


La-  il( 


tiieir  reply  was,   'No  vi's  ijue  soy  Miai|iii:  y  di/iaiil  i.  ii(ir(ii 


essa  pal.ibra,  3'  110  iiln'e,  sii,'uiliea,  el  iju 


hahL 


'rilo- 


li'lh'l^.     Ilisl.    dr  l"S 


Triuiiiiili 


I' 


Ml 


ri 


ii'ir   name  e(ini;s  ticini  their  position,  a 


means  in  ihAr  own  lan''iiaL'(i  honmlarv,   thev  havini,'  luen  lioun  led 


n.i 


siilo-ihy  hostile  trilies.'   Staiic,  in  Hist.  Mdii.,  \ 
1 1  pal  ihiM  I'll  ildiiiKtli  ^  InrdhniiKiri  siLjnitiea, 
pi  ■•,  y  / 


1(1 


Si't,'un  ])are(' 


'mind,  eori'o 


7' 


llrl,  I  ■ 


'.//■ 


toni. 


nrn  ihif  ih'.  II  iii'';'Wi'  I'lln  a  t'li'ii, 


:;!i-t. 


']. 


a  }ia 


1 /./"/- 


crueu  al^:^uuos  (pio  es  ^luxiuaua,  y  corrupcion  de  tqK'ltMini,  conipustadur; 


I'llYSICAL  rECULIAKlTIES  1\  NOUril  IIEXICO. 


573 


stiitmv;  robust,  niid  woll  foniiod.  \\\{h  nu  oroctrnrriajic; 
tlic  liiK'st  sjM'cinu'ns  uiv  to  be  loiiMd  on  tbo  M'ii-coast, 
«'Xci'[)tious  bt'iiiii  tbc  (.)[)iita,s  and  Cbicoratiis.  tlic  Ibniicr 
iucrmiiig  to  corpuk'iHn",  the  latter  being  short,  althoiiiili 
active  and  swil't  rnnners.  'I'he  women  ai'e  well  liinbcil 
and  ha\e  good  figures,  but  soon  beeonie  coriiident.  The 
leatures  of  tiu'se  people  are  (jnite  regular,  th-  hi'ad  round 
and  well  sbaju'd,  with  bJac^k  and  straight  hair;  they  haxc 
high  eheek-bones  and  hand.sonie  months,  with  a.  gi'U- 
erally  mild  and  ])Ieasing  expression  ol"  countt'iianee. 
Tiiey  have  jjiereing  blaek  eyes,  and  can  <listinguish  ob- 
jects at  great  distances.  'i1ie  Ceris  .see  best  toward  the 
close  of  the  day.  owing  to  the  strong  I'ellection  Irom  the 
white  sands  of  the  coast  during  the  earlier  part  of  the 
day.  The  Carri/.as  are  remai'kable  foi*  their  long  up[)er 
lip.  The  nu'U  of  this  region  have  little  beard  ;  their  com- 
jilexion  varies  IVom  a  light  bi'own  to  a  copper  siiade. 
Many  of  them  attain  to  a  great  age.'-'"^ 

For  raiment  the  Cahitas  and  Cei'is  wear  only  a  small 
rag  in   front  of  their   persons,   secured    to  a  cord   tied 


lien  nil 


conipnosto  do  fi'iiiU,   moiito,  y  hna,  flosiiionciii  qni'  fii  Mcxiciiin 


iiMHiti'.    <  )lros,  iiiasc) 


ilulicil  Jiiisi'siiill.  culiio   r^i   (li jriMliins    scl'lor  I'l  dut  I'lo   del 

('(111  mas  ixactitiiil.  ilici  n  (|iic  (■  ii.lnum  cs  vdz  tariihuiiiar,  di  livada  dc/i'/iK^  i') 


<1>' 


siiiuilica  (hirii,  lo  dial  (■(iiiviciic  cdii  il  caractcr  dc  la  iia(i( 


/./. 


tolii.  ii.,  ]>.  I'l.  'Lit  ])alalirii  in-a.i'ii'  ])ai'ici' m  r  la  iiiisiiia  (pic  la  Av  ficn.ii  Ic, 
uouilirc  (ie  nil  imclilo  jk  rtciuciciitc  alcstado  dc  I'ni'liln,  aiidios  ciirni]iciiiii  d( 
lapalilira   Mcxicaiia  'fc'f.r/'/,   cdiiiiuicstn  dc  (///  i  a'^'iia,  >  y  dc  ((M'i'//  ( 


ca/iicla  () 


oscudillai,  li(iy  tandiicii  cuirdiiiiiida,  cnjili':  cl  tmln  si^Miilica  nUnrcK.  lumdiro 
Jicrfcctailiclitc    adccnado  a  la  cosa,    pucs  ([Uc  Alccdo,   [  l>'h 


liiicric'l  I  (lice  (juc  cll  Acil.i' 


tcr'a.  cll  (pic  sc  rc('(iL;( 


11  la 


tr 
(lUl 


lay  mm  caja  (p  area  dc  a 


411a  d( 


c  lilci 


baiaii  dc  la  Si 


cri'a  y  sc  ciiiiiluccii  a  hi>ii:cii 


ha  d 
7- 


/'/'.   (/c 
c  cali- 


1  iioinhrc,  piles,  iios  dice  (pie  si  no  la  obia  anpiitecti'niica,   a  lo  niciios  la 

I>\rr\ij}ini''ii>  L'li't- 


idc 


III 


ncioii.  vieiicn  dcsdc  losanti'mos  Mcxicaiio: 


i'lKl'd  lie  II'kI.  liciiil.,  tolii.  i. 


HI. 


21"  '  Las  iiiiiLtcrcs  son  notalilcs  jior  los  pccluis  y  ])ics  pc()ncnos.'    I'lA/stv 


Notirhis  ill'  S 
1 


n(>n  vivissuno. 

ih'  los    Tr'niiiililiiiS 


iillnril,  p, 

■  .IW. 


Id',).     '  Ticncii  la  vista  imiv  a''iida 


K 


oido  cs  tain- 


IKI, 


Cri'm.  ill'  Zinttirti.f.  \)\>.  174   •">.    Sec  also,   Uilnis.  Hist. 


vv 


M"),  -iS.'),  (i77:  X 


■Il   ji  SiiinlnK,   p.    142;  .Viiirr.    Hint.   (' 


'ii'iii/..    Itnllititi. 


iiiii'iu,  in 


tup.  I 


I-:: 


ill 


Xutl 


<h: 


Ir  ,/i.iiis,  toin.  i..  ]).  4Ui;  Sur, 


pp.  iMt,  Is'.);  I  'iislio'ii'ilii,  in   Ti  rnitii.v-CiDii- 


piitin.  ViiiJ.,  K('ric  i.,toni.  i\..  iip.44,4'.);  .liiitmiiniit.  I'ruii.  ili'  Mrilinnriiii,  _l/.s'. 
p.  242;  LKrlinintl'-,  Ji'iliiHssit-llnnlliDn,  ]<]).  7'.)-HII;  I'mtiUit,  t'lini/.  .V.  ilnliriu.  MS. 
p.  HI);  llirliimH  r  1/  Tluinl.  JUnriu,  ]).(!'.);  Jliinh/'s  Tnir.,  iip.2.S',).  2'.i'.);  Ilurllitt'; 


vol.  i.,  jip.  414,  41)1;   Mulilnip/nnlt.  Mi 


toni,   i.,   )ip.   214-l.j, 


torn,  ii.,  ]it  ii.,  p.  411);  rtlnn.  in  Jtiiiiinstn,  Xnriiiitlniii.  toni.  iii.,  fol.  ;i4."i;  Uaz- 


ll'l.   Ai 


'iilrvtn.   Col.   lie  l>i 


toni.  ii 


2!)i! 


^(ii/(,    ill 


Linvl.  (irmi.  S<)i\,  Ji)Hr.,\o\.  \\\.,  ]).  12;  Df  IjI'I,   Xunis  Orhis,   p]p.  2(^4-5; 


ir.nv/V  .1/. 


il.  i.,  ]!]).   571,  .")«:!;  J'rirh'tnr.t  Xut.  llLit.  Man,  vol.ii.,  p. 


5IJ2;  Vurvnado,  in  Jlnhlui/l's  \'oi/.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  302. 


571 


NEW  Mi;\K  ANS. 


round  tluMviiist;  Hit'  Tiii'iiliiiiiiarcs.  Anixi'cs.  and  otlicr 
jiiitioiis  (>r  the  interior  use  I'or  the  sjnnc  puriiosc  a  H|n;iru 
j»ir('t'or  tainu'd  deer-skin  pMinted.  except  in  cold  weatlier, 
>vlien  tlu'v  \vrii[)  ii  lar.iic  Mue  eotton  mantle  round  tiie 
.slioidders.  Tlie  women  lia\"  jietticoats  reaeiiini:' to  tlieir 
ankles,  made  of  sol't  eliamois  oi*  ol"  cotton  or  auave-tihi'e. 
and  a  (iIiiki  or  nianth'  dining  tlie  winter.  S«->nie  wear  a 
lonji' sleeveless cliemise,  wliicli  reaches  iVoiii  tiie  slioidders 
to  the  leet.  The  ( \'ri  women  have  petticoats  made  iVom 
the  skins  of  the  albati'oss  or  iielican.  the  leathers  inside. 
The  ( )pata  men.  soon  after  the  con(|iiest.  were  Umiid 
well  clad  in  hloiise  and  drawers  of  cotton,  with  wo<Hhii 
shoi's.  while  their  nei^ihhors  wore  sandals  of  raw  hide, 


>.n 


cut  to  the  shape  of  the  f(H)t. 

The  ('ahitas.  Aca\('es  and  most  other  trilies.  pierce 
the  ears  and  nose,  from  which  the\'  lianii-  small  iirecii 
stoni's,  attached  to  a  piece  of  liliii'  cord;  on  the  head, 
neck,  and  wrists,  a  jiieat  varietv  of  ornaments  are  nvoiii. 
made  from  motlier-()f-])earl  and  white  snails'  shells,  also 
Irnit-stoiK's,  pearls,  and  copper  and   siUcr  hoojis;  round 


tl 


le   ankles    some  wear   circU'ts  of  deers  hoot's,    other 


dccoraie  their  heads  and  nee-ks  with  necklaces  of  red 
])eans  and  striniis  of  [laroipiets  and  small  birds;  ju'ails 
and  feathers  are  much  used  to  ornament  the  hair.  The 
])ractice  of  jiaintiiij:'  the  face  and  body  is  common  to  all. 
the  colors  most  in  use  beini;'  red  !ind  black,  \  favorite 
style  Avith  the  Ceris  is  to  jiaint  the  face  in  alternate  yw- 
jiendiciilar  stripes  of  blue,  red,  and  white.  The  Tintos 
paint  the  face,  breast,  and  arms;  the  Tarahiimares  tattun 
the  forehead*,  lips,  and  cheeks  in  various  patterns:  the 
^'a(|uis  the  chin  and  arms;  whiie  other  tribes  tattoo  the 
face  or  body  in  styles  iiecnliar  to  thcmsidves.  J>oth 
sexes  are  proud  of  their  hair,  which  lliey  wear  loni;  and 

2"  '  Xi)  iilciuizaii  I'ojiii  (](•  iil^iodon,  si  no  cs  iilt,'uii;i-i  i>iUiipaiiil]iis  y  nlu'niKi 
nmiltll  limy  ^'nicsii:  poviUli'  d  Vtstido  dr  (■ll<is  cs  dc  cKcld  dr  VcliaddS  adiilM- 
(los.  y  el  vcstidi)  t\\\r  dcllos  liiiccu  <s  coscr  im  ciicio  con  ulro  y  jmiii'isclds  jiirr 
dt'l)aji(  del  l)l'a/.o  atados  al  lioiuliri),  y  las  iiinji'Vcs  tracn  sus  iiaLjiias  liiclias 
con  siis  jii'ipiics  t[iic  Ics  llc^an  liasta  los  ti)bil!c>s  cdiin)  fiija.'  (imimin,  /c/. 
Aik'ih.,  in  Ic'nhiili-rlii,  Col.  lie  Dor.,  torn,  ii.,  \)]).  'iilii,  -/'.ili,  4S1.  The  Ciri 
women  wear  '  ]iicles  de  alcatras  jior  lo  i^'cneral.  i)  n)ia  tosca  frazada  dc  lana 
cnvucltii  I'U  lii  ciutiira.'    Wlasco,  .Wdivlaa  dc  Suiiura,  pp.  131,  7-1,   V>'-i. 


NoiirinniN  mfaicax  Dwr.LMXtis. 


tiikc  niiicli  ('lire  of:  tlic  women  pcrniit  it  to  llow  in  loose 
tresses.  whiU'  the  men  jiMtliei'  it  into  one  or  more  liil'tson 
the  crown  of  tii"  liead,  inisl  when  liuntiiii:  jtrotect  it  )>v 
ii  chamois  ca[),  to  [trevent  its  heing  tlisiirraniicd  hv  trcts 
oi-  hiislies.-'- 

Their  houses  are  of  lidit  constrnction.  nsiinllv  huilt 
of  sticks  and  reeds,  and  are  covereil  with  coaise  nvd 
mattinu'.  The  Chinipas.  Va(|niH.  ( )|)atas  and  ("onchos 
hiiild  somewhat  mor<' snhstantiul  dwellinLis  of  tinihei-  and 
adobes,  or  oi'  i)hiited  twitis  well  [tlasteri'd  ^ith  mud:  all 
ari'  oul\  one  storv  hiph  and  ha\e  llat  roots.  Altliou;:h 
none  of  these  |)L'o[>le  arc  without  their  houses  or  huts, 
they  siH'iid  most  of  thi'ir  time,  es[)ecinlly  din-iuu'  siun- 
mer.  nmU-r  the  trees,  '{'he  'i'arahumares  find  .sheltei'  in 
th(^  deep  caxcrns  of  rocky  mountains,  the  Teju-huaiies 
and  Acaxi'es  place  tlieir  haltitations  on  the  toj)  of  almost 
inaccessible  cru;:s.  while  the  llinnes  and  IJatucas  huild 
their  villages  in  s{(uai"es,  with  lew  and  very  small  en- 
trances, the  better  to  defend  themselves  aiiainst  their 
enemic'J — detucheil  buildiiiLis  for  kit(;hen  and  store-room 
purposes  being  placed  contiguous.-" 


2'-  Tlin 'rcmm  is  liuil  ■  l,is  (irrj.is  cprc  idus  dc  los  ziircillns  (pn-  illo-*  vsaii 
ml  ii'iia  Ins  (Ic  ciincii,!-.  clr  ii:i(mi'  lalir:til:is,  V  cliHarladas  cii  liiliK  a/iili's,  v  rtt 


III  toil  I  1,1  or.)  I.'   I! 


//;>■/.   </-•  /os  T, 


"I 


.In 


\>\,.  -Jj; 


172. 


I'llliacaii,  Nili'io  ill'  (lii/iiiaii  nut  iilirjut  "i  I.UIM)  wanidis  wliu   '  Iraian  al  ciiclli 


-ai'las  ill'  ('111 


iliiniii 


'I's,  pi'i'ii  us  iK'nui'i'ios  y  (itrii-i  ilit'i  I'l'iiti  s  iiaj.n  iti 


VW/,.,  ill 
s  MIS  I'alicz   s 


Icil.liillfrlii^  fill,  ill    /;,/('.,  tiiiii.  li  ,|).  It'll.    'I'lii' lliiliirs,   '  ciii'iiliad, 

dc  iliailraias  do  varias  |iliiiiias  di'  |ia|iai^uviis,  ^^iiacaiiiayas  cmi  al'^mios  |»  iia 


li'  liiij.i  di'  Jiiat  I  lialid  1.'   .l/c 


ulu 


iii.,  p.  'Ml.      '  Jvis  llldins  di'  I'Sto  llllfvo 


ItlVl 


/>."'.  //;.w.  .)/' 


tdlll. 


df  d 


livi'i'sas    liacKiiiis  ((iii' 


St."  disliii^'iU'ii  |)(ii'  lii  diviisidad  di'  rayas  cii  el  rostrn.'    I'ml'ilhi.  I'luuj.  .V.  h'lili 


.1/v,].p.  17-2.  .■.:!!.   'N  .  1 


lii'iims  vi-,tii  i'l  iiiii'^'im  carrizn  pintado  cini  viinii' 


I'lll,  tal  ciDili)  Id  lliC'n  iitlOi.'    Iliidiili'i-  >/  Tlinril,   I)! 
di'scripti.iu  sen  ll'ii-ih/'s  Tnir.,  pp.  2S'.l-'.)('».  2'.IH;   llurllilfs  I' 


p,  (i:i.     I'lii'ftiitiiii' 


.\' 


p.   11 


j;  i'liiiiiwr 


'  ".'/■!  PI'-  1  '•''-  '"•  ''"i'"ii'i'l",  iu  ll'il.liii/l's  Villi. 


:ti(2-l;  h'^iiij'i,  in  /-/.,  pp.  :is4.  ;wi|-l;  fnhv-.n  <k   I'ki'k,  Ki-lulh 


111.,  pp. 
I  riinii.i'- 


I'nilip 


ilnrminUi).  ii 


7/n 


r.i.y.. 


1..  tiiiii.  vii  .  p.  2")l):  I'lisliirnilii.  ill   /</..  tnin.  i\..  p.  \'\~ 


n  /'/..  p.  :);(■,:    Wanl  s  Mi 


Vol.  i. 


si'rii' v.,  No. '.til.  lip.   1st  .■),   I'.t):  .s.,,,,,,-,/,    l)i-i-ni<.  ' 


ii'ii'l..  Ill 


si'i-ii'  iii..  toiii. 


IV..   p. 


1.12;  Arii'ii/H,  in  A/.,  serif  iv.,  toin. 


lii'DI..     lilllhli 
hir.     IHsi.    Ml 


11.  i; 


1)1 


Top.,   iu   /(/.,   si'iii'  iv.   toin.    iv.,  pp.   UU-ll;  />( '/<  (//c/.'i .    I! 


ii'riji 


il-llnilll,i, 


])p.  71)-S  1:  Oriiil  I.  Ifi.-il.  '/(■/)..  toiii.  ii..  jip.  .">71-(i,  (id'.i;  .si  i-;,i,  iu  l.'nid.  Urnii, 

!•»  (i;   .|/r> //'(',   //(,s/.  Ciiiiip.  (/■■  ilisii.-t,  tulii.  i.,  ]ip. 


'iiiir..  vol.  x\x.,  lip 


in.  4  ICi.  and  ii..  pp.  121,  1st;   .UniilKiiiia.  .ViVii/rc  W'.cnhl,  pp,  ::^)\  22(i.  22s 


id  1)1/ 


X'ltr  11'//,  p|(.  2;t.-).  2.-|t-.->;  I'ltUnn  ilr   \'iiri(,    Hilnlinii,  pp.  I(i7-S: 


Llii'rla  t'liiile.  in  .{''imn  .lA-.i'.,  toin.  i.,  p.  ICI;  Ikuninnid,  Cri'm.  ilv  Mivhinu'iii 
MS.,  pp.  2t;"2;   lliyirl.  I\iri-lii'ii-<irirli'flil\  toin.  ii.,  p.  M'.K 

*'■'  '  Todus  los  piU'blus  de  los  iu  iios  cubicrtas  lus  cusus  dc  Lstcias,  a  In 


NEW  ^rEXICAN!=!. 


Tl'.'t  'Sovtiieni  Moxiciiiis  live  cliiony  oii  \\\h\  fr<'iti-i 
such  as  the  pitaluiya,  honey,  <:raiii,  roots,  (isli,  iiiul 
lai'vie;  tliey  (tiptiire  liuiiie  both  lai\ue  and  small,  and 
some  {•>['  tliem  eat  rats.  mice.  iVoiis.  snakes,  worms,  and 
Acrmin.  Tlie  Aliomamas  aloni:  the  shores  of  Lake 
Parras.  the  Va((nis.  Baiueas.  ("eris.  'I'arahnmares,  and 
the  ( )patas  since  the  con(|Uest  have  become  aiiricul- 
tnrists  and  cattle-I)reeders.  besides  availinLi'  thi'msehcs 
of  lishinu'  and  hnntinu'  as  means  ol"  snhsislence.  On  the 
coast  of  Sonora.  there   heinu'  no  mai/.e.  the  natives  Ww 


on  nnlven/ci 


I  rnsl 


I  an( 


1  sti 


itl 


raw.  ^vllll  iisn  can 


rht  at 


sea  or 


in  artilicial  enclosnres.  The  dwellers  on  tiie  coast  ol" 
Sinaloa  ','onsnme  a,  hwyo  (piantity  of  salt,  ^\hich  they 
jiather  on  the  land  dnrinii'  the  dry  season,  and  in  the 
rainy  I'cason  from  the  bottom  of  marshes  and  pools.  It 
is  saitl  that  tl'.e  Salineros  sometimes  eat  their  own  excre- 
ment, Accordinji'  to  the  re[)orts  oCtlu'  older  iiistoi'ians. 
the  l\)l)os()s.  I'an/ariiiames,  ( 'abt'/as,  Contotores.  and 
Aca\('es.  as  Avell  as  other  trii)es  of  Dnraniio  and  Sina- 
loa.  Tornierly  ted  on  hnman  llesh.  -hnnted  human  l)einL;s 
I'or  food  as  they  hnnted  (U'cr  or  other  lianie.  The  llesh 
of  their   bi'a\t'    I'oes   the\-  ati\  thinkinu'  theri'b\  to  iuvj:- 


men 


t  tl 


len'  own  l)ra\('r\ 


The  ("eris  of  Tibni'on  Island  dcjuMid  for  'ood  entirely 
on  (ish  and  uamc.  They  catch  tm'tle  by  a,])]iroa>'liin;: 
till'  animal  and  ^ndd('nly  <lri\in,u  the  point  of  their  spear 
iido  its  baek.  a  cord  beim:'  attached  t(*  the  weapon  by 
which  they  dra;^   (he   |>ri/,e  on  to  the  raft  av  soon  as  its 


i 


illi[;ill    I  II    I(11l;M;i   ( 


Ic  M 


liitliiii.'  '. 


iiiiiii, 


/.'./. 


I'Ml'i)    jl 


l.tlr 


ill  li:i(Ji((l('ilil,  I  'ill. 


y  pov    'stii  can:'  i  Ir   ll.'iniaiiin 


hn 


I'UII.    II..    |l 


■J'.m; 


('iiiii|iuri'  '  ■isl'ii'i il'i.  ill  'I'l  riiiiH.i'-i'iiiiiji'ins,  I'li//.,  s>'ri    i.,  tom.  i\..  )i|i.  Ill,  ITii'. 


C'liiihhr.    \' 
iii..   |) 


1<:  I,    Kll,   -2  1(1;    r 


.V 


n    tl'iKhnif. 


in    /'/..   |i.  :ii;ti;   l-Ui»j'>.  ill  hi.,   ]     :iM:   M.mtn 
'/'/.   )»ii.   2w(;.  -JICi,  2-^7  s;  mill    It'i/iim;    Xmi'   I   .//,  jip.  •J;1J 


III 

jii^i.'h  /„;■•/ 

111).  ICiT.  li 


'!/■■    V 


HihilS 


riiiiDi 
hi.. 


i/,i 


111     U'liiiilstii. 


lip.  :i.  i; 


•l-ll,  U'.\\\ 


■lliim   ilr    \'iifii.   Ii'ildt'i 


il/'hi'lhiiiii 


tdiii.  i.i.,  fill.  il'iT:  oriiili).  Hi. 


tiiin.  Ill  ,  111).  •)(  I.  :i(fi,  ( 


Hi  fit.  I  '■'iiiii.  ill'  ./i 


.\:iiilriirlii,  ill  Id.,  tl 


tiilii.  I.,  |i 


:)'.! 


)i.    isi'i:   !!•  rhiiiilirr  i/  'I'lmni,  lliurl".  ]>.  HH. 


>"'  'Coiiiiaii  iiiiiiiiiKlas  ciu'iirs  sill   r.si'rvar  la  liuiiiaiia.'    I'niHllii,   (' 


X.    h'llliriil,      MS. 


VV 


r>:!i),  K(i,  si. 


"I- 

i'M\.      '  lis    iiiaii'.;>'iit    tons    ill!    hi  chair 

'/'(  niini.\:l  'iittljlHhS, 


liniiiaiiii'.  ft  viiiit  a  la  cliassi'  ilcs  liiininus.'  I'linlnrniln 
Villi.,  m'tIi'  i.,  toiii.  ix.,  lip.  152,  r">s  ',1.    Si'i'  also,  .Wl'iini,  I'lu-'m,  il   '/.iifitli 
lip.'  ir.o,  ISO  'J;  Uihus,  Ulsl.  (Ii:  ha  Trhuinilina,  pp.   3,  (i,  7,  11,  11,  175,  '217 
:i.sri,  (171. 


METHODS  OF  HUNTING. 


577 


j^trongtli  has  hoooino  cxhaustod.     According'  to  rioinarji, 
the  iiativt's  of  Souora   in  IGoT  wo)"o  caught  ])()iM)iiiiiu: 
the  doer-pools,   probably  for  the  skins,  or  it  may  have 
been  oidy  a  stn[)elyin>i  driid<  that  the  ])()ols  were  niiide 
to  sn})[)ly.     The   Sinaloans  are  jireat  hunters:  iii    titiies 
they  piu'siie  the  uanie  sindy.  then  apiin  the  wlio'c  town 
turns  out  and,  surrounding'  the  thickest  ]Kut  of  the  for- 
est,  the  pi'o[)le  set  lire  to    the    nnc'erbrush    iuid   briui;' 
down  the  uiune  as  it  attempts  to  esca;  e  the  iliinies.      ,\ 
least  of  reptik's  is  likv'wise  thus  secured.     Jgu-uias  are 
cauuht  with  the  hands,  their  Iclis  broken,  and  thus  they 
are  kept   until   re(piii-ed    for  food.      For  [)rocurinLi'  wild 
lioney.  a  bee  is  (()llowed  until  it  reaches  its  tree,  the  sweet- 
<■  <ntainin,Li'  [)art  ol'  \vhich  is  cut  olV  and   caiiied   away. 
The  Tarahumai'cs  hunt  dee;    by  drivinji'  them   through 
narrow  parses,  where  men  are  stationed  to  shoot  tliem. 
Otliers  make  use  of  a  di'crs  head  as  a  decoy.      I'or  li.-^li- 
in!.i'  tlay  hax'e  various  contrivances;  some  lish  between 
the  rocks  with  a  j)ointed  stick:  others.  Wi  en   lisbin^'  in 
a   pool,    thi'ow  into  the  water  a  s})ecies  of  cabbajLic  or 
leaves  of  certain  trees,  that  stupefy  the  fish,  when  tluy 
are  easily  taken  with  the  hands;  they  also  use  wicker 
baskets,  and   near  the   Pacific  Ocean   they   iuclo>e  tli<^ 
I'ivers.  and  catch  enormous  (piantities  of  smelt  and  otlier 
fish,  which  have  v'  tmo  up  from  the  sea  to  spawn.     The 
La;.iuneros  of  i  oabuila  catch  ducks  by  placin,^'  a  calabash 
on  their  he;,ds  with  holes  throuiih  which  to  bi'ciithe  and 
see;  thus  e(i;i!ppvHl.  they  swiui  softly  amonj;'  the  ducks; 
and  draw  them   under  water  without   llutter  oi-    uoi'-e. 
Tatema  is  the  nauio  of  a  dish  cooked  in  the  urouii.i   by 
the    Tarahumares.     I'lie    LaLiuneros    make    tortillas   of 
Hour  obtaini'd   iVom    an  a(piati<'.   ]ilant.      T\n'    /acatecs 
make  the  same  kind  oi"  bread  from  the  imlp  of  the  ma- 
guey, which  is  fn'st  boiled  w  ith  lime,   then  washed  and 
boiled  again  in  pure  water,  al'ter  which  it  is  s(iuee/ed  dry 
and  made  into  cakes.      .Most  of  the  peo[)le  u.^e  //o.;/;/<^  or 
jthtohitK  both  bvinji'  a  kind  of  jii'uel  made  of  pinole,  of 
Itarched  corn  or  seeds  gromid.  the  one  of  gi'cater  tliick- 
ness  than  the  other;  also   taiiuiks,    boiled   beans,    jind 

Vol.  1.    a? 


-I 


578  NEW  :MEXICANS. 

]mni[)kins  The  rVris  of  Tiburon  oat  fisli  nnd  mont  un- 
cooked, or  hut  shiihtly  hoilcil.  The  SaliiuM'os  rrt'(|iR'ntl\ 
(l('\()nr  uncooked  hares  and  I'abhits,  having  only  removed 
their  furs.-'-' 

The  weapons  univer.;;dly  used  l)y  these  nations  Averc 
l»o\vs  and  arrows  and  slioi't  chd)s.  in  aihlition  to  whicli 
the  cliicis  iuid  most  important  warriors  cari'ied  a  sliort 
lance  and  a  buckler.  The  arrows  were  carric(|  in  i 
(|ui\er  made  of  lion  or  other  skins.  The  '^rarahumarcs 
and   some  others  wore  a.  U'athei'n  uuard  round  tiie  left 


III 


Avrist.  to  ])r()tect  it  irom  the  blow  of  the  '  ow-strin 
I'dint  knives  wei'e  employed  for  cutting  up  their  sla 
enemies.  Tiie  ( 'eris.  .lovas.  and  other  tribes  sm('are(l  the 
points  oi'  thcii'  arrows  Avitli  a  very  d<';idly  poison,  but 
iiow  it  was  apj)lied  to  the  jxiint.  or  whence  ol»tained.  it  i- 
dilliciilt  to  determine:  some  ti'avelei's  say  that  this 
poison  was  taken  iVom  rattlesnakes  and  othei"  venomous 
reptiles,  which,  liy  teasing,  were  incited  to  sti-ike  their 
fangs  into  the  li\t'r  of  a  cow  or  deer  which  was  ])rest'nted 
to  them,  alter  wlii(ih  it  was  left  to  putrefy,  and  the  arrows 


oenig  (lip|Mil    m 


loisonous  mass,   were   placed   m 


the  sun 


to  d 


r\' 


to  the   ] 

but  other  writers,  auain.  assei 


1> 
t  that 


llic 


poison  was  produced  I'rom  a  \egetable  preparation.     Th 
wound  inllicted  by  the  point,  howeser  slight,   is  said   ! 


'•'  P(K^',)I,itl,    '  Kiiii'l    ell' m:iyz  cn/iil'i.'     riimlatl.  ■  I"  nidii  dc  iii.iyz  v  ilil:t 
tnntmlo,'    Mill, ft,    !'•.•. //„i/,n'(().     'Vhr  I'latiieas  'cuaiito  siciiihraii  rs  i.\<-  vt"'ail  '< 


.sus  lailpiM  |NWf(!Ou  toiiis  liiit  rtiis.'  Azit'iU'.ml  i,  in  Alcijir.  Ilisl.  roiii/i.  ih' 


loiu. 


toiii.  ii..  ^.  1*««(, 


lU'i 


I'P 


till 


lis 


1st;  .VcaM'i 


Dili'  ipf  tisliii 


•2H.i   t,  :!'.r,i.    Kt-i;!;  T 


ii'almiiiaii  s. 


IL!,  ftc, 

iilc   (if  li>lii 


hi.. 


liuiitiii',',   and  cookinL,'.   Mn/f'-.    S'lrhrirhh  n,  ji)).   ;Uii,   :il7,  IJJ'i-Il,    li'l".   ;U-' 
'l"i  '  V.i(|iiis'  'lii'lds  ••iiul  f^itrdriiH  id  Ilit'  liii,'li(st  state  of  cultivation.'    U'lnl' 


Mr. 


.1. 

vIiil;.  ft( 


!>.  ')  I'l 


fiii-tti 


mint   of  their  fond  ami  manner  ef 


/; 


.S/'I 


u 


t..l.  51;  /r 


/; 


lie  ,Si 


iji'itd.  m 


IHsl.  .U,. 


.fii-dii  I,  lum.  I..  HI 


:!/•»(; 


lint.   Ilisl.   l„il. 


sene    IK>  .    (i.iii.    111. 


MS;    V.l.i 


1,   mil  7(1;  Hiiillrit »  /'.,■...    .V 


'//'.,   vol 


.Siiixifii,   />.s(viyt.  iif",!.,   in  Por.    Ilisl.   M-x.,  iteri*   iii.,  turn.   i\ 


tnr).  t(;:i: 

),  .".111  ."iM; 


,1  irdiiiilli) 


T 


ni'i'i.f-  I'diiiiki 


r 


hi.,  u 


r..,/. 


■ri.'i..  t. 


"n.    IX. 


I'P. 


2»2-;!,  •Jl'.l-.VI.  2ii 


/ 


1' 


:»•)(;:  I  'ilr  :n 


ii,ii.i:u/i\  r..//. 


'/.,,   Ilisl.  u 


torn,  ill 


Imii.  iii.,  p.  ;iSt;  I'lmnimhi.  in  /</..  )))>,  '((!;!.  .'171; 
]!.  Ciil'.l;  Cuiiiliiir.    Vkij..  j))).   1(1(I-'2,  JO'.t,    I'.W.   2'ii'     H:*    U>n>min.    H<l.   An 
n  hdilinlvcbi.  I'ol.  il>'  Dur.,    t.im.  ii..  p.  >!>;   '/'./„,,  m   /•/..    [>.  HVI;   />     / 


.Vfirn.s  (h-his.  p]).  'JHCi,  Hid;  .1// 


•nihil 


I,  i'r>':i,ii'ii.  Sifiijiiii,  p.    142; 


IH');  I'll'iii,  in  JlmiiKsi' 


fill.  :Hl-2;  (riiliilin,  in  Smii'i'llis  Aniinh s  lix  \'<)ii 
2")l!,  2(1:1;  /m'liii'U  in  hi.,  IS  12.  toin.  .\ciii.,  p.  2:3J; 
v.,  p.  100;  Miilt'-lirnn,  Sonura,  jip.  14— j. 


\'iriiiiiliiiiil,  I'-iii. 

•I,     llolll. 


(•XX  \- 


V 
ill  lli-it.  M'li    \- 


w 


HOW  AllKOWS  WERE  MADE  AND  I'UISONED. 


,')?:) 


!ia,vo  oaiisod  o(M't;iin  death.     The  an 


ows  were  ])()i 


ntrd 


\\\\\i  iHiit.  or  some  othiT  stone,  or  with  Itone.  t'astencil  to 
;i  pii'ci'  of  hard  wood,  which  is  tied  hy  siiK'Ws  to  a  reed 
or  ciiiie.  notched,  and  winti'ed  with  three  leathers:  when 


not  re([nired   loi'  innnediate 

d 


use, 


the  t 


\inii'  was  loose 


and  the  point  i'e\ersed   m   the  eane,  to  [iroteet  it   h'oiii 
heinu'  hroken.     Tlie  Ceris  and  ('hieoratos  cut  a  nt)t('li   a, 


W 


ew  inches  aho\e  the  point,  so  that  m  strikinii'  it  shoidd 
lireak  oil'  and  remain  in  the  woiiiuh  Their  chihs  were 
inaiU'  of  a,  hard  wood  c;illed  (/nin/ifi-dii.  witli  a  knoh  at 
the  end,  and  when  not  in  use  were  carried  shinn  to  the 
ai'in  hy  a  h-ather  thoiit:'.  Their  lances  wi're  of  liia/il 
wood.  hiKiklers  of  alli^ator-skiu.  and  shields  of  hull  s 
hide,  sullicieiitly  iar-re  to  protect  the  whole  hodx.  with  a 
hole  in  the  top  to  look  throiiiili.  Another  kind  of  shield 
was  made  of  small  lathes  closelv  interwovi'n  with  cords, 


m   sucn  a  manner 


that. 


when   not  reiinired   lor  use.   it 


)uld  he  shut  u[)  like  a  fan.   and  was  carried  under  the 


arm 


•J  11! 


Li\inLi'  in  a  state  of  constant  war.  arisinu'  out  of  family 
i|naiMvls  or  a^u^ressions  made  into  each  others  territories, 
the\  wer(;  not   uu-i<illed    in   militar\  tactics.      Previous 


i 


-"'  Of  tlic  C'cvis  it  is  s;ii(l  tlmt  'l.i  juinzcifia  cnn  qtii  apcstan  lis  imiitas  i]r 
sn-  tl' rliiis,  fs  la  luas  uctiva  (inc  sc  lia  (■diKicitlii  tmr  iica.  .  .  iii>  sc  ha  jioilido 
a-  i;  -  ,ar  I'll 'lies  s<ali  a  piuito  lijci  Ins  iiiiirtifcvus  iiiatcrialcs  dc  tsta  ])<  st.lt  ii- 
cj  i|  1.  aiiioliiM .'  V  auiuinc  si'  dii'i'u  iiuu'lias  cosas,  ciniio  <iiii'  I'l  haci  ii  ,li' 
F.iii'  zas  ill'  V  liiiras  iii'itailas  rortailas  al  tii'iu|iii  qui'  r]a\aii  siis  ilii  iiti  s  i  u  iiii 
|"ila/'i  (Ic  1> 't'i's  y  ill' cai  IK' Imiiiaiia  yu  iiU'ilio  imiliiila  .  .  ]iiiis  iin  is  mas 
i|U'mliviiiai'  In  ijur  nil  saliriniis.  Sin  iliiila  sn  iiiinripal  in;-;!'' ill' ntc  smi 
il^iiiii  r\  i.'  Siiii(ir:t,  Drs  rip.  'r'ci/.,  in  J)  i<\  lli^l.  M'.w,  sriii'iii..  tnni.  iv., 
|i|i.  ")f)  '1.  "lo'i.  '  F.l  iini'^iit  I'H  im  arbiil  [it  iincfin  niny  liisaiio  y  niiiy  Iu'Vuh  sn 
;'i  la  vista;  pirn  a  corta  ini'ision  ili'  la  cnrtr/a  Innta  una  Inln'  imirlal  ipii  Is 
si'i'via  ru  sii  ;_!i'Utiliila'l  para  nniinu/'/i'iar  sus  tli  ilias.'  .|/'<//''.  Ili.-^l.  (  '■■■'ji. 
■  /•■  ./  -i'ls,  I. Mil.  ii.,  p.  21"..  Sill  iilsn  II  inli/'s  Trm-.,  jip.  -jas  11,  ;t;tl:  .s7.  . . . 
in  //'■'.  '/';/.,  vol.  v..  |i.  liiH;  Utiiiii  ii'cli'ii  It'furlf,  vnl.  li.,  )>.  ."i";  I'ti'n  in  .<■ 
I'll'',  in  'I'l  rii'iii.f-Ciiinii'iiK.  Viijf  .  si'rii'  i.,  timi.  vii..  pp.  '.•'iil-l;  I'listnrmhi  m 
/■/..  si'rii'  i..  tnni.  ix..  pp.  2(1!)'.  I'li  .J;  Suf.  ^•.^l./.,  lluihlin.  srric  v.,  Nn.  'i;, 
jip.   Is.")   (1.   I'.)  1;    .l/7(';/((,  (  lirmi.  ilr  /.(icil/ffin.  )).  l."i:l:    7'i //".  ill   Ivdi'illfild,  I HI. 

•  I  l>'>-..  tiini.  II  .  p.':t.">l;  ti„:iii'iii,  /.'-V.  ,l/r'i/(.,  in  //.,  p.  2.V.I, -i'-Mi;  Ihs.iui,. 
V'l/i"/.,  ill  li'if.  H'lst.  Mi.e.,  -I  rii' iv..  tmii.  iv..  ji.  Ill;  IH'is.  Ili^l.  ih  h's  Til- 
i(//(/i/ii..s'.  pp.  Ill,  nil,  17:i,  (177  //(•  /.'III,  Xuriis  Oi-li'i.-.  pp.  2s."i.  •Js7.  ;{ii,-,.  :i|(i; 
■'^•I'iii.  in  l.oii'l.  lini'i.  ><ii\,  ./'"/'.,  vyi.  XXX.,  ii}>.  \'l,  '.■");  Ili  rlnmlii r  i/  '11'  '••I, 
Oi'iri'i.  p.  (IS;  li'iinlrri,  iii  .\li  ;n',  /li.-'l.  I'l'niji.  </<  ,fi  sun,  toiii.  i.  p.  -^\:  '"/;'- 
'"'"',  •'".'/•.  !'P-  1'''^'  -'l'':  A's/iiyn,  ill  Il'iUi'i/l'.'i  \'"i/..  vnl.  iii..  (ip.  :M.  :1'M); 
.Vi;'(,  ill  III.,  p.  ")(i7;  I'H'ni,  in  l!iiiiiii.<iii,  S'inh;iiri"iil.  tniii.  iii.  fnl.  lUJ  It; 
M'Dil'iiiii.i,  Xi'iiii-f  W'linl'l,  )ip.  '2<iS.  -I'lH:  mul  hnjiiiiv.  S""  Will.  )  p.  2:il, 
2.j");   I'ailUhi,  Viinq.  S.  (Jalichi,  .J/.S.,  p.  i>'2  r,  Uijiiatra,  llisl.  liuL,  ful.  o'>. 


580 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


to  adinission  «as  a  warrior,  a  young  man  liad  to  pass 
tlirougli  certain  ordeals;  having  iirst  qualilied  himself 
by  soino  dangerous  exploit,  or  having  laithrully  per- 
ibrnied  the  duty  of  a  scout  in  an  enemy's  country.  The 
jjreliuiinaries  being  settled,  a  day  was  appointed  for 
his  initiation,  when  one  of  the  braves,  Jicting  as  his  god- 
father, introduced  hiui  to  the  chief,  who.  lor  the  occasion, 
iiad  fu'st  [)laced  himself  in  the  midst  of  a  large  circle  of 
warriors.  The  chief  then  addressed  him,  instructing 
hiui  in  the  several  duties  required  of  him,  and  drawing 
IVom  a  j)()U(!h  an  eagles  talon,  with  it  proceeded  to  score 
his  body  on  the  shoulders,  arms,  breast,  and  thighs,  till 
the  blood  ran  Ireely;  the  candidate  was  expected  to  sul- 
ier  Avithout  showing  the  slightest  signs  ot'  pain.  The 
chief  then  handed  to  him  a  bow  and  a  (juiver  of  arrows; 
each  of  the  braves  also  ])resented  him  with  two  arrows. 
In  the  cani[)aigns  that  followed,  the  novitiate  nnist  take 
the  hardest  duty,  be  ever  at  the  post  of  danger,  and 
endure'  without  a  murmur  or  complaint  the  severest  })ri- 
vatious,  until  a  new  candidate  apjjcared  to  take  his 
place.-'" 

AVlien  one  tribe  desires  the  assistance  of  another  in 
war,  they  send  reeds  filled  with  tobacco,  which,  if 
accepted,  is  a  token  that  the  alliance  is  formed ;  a  call 
for  hel[)  is  made  by  means  of  the  smoke  signal.  When 
war  is  decided  upon,  a  leader  is  chosen,  at  whose  house 
all  the  eldei"s,  niedicinc-nien,  and  princi[)al  wairiors 
assemble;  a  fire  is  then  lin'hted.  and  toljacco  handed 
round  and  smoked  in  silence.  The  chief,  or  the  most 
aged  and  distinguished  warrior  then  arises,  and  in  a 
loud  tone  and  not  unpoetic  language,  hai-angues  his 
hearers,  recounting  to  them  heroic  deeds  hitherto  per- 
foi-med,  victories  formerly  giiined.  and  ])reseut  wrougs  to 
be  avenged;  alter  which  toJjacco  is  again  passed   round. 

2'"  '  El  ji'ivcn  qui'  (loscii  valcr  \)nr  las  avniiis,  antes  dc  scv  adiuitiiln  (  n  tmla 
forma  a  csta  iir(ifr>i(m,  dcbc  liaccr  iiu'ritos  cii  al^'iiiias  caniiianas,  .  .   di  spiics 

di'  in-iihadi)  almiii  ticiii] ii  istas  t's|)('nciicias  y  tfiiida  la  ajinibacioii  dr  Ins 

aiiciaiiiis,  cilaii  al  iintciidii'iitc  para  alt,'uu  dia  cu  (Hic  dri)a  dar  la  iiltinia 
]i!-iii'l)a  dc  su  valor.'  .Mii/rf,  //is/.  Cnniji.  i/r  ./rsi/s,  toiii.  ii.,  ]))i. -1^  '•'.  •i'."i -^, 
mid  toni.  i,,  |ii>.  ;t',)()-'J.  ]-",xaiiiiii('  S  iiinni,  />c,sc/'i/i.  '''">;;.,  in  l)uc.  Illi^t.  M.i:., 
Bcriu  iii.,  toui.  iv.,  pp.  GW-T;  Lhui)(An,  iu  Id.,  pp.  (181-5, 


WAR  CUSTOMS  IX  NOETII  MEXICO. 


581 


and  now  speakers  in  turn  address  the  asseml)ly.  ^Var 
councils  are  continued  for  sevei'al  ni<ihts,  and  a  day  is 
named  on  which  the  foe  is  to  be  attack<'d,  Sonietinies 
the  day  fixed  for  the  battle  is  announced  to  the  enemy, 
and  a  spot  on  which  the  fight  is  to  take  place  selected. 
During  the  campaign  fasting  is  sti"ictl\  ohsei-ved.  The 
Aca\<''es,  before  taking  the  war-path,  select  a  nuiiden  of 
the  tribe,  who  secludes  herself  during  the  whole  peiiod 
of  the  cauiDaign,  speaking  to  no  one.  and  eating  notliing 
but  a  little  parched  corn  without  salt.  The  Teris  and 
0[)ati 


is  aiinroat 


,;h  their  eneniv  under  cover  rf  darkne: 


preserving  a  strict  silence,  and  at  l)ri'ak  of  day.   In    a, 


pr 


econcei 


ted 


d 


siunal,  a  sudden  and  smuutaueous  artack  i 


made.      To   Hre  an  enei 


n 


iKiUse, 


tl 


le 


euaLtues   and 


T 


others  put  lighted  corn-cobs  on  the  points  of  theii' 
arrows.  In  the  event  of  a  rotr<»at  they  invariably  carry 
off  the  dead,  as  it  is  considered  a  point  of  honor  not  to 
leave  any  of  their  number  on  the  lield.  Seldom  is  sex 
or  age  spared,  and  when  prisoners  are  taken,  they  are 
handed  over  to  the  ^vomen  for  toi'ture.  who  treat  them 
most  iiduuuanly,  hea[)ing  upon  theui  exery  insult  de- 
visable, Itesides  searing  their  llesii  with  burning  brands, 
and  finalh'  bui'nin<j;  them  at  the  .^take.  or  sacriliciuu  them 


in    some    e([uall\'   cruel    manner 


M 


in\'  COOK,  and 


at 


the  llesh  of  their  captives,  reserving  the  bones  us  tro- 
j)hies.  The  slain  are  scalped,  or  a  baud  is  cut  olV.  and 
a  dance  ])erf(M'med  round  the  trophies  on  tlu'  lichl  of 
hiittlc.     On   the   return  of  an  expi'(lition.  if  successlul. 


entr\   into  the  vilhcie  is  made   in   the  da\'-tin 


le. 


1) 


ue 


Jiotice  ol'  their  appntach  having  l)ceu  forwarded  to  the 
inhal)itants.  the  warriors  are  recei\fil  with  cougi'atula- 
tions  aud  praises  by  the  wtnnen.  who.  sci/.iug  the  scalps. 
Vent  their  spleen  in  frantic  gestMrc^;  tossing  tliem 
from  t)ne  to  another,  these  feuiale  fiends  dance  and  siu^' 


round   the  blooiK    ti'o|»iii( 


whik.'    the  men  look  on   in 


aproviug  silence.  Should  the  expedition,  liowexer. 
]'iti\)ve  unsuo\x'ssful.  the  \illage  is  enteicd  in  silence  aud 
duriihi'    the    dead    of  niuht.      .\ll    the    boot\'    taken    is 


ili\ided  jimoniist   the  aui'd   men  and   wouien 


as 


it   i^ 


I 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


(IocukhI  luilucky  by  the  wiivrujrs  to  use  their  enemy's 
jjropert}'.-^'* 

Tlieh'  household  utensils  consist  of  pots  of  cartlien 
ware  and  gourds,  the  latter  used  both  i'ur  cookinj:'  and 
drinklui:'  purposes;  later,  out  of  the  h')riis  of  oxen  cups 
aie  niiule.  The  Tai-ahuniares  use  in  place  of  saddles 
two  rolls  of  straw  fii>tened  by  a  girdle  to  the  aninials 
biU'k,  loose  enouuh,  however,  to  allow  the  rider  to  put 
his  iV'ct  under  them.  Emerging  from  their  barbarism, 
they  employ,  in  their  agricultural  pursuits,  plows  with 
.shai'es  of  wood  or  stone,  and  wooden  hoes.  The  Ceris 
have  a  kind  of  double-pointed  javelin,  with  which  they 
catch  hsh.  which,  once  between  the  prongs,  are  prevented 
j'rom  slipping  out  by  the  jagged  sides.''^'-' 

The  Ahomoas,  Kudebes.  .lovas.  "^'arpns,  and  Opatas 
weave  fabrics  out  of  cotton  or  agave-(il)re.  such  as  blan- 
kets or  scrapes,  and  doth  with  colored  thrends  in  neat 
designs  and  ligur(\^;  these  nations  also  manufacture  mat- 
ting from  reeds  and  palm-leaves.  Their  loom  consists  of 
four  short  sticks  driven  into  the  gi'onnd.  to  which  a  frame 
is  attached  to  hold  the  thread.  The  shuttle  is  an  oblong 
jiiccc  ot  woo<l,  on  which  the  cross-thivad  is  uound. 
After  passing  through  the  web.  the  shuttle  is  seized  and 
])rcssed  close  by  a  ruler  three  inches  in  bri'adth.  whicli 
is  placed  between  the  web  and  sup[)lies  the  place  oi' 
a  comb.  \\'lien  any  patterns  are  to  be  worked.  se\cral 
Avomen  assist  to  mark  oil'  with  wooden  pegs  the  amount 
of  thread  re((uired.  I'he  Ya((uisand  Ceils  manul'acture 
comuu)!!  earthen  ware,  and  the  Tarahumares  twist  horse- 


s'^ Xh  in  th(^  AI;iyns,  '  orrm  pstns  iiulios  on  siis  postiiTiilirns  y  niodn  rl(> 
{^'ucrrciir  coiiio  Ins  di'  Sinuldii.  liaciiiii  la  (•ciitiiiclii  rada  ciuiitu  do  licia.  iidtii- 
(IkIdsi!  cu  fila  t'iiicac  iita  iiulio^,  uiio  tlclaiiti'  ilr  otin.  cnii  siis  arcos  v  llcclias 


y  I'lm  uu.i  I'oiliUa  i  u  tiorni."  liniiiiuDnt,  ('ron,  >/'  }!•  ■Imdrnn^  MS.,  p  2H 
^S(■e  also  /i(')  (s.  Hist.  (}o  los  TciKciyi/dis,  jip.  !(,  IS,  Til,  47:i-4;  i  I'llilhi  Ci'Ui^ 
jY.  (iiilicin.  .VS  ,  p.  ■')'2'2;  HitiitKHi,  Ilil.  Ani'ti..  in  Inulmli ihi,  Ciu.  (h'  l)ni\, 
toiii.  ii.,  [)p.  :t  il-'J;  Ifi.trt,  K'lrclfn-ilisi-h'ii-lili'.  tuin.  ii.,  p.  7hV.^\  Fin-//.  .sv//rs 
ilf  In  f'lf  .^(incil'i'-.  p.  7l!:  Arlciiii.  Clirnii.  ih.  /■iri:lii'iifi.  ]).  l.'dl;  Cih'ntiuthi.  in 
Jfi/.tiii/t'^  Villi.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  JJfi:!;  HnUidin,  in  X'lucclks  Annuh's  '/'-  I'"'/., 
]S.")I,  torn,  cxxxi  .  |i.  'l'>i>. 

^•''  S('(!  Ciiiiihii-r,  Viiij.,  p.  1")7;  Mnn\  Xiwhr'ichbii,  ^ip.  .^O",  I!:!").  •'i^tT; 
D'<rnj}.  Toji'iij.,  ill  Doc.  llifit.  .\fx.,  seriuiv.,  toiu.  iv.,  p.  lli;  ll'.trdu'n  Tiac, 
p.  2'.lu. 


PKOPERTY  OF  CERIS,  OPATAS,  AND  YAQUIR. 


583 


liiiii-  into  stroiiir  oonls;  tlicv  also  use  undressed  hides  cut 
in  strips,  and  coarse  aloe-fibres.-"' 

No  hoats  or  canoes  are  eniploved  by  any  of  the  na- 


tives of  this  region;  but  the  ('ei'is,   the  Tiltui 


ones,  ai 


id 


the  Ti'pocas  make  rafts  ol'  reeds  or  bamboos,  fastened 
totiether  into  bundles.  These  rafts  are  about  eij;hteen 
I'eet  lonii"  and  tapering  toward  both  ends;  some  are  larue 
enou,iih  to  carry  foui'  or  (ive  men;  they  are  ])i'oi)elled 
with  a  double-bladed  paddle,  held  in  the  michlle  and 
v'<)rl<ed  alternately  on  both  sides.-'' 

Sid)se(|Ui'nt  to  the  coiKpiest,  the  Opatas  and  Yacpiis 
accmnulated  lar;:e  tlocks  of  sheep,  cattle,  and  bands  of 
horses;  the  latter  are  p)od  miners,  and  expert  dixcrs  for 
pwirls.  Tiieir  old  conununistic  i(U'as  follow  them  in 
their  new  life;  liuis.  the  landed  property  of  the  Tara- 
Inuna res  is  from  time  to  tin}e  repartitioned ;  they  ha\e 
also  a  i)ul)Hc  asylum  for  the  sick,  helpless,  and  for  oi'- 
jihans,  who  are  taken  care  of  by  male  and  female  ollicials 
called  ft'Kd/icIies.  Pearls,  tunpioises.  (Miieralds,  coral, 
featlu'rs.  and  ;i<)ld  were  in  former  times  [)art  of  their 
property,  and  helil  the  place  of  money;  trade,  for  the 
most  [)art,  was  carried  on  by  sim[)le  barter.-'" 

The  Northern  .NFexicans  make  no  pretensions  to  art; 
nevertheless,  (iu/,man  states  that  in  tlu'  ]iro\i nee  of 
('uliaean  the  walls  of  tlie  houses  were  deci>rated  with 


"'"  '  Vsn.uin  ol  iirtc  do  liibir,  y  toxcr  iili^'oilon,  o  otras  yi'Viias  siliiostrcs, 
c'ouioi'l  Ciri.iiiu)  <1l' C'iistilla,  u  I'ita.'  Uilxfs,  llisl  ilf  lufi  Tr'ndn/ilins.  ]i]t.  12,  2>i(l. 
I'lir  the  Yaciiiis,  see  IV/^siv).  Sutir'nis  ih-  Saiitira.  ]i.  TIJ;  tor  the  0)iatas  ami 
■lovas,  SDiifini.  llrscri/i.  (v'mf.,  in  Dur.  Itisl.  .U'.r..  sciic  iil.,  toiii.  iv..  ]>]). 
■")")()-2;  and  for  til.'  I'aialmiiiaifs,  Murv,  Xnihrirhlrii.  ]i  'M^:  ('ahfi,i,U'  \'iirii, 
/i'/(('i"ii,  pji.  Kl'l,  171;  /(/..  in  llfnn'is'in,  Xdr'iijulhni'i,  toni.  ill.,  ful.  1(27;  l/i- 
rl('ip'll'\    ]!<tiiiis>ii'l-llfi'r'"iii,  |i|).  7'.I-H(l. 

'^'^  '  El  imlio  toni.inilo  el  iistii  jxir  medio,  bofja  con  graii  dcstri'za  pornno 
y  oti'o  ladd.'  .IV  //•'',  Hist,  i  'itiii/).  ih  .Iisiit.  torn,  iii.,  [».  ll'.i.  '  \n  Indian  |)a(l- 
dlcs  liinisflf  .  .  .  by  means  of  a  Ichil;  <'lasti(' poll-  of  ahont  twilvc  oi'  foiirtitii 
fret  ill  Iciiijtli.'  //'f/r///s  Trill-.,  (in.  2'.)7.  2'.U.  S(  c  alsii  .V(;(/.  in  //«/, /"///'s 
I'*//.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  liCid;  I'uhivi  ill  \'iii''i.  Il'hiliiiii.  in  'I'l  rnnii.r-i'oiniiiiiis.  1  "//., 
s"i'ii'  i.,  torn.  \ii.,  p.  2."il>;  nio'i.  in  lliiiiiii.'<iii,  \iiriii<ili")i!,  toin.  iii.,  fol.  :n2. 
'^''^  Till' Cari'izos  ■  no  tiencn  calnllos,  pcio  en  cainhio,  sus  ihkIiIos  i  st.'m 
llf'ni>s  de  pt'i'i'o-!.'  Iil  rlihiilii  I'  //  'I'lionl,  Himi),  p.  7l>,  'I'ili'  I'ldiiis  'MMi'ri- 
liaii  nt  nnc  partie  dc  IcuI'h  ricliesNcn,  (|ui  ('iili  .istidi  nt  en  ('ioII'ih  i  tell  tlll- 
ipMis.'s.'  I'lisl'i  Hrihi.  in  Ti'vniiiix-i'i'iiipiinx,  I'''//.,  Hi'iiij,  tnin.  i\,.  p.  l-Vi. 
('. Klip  lie  fiu:hc'r,  Ciim'iir,  I'v/.,  jip.  2{M-1:  /.ni'iiiii,  in  /*.'-' m^  ro,  .Knhrins  di: 
.■>•./,„;•/(,/>,,,//,»{,  p.  !.  .  Ilix-  ill  1812,  ]).  (W;  Fitnlnl.  .jn.s  Aim rihn.  toui. 
ii.,  4).  iUii;  hi.,  Ci:id.  .lime,  fi,  ^JUU;  Valeza  i/i  j*u<.'i<,  Ktlatioii,  ji.   107. 


684 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


obscene  ])aiiitinga.  They  are  all  great  observers  of  the 
heavenly  bodies  and  the  changes  in  the  atniosi)here; 
the  Ya(|uis  count  their  time  by  the  moon.  They  are 
good  miisiciiins.  imitating  to  perfection  on  their  own  in- 
sti'uments  ahnost  any  strain  they  luip[)en  to  hear.  Their 
native  melodies  are  low.  sweet,  and  liarmonious.  In 
IVtatlan  they  embroiilered  dresses  with  pearls,  and  as 
they  had  no  instrument  lor  piercing  the  jewel,  they  cut 
a  small  groove  rcjund  it,  and  so  strung  them.  With 
])rarls  they  formed  on  cloth  iigures  of  animals  and 
birds.-'' 

I  fmd  nowhere  in  this  region  any  system  of  laws  or 
government.  There  are  the  usual  tribid  chieftains, 
selected  on  account  of  su[)erioi'  skill  or  bravery,  but  with 
little  or  no  power  except  in  war  matters.  Councils 
of  war.  and  all  meetings  of  importance,  are  lield  at  the 
chii't'  s  bouse.-'' 

The  ( 'eris  and  Tepocas  celebrate  the  advent  of  woman- 
liood  with  a  least,  which  lasts  for  several  days.  The 
A  home  maiden  wears  on  her  neck  a  small  car\ed  shell, 
as  a  sign  of  her  virginity,  to  lose  which  befori'  mai'riage 
is  a  lasting  disgrace.  On  the  day  of  marriage  the  bride- 
groom I'emoves  this  ornament  irom  his  ))ride"s  neck.  It 
is  customai'v  among  most  of  the  tribes  to  give  presents 
to  the  girl's  paivnts.  The  Tabus,  says  Castafieda,  are 
obliged  to  purchase  a  maiden  from  her  parents,  and 
deliver  her  to  the  aici^^'Ki'"",  chief,  or  possibly  high  priest. 

2i3  'Soil  ftraiidos  oliservadorrs  do  los  Astvos,  porqiip  007110  sioinino  ilinr- 
inoii  ;i  Ciilii  (li-^ciil)icrt().  y  cstiiii  lurhos  iiniii'iiilos,  sc  iiiiiraMllan  do  (jiialqiiior 
luiovii  iiii|ii'ossioii,  nuo  i'oij;istrau  on  los  C'iolus.'  Arlcini,  (  hr'iu.  dr  Zii'-iiti'cin;, 
J).  17-">.  Aiuoiil;  the  Vac^uis,  '  haj' iisiiiiisiiio  im'isicos  d(>  violin  y  ai-pa,  to(li) 
j(or  jmro  in-mio,  sin  (jno  so  ]i\ioda  dt^oir  ([nv  so  los  hayan  onsofiado  las  jiii- 
moras  vot,'las.'  WlKsro,  yoliriti.'^  di:  Sonorn,  ji.  7t.  Soo  also  IIUkis.  Hist.  </(■/( is 
Trimniiini.-i.  p.  ]-l;  J)r  I.iul,  Xnciis  Orhis,  ji.  '2s.j;  ('iistn/'nlK,  in  'rcruiiii.f-Cinn- 
jviiis,  To'/.,  s'lio  i.,  toui.  ix.,  ji.  V>2;  lumbier,  Toy.,  p.  201;  Murv,  Xmlu-hli- 
(en,  )i.  :i7i);  l'>uUVn,  (''m>i.  \.  ii<il\,'hi,   MS.,  p.  8(1. 

2J1  '  J^oyos,  ni  UoyoH  (jUo  oastiLfasson  tales  vicios  y  iiooados,  no  los  timio- 
ron,  ni  si'  hallaua  onti'o  olios  ^'oiioro  dr  nutiiridad  y  i^cmiorno  jiolitiro  (juo  los 
casti;4ass('.'  /i'/'iks.  Hist,  di:  Ion  Triiinijilin.'f,  p.  II  (nnihhr,  Vi'ij.,  p.  "iUO; 
Aliiuii'idn,  ('(irt((,  in  1)«'.  Ifisl.  Mix.,  .sorio  iv.,  torn,  iii.,  p.  'M;  A'.s-yn/o,  in 
JLtldni/C.^  I'".'/.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  ;!81. 

'■i"  'J'ho  wonl  ric'hjiu'.  wliioh  was  nsod  liy  the  Spani.u'ds  to  dosi^mato  the 
chiefs  and  viderH  of  lu'ovinocs  and  town's  thron,u;hoiit  tho  West  Indies, 
Central  .Vnierioii.  .Mexieo,  ;tnd  I'du,  is  orii,'ina!iy  taken  from  the  Cnhan 
lan^'iiayi .      (Medu,   Hist,  tiut.,   torn,   iv.,    p.    5115,    exjilains   it   as    follow:-; 


MAimiAGE  AND  rOLYfiAlIY. 


5Hj 


to  wlioni  was  accorded  tlio  dro't  Jc  nrlr/iieur.  If  tlio 
l)rido  proves  to  be  no  virjiin,  all  tlic  |)ivsi>nts  are  returned 
hy  her  parents,  and  it  is  optional  with  the  hr'uU'grooni  to 
keep  her  or  condemn  her  to  the  life  of  a  public  pros- 
titute. The  P)auzariganies,  Cabe/.as,  C'ontotores,  and 
Tehuecos  practice  polyj:aniy  and  inter-faniily  niarriajies, 
l)ut  these  are  forbidden  by  the  (V'ris,  Chinipas,  Tibur- 
ones,  and  'i'epocas.  Dilferent  ceremonies  take  place 
upon  the  birth  of  the  first  chikl.  Among  some,  the 
father  is  intoxicated,  and  in  that  state  surrounded  by  a 
dancini;'  nndtitude,  who  score  his  body  till  the  ])lood 
Hows  freely.  Among  others,  several  days  al'ter  the  birth 
of  a  male  child,  the  men  visit  the  house,  feel  each  limb 
of  the  newly  born,  exhort  him  to  be  Ijrave,  and  linally 
give  him  a  name;  women  })erform  similar  ceremonies 
with  i'emale  children.  The  couvade  obtains  in  certiun 
])arts;  as  I'or  instance,  the  Lagunero  and  Ahomama 
husbands,  after  the  birth  of  a  chiUl,  remain  in  bed  for 
six  ov  seven  ilays,  diu'ing  which  time  they  eat  neither 
lish  nor  meat.  The  i^isibotaris,  Ahomes.  and  Tepehua- 
)ies  hold  chastity  in  high  esteem,  and  both  their  maid- 
ens and  mtitrons  are  remarkably  chaste.  The  standard 
of  moi-ality  elsewhere  in  this  vicinity  is  in  general  low, 
especially  with  the  Acaxeesand  Tabus,  whose  incestuous 
connections  luid  system  of  public  l)rothels  are  notorious. 
According  to  Arlegui,  Ribas,  and  other  authors,  among 
some  of  these  nations  male  concubinage  prevails  to  a 
great  extent;  these  loathsome;  semblances  of  humanity, 
whom  to  call  be;istly  were  a  slander  upon  l)easts.  dicss 
themselves  in  the  clothes  and  jierform  the  functiims  of 
Avonien,   the  use  of  weapons  e\"en  being  di'uied  tbem."'" 


'  r;ici(inp:  s(M"ior,  ipfi>  iilisolnto  (i  rev  f\o  nun  coniiivca  o  F.stiulo.  l".n  iimslrda 
dins  siii'lc  cniiilfiirsc  ista  voz  in  iil;;iiiiiis  |i(ililu(viiiius  dc  la  I'lirtr  mii  ntiil  lio 
•  'ul»a.  ]iarii  di'sii^uar  al  ri'^ndur  dtcaiio  dc  lui  a\  Ulitaiiiii  iitd.  A>i  sr  dicf: 
l!i"^'idiii- caciiiui'.  llctafolicainciitc  tiiiU'  aiilicaciiui  en  liuistva  iiiiiisula, 
liava  disiLfiiar  a  Ins  ([iio  on  los  puublos  pi'iiucfios  llivaii  la  vci/  y  i;iil]ii  man  a 
su  ant(ij)  y  capriclii).' 

'■'''  '  Juntos  ^I'andcs  y  iK'nncnds  iKiiicn  a  los  nincotoiifs  y  niiiji'Vis  casa- 
di'i'as  en  dos  liilci'as.  y  duda  nna  si'fia  cnnircndc  ii  a  colTfr  ('stas;  d.ula  otl'a 
'-i'^iicn  la  cain  ra  acjncllos,  y  idcanz.nidolas,  lia  dc  coji  r  cada  nno  la  snya  do 
la  tftilla  i/(piiL'ida;  ycincdan  hii'lios  y  continnados  los  dt'S))osoiios.'  SitnarK, 
Jksrrip.  Uuiij.,  ill  l>oc.  Jlif^t.  J/(.i'.,  bfviu  iii.,  turn,  iv.,  p.  5r2-3.     'Uuus  so 


586 


NEW  JIEXrCANS. 


Pi'uiikcnnos.s  jirovuils  to  Ji  groat  oxtont  iinionj;;  most  of 
the  tribes;  their  rK|iior.s  uro  prepiirod  IVoin  the  iViiit  of 
the  pitiihiiva,  iii('/,(|tiitt'-hoiins,  aguvo,  lioiU'V.  iind  wheat. 
Ill  eoiiniioii  with  all  savages,  tiiey  are  iiimioileratelv  l"oiul 
of  daiiciii'i',  ami  have  luiinercMis  feasts,  wheic,   a\  ith  oh- 


sceiie  carousals  and  uiiseeinly  iiiasUs.  the  revels  coiitmiie, 
until  the  dancers,  from  sheer  exhaustion  or  intoxication. 
are  forced  to  rest.  The  Opatas  hold  a  festival  called 
ti)i'i))ii  I'diiiil,  to  insure  rain  and  good  croi)s.  Clearing  a 
sijuare  piece  of  ground,  they  strew  it  with  seeds,  hones, 
houghs,  horns,  and  shells;  the  actors  then  issue  loi'th 
from  huts  built  on  the  Ibnr  corners  of  the  s(|iiare.  ami 
there  daiu^e  i'roni  sunrise  to  sunset.  On  the  lir>^t  day  of 
the  year  they  plant  in  the  ground  a  tall  pole,  to  which 
are  tied   lonii'  ribl)ons  of  manv  col 


or; 


A   nund)er  of 

young  maidens,  iinicifidly  attired,  dance  round  the  pole. 
holding  the  ends  of  the  ril)bons.   twistinu'   theniselve.- 


nearer  or 


away  from  the  center    in   beautiful    iiiiuri'; 


V 


tl 


pon   otiu'r  occasions  they   commemorate,    ni    modern 


U 


times,  what  is  claimed  to  be  the  journey  of  the  A/tec; 
and  the  ap[)earance  of  Montezuma  among  them.  Hunt- 
ing and  war  expeditions  are  inaugurated  by  dances. 
Their  nuisical  instruments  ai-e  llutes  and  hollow  trunks 
])eaten  with  sticks  or  bones,  an<l  accompanied  with  song 
and  impromptu  words,  relating  the  exi)loits  of  their 
gods,  warriors,  and  hunters.  They  are  ])assionately 
fond  of  athletic  si)orts,  such  as  archery.  Avrestling,  and 
racing;  but  the  favorite  pastime  is  a  kind  of  lbot-I)all. 
The  game  is  played  between  two  parties,  with  a  largv 
elastic  ball,  on  a  srpiaro  piece  of  ground  ]irepared  ex- 
])ressly  for  the  ])urpose.  The  players  nuist  strike  the 
bidl  with  the  shoulders,  knees,  or  hips,  but  never  with 


cas;in  con  niui  ninL;pr  snln,  y  tifiion  nmohiis  manci'lias.  .  .  .  Otvas  s(' oasnn  coti 
qnantas  innLfcvcs  (luicifii   .  .Otvas  iiacioin's  tifiu'ii  las  iiiULicri  s  jmr  coiimiH 


rlf'i'ii.  Clirnii.  ill-  /.iinitiras.  ])p.  151-7. 


For  further  iicc'oiiiil  (if  tlniv  family 


•latiot 


IS  am 


1  mari'iai,'(!  unstDius.   stH>    llilmn,  llifl.  ih  ln^   7 


riiiiiijiiiiis 


I'P 


11, 


11"),  171,  'iltl,  212,    47.J;  Sm-.  'r'.'<i;;.,   llitllrtiii.   s('ii('  v.,    No.  'M.  1).  lW!j  ''""' 
tii/'ifili.  ill  'ririinii.i'-i'oiiniitns,  Voi/.,  serif  i..  toiii.  ix..  pp.  l")i>.   1")"2,   l.ii,  li^ 


li 
1 


i7,    iCii'i'li 


iitt;   ,1/-' 


7/v 


IHsl.  (' 


Itirhle,  torn,    ii.,  p.    .>11;    I'llillll'l,    ('o)iif 


X.  Onlh 


M> 


ih  Ji 


'esns,  toiii,  i.,   p.  452;  Arisld.  in   hi.,  p.  417 


Jiniiinilifr  ij  Thoi'd,  Dktiio,  p.  70;  Coinhk);   Vvy.,  p.  201;  Loicei 


t'l-n,  Jkxi- 


quc,  p 


•lO'J. 


CUSTOMS  IN  NOUTIIERN  MEXK^O. 


r.K7 


the  liiind.  l''ivcjiu'ntly  one  villn^o  cliiillcn^^os  nnotlier 
as  upon  the  occiisioii  of  u  iiiitioiiiil  icsti\al.  wliidi  lasts 
si'vt'i'al  davs,  aiitl  is  accoiiipairu'd  ^vitll  daii('iii<i'  and 
I'castinui;.  They  have  also  _i>anK's  Nvitli  Avoodi'U  lialls,  in 
wliieli  sticks  are  used  \\\iv\\  ])lavin;i'.  Tlio  jjliiycrs  aro 
always  naked,  and  tlie  ^aine  ol'ten  lasts  IVoni  Minrise  to 
sunset,  and  sometimes,  wlien  the  xictory  is  undeeided, 
the  [)lay  will  he  continned  I'or  several  successiNe  days, 
e    freely  made,    and   hoi'ses  and  other  property 


ai 


r.et> 

staked  with  the  greatest  recklessness. 

Loads  are  cai'ried  on  the  head,  oi'  in  haskets  at  tho 
l)ack.  hani:in;j.'  from  a  stra[)  that  passes  across  the  lore- 
head.  jVnother  mode  of  earryin;^'  hnrdens  is  to  dis- 
trihitte  e(inally  the  weight  at  l)otli  ends  of  a  pole  which 


is  si 


unii'  a(M'()ss 
)f  tl 


the  should 


ei-,  (/ 


la  Ch 


IllKltSC 


'n 


len'  concep- 


tions of  the  supernatui'al  are  extremely  crude:  thu 


tl 


10 


( )[tatas,  hy  yells  and  gesticulations,  endeaxor  to  (lis[)el 
eclipses  of  the  heavenly  hodies;  hefore  the  howling  of 
the  wind  they  cower  as  hefore  the  voi(!e  t)f  tlu;  (jlreat 
4)irit.      The    Ceris    suj)erstitiously  eelehrate    the    i 


lew 


moon,  and  how  reverentially  to  the  rising  and  setting 
sun.  Xiifio  de  (Ju/man  states  that  in  the  }>rovince  of 
Culiacan  tamed  serpents  were  found  in  the  dwellings  of 
the  natives,  which  they  feared  and  venerated.  Others 
have  a  great  veneration  for  the  hidden '.irtues  of  poison- 
ous plants,  and  helievo  that  if  they  crush  or  destroy 
one,  some  harm  will  luqipen  to  them.     It  is  a  common 


-''  Lps  Ynquis  'niiiiriit  snvtont  niio  diinsci  aiip(-li'(>  tulnU  tioDiiirli!, , .  .dans 
l:ii|ii(ll('  ils  cliiiu^'ciit  tic  I'luiiiics  en  se  i-i'diiiit  r('ci|ir(j(]uciii('iit  Ions  Iciirs 
driiit-,  (•(itijuL;aux.'  /.'ni'iija,  in  .\<»tfi'l/is  Aiiiutlrs  (lis  \'i)i/..  ]Si2,  Idiii.  xciii.,  ])|). 
'J-IH  '.).  I'lii'  Sisilxitaris;  'En  las  dauzas..  fiii' iiiiiy  de  iKitar  ipic  ami(|iio 
dalizaliau  juntos  hoiulpit'S  y  inu^crcs,  iii  so  lialilalian  iii  sc  toialiaii  iniuidia- 
taiiitiili- las  iiiauiis.'  .t/"/''.  //'.•<'.''""'/>.(/(. A  si's,  toni.  ii.,  ]>.  1-1,  and  toni. 
i..  liji.  Ill")  7.  Ill  the  ]iroviiicc  of  I'anuco.  '  ciiandu  estan  vn  sus  horraclic- 
liis  ('■  lifslas,  lo  ((lU'  no  ])ni-dtii  IhImv  por  la  lioca,  si;  ]o  liaci  n  cchar  [ior 

liajo  con  111!  iMulmdo.'    (iii-.iiKliI,   II' L  Aui'm.,  hi    [ricJi'ilr' tn,  l  "1.  ih    ll'ic.,    tolll. 

ii.,  p.  -'•••").  Set'  fui'tlicr.  HUi(ir<.  Ifist.  ih'  Ins  VViio/i/iAos.  i>|i.  '.',  \'>.  U'lli,  t!7'-; 
Miirr,  Xnrliriciilin,  )ip.  ;i2l,  HI:!,  :Ur);  Ik  l.iiil.  ,V-/ri(s  Or/iis.  ]>  ■.s7;  I'ml'illn, 
Comi.  \,  (lidlr'M,  .l/,s'..  ])p.  T)!'.),  51)11;  ('(isldrndii,  in  TiTiiint.r-i '(niii'inis,  I'"//., 
si'riif  i.,  toui.  ix.,  p.  I'lH:  ll'irtli/'s  Tiar..  p.  410;  .[liifinl,  Clin'm.  ih  Znfiihi-as, 
pp.  Ms,  \lt):l)i>ii)hir(ni's  Ailnn.,  ji]).  -Ki,  4S;  Lus  Cusas,  Jlisl.  li'iiiis,  MS., 
iii).  iii.,  cap.  ills; 'r(((v;  V/ Co/k/i,  in -IVxo/i  .l/f.i-.,  t(nn.  i.,  ]).  1'''7;  •*>'"•.  (i''ii'i., 
JJulktiii,  sc'i'io  v..  No.  ',)(■),  )).  I'.IO:  Frifb'l,  AnsAixiriln,  torn,  'i.,  ]>.  2111: 
Id.,  (Jail.  Aiiur.,  p.  ;i81;  Scciii,  in  Loud.  Ucoij,  iiuc,  J(jur.,  vol.  xxx.,  p.  2o. 


<iu 


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Photographic 

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23  WIST  MAIN  STRKT 

WiBSTIR.N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


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688 


NEW  MEXICANS. 


custom  to  hang  a  small  bag  containing  jwisonous  htM'bs 
round  the  neck  of  a  child,  as  a  talisman  against  diseases 
or  attacks  from  wiltl  beasts,  whicii  they  also  believe  will 
render  them  invulnerable  in  battle.  They  will  not  touch 
a  person  struck  by  lightning,  and  will  leave  him  to  die. 
or,  if  deail,  to  lie  unburied."'"" 

Intermittent  and  other  fevers  prevail  among  the  jk'o- 
ple  of  Northern  Mexico.  Small-pox,  introduced  l)y 
Europeans,  has  destroyed  many  lives;  syphilis  was  in- 
troduced among  the  Carrizos  by  the  S[)anish  troojis. 
The  Tarahumares  sufl'er  from  pains  in  the  side  al)out  the 
end  of  the  spring.  The  Opatas  of  Ojiosura  are  disfig- 
ured by  goitres,  but  this  disease  seeu  s  to  be  confined 
within  three  leagues  of  the  town.  AVounds  inflicted  by 
arrows,  many  of  them  jxjisoned,  and  bites  of  rattle- 
snakes are  common.  Friends,  and  e\en  parents  and 
brothers  leave  to  their  fate  such  as  ore  sull'ering  from 
contagious  diseases;  they,  however,  place  water  and  wild 
fruits  within  the  sufferer's  reach.  To  relieve  their 
wearied  legs  and  feet  after  long  marches,  they  scarify 
the  former  with  sharp  flints.  In  extreme  cases  they 
rub  themselves  with  the  maguey's  prickly  leaf  well 
pounded,  which,  acting  as  an  emollient  on  their  hardened 
bodies,  affords  them  i)rompt  relief.  The  Carrizos  cure 
syphilis  with  certain  plants,  the  medicinal  pr()[)erties  of 
which  are  known  to  tliem.  As  a  purgiitive  they  use  the 
grains  of  the  m<ujnamU\  and  as  a  fe))i'ifuge  the  ceiiici/lti 
(termua  frnteiicensj.  With  the  leaves  of  the  latter 
they  make  a  decoction  which,  mixed  with  hydromel,  is 
an  antidote  for  intermittent  fevers.     They  also  use  the 


iiH  The  Opiitns  havo  '  prnndo  rrspoto  y  vcnorncion  quo  hnsta  liny  tirncn 
(i  los  lioiiibrccitDs  j)i<ini>n()s  y  coiitrahechos,  A  (jnii  lies  tfUicii  y  fviiiKiUi  iiii  mi 
cftHu  y  c(tiiii<lii.'  >(>//i//'((,  Ifrsi'viit.  (tniii.,  in  Dor.  Uinl.  .l/f.i'.,  scrii' iii.,  toiii.  iv,, 

1^    <s>w        1  t i;..  ..t 1...: .' 1 «:     . : ; 

(li 

]I1US 


^i«>^i«v      v.i>iiit«ti»>  t'''f"'('i,       «ri,-i'irir.     irii>if,^«(A      f"*i,       f«f>-i>.      .ff'il.^f^in      iti.tti'iii.     ''■) 

]).  ()2S.  '  Aii^^iilis  iitcnic  adytis  iiii^'ucx  ('()iii|ilnrfH  rt'iM  rti.  j  t'rt)4iimuii  in  iiio- 
(liiiu  conj^lobiiti.  i'ii|iilil)iis  siiprii  ct  infriicxsiTtis.  tfrriliili  rictii.  si  (jiiis  )>r()- 
jmis  acccssissft,  cHtcnini  iuiiocni;  (jdos  btirbari  vil  iii.ixiiiii'  v  'icraliaiitMr, 
(luoit  (liabolus  ipsis  liac  fnriiia  apparcro  consucKsct :  cosiliin  taiiii'ii  tt  iiiaiii- 
liiis  coiiti't'ctiibaiit  tt  iiotiiiuiKniam  iis  vcMccbaiitni'.'  Jlr  l.tnl,  Mnnis  (hliis.  p. 
iJHl.  Furflu'r  rcfd'enco  in  llilvin,  Ifl.sl.  de  lnn  V'/iK/n/i/inN,  ji.  472;  Oriiiln, 
JfiHt.  ^cn. ,  ti)iii,  iii.,  pp.  574  5;  LdihuinUe,  lliimtsset-lliiiilhoii,  y.in;  Cdln utile 
!''«•'(,  ]M(ttii>n,  p.  Iil'.t;  Arlnini,  ('liri>n.  tk  Zacakats,  pp.  lliO-7;  Siciti,  in 
Lo)nl.  Ueuij.  Hoc,  Jour.,  vol.  xxx.,  p.  '2G. 


MEDICAL  TREATMENT. 


C89 


leaves  of  the  willow  in  decoction,  as  a  remedy  for  the 
same  c()nii)laint.  [n  Sinaloa,  the  leaf  and  roots  of  the 
(jnaco  are  used  by  the  natives  as  the  most  elficacioiis 
medicine  for  the  hites  of  ix)isonous  reptiles.  The  ( >patas 
employ  excellent  remedies  for  the  diseases  to  which  they 
are  subject.  They  have  a  singular  method  of  curing 
liittlesnake  bites,  a  sort  of  retaliative  cure;  seizing  the 
reptile's  head  between  two  sticks,  they  stretch  out  the 
tail  and  l)ite  it  along  the  Ixjdy,  and  if  we  may  Ijelievc 
Alegre,  the  bitten  man  does  not  swell  up.  but  the  reptile 
(l(Xis,  until  it  bursts.  In  some  parts,  if  a  venomous  snake 
bites  a  |)ers()n,  he  seizes  it  at  both  ends,  and  breaks 
all  its  bones  with  his  teeth  until  it  is  dead,  imagining 
this  to  be  an  elhcacious  means  of  saving  himself  from 
the  effect  of  the  wounds.  Arrow  wounds  ;u*e  first 
sucked,  and  then  pci/ote  powder  is  put  into  them;  after 
two  davs  the  wound  is  cleaned,  and  more  of  the  same 
powder  applied ;  this  operation  is  continued  upon  every 
second  day,  and  linally  ixjwdered  lechugilla-root  is  used; 
by  this  process  the  wound,  after  thoroughly  suppurat- 
ing, becomes  healed.  Out  of  the  leaves  of  the  maguey, 
lechugilla.  and  date-palm,  as  well  as  from  the  rosemary, 
tliey  make  excellent  balsams  for  curing  wounds.  They 
have  various  vegetable  substances  for  appeasing  the  thirst 
of  wounded  iK>rsons,  as  water  is  considered  injurious. 
The  Acaxoes  employ  the  sucking  processi's,  and  blowing 
through  a  hollow  tube,  for  the  cure  of  diseases.  Vho 
Yaquis  put  a  stick  into  the  patient's  mouth,  and  with  it 
draw  from  the  stomach  the  disease;  the  Cerisof  Tiburon 
Island  also  emi)l()y  charms  in  their  medical  [n'jictice.*™ 

I  find  nothing  of  cremation  in  these  parts.  The 
dead   body  is   brought  head   and   knees  together,   and 

'''  '  Qiiiindo  ontro  los  Imlios  ny  alj,'nn  pi>nt!it,'i<>,  <int'  cs  <•!  di'  viruclns 
il  iniis  I'diitiimo,  do  (|iii!  iniirrt'ii  inimiiifrulilcs,  iiiudHii  ciulii  din  Injun's,  y 
HI'  Villi  i'l  los  mas  rt'tirados  iiioiitt's,  hiiscaiido  los  sitios  mas  rspiiiosos  y  cii- 
maruniidos,  iiara  (jm- iln  micdo  do  las  cspitias,  no  ciitrfii  i  si'^uu  jnzpiii,  y 
poiiio  cicrto  lo  iitiriiiaii)  las  virnclas.'  Arlitjui,  I'lin'm.  tl'-  '/jm-iitinm,  jiji.  15'2-H, 
iH'i.  Set' also,  Muldinii'onll.  .W'.yii'o,  torn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  4;il;  lii'iUnulUr  ij  Thiml, 
])iitrio,  pp.  7<(-l;  .1'''/''  .  //(•>'•  Coiiip.  lie  Jf.Hii.s,  toiii.i.,  p.  '>VM,  tout,  ii.,  pp. 
2i:»-4,  'il'J-'iil;  /.'/'.-/s,  lllst.  lie  hs  7V(t<>/i/-/(o,s,  jip.  17,  .«2'J-:);  LiUnhsd  rn, 
^f•.ri(^ue.  ]).  -Ill;  Il'inli/'.i  Tnir.,  )>.  2S2;  .Swuora,  Vescrip,  Ueoij.,  in  Doc.  Hist, 
Max.,  berie  iii.,  toiu.  iv.,  iip.  547-8. 


590 


NEW  MEXICANS, 


placed  ill  a  cave  or  uiuler  a  rock.  Several  kiiidsof  edibles, 
with  the  llten^sil.s  and  iinpleinents  with  which  the  de- 
ceased I'anied  a  support  while  living,  are  de[)osited  in 
the  grave,  also  a  small  idol,  to  .serve  a.s  a  jiuide  and  fel- 
low traveler  to  the  departed  on  the  long  journey.  On 
the  lips  of  dead  infants  is  drop[)ed  milk  from  the 
motliers  hreast,  that  the.se  innocents  may  have  su,>*te- 
iiance  to  reach  their  place  of  rest.  Among  the  Acax('es. 
if  a  woman  dies  in  childbirth,  the  infant  surviving  is 
slain,  as  the  cau.se  of  its  mother's  death.  Cutting  the 
hair  is  the  oidy  sign  of  mourning  among  them."''" 

The  character  of  the  Xortheni  Mexicans,  as  portrayed 
by  Arlegui,  is  gross  and  low;  but  some  of  the.se  tribes 
do  not  deserve  such  sweeping  condemnation.  Tlie 
^[ayos,  Yatpiis,  Acaxees,  and  ( )patas  are  generally  in- 
telligent, honest,  social,  amiable,  and  intrepid  in  war; 
their  young  women  modest,  with  a  combination  of  .sweet- 
ness and  pride  noticed  by  some  writers.  The  (.)patas 
especially  are  a  hard-working  jK'ople,  good-hmnored,  free 
from  intiMnperance  and  thievishne.ss;  they  are  also  very 
tenacious  of  i)urpose,  when  their  minds  are  made  uji 
— danger  often  strengthening  their  stubbornness  the 
more.  The  Sisibotaris,  Ahomamas,  Onavas,  and  Tara- 
humares  are  «|uiet  and  do(?ile.  but  brave  when  occa- 
sion recpiires;  the  last-mentioned  are  remarkably  hon- 
est. Tlie  Tepocas  and  Tiburones  are  fierce,  cruel,  and 
treacherous,  more  warlike  and  courageous  than  the 
Ceris  of  the  main  land,  who  are  singidarly  devoid  of 
good  (pialities,  being  sullenly  stupid,  la/y,  inconstant, 
revengeful,  depredating,  and  mucii  given  to  intemper- 
ance. Thi'ir  country  even  has  become  a  refuge  for  evil- 
doers, in  former  times  they  were  warlike  and  bra\e: 
but  even  this  (piality  they  have  lost,  and  iiave  become  as 
cowardly  as  they  are  cruel.  The  Tepehiianes  and  other 
mountaineers  are  savage  and  warlike,  and  their  animosity 
to  the  whites  pL'rpetual.  The  Laguneros  and  other  tribes 
of  Coahuila  are  intelligent,  domestic,  and  hospital)le; 
the  former  especially  are  very  brave.      In  (Miihuaiina 

wo  See  Schoolcraft's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  51C;   I'M/a,  iu  rrhlo,  Viajcs,  p.  413. 


CHARACTER,  TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


691 


thov  nro  jrcnorally  ficrco  and  imcoinmimioativo.  At  Kl 
I'iiso,  tlu'  woiiu'ii  iuv  more  jovial  uiid  ploasiiiit  than  the 
nii'ii;  the  hitter  speak  hut  little,  never  laii^lj.  and  sehhMn 
smile;  their  whole  aspect  seems  to  he  wrapi)ed  in  mel- 
ancholv — evervthing  ulx)ut  it  has  a  semhlanee  of  sad- 
ness and  suilerin}. 


■Jill 


!61 


aiiui.s 


L:is  nvis  (Ic  las  niioionos  roforiilaa  son  ♦otnlmrnto  l«r1inr:is,  y  ilc  pro- 

h  Ziiciilii'iix,  |i.  ll'.i.    'I'lic 


s(>r()s  cntiiicliiiiiciitos;  ycntit  Imxa.'  .l/'/ci/i:!,  ' 


l)V  fat' till'  most  iiidiistrioiis  aiul  useful  of  all    tlif  ollur  trihi's  i 


Soiioni. .  .  .''I'lrliiatiMl  for  the  cxiihi'i'ai 
•l:t'.».  142.    'L. 


jf  their  wit.'  il'inh/'s  Ti 


V\< 


latas  sou  tan  hoiirailoscoiuo  vulii'Uti's   .  .  .la  iia<'i()ii  I'lpat  a  cs 

])a<Mf\ca,  (M 'il,  y  liasta  ciiTto  puuto  tlift'rt'Ute  de  todiis  los  iliiiias  iinliV'cii.is 

cm  aiualitt'S  del  trahajo.'  Ziiriiijii,  in  l-Jsrmh  m.  XnHrins  ilii 


(11 


COUtlllClltl 


Suit'ii-.i  II  S'lfiiihin.  Y\i.  l;('.t  11.  '  L.itrilKi  I'lpata  fiu'  la  iinc  maiiitVsti)  uii  can' 
ti'r  franco.  (I'icil,  y  con  simiiafi'as  a  los  l>laiu'i)s  ...sicmprc  fiu'  incliiiada  .il 
(inlcn  y  la  pa/..'  l'/'(S''o.  A'l/i'i'i'f-i  r/c  .Soji/im,  |>p.  \'i\,  117.  The  Ojiatas  'sou 
d'  LCiMiio  malici')-io.  disiinidados  yen  simio  Kf^ido  vcU'^ativos;  y  in  csto  sohic- 


lUn  I; 


IS  inu|irt's. 


Ih 


iv,,  pp.  {\l'.)-:\  1.     fScc 
.•t'.'.t,  :ts.".;  ll<i,-lkH\  !'• 


icrij).  iifiiii.,  in 


///>/.   Mi.w,  siric  iii..  toni 


also:    llUids,    ll'isl.  ill  /((,•   7' 


('(l(//l/>/|i'S,    PI 


).  •.';t7,  '-'N.".  :tr)S. 


vol.  i.,  PI).  4J-2-:l;   Wonrs  .1/., 


fis:!.  vol.    ii.,    p.  <'.(»(',:  Cunhhi;   Vi.i/..    pp.    1;»S  •Jill;  Mn!l<--ll 


'",   vol.  i.  p 

Siiiinril,    1)1) 


ii-l!iil(lhi 


V 


1:1-1 1:  Itroiriii'a  Aji'irhr  Ciiiiiitri/.  p.  ■>\S:  l,iirliiii>'/lf.  I;, 
Cil'ifm  di'  Viim.  Itilnt'oii,  ])p.  lUll,  17(i;  Arricirilit.  I'l-nn 
412;  Ah:irf,  Hid.  I'lwiii.  il   Jrun^.  tom.  i.,  pp.  ■2HI,4lt'2-:i,  40.".,  \r,2,  lui'd  t< 


'If  Sir'ijirii,  pp.  40.'), 


1) 


p.  IHl;   r<iilillii.   t'Diii/.    \.  i/iilirid,    .U.S.,   p]).   H),  HI;   lliil'tialkr  y  Tliovd, 


laru),  pp 


(J'J-70;  Garcia  Cuadv,  iu  Albtiin  Mex.,  toiii.  i.,  p.  U3 


TRIB.VI.    BOCNDARIES. 

To  the  New  Muxicim  group  bcl()Uf»  tho  uatious  inh.t1)itiii'.{  tho  territory 
lyin;^  l)!if\vcL'ii  the  parallels  3C'  and  23'  of  north  latitude,  and  the  meridians 
!)(>  and  117  of  west  lon^'itude;  that  is  to  say.  the  occupants  of  the  states  of 
New  Mexico,  .\ri/.ona.  Lower  California,  Soiiora,  Sinaloa.  Cliihuahua,  Du- 
rauj^o,  CoaUuila,  Nuevo  Leon,  Northeru  Zacateeas,  and  Westeru  Texas. 

I\  TiiK  .Vpachk  fvmit.v.  T  include  all  the  savage  tribes  roaming  throu'^h 
New  M,.xii.'o.  the  nortli-wcstern  portion  of  Texas,  a  small  part  of  Xortliein 
!Mcxicc).  and  Vri.^ona;  being  the  Comauehes,  Apaches  proi)er,  Navajos,  Mo- 
j  ives,  IIuala[)ais,  Yumas,  Cosnino-i,  Yaiupais,  Yalcheduiies,  Yamajalis, 
Coi'heos,  L'riizados,  Nijcu'as,  Cocoijas,  and  others. 

The  ('•)iiiaiirlii:-<  inhabit  Western  Texas,  Eastern  New  ^lexico.  iind  Eastern 
Mexico,  and  from  the  .Vrkansas  River  north  to  near  tho  (>nlf  of  Mexico 
south.  Ran^^'e  'over  the  plains  of  the  .Vrkansas  from  the  vicinity  of  IJeiit's 
f  )rt,  at  the  p.irallel  of  US',  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  . .  .from  the  cistern  ba>c 
of  tho  Llano  I'.stacado  to  about  the  meridian  of  longitude  '.isth'  /'n/"-,  in 
Pw.  ft.  n.  R'p'.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  IG.  From  the  western  borderof  theChoctaw  coun- 
try '  uninterruptedly  along  the  Canadian  to  Tueumeari  creek  and  thence, 
occasionally,  to  Rio  Pecos.  Fdiu  this  line  th«'y  pursue  the  butralo  iiortli. 
ward  as  far  as  tlu'  Sioux  country,  and  on  the  south  are  scarcely  limited  by 
the  froutiur  si;tlcmeutsof  Mexico.'    Wltippk,  Eu-bank;  and  Turner's  li'pt.,  p. 


G92 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


8,  in  Poc.  R.  IJ.  IJcpt.,  vol.  iii.  'During  snmnicr.  .  ns  far  north  ns  fbo 
Arkimsas  river,  thoir  winters  they  nsuiiUy  jinss  nlxint  tlio  licud  briiiulifs  nf 
the  Brazos  and  Colorado  rivors  of  Texas.'  fimifi's  Com.  J'niiriis,  vol.  ii.,  ]>. 
307.  'Between  102^  and  101'  longitude  and  33'  and  37'  noith  latitude.' 
Xorton,  in  Ind.  /{ff.  Hept.,  IHC.U,  p.  14(i.  'About  thirteen  thousand  sriuaro 
iiiil<!s  of  the  southern  portion  of  Colorado,  and  probably  a  niueh  larger  e.xtent 
of  the  neighboring  States  of  Kansas  and  Texas,  and  Tenitory  of  New  Mexico 
and  the  "Indian  country,"  are  oecupied  by  the  Kioways  and  Coiiianehes.' 
Dok;  in  Iiul.  Aff.  ncpt.,  1802,  p.  .11;  Enins  <tiul  Collins,  in  /(/.,  pp.  'I'M,  '24'1; 
Mdi'dne^,  in  Ind.  Aff.  Hept.  .'<per.  Com.,  IHC.T,  p.  487.  '  En  Invierno  se  aeereau 
a  Tejas,  y  en  Est I'o  H  la  sierra  dc  Santa  Fe.'  BirlmuVnr  y  Tlionl,  Dlfirlo,  \t. 
2")1.  'Coinanehes  ou  Hietans  (Eubaous,  Yctas),  dans  le  nord-onest  dii 
Texas.'  (itilldthi,  in  Nvnvelles  Anmile.t  de.s  Vo]).,  1H,')2,  toni.  exxxiii.,  p.  22.">. 
'Originaire  du  Notiveau-llexique;  niais. ..  ils  deseendent  souvent  dans  les 
plaines  de  la  Basse-Californie  et  de  la  Sonora.'  Snv.  Gtoij.,  liidhtln,  serie  v., 
No.  9(i,  p.  192.  'Rangeeastof  the  mountains  of  New  Jlexieo.'  llnd,  in  School- 
vmft'.i  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2tt.  'In  dein  uucultivirten  Theilo  des  Bolson  da 
Mapiuii'  (Chihuahua).  Wappihi.t,  Geo;),  n.  Stat.,  p.  214:  Frmbel,  Aii.<i  Amrrihi, 
toin.  ii.,  pp.  221-2.  'Entre  la  riviere  Rouge  et  le  Missouri,  et  traversent  el 
Rio-Bravo-del-Norte.'  Ditfci/,  Ji'isumii  do.  I'lUst.,  toni.  i.,  p.  4.  'Upon  thu 
Houth  and  west  side'  of  the  Rio  Brazos.  Murcy's  UepL,  p.  217;  Marci/a  Army 

Life,  i>p.  4.1-6.     '  Ini  Westen  des  ^lissisippi  und  des  Areansas uud  bis  an 

das  linke  Ufer  des  Rio  Grande.'  Ludvcns,  licisr,  p.  104.  'Range  from  the 
Hourees  of  the  Brazos  and  Ctlorado,  rivers  of  Texas,  over  the  great  Prairies, 
to  the  waters  of  the  Arkansas  and  the  mountains  of  Rio  Grande.'  Liideirii/'s 
Ah.  Lamj.,  p.  51.  Concurrent  statements  in  Wilson's  Anivr.  Hist.,  p.  Vi'i'i; 
Prirh'ird's  Nut.  If'isl.  M<tn,  vol.  ii.,  p.  549;  \V(trd's  Mexiiut,  vol.  ii,,  p.  557; 
Moore's  Tcxns,  p.  30;  Dewees'  Te.t(is,  p.  233;  llolhy's  TtXds,  p.  152;  Dragoon 
('(imp,  p.  153.  ' La  naeion  comauehe,  que  esta  situada  entre  el  Estado  do 
Texas  y  el  de  Nuevo  Mexico.  . .  .se  eonipone  do  las  siguientes  tribus  o  pueb- 
los, a  saber:  Yaparehea,  Cuhtzuteea,  Penande,  Pacarabi',  Caiguaras,  Noconi 
o  Yiuhta,  Napuat  ;6  Quetahtore,  Yapaine,  Muvinabore.  Sianabone,  Caigua, 
Sarritehea  y  Quitzaeiu'.'  (larcia  li(jon,  in  I'imentil,  Cwidro,  toni.  ii.,  ji.  317. 
'  Extends  from  the  Witchita  Mountains  as  far  as  New  Mexico,  and  is  divided 
into  ft>ur  bauds,  called  respectively  the  Cuchauticas,  the  Tupes,  the  Y'ani- 
paxicas,  ami  the  Eastern  Conianches.'  ^ommech's  Iksrrls,  vol.  ii.,  p.  21. 
See  also:  Kennedy's  Texas,  vol.  i.,  p.  344,  348-9;  Fook's  Texas,  vol.  i.,  p. 
298;  Frost's  Ind.  Wars,  p.  293. 

The  Apaches  may  bo  said  to  '  extend  from  the  country  of  the  Vtahs.  in 
latitude  38  north  to  about  the  3()th  parallel.'  liarllvil's  Pers.  \ar.,  \o\.  1..  ii. 
325,  'Along  both  sides  of  the  Rio  Grande,  from  the  southern  limits  of  tln! 
Navajo  country  at  the  i>arallel  of  34',  to  the  extreme  southern  line  of  the 
Territory,  and  from  thence  over  the  States-'  of  Chihuahua,  Sonora,  and  Dn- 
rango,  of  Mexico.  Their  range  eastward  is  as  far  as  the  valley  of  the  Peeos, 
and  they  are  found  as  far  to  the  west  as  the  Pimos  villages  on  the  Gila.' 
Pope,  in  Pac.  Ii.  It.  liipt.,  vol,  ii.,  p.  13.  Scattered  'throughout  the  whole 
of  Arizona,  n  large  part  of  New  Mexico,  and  all  the  northern  portion  of  Chi- 
Luahuaaud  Sonora,  and  in  some  parts  of  Durango.'  Cremony's  Ajtaches,  p. 


APACHE  TRir.F.S. 


Ml.  Itiiiij;o  'over  Homo  povtinns  of  Califuriiiii,  most  of  Soiuini,  the  froiifitrs 
of  Duruiii,'!!,  1111(1  . .  .('liiliuiiliiiii.'  'I'cc'/i/'s  ('<im.  ]'rii!rii^,  vol.  i.,  ]i.'2'.i|.  Ajiats- 
I'ht'e,  H  uatiuu  '  Wflclii'  niii  i;  itiz  Xeu-Jjiseuyii,  uud  iiui'h  an  'raialiiiiiiai'ii 
iii-iiiv/.vt.'  >'',/''(/,  in  Mm-r,  Xnchrirlilvii,  p.  3li2.  '  I'liiclit  das  (icliict  diT 
Ai)iK"ln-Iiidi,iii('r  vom  \0',i.  bis  ziiiii  lit.  Grad.  wt'stliflicr  I,;iii.u'<'  voii  (irctn- 
wii'h,  uiid  von  di'ii  (iniizcii  drs  I'tali-deliittcs,  dim  .'t.S.  (Irad,  bis  lijiiuiiti'i' 
/luu  30.  (irad  iitii'dlicln'r  l>i<'iti'.'  Miillli<iiis>i>,  Taiiilnirli.  ]}.'2'1'.K  hdialiit  "all 
the  coiiiitry  iKU'tli  and  simlli  of  the  (ilia,  and  liotli  sides  of  tiic  Oil  Norlc, 
alioiit  till'  jianillil  of  till'  Jornada  and  J)i'ad  Man's  lakes.'  Kiiimi/'s  Ilinoi- 
iiiiissoiiir,  J).  i;{'2.  'Tola  lia'C  iei,'io,  (juani  Novaiii  Mexicaiiam  Micant.  alt 
i.iiiniliiis  1)1111!  lateriliiis  aiiiliitiir  ali  .\iiai'!iil>us.'  7v  Ijtil,  ,V>l(•l^^■  Oiliin,  p.  '.\\(\. 
•  lU'CoiTeli  las  iiroviiu'ias  del  Nm-te  de  Mexico,  lle;4ando  alj^iinas  veces  liasta 
cercii  de  Ziicateeas.'  J'iiitmhl,  ('mnlni,  toni.  ii.,  p.  "J-'il.  '  Iierraniadas  disdo 
la  Inteiidi'iicia  de  San  Luis  I'otosi'  liasta  la  extreniidad  seteiilrional  del  ^nlfo 
de  Calitoniia.'  iJulb'i,  in  iiidintif  llirm,  h'ctifirdi ,'ii,  \<.  ItN.").  'Se  i  \tii  ndi  ii  <  n 
el  vasto  esimeif).  .  .  .line  eoiiiprelideu  los  ^'lados  .'II  a  IW  de  latitiid  iiorte,  y 
2<!1  a  277  de  lonL,'itllde  de  'I'l'llenfe.'  ('.>/•(/(■/•(),  in  /(/.,  p.  ,'!(;'.»:  see  also  /(/., 
11.40.  'From  the  entrance  of  the  Itio  (rrande  to  the  (l,df  of  California.' 
}'iki's  Kfjilitr.  7'/v/r.,  p.  ;i:!7.  ''J'he  southern  and  south-wi'stern  portions 
of  New  Jlexieo,  and  mainly  the  valley  of  the  (iila.'  Scliiiclrni/I's  Airh..  vol. 
v.,  p.  'io;!;  Hint,  in  lil.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2 13.  '  Seareily  extends  farther  north  than 
.Mlmiinenpie. . .  .nor  more  than  two  hundred  miles  south  of  I'd  I'aso  del 
N'ortt';  east,  tho  vieinity  of  the  Wliite  Mountains;  west,  generally  no  further 
than  the  liorders  of  Soiiora.'  Ili-nri/,  in  SrlmdlcritJ'I's  Arvli.,  vol.  v.,  p.  207. 
'  lis  out  prineipalenieiit  haliiti'  le  trian^'Ie  forme  par  le  Kio  del  Norte,  le  (lilu 
et  lo  Colorado  do  I'ouest.'  Tiinicr,  in  younllisAiDidlisili.i  I'ni/.,  1N.")2,  tom. 
exxxv.,  pp.  ;I07,  ;J13.  Couonrrent  authorities:  (iallutin,  in  /</.,  l.s.">l,  tom. 
exxxi.,  pp.  21)8,  3.11;  MiiUi-linm,  Z'/'i'ci.s  i/c  laOi'mj.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  A'),\;  Lmh- 
('•e/'.s  Ah.  LiD'i.,  \>\).  8,  lISCi;  I{viim'cl;/'.i  Ti\i'(ts,  vol.  i.,  ji.  3I."'>;  .S/ri  ./■//'.•<  J'ur- 
(r  Ills,  p.  ."t7;  rull'ic's  l\rs.  Xnr.,  p.  207;  rrlchurd's  yut.  Hist.  Mm,  vol.  ii., 
p.  r>l'.»;  ir,s'/('y)(  Si'i'ws,  p.  233;  MUVa  Hist.  ,1A.,i-.,  p.  170;  lhhip<,rt,',  lit  ism, 
tom.  X.,  p.  irtd;  t'oHilrr's  .l/i'.i".  Omd.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  71-5;  I laiin unit's  hrserix, 
vol.  ii.,  i)p.  4-(i;  h'niri-s,  in  Tnd.  Aff.  liept.,  1854,  p.  180;  rustaii,  in  Id., 
181)4,  p.  155;  Ckirh;  in  //«/.  Af.  Uijit.  Spei'.  Cinn.,  1807,  ]).  3:J(5. 

Tho  Apache  nation  is  divided  into  the  following  tribes;  Chirica^iiis, 
CoyoteroH,  Fiiraones,  (Hlenos,  Cop]>er  Mine  Apaches,  Lipanes,  Jdaneros, 
Mesealeros,  Mimlireuos,  Xatages,  Pelones,  Pinaleilos,  Toiitos,  Vaipieros,  and 
Xicarillas. 

The   Lipanos   roam  tlirnnj,di  western  Texas,  Coabuila,  and  tho  oijsti.'rn 

portion   of   Chihuahua.     Their   territi)ry   is  hounded   on  tho   west  by  tho 

'  lauds  of  tho  Llaueros;  on  the  north,  the  Comanche  country;  on  the  i  ast, 

the  province  of   Coh.ij^uila;   and  on  tho   south,    the   left  bank  of  the  liio 

(Irandudel  Norto.'  Ciirtez,  in  Puc.  It.   Ii.    Il'pt.,  vol.  iii.,   p.   IIJ);   Whipple, 

Eirhunk,  iind  Turner's  /iV/)'.,  p.  8,  in  fd.;  rope,  in   /(/.,  vol,  ii..  p.   14.     Tho 

Lee  Pauls  'rove  from  tho  Rio  (rrande  to  some  distance  into  th''  province  of 

Texas.     Their  former  residence  was  on  the  Rio  Grande,  near  the  sea  shore.' 

I'ike's  Explor,  Trav.,  p.  3Ij3.     Su  '  principal  asieuto  os  en  Coahuila,  Nuevo 

Leon  y  Tumiiuli pas.'  Piinentd,  Ciuulro,  torn,  ii.,  p.  '251.     'Divi'desc  eu  dos 
Vol   I.    M 


59 1 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


rlasf's  ...la  |iriiiiera  lift  cstiido  fiiLiznila  onii  Ins  nifsciilcros  y  llniirroR,  r 
oiMipa  los  tcrrciios  coiitij,'n(is  a  a(iiicllas  trilms:  la  scj^miila  vivc  j-ciicral- 
in<'iit«  en  la  frontpra  dc  la  proviiu-ia  dc  Tcjas  y  millas  del  mar. . .  .ror  el 
I'oiiii'iitf'  son  sus  liiiiitcH  los  llaiH'i'ijK;  por  ol  Xorte  los  ctiuianclics;  i)or  rj 
Oriciitf  los  caraiica^jnac'esy  Ijorrados,  provincia  diT<jiis.  ypori'i  Snrinu'stia 
fi'ontcra  (Mexico).'  (\>nhro,  in  Orozro  y  lUrra,  Odi'irafin.  p.  ;t82.  'From 
time  iiiiiiiiiiiovial  has  roved  and  is  yet  rnviiij,' over  tlic  Bolson  de  Mai)imi.' 
Il'(.s7i3' (iK.s'  Tiiiir,  p.  70.  '  Fre([nf'nti  il  flic  hays  of  .Vransas  and  Corpus 
t'hristi,  and  the  country  lying  between  them  and  111''  l!io  (Irande.'  Ktitiiiih/'.i 
Tesus,  vol.  i.,  p.  349;  Ftink's  Tvxas,  \>.  2'M.  Sec  also:  }[<ille-lSrnv,  Pi'dds  il<- 
In  iri'di/.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  2S9;  Ilassel,  Miw.  liudt.,  p.  211);  .lA/oj-i '.s  TtA'iis,  p.  ."1; 
])iiiii<)i(cli's  Ihscrts,  vol.  ii.,  p.  0. 

Tlu)  Mcscalcros  inhabit  '  tbo  monntains  on  both  banks  of  the  river  rec<m, 
as  far  as  the  nioiintains  that  fonii  the  head  of  the  Bolson  de  Mapinii,  and 
there  terniin;it(!  on  the  ri^ht  bank  of  the  Rio  (Irande.  Its  limit  on  the  wist 
is  the  tribe  of  the  Taracoiics;  on  the  north,  thi'  extensive  territories  of  tlic 
Comanche  peoi)le;  on  the  east,  the  coast  of  the  Llanero  Indians;  and  on  tlin 
south,  the  di'scrt  Bolson  <lc  Mapinii.'  I'ortt:,  in  I'lir.  I!.  II.  Hijit.,  vol.  iii..  p. 
119.  '  Ini  Bolson  de  Mapiiui  mid  in  den  ostlichcn  Ciranzj^'ebirgcn  del  Cha- 
nate,  del  Diablo  puereo  und  de  los  Pilarcs.'  Mi\hlcni>f(>rill,  Mtjiro,  t(jni.  ii., 
ptii.,  p.  n-'l.  '  Occupent  le  Bolson  de  Mapinii,  les  iiionta^^'nes  de  Chanate. 
et  cclh  s  do  los  Organos,  sur  la  i"ive  gauche  du  Rio  (Irande  del  Norte.'  Ilnni- 
lohlt,  Kssdi  Pol.,  torn,  i.,  p.  289.  Live  'east  of  the  Rio  lUl  Norte.'  '?)ti/(/'s' 
f'oni.  Priiiries,  vol.  i.,  p.  290;  CarkUm,  in  Sinilhsimiun  Pi'i't.,  lS,">t,  p.  31."); 
Ill .^■^ /•)»  .*<'('(■))('.%',  p.  233;  DonK'ni'ch's  ])isn'ln,  vol.  ii.,  p.  fi;  Iu'ii)ir(h/'s  7V,r(/.s, 
vol.  i..  p.  313.  'On  the  east  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  on  both  sides  cf 
the  Pecos,  extending  up  the  latter  ri"er  . .  to  about  the  thirty-fourth  parallel.' 
^F,■)■lilrlth('l■,  in  Iml.  Aff".  Pept.,  18.">4,  p.  170-1.  See  also:  .V.r/,-,  in  /(/., 
18.-|S,  pp.  1!).>-S,  18G3,  p.  108;  Colluis,  in  Id.,  1802,  p.  240;  Voob  i/,  in  hi., 
180."),  p.  '20;  .Y()?'to)i,  in  Id,  1800,  ]).  1 1.") 

'The  Copper  Mine  .\paches  occ  i,>y  the  country  on  both  sides  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  and  extend  west  to  the  country  of  the  Coyoteros  and  Pinalinos,  near 
the  eastern  San  Francisc  >  River.'  B  (rtldl'x  Pcm.  Xor.,  vol.  i.,  p.  323. 

The  Faraones,  Pharaouos  or  Taraeones,  '  inhabit  the  mountains  between  the 
river  Grande  del  Norte  and  the  I'ecos.'  Cortez,  in  Pn<\  II.  R.  lipjtl.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>. 
119.  The  fallowing  concur;  MuhhnpfitnU,  M'jlcn,  torn,  i.,  p.  213,  toin.  ii.  pi 
ii.,  p.  521;  VHla-.Senor  y  Sanchez,  Tlmdro,  torn,  ii.,  p.  410;  Ilninbolfll,  Pf^sni 
Pol.,  tom.  i.,  p.  289. 

The  'Xicarillas  anciently  inhabited  the  forests  of  that  name  in  the  fartd- 
ritories  to  the  north  of  New  Mexico,  until  they  were  driven  out  by  tin- 
Comanches,  and  now  live  ou  tb  ■  limits  of  thi;  province,  some  of  them  having 
gone  into  the  chasms  (caiiada-*)  .\ud  mountains  between  Pecuries  and  Taos, 
which  are  the  last  towns  of  the  province.'  fort.i,  in  Pac.  R.  R.  Rpl.,  vd. 
iii.,  p.  119.  '  Inhabiting  the  mountains  north  of  Taos.'  Grpipi'n  Com.  Proi- 
ri(w,  vol.  i.,  p.  28.5.  '  Les  Jicorillas,  ai'extremite  nord  du  Nouveaii-Mexiipie.' 
Tttrti'T,  in  Xouvelles  jUviakit  c/cs  Voy.,  18.")2,  tom.  cxxxv.,  p.  310.  'From  tli" 
Rio  Grande  eastward  beyond  the  Red  river,  between  the  thirty-fourth  and 
thirty-seventh  parallels.'  Merriicelher,  in  Ind.  Af.  Pupl.,  1854,  p.  170.    'In 


APACHE  TRIBES. 


&05 


the  innnntiiins  which  lip  brtwppii  Santa  Fr,  Tiiot,  nnd  Al<ii[niii.'  f'lilUns.  in 
Jil.,  W,i),  pp.  l.V.M'.O.  'At  tht!  CinmiToii.'  '//wr.s,  in  1,1.,  IsiiC,  p.  KM. 
'  Tpon  Rio  Osc,  west  of  the  Rio  tlraiidc'  I)(tris,  in  A/.,  IWilS,  p.  CO; 
Jinmeitfrlt's  Ihsirt.i,  vol.  ii.,  p.  H. 

The  IJimtroK  occupy  'the  Rrcat  plains  and  sands  that  lie  lictwccn  tho 
Tccort  ami  the  lift  hank  of  the  liver  (trandd  del  Xoite."  t'ortu,  in  /''/'•.  /.'. 
Ji.  Uept.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  110.  Inhahit  the  'cajoiies  de  la  Cahellera  y  ritavcachi. 
Sierra  de  Minibres,  Ijii;,'nna  de  Gnznian.'  Itiin-Kiifinn,  in  HI  Onlni,  Mix.,  Ih. 
cuiih.  "JT,  l.S.")!.  '  Ociipan.  ,  .  .los  llanos  y  areiiales  nituadus  entre  el  rio  do 
VecDS,  n()nd)radi)  por  ellos  Tjunchi,  y  el  Colorado  (pie  lianian  Tjnlchide.' 
('()(•(/< /•(),  in  Oc(i:i'')(/  liirni,  <ipii'iriij'i(i.\}.  ;tMl;   Ihimr inch's  Uisiilx,  vol.  ii..  p.  (1. 

The  Mindn'caos  have  their  hinitin^j;  (,'ronnds  npon  the  Minihres  Moniit- 
nins  and  River,  and  ranf,'e  hctwocn  the  sierras  Kan  Mateo  and  J'lorida  on  the 
north  and  south,  and  hetween  the  Unrros  and  Mo^'oyen  on  the  west  and  v,\s\. 
S'-hodliTiijr.'i  AitIi.,  vol.  v.,  p.  '207.  '  Siidlieh  von  den  .Vpuehes  (iilenos.  an 
den  Griinzen  von  Chihn.'ihna  nnd  Neu-5Iejico  jaj^'en  inden  (ieliiryenini  Osti  n 
die  Ap.'iehes  Miinhreuos.'  .^fulll^^ll})/llrllt.  M'j'ii-ii.  loni.  i.,  p.  "Jll.  'La  pro- 
viiieia  de  Nnevo  ^Ii'xieo  es  sn  conlin  por  el  Norte:  por  el  I'oniente  la  par- 
ei.ilidad  niiinbrena;  i)or  tl  Oriente  la  faraona,  y  por  el  Stir  nnestra  frontera.' 
I'ltrihvii,  in  Onnco  i/  Ikrm,  (ji<><irii/i(i,  \>.  IlKO.  See  also:  Corki,  in  J'ar.  I!. 
11.  /?<7)r,  vol.  iii.,  p.  ll'.l;  Jh.nnmih's  Ihsvrt.i,  vol.  ii.,  p.  0.  'In  Iho  wild 
lavines  of  the  Sierra  de  Acha.'   Milt'.-i  Jfi.it.  Mcr.,  p.  IM"). 

The  Chirieaf^nis  adjoin  on  the  north  'the  Tontos  and  Moii'iiiios;  on  tho 
east  the  (lihuos;  and  on  the  south  and  west  the  province  of  Sonora.'  CoHi ;, 
in  Par.  7?.  /.'.  Itij)!.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  110.  'Live  in  the  mountains  of  that  name, 
the  Sierra  Largua  and  Dos  Cabaces.'  iSkiL,  in   hid.  A^}'.  Hci'i.,  IS.")'.),  jip. 

:m-c,. 

The  Tontos  '  inhabit  the  northern  side  of  the  Gila  from  Antelope  Peak 
to  the  Pinio  villa;j;es.'  CniHony's  Aimclns,  p.  lliO.  '  llctween  Rio  Vi  rdo 
and  th<>  Aztec  ran^'e  of  mountains,'  and  '  from  Pueblo  creek  to  the  junction 
of  liio  Verde  with  the  Salinas.'  Whipjilf,  Kirhiaih.  and  Titrncr's  Hrpl.,  p.  M- 
1.");  in  Pdc.  fl.  I!.  Ilijit.,  \(,\.  iii;  Cartr:,  in  Id.,  p.  IIH.  '  Siidlii  h  von  den 
Wohnsitzen  der  Cocomarici'ipas  und  dem  Rio  Gila.'  M'ulu-niifuvdt,  Mij'n-o, 
torn,  i.,  p.  211.  On  tlu^  'rio  Pnerco.'  Il'irrniiijiin,  in  F.l<)rdni  .lA.i'.,  Th'innh, 
'll,  \^T)\.  '  In  the  canons  to  the  north  and  east  of  the  ^lazatsal  peaks.'  Siinirt, 
in  Siiiitlisniiktn  H-pt.,  ISCT,  p.  -117.  See  I'ldimr,  in  Iliti-jin's  .lAc;.,  vol.  xvii., 
J).  ICiO;  Diiiiii'iifirli'fi  Pisirln.  vol.  i.,  p.  l.S."»,  vol.  ii.,  p.  7.  '  Inh.ibit  the  Touto 
basin  from  the  ^^o^'ollon  fountains  on  the  north  to  Salt  l;i\er  on  the  south, 
nnd  between  th(!  Sierra  Ancha  on  the  east  to  the  Ma/ats,tl  Mountains.' 
('oh/cr,  in  Iiid.  Aff.  l!<pt..  ISOO.  p.  OL  'On  both  sides  of  th<'  Vdde  from 
its  source  to  the  East  Fork.  and. ..  .around  the  headwaters  of  the  t  hi<|uitii 
Colorado,  on  tho  northern  slope  of  the  Illack  Mesa  or  Mogol'.on  .Mountains 
. . .  .<'n  the  north,  to  Salt  River  on  the  south,  and  between  the  Sierra  ,\ucha 
fin  the  east  and  tho  Mazatsal  Mountains  on  the  west.'  Juims,  in  Ind.  Aff. 
Pejit.,  18G'.>,  p.  '221. 

The  Pinaleilos,  Pinols  or  Piiials  ran^^e  '  over  an  extensive  circuit  between 
th  Sierra  Pinal  and  the  Sierra  Rlanca.'  Bdriktr^  I'irs.  \.ir.,  vol.  i,,  p.  :i(.H. 
'  il-'twL'uu  tlij  Color.ido  Chiiiuito  and  Rio  Gila.'    Whippk,  Kicbunk,  and  Tur- 


606 


TllIllAL  IJOUXDAIIIES. 


ncr's  Jlijil.,  \).  II,  in  /''»'•.  /.'.  7t.  Hijil.,  vol.  iii.  Sci'  iilso:  ^fo!lll<ll(sr)),  TVc/f- 
hitfh,  \>.  117;  Luili  ir'ni's  Ah.  I,(iH'i.,  J).  I'lO.  ]u  'tin;  coiuitry  wiitiTiil  liy  the 
KulinuH  1111(1  othir  tiibiitiirii's  <if  thcCtila."  Slirk,  in  hul.  .[{T.  Ilrjil.,  IS.")',),  p. 
ai(i;  (list)  \\'ltttr„r,  in  Ul.,  IHCH,  p.  Ml;  Calytr,  in  W.,  IHd'.t,  p.  94;  ./ones,  in 
7i/..  p.  -J-J^. 

Tin'  Ciiyiitirns  '  live  in  tlio  oountry  norlh  of  tlio  Gilii  ixnd  cnst  of  the  Kan 
Curios.'  '■„///,/•.  ill  [nil.  Af.  H'l'l.,  WW).  J),  2'J;<.  'Upon  the  Rio  H.in  Fran- 
cisci),  and  licad  waters  of  the  Kiiliiias.'  Shih.in  Id.,  IHoJ),  p.  3Ui;  hmm  hivIi'h 
])isi'rls.  Vol.  i.,  p.  IM.I;  llnrdi/'s  Trar.,  \>.  ■I:!(). 

'The  (HitiioH  inhabit  tlu'  nioniitains  iniinodiutcly  on  the  river  Gila 

l)ound<(l  on  the  west  liy  the  Chirica^^iiis;  on  the  north  hy  the  ])rovin<'e  of 
New  Jfexieo;  on  the  east  liy  the  Minilireuo  trilie.'  Curliz,  in  I'ar.  II.  It.  Hifit., 
vol.  iii.,  p.  ll!l.  '  Oestlieh  von  dieseni  FIushc?  (Gild),  zwischen  ihni  nnd  deiu 
Hiidliehen  Fusse  der  Sierra  ile  los  Mindires,  eines  Theiles  der  Sierra  Madr<'.' 
Mnlikiipl'iinll,  Mijii-'i,  toni.  ii.,  \)t  ii.,  ]>.  121;  ('unliro,  in  Ormru  ij  Ikmi, 
Ueixjni/lii.  |(.  :tsi);  M(i,rinll,  in  Ii«l.  Af.  /.''7'<.,  lH7;t,  p.  llC). 

The  .Vpai'he  Mojaves  are  'a  mon^'rel  race  of  Indiaim  living,'  Itetween  tho 
Verde  or  San  I'raiieiseo  and  the  ('olorado.'  I'ontan,  in  [ml.  A_{}'.  Itrpt.,  IHOt, 
p.  lofi. 

The  Nunijiis  oi'cupy  'a  distriet  in  tho  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  lyiii<,' 
between  tho  Siin  .Iiian  river  on  the  north  and  northeast,  the  Pnelilo  of  Znfii 
on  till'  south,  the  Mocpii  villayi  s  on  the  west,  and  the  rid,L;e  of  land  dividini^ 
the  waters  which  llow  into  the  Atlantii?  ocean  from  those  which  tlow  into  tlio 
raeitic  on  the  e;ist.'  Ldheniiun,  in  Sni'dliKonhin  U''pt.,  IH.").'),  ]>.  'J.S.'J.  'Ex- 
tindiuj,'  fi'oni  near  the  KiTth  to  111th  meridian,  and  from  the  lUtli  to  the  MTth 
lianillel  of  latitude.'  (.'Idfh;  in  llhl.  .!/</;/.,  vol.  viii.,  p.  2H(>.  Northward  from 
the  ;i."ith  iiarallel  'to  Kio  San  Juan,  valley  of  Tni"ie  Ch.i,  and  ("anon  da 
Chelle.'  ir///>/)'<',  Hirhiitil,;  and  7V/'»(c'.s-  H.pt..  p.  Ill,  in  I'ar.  ]t.  I!.  H'pl., 
vol.  iii.  '  Hetweenthe  Del  Norte  and  Colorado  of  the  West,'  in  tlie  northwest- 
ern portion  of  New  Mexico.  Etiton,  in  Schnolcraft's  Artdi.,  \u\  iv.,  j).  2 Hi. 
'In  the  m.iin  ran^'u  of  Cordilleras,  1.10  to  2iti)  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe,  on 
the  waters  of  Uio  Colorado  of  Calit'ornia.'  '//'"/'/'.s'  t'nin.  rmiriis,  vol.  i., 
p.  28.j-<i.  '  IJetween  the  del  Norto  nnd  the  Sierra  Anahuac,  situated  upon 
tho  Hio  Chama  and  Puerco, — from  thence  ext<'ndin^{  along  the  Sierra  do  los 
!Miml)ros,  into  the  province  of  Sonora.'  Sr.oiesin  the  Iturhy  Mix,  p.  IHO.  'La 
Proviiicia  di'  Navajoos,  (jue  esta  situada  a  la  parte  do  el  Nort(^  del  ]\ro(|ni, 
y  a  la  dil  Noruest  de  la  Villa  de  Santa  Fee.'  VHla-Scrmr  y  S'inrhr:,  Tlanh'i), 
tom.  ii.,  p.  ■12(i.  'Esta'nacion  dista  de  las  fronteras  de  Nuevo-^I('xico  como 
veiuticincoleguas.  entre  los  pueblos  de  Motpii,  Zuui  y  la  capital  ( Santa  Fe).' 
Ban-dro,  Ojindd  snhre  X.  Mv.x.,  app.,  p.  10.  '  Habita  la  sierra  y  mi  sas  ilo 
Navaji'i.'  Cttrdi'i-ii,  in  Onncoi/  liirm,  Geoijrafla,  p.  382.  Seealso:  Alct'dn,  Dir. 
cinivirlo,  tom.  iii.,  p.  2'.t").  '  Along  the  ;?4th  parallel,  north  latitude.'  Mmi'rii'^i 
Avhona,  p.  Ki.  '  On  tho  tributaries  of  the  river  San  Juan,  west  of  the  Itio 
Grande,  and  east  of  the  Colorado,  and  between  the  thirty-tifth  and  thirty- 
Boveuth  parallels  of  north  latitude.'  Merrhcdhv);  in  Tnd.  J.ff.  Pupl.,  1H.")1,  p. 
172.  'From  Caiion  de  Chelly  to  Rio  San  Juan.'  l'almti\\n.  ILtrpir'^  M'l'.h, 
vol.  xvii.,  p.  -too.  '  From  the  Rio  San  Juan  to  the  Gila.'  Gravis,  in  //«/.  Aff. 
Ii:pt.,  18j1,  p.  17t).     'Directly  west  from  Santa  Fe,  extending  from  near  the 


MO.IAVKS  AND  Yl'MAS. 


B9T 


Rio  rimndo  on  tho  cnnf,  to  (In-  rolonido  rm  tho  wost;  aticl  from  tlio  l.iiul  of 


tlll>     I'tllllS 


th< 


rth,  ti>  till'  \|iii('lii's  on  till' south.'   Il'irl.ufi,  in  Silnml. 


i/l's  Ai-fh.,  vol.  iv.,  J).  2()'.>.     'Fifty  miles  from  tlu'  Itio  di  1  Norte  '  ]'iillh'' 


A'. 


\K    lO'J 


Tromtlio  ;ilt   to  the  ;H()f  north  latitiiile.'  i.ml  'from 


Soceorro  to  the  viilley  of  Tiios. '   llniilns'   Piinijthiiii'.^i  A'.r.,  p.  2ii2.     Cotienr- 


rent  authorities:   ,S 


uiipson 


,s   Joni:    .)[!!.    /.', 


/>H 


r'/,' 


Vol.  i.,  J).  IHt;  Lmli-iri'i's  Ah.  l.iiwj.,  p.  132. 

The  M'>J(U-t's  dwell  on  the  Mojuve  and  Colorado  rivers,  n  ,  f;n  iiji  as  lUark 
Canon.  The  word  Jlojave  'ajipiars  to  he  t'ornu-d  of  two  Yuma  words — 
liamook  (three,)  and  hiiiti  (mountains)  and  desi;,'niites  the  tril)e  of  Indiaiirt 
whieh  oeujiies  a  valley  of  the  Colorado  lyinj,' between  three  mountains.  Tho 
rauLfes  supposed  to  be  ref(  rre(l  to  are:  1st,  "The  Needh  s,"  whieh  terminate^ 


th 


le  valley  upiui    the  sr>uth,  and  is  e.illed  Asientie-h;ilii,  or  first  ram. 


:d. 


tho  hei^,'hts  that  l)()iind  the  ri;,'ht  bank  of  the  Colorado  north  of  tlu'  .Mojavo 

villa^'es.  termed  Ilavie-liabi,  orseeond  ranuie;  and,  Itil,  the  ]! 

in' 


lion;,'  the  left  bank  of  the  ri 


to  whi<'h  has  been  •(iveu 


Ki.V 

the 


\telid- 


.t 


Ibl 


.k-1 


iiiioou-iiaiii,  or 


third 


117, 


/'/ 


l'<ir.   II.  I!.  l;.i,t..  vol.  iii..  ]..  :i(). 


Von  :lt'   :!ti'  norilwarts  bis  zum   !>laek  Can 


.l/-;//7e 


/e 


II  illfi 


/•' 7,s('(i'/r7,.,  toin.  i.,  pp.  4.'t(i   I.     '  Inhabit  tht^  Cottonwood  valley.'   /''is'  I'ulu 
ridlii  H'lr.,  p.  7',).     '  Oecupy  the  eonntry  watered  by  a  river  of  the  sanu^  name 


which   empties   into   the   Colm-ado.'   liirllrlt's    }'i 


'I 
The    Mohav. 


II^i 


i'khaves,    oeeupy    tin-   river    al 


.1. 
th 


1' 


ITS. 


Miiirri/,  in  Iml.  A;}',  lliiil.,  1H.")7,  \>.  U()2.     See  further:   l.mh  n-hi's  .1/,.   J^nii-i. 


p.  12 J;  ('ill.  Ml iniiilUe  Jii 


A.  i. 


V 


,J,i 


in  IniL  Atr.  lliff.,   ISC,'.), 


p.  217:    M'i//i.s,  in /(/.,  Sper,,  Com.,  l^tu,  pp.  32',)-30;  Straltuii'.s  Vtipl.  tjnlmnii 
Glrl.i,  p.  12:!. 
The  Ihinln 


are  '  located  chiefly  in  tho  Cerbat  and   .\iiuarins  Mount- 


ains, 


uid  alon;^  the  e.istern  slope  f)f  the  IJlaek  Jlountains.     They  r: 


throUi,'h  llualapai,  Yampai.  ami  Sacramento  valleys,  from  Uill  Williams  Foik 


on  the 


itli  to  Diamond  liiver  on  the  lun-th. 


in  liiil.  AjJ.  U,,,t. 


18()',l,  p.  217.     '  In  the  almost  iuaoccssiblo  mountains  on  the   I'ppi  r  Colo- 


rado.'  /'.«/,„(,  iu   /'/.,   isr,:l,   p.  ;is7.     '  On  the  north  and  south  of  th< 


>l 


fi'om  ('.imj)  .Mohave  to  rrescott.'  U'liillhr,  in/./.,  iMiS,  p.  110.  •  In  tho 
northwest  i)art  of  Arizona.'  \i"illi^,  in  fnl.  AtJ.  Ilipt.  .s/i  e.  I'lmt.,  iSiw,  p. 
32'.). 

The  )'iiiiins  or  Cnchans  rau'^^'e  'from  the  New  River  to  tlie  Colorado,  and 
throULjh  the  country  b<tween  the  latter  river  and  tiie  Ciila.  but  may  be  said 
to  inhibit  the  bottom  lands  of  tho  Colorado,  near  the  juneliun  of  the  (iila 
and  the  Colorado.'  Iml.  TntiN,  vol.  i.,  in  llni/'S  Culkflinii.  •  I'.oth  sides  of 
tho  Colorado  both  abovo  and  below  the  junction  with  the  (tila,'  li'irtkU's 
Pi-rs.  .V'fc.vol.  ii.,  pji.  177-1).  'From  about  sixty  miles  above  Fort  Yuma  to 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  most  southern  point  of  that  part  of  the  Colorado 
formim,'  the  Ixmndary.'  Kiiinri/'x  Uci>t.  V.  S.  iiml  .lA.,'.  Il'minlnri/  .'<iir- 
'■'(/,  vol.  i.,  p.  Ilt7.  'Das  eij^'eiifliche  (rebiet  dieses  Stannues  ist  das  Thai  des 
untern  Colorado;  OS  l)e<,'innt  dasselbo  unf,'efiihr  nchtzii;  Meilen  obi  rhalb  der 
Miinduii''  <les  (iila,  und  erstreckt  sich  von  da  bis  nahe  an  den  (loif  von  Cali- 


forii 


.l/,;///e 


liils'll    iu    iI'li'     Fill 


seii'ivi 


)1. 


ri' 


122,    i:i(i-l,  VM. 


'La  junta  d'l  (rila  con  el  Col()rado,  tiorra   poblada  de  la  nieion  yuma. 


BOS 


TUIllAL  lM)lNI)AUir.S. 


Sulfltiinir,  Hiliir'iiDi,  in  />,.,•.  Hist.  Mi.r,,  Hcrii'  iii.,  luin.  iv.,  p.  H\'.\.  'I.r  imiil 
Ai'  Ilk  Himsc-C'ilifiiniic,  siir  In  rive  tli-uito  iln  Kii)-t'nliiraili>.'  >'r>c.  //ri"/.,  Ilidh: 
till,  Hrrii'  v.,  No.  !M'i,  p.  |!S(i.  '  Fm-  ten  nr  Itftiiii  inili  s  ikhIIi  uml  smitli '  in  tlii> 
vhIIi'V  iirar  till' niniiili  iif  till'  (iilii.  /rw'  I'lilnridln  Uir.,  p.  IJ.  Sri-  M'/i/'/i- 
jil' ,  h'lrliiiiil, ,  Diiil  'I'linnr's  ll'iit.,  p.  1(11,  in  I'm'.  ^^  /i".  Hijil.,  vnl.  iii.;  /.n- 
tliim's  I'liiiijiiii'iil'iiv  I'li'iliiUiijii.  viil.  viii.,  p.  I'JII;  l.iiiliiii>'lli\  lliiiinssil-lliiiillinii, 
p.  7N;  Mtiirri/'fi  Arhnnn,  p,  il.l;  Mr  ICinsIri/,  in  >»/»  l'iinii'isri>  llirnhl,  Jiinr,  |H."i:t; 
l.iiiliirll's  All.  L'liii.,  p.  'Jll'i;  Mmrnj,  in  /Hl^  .1//'.  /^/<^,  l><"'7.  pp.  IHM-'J;  I'm'i- 
!•!/,  ill  III.,  iS.'iH.  p.  '2(12;  ./o/ics,  in  /./.,  IHr.'.l,  p.  aid;  llomiril,  in  /</.,  iw'J, 
pp.  KM  "J;  I'nrliiinrs  Sal.  Hist.   Mun,  vul.  ii..  p.  TiCI. 

Till'  CiimiliiiiM  'riiiiin  nurtliwaiil  tu  llii'  hi},'  linul  nf  tl.i'  ('ulnriiilo.'    MVn'/i- 

iii.    •  l\-  till- 
in    /,/./.  Atr. 


}.'•■.  Kii-hii„l,.„n<1  Tiinin-'s  /.'././.,  p.  II,  in  I'm:  /.'.  /.'.  H-iil  . 
*i('inilv  iif  Hill  Williiiiiis  anil  San  P'ranrisco  Mniintniiis.'  .In 


llilil.,  IHiill,  p.  1221.  Sii'  alsii:  h'hiniir's  limit.  Itmi,  \>.  |.s(;  Ihimi lurli's 
llisvrls,  vnl.  i.,  p.  |M."(. 

Till'  )'iiiiii)<i'i.i  inlialiit  tin'  runiitry  west  ami  nortli-vrst  nf  \hv  .\/ti'i'  riiiij^'ii 

nf  ninillllMins  tn  till'  mnlllli  nf  till'  Kin  Vil'^'rl..  Wliijijili-,  h'ir'iiiiik,  iiml  'I'lir- 
>iir's    li'i'l.,    p.    II.   in    I'lir.    I!.    It.    liijil.,   vnl.    iii.     '  .Vni  hImiii  Cnlniailn.' 

■  NiH'illiill  Vnll  ilcll   MnliiiM'S.'    .Miillliililsiii,   lliisiii  III  il'ii-   l-'i  111  mil  li..  Inlil.  i.,  pp. 

I'll,  277.  'On  till'  wi'sl  liiinii  nf  tin' Cnlnriuln,  almiit  tin'  Mmtitli  nf  Itill  Wil- 
liams's fork.'  Mmrri/,  in  Iml.  AjJ.  Ilijil.,  If^'il,  p.  11(12;  I'lishm  in  /•/.,  isil'l,  p. 
;is7. 

Till'  l'i(/i'//('i//(ms  nr  Tali'lirillim'S  '  livi'  nll  tlli'  ri^,'lll  l>iink  nf  the  (^nlnimln, 
mill  tlirir  trilirs  lii-st  iippi'iir  in  Int.  :i:t  2(1.'  ('ll('^;,  in  I'nr.  I!.  U.  llijil.,  Mil. 
iii..  p.  121. 

Till'   Viniiiiinli'i  nr  Tamaialis  '  ari"  srttli'il  mi  tlii'  lift  liiiiik  nf  tin'  Cnlnrailn 


fi'nm  :!l    nf  lilitihl.'  tn  :i.* 


t'lirli:,  in 


/'.('•.     /.'.     /;.     Ilriil 


Ji'.,     vnl.     111.,     p 


121; 


Ihiiiii  inrli'.-i  Ihsirl.'i,  vnl.  ii.,  p.  (i"2. 

Till'  Ciirlii'in  iu'i'  ill  till'  '  Cliii'icahi  i  mniintiiins,  smitlurii  .\iiznim  niul 
iinrtliirn  Sminrii  '    W'hiltln;  in  Iml.  .\tj'.  Hrjil.,  ISH.S,  p.  III. 

Till'  .V/'/H/-i(.>i  ilwi  II  in  till'  liasin  nf  llir  Itin  .\ziil.  '  I'ltiln  tiilm  di's 
lini'ils  ilii  ( lilu.'  Iiii.il'iii,  iu  .\iiiirillis  .\iiiiiili.'!  ili.f  I'll//.,  IS.^Il,  tnin,  I'Wvi.,  p. 
47;  Hiilliiliii,  in  hi.,  |.s."il,  tnni.  cwxi.,  p.  2'.ll. 

Till' .s'nmii'.s' livi'  'ni'iirtlii'  lii'inl  watiTsnf  tlm  Siiliiiiis.'  I'limri/'s  niriDiiini.i- 
tiitii  ■• .  p.  Ili:i;  tiiilUii'in,  in  Siiiirilks  .iiuinlis  ihn  I'"//.,  |s.")l,  tmii.  r\x\i.,  p.  2'.m;. 

Till' r.ii'nyids  'livi'  alnii},'  tlii'  Cnlnrailn  for  lifty  milis  finiii  tin'  mniitli.' 

In.t'  t'lilnrmlii  llir.,  \>.  ',\\.       '  On  tin'  Cnlnrailn    llnltnms    Wrlr    tlm    Cn<'n)i;i]is, 

till' sniitlifrn  j^'iilf  trilii's  nf  wliii'h   Coiisai;  rails  tlir   r>iiu;in)ias.  Ili'liniiniiiiis, 


(^iiitiViiiiias,    Ciii'iiiitrs,    ami  tlic   .Vli'lit'iliiimis.'    /, 


tl'nii'ii'    X     l..l'l 


h'.nilnr.   Ill'  I.I 


I'lil.,  \K  'A.  '  On  till' rij^lit  liaiik  nf  the  river  Cnlnrailn,  finmlat.  112  |.S'  iip- 
waiil."  (  iii7i  :,  ill  I'm-.  II.  II.  li'ipl.,  vnl.  iii.,  ]).  I2lt.  '  llali'^^i'  all  tlir  way 
frniii  I'nrt  Isalit'l,  uimn  tin' I'list  liaiik  of  tlir  rivi'r  (Cnlmailni,  tn  tin' 1>numlaiy 
lim>  liftwi'i'ii  tlif  lli'piililic  of  Mi'xico  and  tin'  I'nitiil  Stati  s.'  .luliiisnii'fi  llisl. 
^\n:i>iiii,  p.  1().  '  Hi'twi'i'ii  thi'Oila  ami  tho  (iulf,  aiul  mar  tlir  laltir.' 
Itiirllilt's  I'lrs.  .\'iir.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1711.  Set'  also:  Kiimri/'s  lljil.  I'.  S.uml  Mi. v. 
liiiiinilitnj  Siirvi'ij,  vnl.  i.,  p.  I(i7;  Miirvy,\\\  Jiiil.  Aff.  Iti/il.,  1S."(7,  p.  .'(dl ; 
I'.istmi.  in   III.,  lS(i;i,   p.  38(;;  .Uitlki/,  iu  Jd.,   18oS,  p.  '2(12;  llowunl.  in  7'/., 

1S72,  1-.  ir.i. 


IMKllLO  FAMILY. 


I'.M) 


Williiiiit    (Iclhiili  l\  Inciiliiit;  •liciii,  Kiilini'ruii   cntinHnitrs   llic   fnllnwiiiK 

IIUtiiitlH,  hi'i'li    li_v  (  >Milli'  tliliilij^  liin  llip  llil'iinL>||  New  Mi'xiro; 

'I'lii' < 'I'li/uiliiH,  hciiiii'W  lii'i'i' lii'iwi't'ii  lilt'  iMiM|iiiH  mill  llii'  Kill  (iiiii,  miir  li 
rivi'f  wliii'ji  he  ciiils 'li.'  Kii' SitrruiiK'iitii.     '  him  jiiniailiiM  ili' iilli  (('I'u/iiili'f,) 


III  till'  I'ri  iii.o  I'amii.y,  ln'sirlcs  (lie  iiiliiiliitaiits  of  tlu'  villaj-'i  s  siliuitrd  in 
Hid  valli'v  (if  till'  Kill  (Jniiidc  del  N'urti',  1  iiiiliidd  the  hi'Vcii  .Mmiui  villii^'H 
\yitiH  West  of  III!'  foriiiri',  Mild  also  tlic  I'iiiiiis,  llic  Maiicoiui'i,  tlii'  ('.i|iiij,'os, 
and  till'  Si)liai|imis  willi  tliiir  coiii^'iiicrH  of  the  lower  (iilii  rivri'.  '  'I'lu'  iiiiiii- 
lirr  of  iiilialiili'd  piiflilcis  in  the  'I't'i'i'itory  [  New  MrxicoJ  is  t\Miit,v-six  ... 
Tlifii' iiaiiii's  ai'i' Taos,  ricorlK,  Naiiilii',  'rrziKinc,  rojiiaiiuc,  San  .liiaii,  San 
Yldt'foiiso.  S.iiito  I)oiiiiii'_;ii,  San  I'"<'ii[M',  Sanlii  .\iia,  Codiiti,  l.iji  la,  Silla, 
La^^'iina,  .Vconia,  •huu/,  /iifii,  Saiidia,  and  Santa  Clara  .  .  hi  'I'l  \as,  a  sliort 
distaiii'i'  liclow  till'  soiitiirin  liiiiindary  of  New  RIcxiro,  and  in  tin'  vallry  of 
llic  ]>i'l  Xorli',  is  a  ]iiii'i>lo  called  Islita  of  tliii  South,'  and  aiintliir  callid 
Los  Li'ntcs.  J)(iris'  Kl  (iriii'io,  jip.  ll."i  Iti.  San  (icri'ininio  dr  'I'aos,  San 
Loren/.(i  do  Picnrirs,  San  .liian  dc  los  ('aliallcros,  Santo 'J'oiiiiis  dc  .Miiiinin, 
Santa  Clara,  San  IMifoiiso,  San  Fniiirisco  do  Niiiidii',  Nik  stni  Sii'iora  do 
(iiiadaliiiic  di' I'ojiiaiini',  San  ldc^,'o  di'  'r<'SUi|ilt',  N.  S.  df  los  .Vnj^'i  Ics  dc 
Tocos,  San  niiriiii  Ventura  de  Cocliiti,  Santo  ItoniinK".  San  l'eli|ii',  N.  S.  do 
los  I)olores  de  Saiidia,  San  I)iej;o  do  .leiiies,  N.  S.  dc  la  .\siiiii|iiion  de  Zia, 
S.mta  .\iia,  San  .Vn^'iislin  del  Isleta,  N.  S.  do  IJcleni,  San  Ksti  xaiide  .\eonm, 
San  Josef  (\t:  La  La;^'una,  N.  S.  do  (tiiadalniio  do  Zinii.  Akwi^l'  r,  in  .lA  /i'ki  '.-.• 
Tico  TliDHniiiiil  Mills,  J).  •Ji\\i.  Taos,  oij^lity-tlirei!  niilos  north  north-oast  of 
Kanta  To;  I'ioiiris,  on  Kio  ricnris,  sixtv  miles  north  li.v  east  of  Santa  Fo; 
San  Juan,  on  the  Rio  (iraiido,  thirty-foi.;  miles  north  of  Santa  I'V-,  mi  road 
to  Taos;  Santa  (!lara,  twenty-six  i.iilos  north  north-west  of  Santa  ]''(';  San 
Ildofonso,  on  Kio  (Irando,  oij,d»teon  niilos  north  i^f  ;  ".nta  Fe;  Namlio,  on 
Niiinhe  ('rook,  three  miles  oast  of  I'djuaquo;  Pojnacino,  sixteen  miles  north 
of  Siiutii  Fe;  Tesunuo,  eight  miles  north  of  Siiutii  Fe;  Coohiti,  on  west  'oank 


600 


TRIBAL  BOUNDAUIES. 


of  Rio  Gmndo,  twcnty-fonr  milps  sonth-wost  of  Santa  Fi';  Santo  Domingo, 
on  Rio  (iriinilo,  six  mili's  south  of  Cocliiti;  Sun  Filipc,  on  Rio  (rniiuli!,  six 
miles  sr)utli  of  Siinto  Douiinj,'o;  Siindia,  on  Itio  Griindc,  liftctn  niiks  south 
of  Siiu  Ft'lipi';  Ihlcta,  on  Rio  Gnindc,  tliirty  milts  south  of  Samlia;  .It'nus, 
on  J(!ni('s  llivcr,  fifty  miles  west  of  Siiuta  Fe;  '/An,  neiir  Jenies,  tifty-tivo 
miles  west  of  Siintii  Fe;  S:inta  Ana,  near  Zia,  sixty-fivi'  miles  west  of  Santu 
Ft';  Laguna,  west  of  Alhuiiueniue  forty-five  miles,  on  San  Jose  River;  Aeoma, 
one  hundred  and  iifteen  miles  west  of  Santa  Ft',  on  a  rock  tive  hundred  feet 
hi;,'h,  Iifteen  miles  south-west  of  Lacuna;  Zuni,  om^  hundred  and  ninety 
utiles  west  south-west  of  Santa  Fe,  iu  tho  Navajo  country,  on  Zuni  River. 
J/i'/Z/k's  Tii-t>  Tli'iKs'tml  ^^ll'n,  J).  222.  i^co  Ahtrl,  in  Emory's  Iticohiiiiisunnre, 
pp.  4SS-!U;  U'liiiijilc,  Jurhanh;  ami  Ttmnr's  Hfpt.,  \>\t.  10-12,  in  I'tir.  U.  II. 
ll'lit.,  vol.  iii.;  W'd-it,  in  Lid.  Af.  Hi'iit.,  W,l,  pp.  Ill],  ll»;t-4;  limrdro, 
Ojnula  s<i!)ri!  X.  M'.f.,  p.  lo.  'La  primera,  entrundo  sura  norte,  es  la 
nauionTij^'ua. . .  .Estan  [)i)l)lados  junto  a  la  sierra  de  I'uruai,  que  toiiia  (1  nom- 
bro  del  prineipal  pueblo  (jue  se  llama  asi,  y  orillas  del  j^ran  rio,  .  .  .fueran  do 
este,  puehlan  otros  dos  pueblos,  el  nno  San  Pedro,  rio  abajo  di'  Puruai  y  el 
otro  Santiaijo,  rio  arriba....La  se^unda  naeion  es  la  de  'rulianos,  (pie  al 
rniiibo  oriental  y  niano  dereeha  del  eaniino,  puebla  un  rio  (jue  de  la  jiarte  del 
Orieiite  ..  viene  d  unirse  eon  el  rio  Grande;  su  putblo  principal  es  Zandia 
con  otros  dos  [lueblos  .  .  .  La  fercera  naeion  es  la  de  los  (teiiiex,  que  a  la  parte 
0>'cidua  pui'bla  las  orillas  d  '1  Rio-Puerco  cuyo  principal  pneblo  (^icin/.i^T.a 
. . .  .La  cuarta  naciun  es  de  los  teyuas,  que  estan  p<iblados  al  Norte  do  los 
tahanas,  de  esa  otra  parte  del  rio,  su  principal  es  (ialisteo  .  con  otros  dos 
pueblos,  y  hay  al  riunbo  oriental,  encaramada  (  n  una  sierra  alta,  la  ipiiuta  do 
Navon  de  los  Pecos,  su  prineipal  i)ueblo  se  llama  asi,  otro  se  llama  el  Tuerto, 
con  otras  rancherfas  en  aqnellos  picaehos. . .  .La  sesta  naciuu  es  la  de  loa 
(jueres.  .  .  .El  pueblo  prineipal  de  esta  naeion  es  Santo  Domint,'o. . .  .la 
s.'tima  naeion  al  rundio  bon  al  es  la  de  los  tahos.  . .  .La  octava  iiacion  es  la 
du  los  picuries,  al  rumbo  Norueste  do  Santa  Crnz,  euy<i  pueblo  primijial  es 
San  Felipe,  orillas  del  rio  Zama,  y  su  visita  Coehite,  (uilla  del  misuio  rio. . . . 
La  ultima  naeion  es  la  do  los  tonipiras,  tpie  habita  de  esa  otra  parte  de  la 
Canada  de  Santa  Cl.ira  y  rio  Zama,  en  nu  arroyo  que  junta  al  dicho  rio,  y  i  s 
las  fronteras  de  los  llanos  do  Cibola  6  Zui"ii.'  Suliiurim,  llildiUjias,  in  Due. 
Hist.  Mi.f.,  serio  iii.,  tom.  iv.,  pi).  !)8-100. 

'  Some  sixty  miles  to  the  south  southeast  of  Fort  Defiance  is  situated  tho 
pneblo  of  Zuui,  on  a  small  tributary  of  the  Colorado  Chi<piito.'  JJaris'  Kl 
Gniup,  p.  422.  '  On  the  Rio  do  Zufii.'  Siiiipstin's  Jmtr.  .1/(7.  lli'mn.,  p. 'JO. 
'  To  the  N.  E.  of  the  Little  Colorado,  about  lat.  'do  ,  are  the  Zunis.'  J'/'ichanl'ti 
Nid.  Jlist.  Man,  vol.  ii.,  p.  otl:). 

The  J/'"/i(i.s.  are  settled  '  West  from  the  Navajos,  and  in  the  fork  between 
the  Little  and  the  l>i^'  C'olorados.'  The  namcsof  their  villan't  s  are,  aecurdini; 
to  Mr  Leroux,  'Oraibe,  Sluimuthpa,  Miishiii'ina,  Ahlil.'i,  Gualpi,  Sluwinn.'i, 
Tc(iuii.'  Whipple,  Eii-lutiik,  (t)(d  I'linitr's  Hcjil.,  p.  l:!,  in  I'ar.  11.  H.  Ucpt,, 
vol.  iii.  'Westward  of  the  capital  of  New  Jlexico.  .  .  .Ovaibe,  Ttiucos,  JIus- 
Ziisnavi,  Gtiipaidavi,  Xou^'opavi,  (iual[ii.'  Corlii,  in  I'ar.  Jl.  /.'.  L'ipt.,  vol, 
iii.,  p.  121.  'Desde  estos  paraj^es  (Zuni)  corriendo  ]iara  el  Ve^t  Xoruest, 
empiezau  los  Pueblos,  yRaucUeruis  do  las  Proviucias  do  Moqui  Oraylie:  lea 


THE  riMAS  OF  ALIZONA. 


601 


Pueblos  iloqninos  son:  Hual])i,  Taiins,  ^Moxdiiavi,  Xonj^opuvi,  (Jiiiimnu, 
Af^uutul)!,  y  Kio  ^^'nindede  ospfh  tii.'  \"illti-S(  I'or  1/  Siinrln:,  'J'/ixitrn,  toiii.  ii., 
pp.  -ilo-t',;  Vrnc/iis,  .\')lii){ii  ih-  III  ('ill.,  torn,  ii.,  J).  .')27.  ' 'I'lif  live  piitMo)* 
in  thu  Moipii  luo  Oray.Xit,  Musaiiiiis,  J()n;.,'(iapi,  (Jiiiilpii,  mid  aiicitlit  r,  tlio 
naiuo  of  which  is  not  known.'  Rii.etini's  Ailnn.  J/i.c,  p.  I'.l.'i.  'Thcthno 
castorn  villatjcs  arc  hicatcd  on  ono  hliitt",  and  arc  named  as  follows:  Taywah, 
Scchomawt',  .Tiialpi.  .  .  .Five  miles  west  of  the  aliove-nanicd  villai^cs  .  .  is  . . .  . 
the  villai,'!!  of  ilisln)ni,'anawt!  . .  .One  mile  west  of  the  last-nanifd  villa),'e. . . . 
is. . .  .Shepowl.iwe.  Fivi!  miles,  in  ft  northwestern  direction,  from  the  last- 
named  villa,L,'c  is,  .  .  .Shnn!4o[iawc.  Five  miles  west  of  the  latter  ...  is  thu 
Orcyhe  vill  i'-;e.'  ''nitln'rs,  in  Iml.  Atf.  JlfjiL,  l.s7"2.  p.  li'iJ.  Further  authori- 
ties: rnliiiir,  in  lil.,  1H70,  p.  l:!;};  Ilnnnn's  Aiuulie  Cmiiilrii.  ji.  'I'M*;  Ihnm- 
lu'ch's  Di'sifl!!,  vol.  i.,  p.  ls.">,  vol.  ii.,  p.  40;  lliiiiihuhll,  Iwni  }'<:l..  toni.  i., 
p.  .1115;  llnssil,  Mi.r.  (inut.,  p.  \i7H;  Ins'  Vidnriiiln  llir.,  p.  127;  Min  ij'»  J.ij'i: 
on  tliP  lliirili  r,  ]>.   111. 

'The  /'(///'(.s' inhaliit  the  country  on  both  hauhs  if  the  (lila  lliver,  two 
Imndred  miles  aliove  its  month.  They  claim  the  territory  l\iii,L;  hi  tweentho 
followiii'.,' lioundavies:  CouimeiicinL!  at  a  mountain  about  twelve  miles  from 
the  bend  of  the  (iila  lliver,  the  line  runs  nj)  said  river  to  the  Maiicopa  (dp- 
perniine.  'J'he  north  line  extends  to  Salt  liiver  and  the  southern  one  to 
the  I'icacho.'  M'/ilhr'a  riiim^,  MS.  'La  partie  la  plus  scptentrinnale  de 
I'inti'ndance  de  la  Sonora  portc  le  nom  de  lu  I'imeria...  On  distin!.,'ne  lit 
I'imeria  alta  de  la  I'iuieriii  baxa.'  Jluiiiliolill,  Kssai  I'nl.,  toni.  ).,  p.  'I'M. 
'  Corre,  pues,  esta  I'inierfa  alta,  de  Sur  a  Norte  desde  los  .'10  ^rados  hasta  Ics 
3-1  que  se  ci.entan  desde  esta  luision  dv.  Nuestra  Sefiora  de  los  Dolores  hasta 
el  rio  del  Clila. .  .  .y  de  Oriente  a  I'oniente  desde  el  valle  de  los  jiimas.  llama- 
doH  sobai[)uris,  hasta  las  eercanms  y  eostas  del  senodel  mar  ealifornio,  habit a- 
das  de  los  pinias  sobas. .  .  .l*or  el  Sur  tielie  el  resto  di' las  naciones  ilpata, 
eudeves,  pert(  uecieutes  a  dicha  prosincia  y  entre  ellas  y  la  sierra-iuadre,  cle 
Oriente  a  I'oniinte,  la  Finieria  b; 'i.'  lA/ic/i',  Hiinriirni,  in  linr.  //;,^^  J/i.r., 
serie  iv.,  tom.  i.,  pp.  l!l-">-l).  '  I<os  jiueblos  de  pimas  liajos  son  ..  dcMlo 
Tarait/i  hasta  Cumuripa,  Onajia,  Nuri,  JFovas  y  Oaidias  lo  son  h.'niu  el  Sur 
de  Cumuripa,  Suaipii,  San  .losi' de  I'inias.  Santa  liosaba,  I'res  y  Nacameri 
hacia  el  I'onieuti-,  son  la  frontera  contra  los  seris  ..  Los  pirn  isaltos  oeupaii 
todo  el  terreno  que  hay  desde  lie  Ciiciiriie  por  Santa  .\na  Cabona  ha^ta  la  mar 
di'  Oriente  a  I'oniente  y  Sur  Norte,  toilo  lo  (pie  <lesde  dicha  inision  tirando 
jior  Dolores,  Itcniedios,  t'ocospera  el  presidio  de  Terrenate,  y  desde  ('sto 
siguicnd<j  el  rio  de  San  Pedro  I'l  de  los  Sobaipuris  hasta  su  junta  eon  el  rio 
Xila,  y  jMir  amb,  -;  oiillas  de  estc  hasta  el  Colorado  y  elitie  la  mar,  li  elio  ilo 
Californias  se  1  ncierra.'  ."^nnnrii,  I>it.rr>ii.  'ii<»/.,  in  iJnr.  //I'.s^  .)/. ,c.,  sc  rie 
iii.,  torn,  iv.,  pji.  ."lVJ-I.  '  I'lom  the  rivft'  Yaqui  in  Sonora,  northwanl  to 
the  (lila  and  ev.n  beyond  the  'Idmos.it/i  (Colorado)  eastward  bexond  the 
mountains  in  the  province  of  'i'arauinara,  and  westward  to  the  sea  of  ( 'orte/.,' 
SiiiUli,  (Iritiininir  iif  till'  J'iiiui  o/'  .\'i  ro/dc  l.iuiiiiiiuii,  ji.  viii;  hi..  //■!■.  I.iui- 
<jmiil<'>  pp.  i5-7;  .\rriririlii,  I'luuirn  Sinifuii,  p.  i('.(li;  Alii/ii-,  Jli.-^l.  ( V;/;//). 
ih'  f/c.sKs,  tom.  ii.,  1).  'Ih'i.  '  Xiirdlich  vom  Flnsse  Yaqui,  vom  Dorfe  S. 
-lose  de  Pimas  bis  /ii  dem  iibcr  (11)  Le.ruas  niirdlichcr  ;,'ele^en(  11  l)oilV  Cucu- 
r'lpe,   buwohneii  die  Pimas  bajas   die    Mitte  de*  Landes,'     '  NonllicU  vom 


G02 


TRIIIAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Fhiss  Aspcnsiim,  von  ilcr  Kiistc  weit  ins  Laud  liiiuin.  titft't  n  viv  (li(>  Pinms 
altas.'  MiililxnpJ'ordt,  Jf(jko,  toni.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  pi).  4rJ-'J0.  'rinuiii'  linutod 
biis-ic.  Lft  iiri'iuii're  K't'toiiil  ilcimis  Ics  Rios  Cdlormlo  ct  (iilii  jusiura  In  villo 
dc  lIiTiuusilloit  an  Riode  his  UriK,  it  la  stcoiidu  dciuiisci  ttc  liiiiitc  jus(i\riiu 
Rio  dfl  Fiierte  qui  la  srpiire  df  Siualoa.'  Mafnts,  LVpl"!-.,  tuiii.  i.,  p.  2(ih. 
'  Los  pimas  ultos  ocnpan  iosjiartidos  de  la  M«i,'daloiia  y  del  Altar:  liiidan  al 
N(jit(^  con  el  Gila;  al  Estc  con  los  apac'hcH  y  con  lus  I'ipatas,  sirviindo  do 
L'niito  fl  rio  San  Pedro  6  de  Solmipuris;  nl  Ocste  el  mar  de  Corti'H,  y  al  Sur 
el  tcn-ciio  (pie  ocuparou  los  scris.'  Orozio  1/  Hvrra,  (icuijnij'id,  i^.  'M7.  See 
also:  Mdlti-ISriai,  Sonora,  pp.  U-lo;  Mill's  llisl.  Mi.v.,  p.  I'Jl;  Ldclaiptlle, 
Jtniiiissil-ltiiulhon,  p.  81;  Jliinli/'s  Tmv.,  p.  437;  VatlH  Coikj.  CuL,  p.  I'Jij; 
>7'(/i/('(/".s  rurtntUs,  p.  5S;  ,'<cli(iolcrufl's  Arch.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  2'Mi;  Cremony's 
Apiichis,  i)p.  8',)-00;  Dowoiirli's  Diserls,  vol.  ii.,  p.  50. 

The  MufkoiuiH  iidiabit  both  sides  of  the;  Gila  River,  fur  altout  3(1  leagues 
in  the  vicinity  of  its  junction  with  the  Asuncion  lUver.  Ajiotrlicoa  A/unts, 
p.  351.  'On  the  northern  bank  of  the  Gila,  a  few  miles  west  of  that  of  the 
Pinias.  in  about  west  longitude  ll'i".'  Wliijuiti-,  Kii-hu)il\  uinl  TiirKcr'n  Itijil., 
p.  102,  in  /'(((".  7i'.  7i.  ]le]il.,  vol.  iii.  'Desde  Stue  Cabitic,  se  esti(  ndeii  h  lo 
larf:;o  del  rio  (Gila)  come  treinta  y  seis  legnas.'  .'^edvltnah;  lleldfiaii,  in  l)oc. 
Jfist.  .lA'.i'.,  serie,  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  849;  Villd-Sc/'tor  1/  Sdinln s,  V'Ai «//•<),  torn,  ii,, 
j>p.  40t-">.  '  Voni  siidlichen  Ufer  desGila  bis  zuni  ilstliclien  dcs  Colorado.' 
MuhknpfnriU,  Mejico,  torn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  420;  Kiimrifa  UvcdiiiniissiDire,  pji. 
i;tl-2;  ^fvUh(lUfH)l,  Ileis'n  in  div  l-\lsvnii<h,  torn,  i.,  ]>.  12.J.  '  .\u  siul  du  rio 
Gila,  sur  une  etendue  de  prcs  de  150  niilles,  en  remontant  (b  puis  1  induju- 
ehure.'  GalUdin,  iu  Kouvellcs  Amiuks  (hs  I'oy.,  1)S51,  toni.  cxxxi.,  p.  2'Jl; 
Doiiwiiich's  D(Scrts,  vol.  ii.,  p.  18;  Escmhro,  ynticiun  (/<'  ('hiliniihiiii.  p.  228. 

The  Pimas  and  llarieopas  live  'on  the  Gila,  one  hinidrcd  an<l  eighty 
miles  f;  cm  its  junction  with  the  Colorado.'  Moirry's  Ariiima,  ji.  14.  'Wo 
der  ll2te  (trad  wej'llicher  Liinu'e  den  Gila-Strom  Kreuzt,  also  ungi  fiihr  nuf 
der  Mitte  derStrecke,  die  der  Gila,  fast  vom  Rio  (iraiidedel  Noite  bis  audio 
Spitze  des  Golfs  von  Kalifornieu,  zu  durchlaufen  hat,  liej,'en  die  Ddrfer  der 
Piiuos  und  Coco-Maricopas.'  M<illIi(iHS(»,  FliicldliiK/,  toni.  iv.,  p.  bt7.  'Nou 
loin  du  conHuent  du  rio  Salinas,  par  112  environ  de  loiii^'itude.'  Galluiin, 
in  Xiiiirclhs  Annaha  (kn  I'"//-,  18")),  tom.  cxxxi.,  ]>p.  2N0-0O.  'On  the  Gila 
river,  about  one  hundred  miles  above  the  conltueiice  of  that  stream  with 
the  Colorado.'  Dole,  in  Lid,  Aff.  licpt.,  1804,  p.  20.  'Claiuied  as  their  own 
jiroperty  the  entire  Gila  valhy  on  both  sides,  from  the  I'inal  mounfaiiis  to 
thuTesotal.'  Moirry,  in  hid.  Ajf.  llipL.  IH.TJ,  p.  []')S.  '  rroiii  Maricopa  AVells 
to  a  short  distance  beyond  Sacaton.'  Whittier,  iu  Ind.  Afi'.  ilvpt.,  18(')8,  p.  142. 
Limits  also  given  in  Jidi-tlclt's  J'vrs.  Xnr.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  2;i2;  Ins'  Cnltuiido  l!ir., 
p.  45;  Ilitlloy,  in  Ind.  Aff.  Jt'pt.,  1858,  pp.  •UK);  I'oslim,  in  /</.,  18(14,  )).  152. 

The  I'dpaijos  '  inhabit  that  trianguhir  space  of  arid  laud  bounded  by  the 
Santa  Cruz,  Gila,  and  Colorado  rivers,  and  the  JP  xi<'an  boundary  line.'  I'l'S- 
tiin,  in  Jiid.  Aff.  Hipt.,  bSO.i,  p.  3S4.  '  NTadlich  von  dieseii  t  Pimas  altas) 
liauseii  im  Osti'ii  der  Sierra  de  Santa  Clara,  welche  sich  nnter  lU'a  nord- 
licher  ISreite  dicht  am  iistliclien  I'fer  des  Meerbusens  von  Califoruien  erhtlit, 
die  I'apagos  oder  Papi'ibi-Ootam.'  Miililivp/ordt,  Mijiro,  torn,  i.,  y>.  210. 
'Junto  al  rio  do  Snu  Marcos:  50  leguas  uias  urriba  babita  la  uuciou  de  lus 


LOWER  CALIFORNIANS. 


603 


rapaj^os.'  Alrrdo,  Dirclonario,  torn,  iv.,  p.  217.  '  In  the  country  iilwnt  Snn 
Xaviir  (1(1  Baca,  a  few  miles  from  Tucson.'  J'urko;  in  Ind,  Ajf'.  Jl'jit.,  iHK), 
)..  10;  .IniLs.  in  fit.,  p.  '220;  Dole,  in  /(/..  18(14,  p.  '21.  '  Wander  over  the 
Country  lr>)in  San  Javier  as  far  west  as  the  Tiuajas  Altas.'  E)iii>ri/'s  llijil, 
Mcx.  uikI  I'.  S.  lloHiidari/  Sunri/,  vol.  i.,  p.  123.  Kee  also:  Jkii-idnou,  in 
Ind.  .1//'.  Ii'i'i'l.,  IHCt'),  p.  1;{:J;  Ldchtipelli',  naoHssel-IlouIhon,  p.  81. 

The  .'^olidipiiris,  a  nation  related  to  the  Pinias,  live  anions^'  the  lower 
Pinias.  '  I'or  una  sierrezuela  que  hay  al  Oriente  de  este  rio  y  .■ius  rancho- 
r'as,  se  dividen  I'stiis  del  valle  de  los  pinias  soliaipuris,  que  a  poca  distancift 
tieiien  las  ^uyas  niuchas  y  niuy  nunu'rosas,  las  mas  al  Poniente  y  pocas  al 
Oiiente  del  rio,  que  naeii'ndo  de  las  vertientes  del  cerro  de  Terreiiato,  que 
csta  conio  treintii  lej^uas  al  Norte  de  esta  niision,  eorre  de  Sin'  a  Niute  liasln 
juntarsc  con  el  tantas  veces  nondirado  de  (lila  y  juntos  eorren  fil  Poniente.' 
Mamjo,  Il'imrtirhi.  in  Thv.  Ifi.4.  Me.v.,  oerie  iv.,  tom.  i.,  p.  M'.).  Ueferenoo 
ulso  in  ,l/f((/(),  Dlcdonario,  tom.  iv.,  p.  218;  Muldeii]\fonlt,  J/(_yio(;,  tom.  i., 
p.  210, 

The  Lowi:n  r.xi.ii-oiiMAN  Family  includes  all  the  nations  inhal>itin<,'  the 
Peninsula  of  Lower  California,  northward  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado 
River. 

The  r',)f//(((i/»' iiiliahit  the  ]ieninsula  north  of  the  twenty-sixth  def,'ree  of 
north  latitude.  'I  Cochimf  ne  presero  la  parte  settentrionale  da  i^'r.  'l-i  sino 
a  33,  e  alcune  isole  viiine  del  Mar  Pacilico.'  (lavhiirn,  Slorin  lUlht  Cdl.,  tom. 
i.,  p.  lO'.t.  '  Dexle  el  territ  irio  de  Loreto,  por  todo  lo  deseubiirto  al  Norte 
de  la  Nacion  Cocliimf,  ode  los  Cochimies.'  'La  Nacion,  y  Lcnj^uia  de  )o3 
Cochimics  azia  el  N.irte,  despues  de  la  ultim.'i  Mission  de  San  Ij,'niicio.'  '  Los 
Laymones  sun  los  mismos,  (jue  his  Cochimies  (hi  Norte.'  1 'i  ;("/"•'>',  Xnihia 
de  la  Cid.,  tom.  i.,  pp.  (13-7.  '  Los  Cochimies  ocui)al)an  la  peninsula  desde 
Loreto  hasta  poco  mas  alia  de  nuestra  frontera.  Los  de  las  misiones  de  San 
Francisco  >raviir  y  San  J(is('  Comondi'i  se  llamahan  edi'ies;  k)s  de  San  Igna- 
eio  didi'ies.'  (truzro  j/  lUrrr,,  <ii(i<iriit'i(i,  p.  3(1(1;  Furlns'  (al.,  p.  21;  I.ude- 
iciij's  Ah.  I,(tnii.,  pp.  ■!'.•,  '.''••;  I'hiiinkl,  Vwidro,  tom.  ii.,  p.  2(i7;  lUisrlnnonn, 
Sinivoi  d'V  Adrl.-.  Sjir.,  pj).  4(l',»-7(>.  '  Pi'tween  San  Fernando  and  Mohje 
were  the  I.iiiKinii  s  dividid  (goin-,'  from  north)  into  the  CMLjnagutts.  Adacs 
and  Kadakauiaiis.'  'From  Santo  Tomas  to  San  Vicente  they  were  ternud 
leas.'  />;'()ic/((''.s /,()((•(/•  r.(/.,  p. ,")  I;  llitil.  Chfi'lkiDie  di-  III  (a/.,  ]>.  1(13.  'Niird- 
lich  von  Lor('to  schuariiit  dir  /ahliciche  Slaiiim  der  Cochimit  s,  audi  Co- 
ehimas  oder  (dliiiics  j^'i  nannt.  Zu  ihiicii  ^'cliiiren  die  Laimdnes  und  die 
leas,'   Muld<niifitn!t.  M'ji'ui,  torn,  ii.,  jit  ii.,  p.  413. 

The  '/"'o'cKci.s'  riiani  sdUth  of  the  Cochim's,  as  far  as  Mau'dah  ii.a  Pay. 
'  Si  staliiliniiio  tra  i  gr.  23', j  e  2(1.'  Cliiriiiiro.  Slar'ni  d'lln  Cnl..  tom.  i.,  p. 
109.  'Los  f,'uai(iirits  se  suhdividen  en  ^'unicuras,  coras,  coiulii's.  uchitas, 
y  aripas.  Los  guaicuias  vivian  principaliiKiite  (ii  la  costa  del  racitico, 
desde  el  puerto  (U'  San  liernahe  hasta  el  de  la  JIa<,'dal(na.  J-os  coras  in  la 
costa  del  (Jolfo,  desde  los  perici'ies  hasta  la  niisit  n  de  los  Dolores,  conipren- 
diendo  el  ]iUerto  de  la  Pa/.  F.ntre  los  ^;uaicuras,  los  coras,  y  los  peri- 
cues  estalian  Ins  uchitas  v  uchities.  Hasta  el  niisnio  Lorito,  u  muy  cercu 
Ucgaban  los  eoiichos  ('j  mon(iuies,  a  quienes  los  jesuitas  pusierou  lauretanos, 


G04 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


. . .  .una  rama  do  sn  nncion  nombrnda  nionqnf-lninion  o  iiionqniVs  del  in- 
5erior,  porcjno  vivian  Icjos  do  la  costa,  y  kg  enciteiitraii  tain1)ien  noinbradus 
por  Holo  laiiuoiu'K,  Luk  ari[>as  al  Norto  do  los  ),'\iaicuras.'  Orozio  y  Hivni, 
O'eoijnifid,  jip.  itO.VG.  '  Dosdo  la  Paz  liasta  mas  airiba  del  I'losidio  Itoal  di^ 
Lort'to,  cs  do  lus  lIoiKinis ...  a  s'l  iiiismos  so  Hainan  Cdii  vooalilo  yon(>ral  M(  m- 
qni,  (')  ^loiKjuis. .  .  .Ins  Vohitics,  que  iin<d)lan  las  ecrcanfas  do  la  I'ah'a.  y 
Puerto  do  la  I'a/.;  y  la  do  los  (Juayci'iias,  (jno  dcsdc  la  I'a/  so  c  sticiidtii  <  n  la 
Costa  intoi'iur  liasta  las  ccrr'anfas  de  Lort'to.  Los  Jlonquis  iiiisinos  sc  di vidt  u 
en  Liyiii's,  Didiiis,  y  i>tras  ranias  nicnorus.'  Wnnids,  XnlliUt  ilv  In  Cut  ,  toin. 
i.,  pp.  fill -7.  '  Los  (riiaicuras  so  ostaliltoioron  cntro  cl  paralolo  do  2:!  30'  y 
oldc'20  .'  I'iiiintlil,  Ciiadro,  toni.  ii.,  p.  207.  'V<in  La  PazLis  ubor  <1(  n  Vn- 
sidio  von  Lnri'to  dchnt  dor  Stannn  Jlonqni,  ^Lxpii  odor  ^lon^^ni  sioli  ans, 
wclrhoiu  die  raiiiilion  Gnayciira  und  I'olii'ti  odor  Vdu'li  aii^'olniron,  dio  jo- 
docli  von  <>iiiigrii  Uoisondon  fiir  pmz  vorshiodoiio  Stiinmio  j^'chnlton  wordcii.' 
Muhhui)j'i)nU,  M'Jlco,  torn,  ii.,  pt  ii..  p.  143;  Jiaschiiuuui,  Sjikvih  ihr  Aitil.. 
Spr.,  p.  173;  Forhis'  CuL,  p.  21;  Brotnie'n  Lmrer  Cah.  ]>.  51;  LmUvU/x  Ah. 
7v'(h;/.,  p.  litH.  '  La  naoion  ya  nonil)rada  (ruaionro,  (pU!  liahita  tl  liiniaMc 
la  siorra  f^'ij^anta,  (pie  vienc  costoando  ol  pnorto  do  la  JLo^dalona  liasia  ol  <li' 
Sau  Bernabo.'  Sabneron,  lielacioncs,  in  Doc.  Hint,  3[i'X.,  sorio  iii.,  torn,  iv., 
p.  (U. 

Tho  roriri'iia  livo  in  the  sonthorn  jiortion  of  tho  Peninsula  from  C'ajio 
San  Lnoas  northward  to  La  Paz.  'Dosdo  cl  Cabo  do  San  Lucas,  lla^ta  mas 
aoa  do  I'lurto  do  la  I'az  do  la  Naoion  Pirioa  .  . .  .  A  los  Indios,  quo  oaon  al 
Siir,  o  ^Ii'diodia  do  sn  torritorio,  llaman  VaVu,  u  Ecpili,  u  Kdiios  . .  so  divide 
eu  varias  Naoirinoillas  pcqnouas,  dc  las  (pialos  la  mas  nombratla  <  s  la  do  Ics 
Coras,  nombro  propio  do  una  Ranoliori'a,  quo  so  lia  oomunioado  di  spuos  ,"i 
alt,'unos  I'uoblos,  y  al  Ifio,  qnv  dosaL;ua  on  la  liah'a  do  San  liornabi'.'  Wiii- 
f/cw,  Xot'icid  lie  la  IdL,  toni.  i.,  p]).  03-7.  '  Los  poriouos  liaiiitan  on  la  mision 
do  Santiai^'o,  <pio  tiono  snjoto  a  San  Joso  dol  Cabo  y  on  las  islas  do  ('ori'alvo, 
ol  Espi'iitu  Santo  y  San  Joso.'  Onnco  y  Ikrrit,  (koijrofUi,  p.  3(jri.  '  1  IVrinii 
no  ooonparono  la  jiarto  australo  dal  C.  di  S.  Lnoa  sino  a  gr.  24,  o  lo  isolo 
jidjaoouti  di  C'orralvo,  dollo  Spirito  Santo,  o  di  S.  Giusoi)po.'  ('I<n-hirr<i,  Sdn-ia 
f?(7/(f  (''(/.,  torn,  i.,  p.  lU!).  '  Im  Siidon,  voni  Cap  San  Lucas  bis  iibcr  din 
Ilafon  Los  Picliibii^'uos  und  dio  Mission  La  Paz  liiiianswolmon  dio  I'cn'cm  s 
zu  wflclun  dio  Familion  Edu  odor  E(pin  uml  Cora  ^,'ovoclinot  wordin.' 
MiilileiqifonU,  Mijira,  tom.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  ]>.  443.  Soo  alsci;  rinntilil,  I'lunlrd, 
toni.  ii.,  ]).  2t)7;  ('itHfunudft,  XoliriuK,  carta  i.,  p.  HO:  Jlrmna's  f.mnr  <  nl.,  p. 
45;  Fiii-hvs'  I'a}.,   p.  21;  .llnsclimayin,  ,'<puii:H  dir  AzOh'.  >';u-.,  p.  4x0. 


The  NoitTuKux  Mkxican  Family  is  eonijiosod  of  tho  inhabitants  of  tho 
States  of  Sonora.  Siiialoa,  Chihuahua,  Coahuila,  Nuovo  Leon,  and  ]icirtiiiHs 
of  Tamaulipas,  l)urani,'o,  and  Zacatocas,  south  as  far  as  23  north  latitude, 
divided  as  follows: 

The  Si'ris  '  live  towiirds  the  coast  of  Sonora,  (Ui  tho  fanxais  ( Crro  Prieto. 
and  in  its  iiiiniedjato  neiL;hborhood.'  I'nrli:,  in  I'ar.  II.  II.  Ilipl.,  vol.  iii..  p. 
123.  '  Reside  in  tho  villaujo  near  llermosillo,  ooe\ipy  th<'  isl.ind  of  'libumn 
iutheOulf  of  California,  north  of  (inaymas.'  llarCitt's  }'irs.  Snr.,  vol.  i., 
p.  4(51.     'Son  las  Isla.s  nombradas  S.  Antonio,  Tabuion,  S.  Estovan,  Boca- 


CERIS  AND  OPATAS. 


C05 


linns,  SnlsipiiPclos,  In  Tortiiftn,  In  rnsonndn  de  In  Conpopcion,  lml)itu(lnH  ilo 
Iiulios  (1(1  111  nnciou  Si-ris.'  Vadilht,  Conq.  N.  GuUcUi,  MS.,  p.  4'.)0.  '  Su 
liriiK'ipiil  iibi'igo  cscl  fnmoso  cerro  I'ricto,  nl  Poiiiontf  do  Sun  Jdsi'  do  Ids 
riiiiiis,  (IfK'o  loguns,  y  docc  cnsi  nl  Sur  dol  Tific;  dol  iniir  omno  corea  do 
outiircc  lou'uiiH  nl  Ori(.-utc,  y  do  In  boon  dol  lio  Iliaqui  nl  Norto,  trointn  lof,'uas. . . 
Otro  asilo  fioucn,  nsi  on  sn  isln  dol  Tibnron,  cnsi  conio  ounicntn  lc(,'Uiis  nl 
rnnioiito  d(^  In  hn(  iondn  dol  Pilii'  y  oonionna  loyun  do  In  oostn,  on  ol  sono  do 
C'nliffirniiis;  oonio  on  In  de  Snn  Juan  IJuutistn,  corcn  do  nuovo  lo{,Mins  dol 
Tiburou  al  Sud-suduosto  yii  nins  do  dos  loynas  do  tierru.'  S<inora,  iJcscrip. 
G  o;/.,  in  T)nc.  Hist,  .l/c.r.,  sorie  iii.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  uoO-OO.  '  Los  oovih.  . . . [  1771'] 
ostal»an  .situados  o)i  la  villa  do  Iloroasitas  on  nn  jmoblo  llaniado  ol  I'l'ijmlo, 
una  loj,'na  haoia  ol  Esto  de  dioha  villa,  oamino  para  Nnoanioii.  Do  alii  so 
tiasladitrou  on  1780  al  puoblo  do  Coris.'  ]\i(tsco,  X(jlkias  de  Sdiiuixt,  p.  121. 
'  TIk!  C'i'vos  are  eonlinod  to  tbo  island  of  Tiburon,  tho  ooast  of  'I't'pooa,  and 
tlio  I'uiblo  of  hoa  C('ros,  noar  Pitio.'  Jlnnli/'s  7';''ii\,  j).  137.  '  Zwisohondoni 
riookon  I'oti'o  nnd  dor  Kiiste,  und  dioso  hinnuf  bis  zum  Flnsso  Asoonsii'm.' 
MOhbiiphiviU.  Mijirii,  vol.  ii.,  jit  ii.,  j).  419.  Tho  oountiy  ndjaoont  totlio  Hay 
of  Snn  Juan  Dnutista  was  oooupiod  by  tho  C'oiis.  Jiroirin's  Aimrhc  ('(iiintri/, 
J).  2-47.  '  Sus  nindriguoras  las  linn  tonido  en  ol  famoso  coiro  I'rioto,  dooo 
lci,'uas  al  Oosto  do  Snn  Joso  d(!  los  Pimas,  on  la  oadonn  quo  so  o.ti(  udo  hacia 
(iunynins,  on  ol  vinoon  do  Mnicos,  on  las  sierras  do  Doooatzi  (Jraiulo.  on  In 
sierra  do  Piou  coroa  do  la  costn,  y  sobre  todo  en  In  isln  dol  Tiburou,  situnda 
en  ol  (rolfo  do  Cnliforuins,  n  nun  logun  do  In  jJnyn.'  Oroirn  y  Hi  rrit,  Hi  oijmflii, 
]i.  ;J.")1;  I'lijithvn,  in  dd.  Fanner,  Juno  II!,  1802.  Couourrout  auth(jritios:  J.a- 
chiipdle,  JlaiiHssit-lloiilbon,  p.  79;  JHilo.i,  Hist.  J/t'.c,  p.  21">;  Wiiril's  Mexico, 
vol.  i.,  p.  5().'>;  Lialiirii/s  Ah.  Liivq.,  p.  .'14;  Ihinmifch's  hcucrU,  vol.  ii.,  p.  57; 
Mn/nis.  Kvjiliir.,  torn.  1.,  p.  214;  Stmip,  in  IHst.  M<ui.,  vol.  v.,  ji.  l(i(!. 

Tli(!  Salinoros  '  haoia  los  coufiuos  do  la  Piuu'ria  nltn.'  Vrozvo  y  Ikrm, 
Gcoiira/io,  p.  ',i'>\. 

Tho  Top( ions  nro  south  of  tho  latter.  '  Ordinnrily  live  on  tho  island  of 
Tiburon.'  (  orti-z,  in  /V/c.  1!.  It.  Hijit.,  vol.  iii..  p.  122.  '  I,os  uias  pri'ixinios  ii 
la  isla  dol  Tiburou.'  Orozrn  y  liirni.  (ivixinifio,  p.  354;  Multi-Ilnin,  Sonora, 
pp.  20-1:  Mti/nis,  Kriilur.,  toni.  i..  p.  214. 

The  (tuaynias  and  rpanf,'iiayuias  live  noar  tho  liko-naiiied  ]iort.  '  Oonpn- 
b:in  el  tirreuo  on  (pie  ahor;'  so  enoueutrn  el  puerto  ('n'  ese  uouibro,  y  quo  so 
'  ron  al  pueblo  do  Delon.'  Ori'zro  y  Itirrn,  Gioijrofio.  p.  ',\'>l. 

Tlio  O/iiitiis  occupy  central  anil  eastern  Souora.  'In  the  (astern  part  of 
tho  State,  on  tlie  banks  of  the  Sonora  nnd  Oposura,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
tiie  town  ol  Arispo  and  tho  niinornl  region  of  Nocasnri.'  Miiyir'.-<  .lA.i'.  .l;/(<', 
ill'.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  Itl'O.  '  liours  vijlaj^'os  oouvrent  los  bords  dos  rivif'ros  do  Yntpii, 
lie  Sonora  ot  de  Nacauu'ri,  aiusi  cpio  In  Ixdlo  vall('e  d'Oposiuii.'  '/.ii'i'niii,  in 
Xiinnllr^  Aniiitlis  <hs  \'oy.,  LSl-j,  toui.  xciii.,  p]>.  2tiH-',).  '  Iiu  Osteii  dos 
Slants,  nil  don  Ufern  dor  Fliisse  Sonijrn  und  Oiiosi'irn  luid  bis  ,t,'ej,'on  die 
Stadt  .\ri'si)e  und  don  Miiioudistriot  von  Nnoosari  hiniuif.'  Miiliknji/crdl, 
Mijici),  toni.  ii.,  j)t  ii.,  j).  420.  '  Habitn  el  oontro  del  Kstndo  do  Souorn.' 
J'iinriilil,  Citmlro,  toia.  i.,  p.  40.'J.  '  Le  king  dos  rivii-res  do  Snn  Mi^,'uel  do 
Iloroasitas,  d'.Vrispo,  do  los  Ures  et  d'Oiiosurn.'  Tvrnawt-CoiiipiniK,  in  Xnn- 
vilks  Aiiiiidis  di.-^  \'oy..  1H42,  t(un.  xov.,  p.  319.     '  Coulinnn  id  Norte  oun  los 


606 


TRIBAL  BOrXDARIES. 


piiniR  y  con  loa  apaclics;  ul  Esto  con  la  Tiirahnmnra;  al  Sur  con  la  rinitri.i 
baja,  y  al  Oostt!  con  los  i)imus  y  cou  los  st'ris.'  '  Ocupan  en  ol  Estailo  ilo  So- 
noru  los  actualcs  partidos  «le  Saliunripa,  Oposnra,  Urcs,  Arizpc  y  parte  del 
tie  May(lal(>na.'  Vrozco  y  Ikrni,  Uv<i(i,(iJ"ia,  pi>.  J53H,  31:1-4.  Tlic  (»patas, 
Eiiililjos,  ami  Jovas  '  pucMan  la  mayor  parte  ile  la  Sonnra,  dcsdi!  nniy 
atkntro  de  la  sicrrra,  son  sus  terrenes  liacia  al  Sur  dcsdc  csle  <pie  iiusinin.-* 
por  liiidi'if)  al  Oricnte,  jior  el  desicrto  pueblo  de  Xatora,  Aribet/i,  IJaeanoia, 
Toiiitzi,  Soyopa,  Naeori,  Alamos,  parte  de  Tres,  Nacaiiieri,  Opodcpc,  Cu- 
ouvpe  h.'ieia  el  Pouiente;  desde  a(jui'  Arispo,  {  binapa,  li.ico.itzi,  Cucpiiarat/i 
liast.i  Bablspe  bi'teia  el  Norte,  j-  desde  csta  mision  la  |)<)C()  ba  eitado  sierra 
liasta  Natora,  los  que  la  teriuinan  li'icia  el  Oriinte.'  !><)iii>ra,  l.iis<riji.  'r'ni;;., 
in  J>(><\  Il'ifit.  Mcx..  serie  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  pp.  rJoJ-l!.  See  also:  MVyi^dVos,  Gioii. 
u.  Stat.,  p.  Hi;  Mofrds,  Esplor.,  toni.  i.,  p.  21,');  }f(i!t(-Ilrnn,  Soiioni.  p.  II; 
JiartMl'n  Pers.  Xar.,  vol.  i.,  p.  411;  Unrdi/s  Tntv.,  p.  4:!7;  J'aj'il.'  i,  in 
c'nl.  Furmci;  June  G,  18C2;  I'l-'uhinl's  Xat.  Hist,  .l/o/i,  toni.  ii.,  p.  HO:]; 
Wanl'.i  ^fvJ:il•o,  vol.  i.,  p.  oOT;  Lmlnriifn  Ali.  I.itmj.,  p.  lli'.t;  IWc/.sto,  XnUrhi:! 
de  Somira,  pp.  117,  Mo.  In  early  days  'tbey  occupied  tbe  wbole  western 
slope  of  tbe  Si<  rra,  from  tbe  beadrpiarters  of  tlie  Sonora  liiver  Ut  Nuri,  near 
tbe  Yi.  Mil  towns.  Tbey  were  tbi^n  esteemed  ditrcrent  trilics  in  ditlVrent 
localities,  and  are  named  in  tbe  old  n'cords  as  Jobas,  Tecpiimas,  Teyuis, 
and  Cogiiinaebies.'  Stone,  in  lliM.  Mixj.,  vol.  v.,  p.  Kili.  'La  nacion  (ipata 
se  subdivide  en  (ipatas  tejiiiis,  avecindados  en  los  pueblos  de  Oiio(lepi\  Tir- 
rapa,  Cncurpe,  Alamos,  Ilatuco.  En  opatas  tcj^'iiimas  en  Sinoipiipe.  liana- 
miclii,  lliiepaca,  Aconcbi,  Tabiacora,  ('binapa,  IJacuacbi,  t'uquiaratlii, 
Cuniiias.  ()i>atas  fogiiinacbis  <Ji  Tonicbe,  llataiie,  Oputo,  ()iK>suia,  (lua- 
saViis,  ])ac:idi'guaebi,  Naeori  n>tro),  llocbopa.  Los  d<l  j)ueblo  di- Santa 
Cvuz  SI'  iUc<  que  son  de  nacion  contla.  LoslJatucas,  en  el  jmeblode  ISatiico 
correspondt'u  tand)ien  ii  los  ojtatas,  asi  como  los  sabuariiias,  los  bimeris  y 
los  giiasalias.'  Onui'o  y  Ikrm,  (li(iijnif!a,  pp.  34;{  4,  and  Vdui,ai,  Xvticins 
de  Si>)t(mt,  2)p.  155-0. 

To  tbe  Jovas  '  perteneccn  los  pueblos  de  San  Jose  Teoi)ari,  Los  Do- 
lores, Sabuarijia,  donde  bay  tandiien  ('ijjatas,  l^'mida,  Santo  Tonias,  .\rivetzi, 
San  Mateo  JIalznra.'  Owzco  y  Ilrmi,  Cicoijni/id,  j).  345;  J'iniiiifil.  Cwidro, 
tom.  ii.,  p.  24'.>.  Ovas,  'csta  nacion  csta  poblada  a  orillas  del  rio  Papi- 
gocbi(\  variedad  de  algunos  pueblos  y  corro  basta  cerca  del  paitido  de 
Samaripa  y  uno  de  sus  pueblos  llamado  Teojiari  (que  es  de  nacion  ova 
su  gente  I  y  eorre  como  se  ba  dicbo  poblada  en  este  rio  basta  cerca  de 
la  mision  de  Matacbic'  Zapata,  in  Dae.  Hid.  Mtx.,  serie  iv.,  tom.  iii., 
!>.  311.  '  Ijos  ovas,  tribu  (pie  vive  principalmcnte  en  S'Uiora.  . .  .(U  C'lii- 
Luabua  esta  iiol)lada  orillas  del  rio  Papigocbi  (el  Yaqui),  llegando  liasta 
corca  de  Yepomera,  de  la  mision  de  tarabumares  de  Matacbic;  sus  ran- 
I'beri'as  se  llamaron  Oparrapa,  Natora,  liacaniyabua  d  Piaipoa,  Orosa(pii 
y  Xiripa.'  Orozca  y  Iii  rra,  (temirdfia,  p.  325. 

Tbe  Sobas  '  oeupnron  a  Caborca,  encoutriindose  tand)icn  en  los  alrede- 
dores.'  Orozro  y  Ikrra,  Gcoitrafia,  p.  348. 

Tbe  I'otlajiiguas,  'nacion  genlil  cercu  de  IJabispc  yde  IJacerac,  colocnda 
en  la  frontcra.'   //). 

Tbe  Tepabues  were  '  babitadorcs  de  una  pem'nsula  que  formau  dos  rios  li 
briizos  del  ilayo  al  Orieuto  do  los  de  estu  nacion.'  Id.,  p.  o5G. 


SINALO.VS  AND  MAYOS. 


607 


Tlif  ToPfiy.iguiH,  CiicH  or  Mrtcoynhnis  wcro  '  on  liis  vortipnt«'«  drl  rio, 
antes  ile  los  topahuos. . .  .sus  restos  se  t'luMieiitnui  en  el  puchlo  <!«■  la  C'on- 
et^K'ioii  (If  Macciyaliili.'   Ih. 

The  llyiiic'i-is.  '  iiacion  sitnatlft  en  los  varios  vallcs  que  f(inna  Li  SiriTii 
Jli'.dru  outre  Oocicloute  y  Norte  ilel  vuUe  do  Soiioni.'  Ak'jtr,  llhl.  ('oinit. 
ik  .fesiis,  tnni.  ii.,   p.  "i-tU. 

The  Sdiinras  inhaUit  the  valley  of  Sofiora,  which  'fan  a  In  handa  d<  1 
Nitrto,  ajiartadu  do  la  villa  (Sinaloa)  eiouto  y  treinta  lof^uiis.'  Ilihii.-:,  jllst. 
di'  los  Triinniiliii.-i,  ji.    !'.)"2. 

The  ]',nilov(>s,  Eudolios,  Ilognoa,  Heqnis,  Ileves,  Eudevas  nr  l)<)hinn 
dwell  ill  till'  villiii^'os  '  Matajio,  Naoori,  Lns  Alamos,  ruihesco,  llaoaiidra, 
IJiituoo,  TcpuHMo,  Cneiirpe,  Saraoatzi,  Toajie,  and  Ojiodepe.'  Orozco  ij  III  rni, 
Gttvjrat'i'i,  p.  !M  1. 

The  Sil)ul)a|)as  'del  jinchlo  do  Suaqni.'   Til.,  p.  H.j1. 

The  Nnrcs,  '  h  ihitadoros  del  [mehlu  de  Xuri.'  Ih.  '  Iluhitn  eerea  do  la  do 
los  Nelioinos.'  .Vri''lii.  U'lrvionnrio,  vol.  iii.,  p.  .'!.")(). 

The  Ilins,   'a  oelio  lo^'Uas  al  Esto  doTopahm'.'  Orozcny  Ikrra,  Gtfxjntfitt, 

p.  ar.i. 

The  IIiivai:n»eros  and  Tohuisos  are  nei^'hhnrs  of  the  Ilios.  Ih. 

Till!  li.isii'oas  and  Ti'atas,  '  iii'is  al  Este.'   Ih. 

The  Tnpoonyos  arc  four  leaijues  Northwest  of  i-'aiita  JIaj,'daloiin.  'Do 
Santa  Jla.^'daloiia  en.,  el  ruiiibo  al  Noroesto. . .  .a  4  le^uas  de  distaiioiii 
llei,'aiiios  i'l  la  rancliori'a  ilel  Tupocuyos.'  Mnnijr,  Ulncrnvin,  in  Ih'C.  lli^t. 
Mex.,  Horie  iv.,  torn,  i.,  ]>.  'I'-Vl. 

'  Thi^  Indians  of  the  stato  of  Cinaloa  helonj^  to  diflt'oriiit  trili<^s:  towards 
the  south,  ill  the  country  and  in  the  Sierra,  the  I'oras,  Najaritcs,  ami  lliici- 
collines  arc  to  lie  found;  to  the  north  of  Culiacan,  the  Cinaloas,  ('(^chitas 
and  Tuvarcs:  and  tf)wards  the  town  of  El  Fiicrtc,  and  farther  north,  wc  tliiil 
the  Mayos  Indians,  to  which  hekui^'  also  the  tribes  tiuasarc,  Ahoiiic,  and 
Oeoronis.'  Sina,  in  f.oiul.  Girnj.  >or..,  Juur.,  vol.  xxx.,  p.  1'2;  Miilih iiji/anlt, 
2fiJlro,  tolii.  ii.,  ]it  ii.,  ]>.  402. 

The  Shiii!(ui.'<  '  [ieno  sii  assiento  y  pohlaeiones  en  el  niismo  rio  de  Toj,'neeo, 
y  Cua<pie,  en  lo  mas  alto  del,  y  mas  eercaiias  a  las  haldas  do  scrranias 
de  Topia;  y  sus  jjuoIiIos  comieni^an  seis  Ic^^uas  arriha  del  fuerte  do  Mon- 
tosclaros.'  Hilin^,  Hist,  de  los  VVio/i/i/io.s,  pp.  ]'.l',(,  47.  '  Los  mas  orieiitales 
de  las  gontes  (pie  hahitaliaii  las  rilieras  del  (pie  alnmi  llanianios  rio  (hi 
Fuerte.'  Ah/ro,  llisl.  i'dinp.  i/c  ,/i.si'.<,  toni.  i.,  j).  100.  '  Aveeindados  en  nnn, 
parte  de  las  orillas,  haci.i  las  fuentes  del  rio  del  Enerte.'  Orozco  ij  Jkiniy 
Geoiirn/i'ii,  p.  ',i2\). 

The  Mn/oa  occupy  tli(^  banks  of  the  rivers  Mayo  and  Fuerte.  The  Jlayo 
river  '  bana  todos  Ins  ]iueblos  de  indigeiias  llamados  los  llayos.'  ViUiaro, 
A'^/ic('/.>' //(' .s'()))()/v/,  p.  H2.  '  l)io  ei^eiitlichcn  Mayos  wohlieli  hanptsiiehlieh 
westlich  uiid  nordwestlieh  von  dor  Stadt  .Vlaiuos.'  Milhlmitfovdl,  .Mijico.  tom. 
ii.,  ptii.,  p.  4(12.  '  Eos  mayos,  sobro  el  rio  Mayo.  ..estaii  distiibnidos  in 
los  pueblos  de  Santa  Cruz  de  Alayo,  Espi'ritii  Santo  Echojoa  6  l!(lioiiova, 
Nutividad  Navajoa  (')  Navohoua,  C'oncepeion  Cuirimpo,  San  1^,'naeio  dcTcsia, 
Santa  ratalina  Cavamoa  d  Canioa.  San  IJartolonu- Butaeosa,  Masiaca.'  urozri) 
y  Berra,  Geoijrofia,  pp.  356,  !1.'J4;  Malk-Jiruii,  Sonora,  p.  13.     '  iln,  Mayos  ou 


608 


TRIBAL  BOfNDARIES. 


Uif  river  ^layo  in1>:i1>it  tho  following  towns;  To|)'it;np,  Comc'inN  f'ninc'iu. 
Ti'sia,  Niiv.ihcHi,  ('iii'iii^'lu'ia,  Ecliclii'iii,  lunl  Sauti»  Cniz  tic  Mayo,  ii  seaport. 
Towns  of  the  s  line  nation  on  the  Uio  del  Fnerte:  Tc'iro.  l>aea,  rin'iis,  Oiiii, 
iSim  Mi^,'nel,  {'harae.  Sivilih(ia,  nml  Temii'co.'  Ilurili/'s  'rmr..  jiji.  4;{H,  Hl'd; 
ll'(('(/',s  JA.rico,  vol.  i.,  p.  .IMU,  vol.  ii.,  p.  fiOfi;  also:  Staur,  iu  IH.4.  Mnj., 
vol.  v.,  |i.  Ui'>;   Mdi/ir's  .lA'.r.,  Attrr,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'Jill*. 

Tlio  y'li/iiis  are  settled  on  the  Kio  Yatjni  and  between  it  nnd  tho  Rio 
Mayo.  On  the  Yaiini  River  at  n  distance  of  twelve  leaj^ms  from  the  sea, 
'esta  pohlada  la  fanios.a  Naeiim  de  lliai[uis.'  Ililids,  Wist.  (/<•  bin  Tnitiiijilinn, 
p.  2St.  '  Lista  (!(■  los  pnelilos  del  rio  Vaipii,  contados  desde  C'ocoii,  jirinic  r 
]aiel)lo  al  otro  lado  del  rioile  IJnenavistii,  al  Este  del  I'.stado,  caniino  jiara  la 
eiiidad  di'  .\lanios,  y  rio  ahajo  hastii  Itelen;  Coeori,  R.ienni,  Torin,  liieam, 
I'otani,  IimIhuii,  Iliiirivis.'  \'il(tsco,  Xnlirins  tin  SoiKirn.  p.  84.  '  Zwischeii 
den  Eliissen  .Mayc  nnd  Yaepif . . .  .Die  Ortsehaften  des  Stanmies  Yaiinf  (Hia- 
(jiif)  sind  Ix'sonders:  Helen,  Hnndihis,  Rai'in,  Potan,  IJiean,  Torin,  Raei'in 
nnd  Coeori'm.'  Miililiiijiii>ril(,.}fiJ!ci>,vii\.\i.,  jit  ii.,  ji.  ll'.l;  .^fnlh-Hnin,.^!!- 
ii'iro,  p.  Hi.  '  Les  hal'itations  des  Y"a(piis  eoniineneent,  a  partir  de  la  riviern 
de  CO  noui.  et  s'etendent  e^'alcnicnt  sur  le  Rio  do  ^layo  Fuerte  et  de  Sinaloa, 
snr  nne  eteiidne  de  ])lns  de  ll(»  lieni'S.'  Zn/'iiia,  in  Xnnrcllis  Aiintilfsdisl'ni/., 
1S12,  toni.  xciii.,  ji.  'I'.iU;  TiriKiii.r-l'diniKOis,  in  /(/.,  toni.  xcv.,  p.  lidCi.  'Tara- 
uniara  es  la  resideneia  de  los  Indios  Yatpiis.'  '  Ar<'  still  farther  north  (than 
the  ^layos),  and  heloni,'  entirely  to  the  state  of  Sonora.'  Si  rhi,  in  Linul.  ili'mj. 
Site,  ,fitiir.,  vol.  XXX.,  p.  I'i:  Slitnc,  in  Hist.  Mnij.,  vol.  v.,  pji.  Kit-");  I'ltjn- 
ha,  in  ('<il.  Farnirr,  .Imie  0,  1M02;  Alcedo,  D'wrAimario,  tom.  v.,  ]>.  I'!.  '  C)c- 
<Mii)ent  le  pays  sitae  an  sud  do  Giiaynias  jus<pi'an  Rio  del  Fuerte.'  Mofnis, 
h'.fjilor.,  t'lin.  i.,  p. 'JI'-*.  See  further:  Fcrri/,  Srhirs  ik  In  I'ic  >Vom(/;/c,  pp. 
1">,  45;  U'/)-(/'s  Mi.i'ii;,,  vol.  i.,  p.  ,'5S2,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  f'lOii;  Ifanlj/'.-t  Trtiw,  jip. 
4:17-8;  ('ninhhrj'oi/.,  p.  200:  .Wx.  in  1842,  pp.  (;7-8;  Hist.  Clii-rliimf  dv  la 
Cal.,  p.  244. 

Tho  Ziiiiqiiis  have  their  villi)<,'e.s  hotwoon  tho  Mayo  nnd  Yaqui  rivers. 
'  Los  zuaipu's  estabau  adelant<>,  :'i  cinco  leguas  do  los  tehuocos,  y  sus  tierras 
oorrian  por  espacio  do  die/  lei,'uas.'  Orozcn  j/  Ikrrn,  Gimirnfla,  p.  ;i;i2.  '  Sus 
pueblos.  ..  .eran  tres....el  principal  dellns,  llamado  Jlochicani.'  Itilms, 
JIlsl.  de  Ins  Triitiiiiilios,  p.  Ki;?;  Miililoiii/imlt,  Mijim,  vol.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  j).   411). 

Tho  'I'l  Imii'os  ari'  west  of  the  Sinaloas.  '  Si'is  lef,'uas  nl  Oesto  del  ultimo 
de  sus  pueblos  (Sinaloas)  sei.;nian  los  toRuooos  o  tehu(>cos.'  Onnnt  y  Ilirrn, 
G 'O'irit/iii,  p.  !132.  '  Los  pueblos  dosta  Nacion,  (pio  en  sus  principios  ftieron 
tros,  comoiKjiunin  quiitro  loguiis  rio  arriba  del  vltinio  do  los  yuaqnos.'  llihas, 
Jfist.  di'  Ins  Triiuiijiliiis.  p.  171. 

Tho  AliDiiii's  dwell  on  the  Rio  Znaqne  fonr  leagues  from  the  sea.  'La 
Nacion  Ahmno,  y  su  ])rincipal  pueblo. . .  .Dista  qnatro  loguns  do  la  mar  do 
Californias.'  7.'/7(a.s-,  Hist,  dv  /as  TriHt)iphos,  p.  14i);  Orinro ;/  Ikmi,  (iroiinifid, 
p.  332;  Ali'i'do,  JUrriitnurii),  vol.  i.,  p.  33;  Srhoolcroft'.'i  Arr.h,,  vol.  iii.,p.  522. 

The  I  'itcoreiiui's  '  vivian  on  lus  plnyas  del  mar  y  en  los  nu'dnnos, . . . .  uu 
pueblo,  orillas  del  rio  (Fuerte),  no  lojos  de  Aliome.'  Orozco  y  Ikivn,  Gimjra- 
fia,  p.  332. 

Tho  llidncnris  '  froonentaban  nn  lagunazo  a  tros  legnas  de  Ahomo.'  11). 

The  Cutnoporis  'oxistian  en  una  ponfusula,  siete  loguas  de  Ahome.'  lb. 


TUir.EH  OF  SINALOA. 


COO 


'  En  vna  poninsula  retiradu,  y  on  los  Modnnos,  6  montos  do  iircnn  dol  ninr, 
vinian  las  ranclnrius  dv  la  gente  flora  dustos  Comoporiu.'  liibus,  l/ist.  de  Ins 
Ti'hoiiiiltDS,  p.  1."j3. 

The  (riifUdcvs  '  distante  dioz,  y  doze  loguas  do  la  villa  '  ifinaloaK  /(/.,  p. 
10.  '  Habitadrircs  do  San  I'oilro  Gnuzave  y  do  Taniaznla,  orillas  dol  rio 
Siualoa.'  Onizcn  ij  llvrra,  iriDiivufla,  p.  332. 

Tbe  Zoes  'eran  Indios  sevrands,  (pio  tcnian  sns  poblacionon  on  lo  mUo  dol 
niisnio  rio  ilo  los  Cinalo.is,  y  a  las  lialdus  do  sus  sorranias.'  Hilm^.  Ili.it.  ile 
his  TrhuiiiihiiH,  Y.  2(IH.  'So  ostablooioron  a  las  faldas  (io  la  Siorra,  on  las 
fiicntos  dol  rio  dol  Fuorte  ooroanos  a  los  sinaloas.'  Orozm  ij  llirni.  tlnnivufin, 
p.  333.  '  Continau  con  los  tubaros.'  Ziiputa,  in  Doc.  Jll.tt.  Mex.,  sorio  iv., 
torn,  iii.,  p.  3<jr>. 

The  //i((7''.s  'Vivian  on  la  Sierra,  k  sieto  leguas  do  los  sinaloas.'  Orozrn  y 
Jkrrri,  ifiiiiintfia,  \^.  3:i3. 

The  Olnwrii.i  and  Ciihuhndofi  dwell  at  '  San  Lorenzo  do  Of,'uora. . .  .situado 
a  seis  lo^'uas  al  E.  do  la  villa  do  Sinaloa  y  sobro  ol  rio.'  /(/.,  p.  331. 

The  Ch'f.oratos  and  /irf.so/xis,  '  on  la  sion-a,  y  ;i  sioto  b^^uas  al  E.  do 
(>j,'aera,  se  enonontr.i  la  Concopcion  do  C'bicorato  ...Cinoo  bj,'nas  al  Norto 
ticue  a  San  Ignaeio  do  Cbienris,  en  que  lu.i  habitautes  sou  tanibieu  basopas.' 
Ih. 

The  f'lilrurrtu  'eran  vocinos  do  los  chieoratos.'  7/). 

The  Tiiliiiri's  or  Tovaros  live  in  the  'jjnoblos  de  Conooprion,  San  Tfjnnoio 
y  San  Mii^'uol.'  'habitan  nno  do  los  afluentes  dol  rio  dol  Etiorto.'  /(/..pp. 
323-4.  '  I'oblada  on  varias  rauoherias  sobro  los  altos  dol  rio  grando  do  Cina- 
loa.'  li'thas,  Hist,  ik  Um  Tnumplios,  p.  117.  '  En  el  distrito  do  Mina.'  I'hinn- 
til,  Cttmlro,  torn,  ii.,  p.  254. 

The  Chilli  pus,  tfiKoVo/xw,  and  Maiiniaquis  \i\e  'en  San  .\ndres  Chinipas.' 
Ornzro  y  Ikrm,  GKOijrafin,  p.  324;  Hihna,  llixi.  de  los  TriHuijilKis,  p.  !)■">. 

The  llizos  are  in  'Nuostra  Soiiora  do  Guadalupe  de  Vorayios  <i  Taraichi.' 
Orozco  y  Ihrm,  Geoiivnfia,  p.  324. 

The  Vanxjios,  ]fiisnri>ws,  Cntwns  and  Tvcanjouis  are  in  'Nuostra  Sofiora 
de  Loreto  do  Voraj,'ios  »>  Sinoyooa  y  en  Santa  Ana.'  lb. 

The  Tanihuinares  inhabit  the  district  of  Tarahumara  in  the  state  of  Chi- 
huahua. 'Provincia. . .  .eonfina  por  el  O  con  la  do  Sonora,  por  ol  E  con  el 
Nuevo  Mexico,  sirvii'ndole  do  Ii'mitos  el  rio  Grande  dol  Norto,  por  osto  rnnibo 
no  estan  conocidos  ann  sus  torniinos,  por  ol  S  O  con  la  do  Cinaloa  . .  .tonm 
ol  uonibre  de  la  Nacion  do  Indios  asi  Uamada,  que  confinaba  con  la  do  los  Te- 
poguanes.'  Alreiln,  DiirlntmriiK  toni.  v.,  p.  4t>;  J'tnienM,  Cwnlri),  toni.  i.,  p. 
363.  '  In  den  tiofon  und  wildon  Schluchton  von  Tararocua  und  Santa  Sinfo- 
rosa,  jagou  verschiedono  Faniilion  dor  Tarahuniaras.'  Milldi  itpfordt,  Mvjivn, 
torn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  521;  Miwikniisrlir  ZnsViwh',  toiu.  i.,  p.  74.  '  Howohuon 
oinen  Thoil  des  IJerglandos  iiu  \V.  dor  llauptstadt,  wo  sio  namontlioh  indoin 
schdneu  Hochthale  des  Uio  rapigochic  in  alien  Ortschafton  oinon  Thoil  dor 
Bevolkerungbilden.'  Wappiiiis,  Geog.  u.  Stat.,  p.  213.  'Inhabit  the  towns  in 
Mulatos.'  Hardy's  Trav.,  p.  438.  'Eularaya  qne  divide  los  Koynos  do  la 
Vizcaya  y  de  la  Galicia  no  en  los  terminos  liniitados  que  hoy  tiono  ipie  os 
Acaponeta,  sine  en  los  que  antes  tubo  basta  cerca  de  Si-ialoa.'  'ndtll'i, 
Conq.  X.  Galicia,  ^fS.,  p.  491.  '  Al  Oriente  tienen  el  rio  de  los  Cone  los  y  ul 
Vol.  I.    39 


i 


CIO 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


roiiipiito  liv  Siiialoft.  Snnorft  y  Ins  rogionesdcl  Xnovo  Mt'xioo,  ril  Norte  y  ;  I 
Austro  111  Niicioii  dc  l<m  'rf'pchuaTicn.  '  Sc  estit'inlim  p<>r  el  Nortf  Imstii  ini.s 
iilmjd  (Ic  Shu  BiU'n;iv<'i»turu.'  '  Vivimi  cii  S.  .IdS''  df  Bocuh,  oiiIu'cltu  <]<■ 
unii  (It'  las  iiiiHioiu'H  (1e  Ioh  jfstiitiis, '  in  Duraiit,'".  Omzm  y  lierra,  Orixinii'i'n. 
pj).  lll!l-'2"».  '  A  tros  IcyuaH  ilf  Sail  .lost'  Tcmaii'hic  csti  otro  iiticMo  y 
iimclia  |,'<'nt(!  en  I'l  llainada  taraiiniar  Pachcra.'  Xnji'ilit,  in  I'nr.  //;>/. 
^Ifr.r.,  scrio  iv..  toin.  iii.,  p.  H.'tH;  Hh'IMnfm,  Mfxiro,  p. -US.  '  Lch  Talim  s 
t'taicnt  probalilcini'ut  li's  int'-incs  ([tie  ccux  iinc  I'oii  (It'siitiio  i)lus  tai'l 
HouH  It' iioiu  (Ic  TaiMliiiinaras,'  '  Lcnr  capitalc  rtait  Tt'o-Colliuacaii.'  7i/v(>- 
si'ur  ih  lif>iirli<mrii,  I'opol  \'ith,  prefiicc,  p.  I'.U. 

Tin'  CiiHohim  iiih:i1)it  tho  banks  f)f  tho  Rio  rondins,  iirar  its  contlnfiiro 
witli  tlic  Uio  ilfl  Xoiti'.  '  Kn(l('r(^(,'o  sn  camiiio  Im/ia  <1  Norte,  y  a  don  jorn.i- 
das  topo  inucha  caiitidad  d(  mdiosdelos  i\\w  llaiiiMii  Conclins.'  Knin'jn,  in 
llnkliijil'n  \'i>!/.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  UHl,  ;t!M),  'Kn  en  Rial  del  Piirrul.'  Arli^ii'ii. 
Chri'm.  ill'  Ziiriilonis,  p.  !I7.  'So  estitiido  Imsta  las  orillas  del  rio  grimdf  di  I 
Norto.  I'or  la  parte  del  septentrion  contiiia  con  los  la;,'nneros,  y  al  ^ledin- 
dia  tieiie  hIkuuos  pueblos  do  los  tepehuunes  y  vallo  do  Santa  Bailiaia.' 
Akip'ft  Hi'<t-  Comp.  lie  Jesus,  torn,  ii.,  p,  .'")8. 

Tlio  /''(.s'.s/((/i(((/('s  live  twenty-four  leajjues  north  of  the  Conehos.  'Anda- 
das  las  veinte  y  ijuatro  le^,'iias  diclias  (from  the  C'nuehosj,  toparon  otran.U'i"ii 
de  Indios,  llanmdosPassaf^uates.'  Kspiji),  in  llahlui/t's  Toy.,  vol.iii.,pp.  IJ.M, 
391. 

The  ilamites,  Colorados,  Arii^anios,  Otaiinitamoiies,  Pajalanies,  Poaraniiis 
were  in  the  neij^hborhood  of  the  Conchos.  Oruzru  y  llerrii,  (ieoiirafin,  y.  ;!-•"'■ 
The  'Indiiipnri'x  are  'a  veinte  lei,'uas  de  tiistuiicia  tlel  j)neblo  y  i)artido  de 
Tioreto  al  Siir,  reeonocioiiclo  al  Orieiite,  y  solas  diez  del  pneblo  y  jjartido  Ai: 
Sant.i  Ines,  eaminando  di^reeho  al  Oriente,  fsta  el  pneblo  j'  partido  de  Santi 
Teresa  de  fluazapares,  llanindo  en  su  leiif^ua  Guazayepo.'  Zapala,  in  I>i>r. 
Jl'ist.  Mi:r.,  serie  iv.,  toni.  iii.,  j).  IW,». 

Tho  Ti'inoris  dwell  in  tho  'pueblo  de  Santa  JLirfa  JlaRdalena  de  Teniovis 
. , .  .  .\  cinoo  lo'^uas  di;  distancia  h'leia  el  Norte  del  ])uel)l()  y  cabeeera  de  Santa 
Teresa  esta  el  pui-blo  Uaniado  Nuostra  Seuora  del  Vallo  Hunibroso.  A/.,  |i. 
It'JO. 

Tho  7'i)'io.s"'w  nro  north  of  tho  Tarahuinaros  and  in  the  Missicni  of  S:iii 
Franeisco  do  Coahuila,  in  tho  state  of  Coahuila.  '  So  extondianporel  Bolsen 
de  Mapimi,  y  se  les  enouentra  oonietiondo  depredaeiones  nsi  en  Chihualiu.i 
y  en  Duran^o.  conio  en  las  niisiones  do  Parras,  en  las  demas  do  Coahuila  y 
en  el  Norto  de  Nuevo  Leon.'  Orozm  y  lierra,  Geoijrafla,  ])p.  30H-0,  302,  :!'J"i. 
In  Coahuila,  '  Uu  parajo. . .  .(juo  llaman  In  Cuesta  do  los  niuertos,  doiidr 
tionen  habitacion  los  Indios  Tobosos.'  I'llla-Si/ior  y  Sanchez,  Tlnalro,  toni. 
ii.,  pp.  290-7,  348-9.  'A  nnparaje  que  hoy  es  la  niisiou  del  Santo  nonibiv 
do  Jesus.'  Padilla,  Conq.  .V.  Galirin,  p.  r)19. 

The  Sisimbres,  Chizos,  Coeoyomes,  Coclamas,  Toohos,  Babos,  nnd  Nnn-i 
live  near  tho  Tobosos.  Orotcn  y  lierra,  Gen(jrnfin,  ji.  325.  Vulle  de  San  liai  - 
tholomo,  Presidio  de  la  Proviueia  de  Tepegnana, . .  .antignn  residoncia  de  l"s 
Indios  Infieles  Coeoyomes.  Alceilo,  Diccionario,  turn,  i.,  pp.  222-3. 

The  Tepaijues  are  '  Cinco  legnns  arribii  del  rio  de  Mayo,  eu  vu  aiToyo.' 
Jlibas,  Hist,  ile  los  Tr'uunphos,  p.  253. 


NORTII-EAHTERN  MFAICAN  TIUnES. 


Oil 


Tho  Conic'tris  live  '  ilistiiiitc!  do  Cliiuipn  diiz  y  Ktin  l»miiis.'  /(/.,  pp.,  '2t'„"», 
2.-.  I. 

A  mnltitudo  of  iiiinu'S  of  nntiotiH  or  trilics  nro  iiu'iitioncd  by  dirtVritit 
autliorilicH,  iiouo  of  wliicli  (■(lini'idt'  oiu'  with  tlif  otluf.  J!ut  few  imtidiis 
lire  dcliiiilt  ly  lociitcd.  I  Ihil-i'fol'e  lil'st  j,'ivt'  tlic  dilVtliiit  listnof  iiiitiics,  iilul 
iiftcrwarcls  lofiitc  tliciii  us  far  iis  jiossihio.  '  liiibclfs,  Xicdroi^cH,  Ciuciiitii/.ii- 
Ics.  (Idxiciis,  Miiuos  I'rictiiH,  IJororas,  Escalias,  Cocoliiptas.  I'inaimcaH,  t'n- 
daiiifs,  Cacasti's,  ('oUirados,  ('iicoiiiatts,  .laiuiaiiians,  ('niitorrs,  I'ilifaiH, 
Ilaliialiiarcs,  CatiljaiifS,  Apes,  ra(lm;,'ilts,  li;i;^iiaiiK'S,  Isipiipulaiiics,  I'iiv.  ili' 
lii'iiadi).  Cliiiiicafus,  I'aya^^'uas,  rachalis,  tliiiiiix,  .Fdliamartx,  liapamcira- 
|iilialiia<'a'<,  I>aliiisaiit<aiii(s,  I'au/.aiics,  I'asi'os.  ('haliiiains,  Miscalrs,  Xara- 
liii'S,  ('liai'lia;^'nal'(s,  Ilij.inii'S,  li'docndainos,  XiJaiiiiH,  Cciiizos,  ranip.ipas, 
(ruvilaiic'S  Scan  tstos  iiombrcs  vcrdadi'ins,  d  dcstigurailoH  sc;4iin  la  iiiti  li- 
f^'cucia,  capiiclios,  u  vdluntarii-dad  di'  los  (pic  sv  ciiiplcardii  cii  la  pat'ilicacidii 
(111  I'ais,  ('i  lie  Ids  fiiiidadorcs  (1(^  las  Doctriiias,  parccc  iiias  crciMc  (|iic  Ins 
luciu'idiiadds  Yiidios,  fiitisou  pe(pieuiis  piircialidadcs,  (5  raiiios  ilc  ul^'Uiia  ii;i- 
cidii,  (Mivd  Udiubre  j,'cni'ri("o  no  ha  podido  Salicrsc'  Il'vllhii/Kifilit,  ('niln,  MS. 
'  I'acpolcs,  ('da(piit('s,  Zibolos,  C'aUdS,  I'achdchcs,  Sicxacauics,  Siyaii- 
^'iiayas,  Saudajiiaiics,  la^^'iiaccs,  Puciia/in,  I'ajalataiiics  y  Carri/.ds.'  /'■(- 
(lUla,  cap.  Ixix.,  (pidtcd  in  Oriiiro  1/  liirnt,  Uci'ivii/iii,  p.  lilKi.  '  N(;.,'iitds, 
ISdcaldS,  Xaiiaiidiics,  ISonados,  (liiaidpas.  I'cloiics,  (liiisdlcs,  Hualahiiis.  s, 
Alasapas,  (iiiazanidros,  Yiirj.;iiiiiics,  llazaiiics,  Mcta/.iirt  s,  (^iiciinnds,  CdVo- 
t"s,  Bi^'iiaiias,  Zdpildtcs,  lllancds,  Amita^'nas,  (^iiiinis,  Ayas,  Cdinocabras, 
M('/(piitcs.'  .l/v/i/iD/j,  ,,(■/■(//,  MSS.,Un\\.  xxxi.,  fol.  "JOH,  (piotcd  in /''.  I'uoLjas, 
Caviscras,  Vasapallcs,  Alidinamas,  Yaiiahopos,  Daparalinpos,  Maiiiazdrras, 
Ncgualcs,  Saliiici'ds  y  IJaxaluros,  couocidds  ;.;( luialuu  iitc  liajo  la  apclacion 
di)  Laj,'unci'ds.   A/.,  p.  :i(t.").     '  liayailos  y  CholdUiDs.'   /i/.,  p.  :tii(i. 

'  Las  trilms  (pic  hahit.ihan  d  Vallo  (del  rio  N'azas)  sc  ndiid)ral)a!i  Irritilas, 
Mid[).u'das,  Jlcviras,  lldcras  }•  Maiconcras,  y  los  dc  la  laguiia '  [Layuiiu 
Lji'aiidc  dc  Sail  i'cdro  or  Tlahuclila].   /(/.,  p.  IJII.j. 

'Pajalatcs,  Orcjoucs,  Pacoas,  Tilijayas,  Alasapas,  Pausancs,  y  otras  imi- 
c'has  difcrcntcs,  (pic  sc  hallaii  cii  las  luisidius  del  rid  dc  San  .Vntonio  y  rio 
i,'vando  .  .  .cDiiid  son;  los  Pacuaehos,  MoscmU'S,  l'ani|)d[ias,  Tacauics,  Chayo- 
piucs,  Vcu.idds,  Pain.Kpics,  y  tola  la  juvciituddc  Pihuii|iics,  Horrados,  Saiii- 
p.ids  y  Manos  d((  Pcrro.'  Id.,  p.  ;fil(i;  I'iiiti'id'l,  Cd'ulro,  tuni.  ii.,  p.  lOD.  'A 
media  Icyiiacorta  . .  .[dc  San  Juan  liaiitista]  so  fundi'i  la  niisionde  San  I>cr- 
n.irdo  ...con  las  iiaeioncs  dc  Ocancs,  ("annas,  Catuxancs,  Paxcliahs, 
I'dinuluniaH,  Pacnaches,  Pastaneoyas.  PastaldCdS  y  i'ainasiis,  a  (jnc  sc  a,t,'rei,M- 
vi>n  despncs  los  Pauiias,  Papanacas,  Tiiancas  y  otiMs."  Ormrtt  y  Hi  rr<i,  inn. 
(jrnflii.  p.  Ittllt. 

The  (lijauics  are  in  the  nidimtiins  near  the  mission  (if  El  Santo  Nondiio 
dc  Jesus  de  Peyotcs.   Marfi,   in  />ec.    ///>■<.   Mtx..  scrie  iii.,  tuni.  iv.,  \>.    V'A. 

The  I'itas  and  Pasalves  at  the  Mission  of  '  Nnestra  Seuora  de  Icjs  Do- 
lores do  la  Pnnta.'  Omzco  y  Ikrra,  Gen'irnfia,  i>.  ;l();(. 

Tho  I'anipdpas  '  haliital>an  en  el  rio  de  las  Nueces,  a 'J 2  leguasal  Siir  dc  l;l 
iiiision  dc  San  Jniin  Pautista;  los  Tilijaes  mas  abajo  dc  Ins  aiitiriorcs;  al  Sur 
dc  estos  los  Pataeales,  y  los  Cachopostules  cerca  deJos  Pauipdi)as.  I^os  I'aja- 
hupies  vivian  on  f  1  rio  do  San  Antonio  coino  a  40  leguas  do  la  misiou  do  Sau 


f.l2 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Bcrimrdo;  Ioh  Phooh  y  Iom  PastiuicnyaH  ?i  !.">  Ic^'iiiis  en  v\  jmrnjo  nninlinulo  1 1 
<'iirri/.ci;  li>s  I'liiiiij^'ncs  ;"»  IH  Ic^'iiiis  dc  In  iiiiHidii  hoIivc  t'l  rio  tie  Imh  Nih'cch; 
LoH  I'liu/uncH  Holirc  t-l  rio  di.'  Sim  Antonio,  y  Ioh  I'li^'iint'liiH  u  15  K'i,'iims  ilil 
inlHiiii)  San  llcrnanlo.'. . .  .*  Con  IndioH  do  lit  uacioncH  Miihniimt'H,  riiohidcs, 
JIcHcalis,  .IiiriinicH,  r>lia','iiiun('H  y  (^huhuaincH. . .  .con  cllos  y  con  Ian  trilnis 
di'  l'ani[)o|iaH,  TilofuyaH,  ruchalocoM  y  Tusancs  sitiu'i  dn  nucvo  In  inisinn  do 
San  Juan  ItitntiHta,  junto  nl  presidio  del  misino  noinhri',  cvrcix  del  rio  IJravo.' 
'  A  tiro  d(>  oHcopt'ta  [from  Santo  Nond)r()  dii  Josuh  I't'yotcHl  h<!  cncucntra 
S.m  rrancisco  Vizarron  dc  los  I'auBnnt'ii  ...con  faniiliaH  do  Tinajiiliuavas, 
l'iliui(iU('H  y  Jnlinu'uos,  atmquc  la  niivyor  partt!  fiicron  Pau/aiics.'  Onr.cn  y 
lirni,  ilviKirdfla,  \'i\-\.  \W.\-\.  'En  el  vallo  do  Santo  Doniiiij^o,  a  orilla  di  1 
rio  d(i  Sal)iii:is. . .  .San  Juan  Tlautista.  ...lo  poMi'i  con  indios  riialinanis, 
Paclialis,  Mcscalcs  y  Jaramcs,  a  tjuo  so  ft}^rc/:ii  on  d(>spu<'s  ul^;nnos  I'aiii|io- 
jias,  Tilofayas,  I'aclialocos  y  Tusauus.'  Morfi,  in  Dor.  Hist,  .l/c.c,  Kcric  iii., 
♦oiu.  iv.,pp.  llO-l. 

Till'  Calicsas,  Contfitorcs,  Bazauri^'nmcs  and  others  wore  iit  tln^  mission 
San  Untiiavcntura.   T'ltiliWi,  Cnwj.  .V.  (IdUri'i,  MS,,  p.  ^I'M). 

The  (talnlancs  and  Tripas  lUancas  roamed  over  a  stretch  of  country  sit- 
niited  ninth  of  the  I'rcsidio  of  Mapiini,  between  th(!  rivers  San  Pedm  and 
(.'onchoH  to  their  eontluenco  with  tho  Rio  Grando,  \"dl((-Sirii>i'  y  Sniicli'i, 
TliKitri),  toin.  ii.,  ])p.  ItlH-l). 

The  I.iiiiHHPrdx  '  pohlados  a  la,s  margenps  do  la  lacuna  quo  llaman  Grande 
de  san  Pedro,  y  alj^unos  dellos  en  las  isletas  quo  ha/e  la  misma  layima,' 
liViKs,  llisl.  (If  lux  Trliniiphos,  p.  GOO. 

Los  misioneros  franeiseanos  ntrajoron  do  paz  las  tribus  siijuientes,  con 
los  enales  fundaron  cineo  misionos.  San  Francisco  do  t'oaliuila,  nn  euiiito 
de  leg\ia  al  Norte  de  Mondova,  con  indios  Poboles  y  Ohayas,  a  los  enales 
se  agregai'on  algunos  Tobosos  y  TliixciUtecas  conducidas  de  San  Esteban 
dil  Saltillo.  Santa  Rosa  de  Nadadores,  pnesta  en  1(!77  a  ouarenta  legaas  al 
Noroeste  de  Coahuila.  di'  indios  Cotzales  y  5Ianosj)rietas,  trasladada  junto  al 
rio  de  Nadadores  para  huir  de  la  guerra  de  los  Tobosos,  y  coloeada  al  tin, 
en  l(llt3,  .'i  siute  legnas  al  Noroeste  de  Coaliuila:  so  le  agregaron  oclio  familias 
Tlaxcaltecas.  San  Bernardo  de  hi  Cande'a.  con  indios  Catnjanes,  Tilijais 
y  Miiijaes,  y  cna  o  familias  Tlaxcaltecas.  San  Ruenaventura  do  las  cuatro 
Cicuegas,  veinte  i  ,'uas  al  Oeste  do  Coahnila,  con  indios  Cabezas,  Conto- 
tores  y  IJau/.ari'' >  es:  la  misiou  repnesta  en  1G'J2  eon  los  Tocas  y  los  Colo- 
•((,  (ivo'ira/la,  p.  302. 

'py  '  la  parte  del  jjartido  do  Mapimf  al  Estc'  /(/.,  p.  Itlll. 
Xitnambfvs  roam  '  Al  Sur  di'l  valle  do  la  Puri'sima  y  al 
■ICO,  coutinando  ivl  Oesto  con  los  Cuivchiehiles.'  Onnvo  y 
•2'.»8. 

Other  names  which  cannot  be  located  are:  Cadimas,  Pelones,  Nazas, 
Pamoranos,  Quedexenos,  Palmitos,  Pintos,  Quinienanes,  Maipiiapenu  s, 
Segnyones,  Ayagna,  Zinia,  Canaiua,  Comepescados,  Aguaceros,  Vocarrus, 
Posuamas,  Zalnias,  Malahuecos,  Pitisfiafuiles,  Cuchiuochis,  Talaipiichis, 
Alaza|)as,  Pafaltoes.  LI.,  pp.  290-300. 

The  nations  or  tribes  of  Tamuulipas,  altLoiigb  very  numerous,  are  mostly 
located. 


rados.  Oroiro  y  i 
The  TrrUilas  oi 
Tho  risoHfs  an 
Norte  hasta  Rio  R 
Berra,  Gvoijrdfia,  • 


TllinES  OF  TAMAULIPAS. 


Gl:) 


Tho  OUren  livo  in  llnrrusitas.  Ormm  y  Jlira.  lii'oijyitfiii,  \i.  •JOfl, 

Till'  l''ilitijuifiites  nr«  iit  th(>  Mission  of  Hun  Francisco  Xuvitr.  /'*. 

Till'  Aiiii''iiiiii.'<,  'u  niia  l('i,'iiii  <li'  Altaiiiini.'  /';. 

Till.' .l/v/i(i('.'(,  /'foi^Kdis,  iiuil  ''((n/;iii(/((f((,s  in  tlio  '  wicriM  ild  ('liiij)opott', 
4110  n  iiiat.i  tn  111  ImiTii  dtl  Tnnlo,'   ll>. 

Till'  M'lpiih  niiitx,  I'liliili'itiiiifi,  ('iiriiiiiliii'iis,  Pinvinu'm,  iiiiil  Zuiioli  rn-i  livn 
nciir  till'  S  iliims,  wliidi  iirc  hctwccn  tlm  ('crro  del  Miii/  nml  tlm  kch.   /'*. 

Tliii  ' ''0'('»(//,>i,  ('iinii'i'iiiiiiilr^,  Aiirjishimtls,  'ruiinitlilds,  iiiul  I'usiliis  urc  iicmt 
Du  Siitii  l;i  .Mai'iiiii  ami  Santamlir.  Ih. 

Tho  Moriki'iiiH  iind  I'amiaiiji'H  livu  i>n  tbo  const  bt'twciii  Mariiiii  and  Alta- 
niiraiio.    /'>. 

Tlit>  Miiiiliio:,  'on  liv  Siirnx  dc  Tunianlipii  vicjii.'  /'». 

Tliti  Mm-hiniiiii'tt,  CaritiiiitriijitiiHix,  ArdintH,  '  lialiitadii  di'sdo  el  cirro  li' 
S.  Josr  A  I,,  inai'.'   Ill, 

Till'  T'liiiiijiiiriiiiis,  'i>n  el  I'uniino  parii  Kuntunder. '  Ih. 

Tlio  iKiip'iiKtiiiis,  '  a  una  y  nii'diii  IcyiiuH  do  hi  iirinifni  villa  (Snntillunu).' 

Till'  I'iiiliin  and  ^K/dicKiOK's  dwdl  iinar  San  Fernando  du  Austria,   Ih. 

Till'  Till' jfv una,  '  on  las  laj,'uiias  di;  la  barra.'   lit. 

Tlii^  I'liiiiirriiil'ia,  '  dondi'  d  rin  so  vacia  on  sus  crt'oit'iiti's.'  /'*. 

Tl)o  TiiiiiiiiiUpirca  and  .U'llhichnrids  livo  at  tlio  niissimi  of  S.  I'odro  Alci'in- 
tara.   /'-. 

Tilt'  <liil,V(il(tt(K,  (''((IhiKis,  CinKii/iifs,  and  llitrrmlos  nvo  '  al  i)i(''  do  la  siorra 
do  Tamanlii)as,  tonioudo  al  Sur  cl  torrono  quo  so  llama  la 'l'aniaulii)a  Mo/.a.' 
/(/.,  i.i>.  -I'.r.i-l. 

Till'  Aa.'is,  .yitrh'f.'i,  ComvcruiloH,  and  Tcxones  are  at  tho  mission  of  Iloy- 
nosa.   /'/.,  p.  2'.»1. 

The  'riiiKKinhijtotni'x,  SduhijmjiU' mat,  y\iiyiipfmca,  f'si'i/yx'i/ie.s",  Ciiiiii'siird- 
pi  nil's,  (iiiiiuinsiif(ii>i  iiiis,  t'uliiiiiuiifjHKjitis  iiro  'runilio  al  Ksto  y  soliro  ol  rio, 
a  sols  li'^'uas  do  la  niisiou.  . .  .so  iutornau  h  las  tiorras  llogaiiilo  on  sus  ouiro- 
n'as  Miiioaiiiontt!  liasta  ol  mar.'   Ih. 

Tho  '■((/•/•(MS,  ('nlDinitnes,  and  C'vahitrs  aro  at  '  CainarLro,  r-ituado  sohro  ol 
rio  do  S.  .Juan. . .  .al  otro  liulo  dol  liriivo . . . . los  cualos  jior  fuora  dol  rio 
Ctraiulo  lloi,'aii  hasta  liovilla.'   Ih. 

Till'  h'lirnts  and  M'llii'imriis  livo  noar  rio  Alamo,   fd.,  j).  '2'M. 

No  liioatiou  for  tho  fiillowiiiji  oaii  1)0  found;  I'olitos,  Mulatos,  Pajarito-^, 
Vonuilns,  Payzanos,  f'uornos  ijuoiiia(h)s.   Iil.,  pj).  •2'.).")-(i. 

Tho  VV/"'/ KKii'.,' inhaliit  tho  niiiuntnins  of  snuthoni  C'liiliualiiia  and  tho 
niu'thorn  portions  of  Duranj,'o,  a  district  coiiimonly  oallod  tho  partido  do 
Tipohuanos.  'Estioiido  do.sdo  la  Siorra  dol  Mo/ciuital  hasta  ol  Parral  ... 
hasta  adilanto  do  Topia.  muy  ooroa  do  C'apoiiota.'  Aiii'iid,  Chruii.  ik  Znviiti- 
I'lis,  ]ip.  IST-H.  'So  oxtiond'.'  osta  ro,i,'ion  dosdo  la  altura  iiiisniado  (iuadiaiia, 
a  poci)  nioiios  do  '2')  i,'rados  liasta  los  27  do  latitud  soptt'iitrional.  Sus  pui Mns 
ooiuioiizan  ii  las  vointieinco  loj^uas  do  la  capital  do  Nuova-Vizcaya,  aiia  il 
Niirorsto  on  Santiago  do  Papasipiiaro.  Al  Norto  tiono  a  la  prnvimia  do 
Taraumara,  al  Sur  la  do  Chianiotlan  y  costiv  del  sono  Califoniio,  al  ()ri«uto 
Ids  ^'laiidis  aroiialos  y  iiat'iouos  vocinas  a  la  layuna  do  S.  i'l'dro,  y  al  Poni- 
oiito  la  Siorra  Madro  do  Topia,  tpio  la  divide  do  esta  provincia  y  la  do  Sinaloa, ' 


614 


TRIBAL  BOUNDAKIES. 


Aleiirc,  ITisl.  fnmp.  (/'■  Jisus,  torn,  i.,  p.  319.  '  Sns  pnoWos,  pnrto  en  llanos, 
y  parte  en  sierra,  n  las  vtrtiontos  do  la  do  Topia,  y  san  Andres. . .  .Y  por  essa 
jjurte  vczinos  a  las  Naziunes  Xixime,  y  Acaxee,  y  aim  a  las  dc  la  tierra  mas 
iidentro  do  Cinaloa."  K'lhas,  H'uit.  de  los  Trhuniihos,  j).  o73.  I'or  coneurrciit 
tt'HtinKjny  see:  Ziipnta,  in  Dtjc.  Hist.  Me.r.,  serie  iv.,  toin.  iii.,  p.  310;  \'Ulit- 
Si  I'lir  1/  Sanrlii z,  7Vy(Y(/>'c),  toni.  ii.,  i)p.  3}l-r);  Phnmld,  Ciuiilvo,  torn,  ii.,  )i. 
43;  .]furr,  Xdvlirh-hlni,  p.  323;  Oroico  y  lierm,  Geoiirnfiu,  pp.  318-19. 

The  Acaxevs  inhabit  the  valleys  of  the  mountain  regions  of  Topia  and  S. 
Andres  in  Durangi)  and  Sinaloa.  '  La  principal  Naeion,  en  cnyas  tierras  est.'i 
el  Heal  de  Topia,  es  la  Aeaxeo.'  Rilnts,  JHst.  (k  Ion  Tfinmiihos,  p.  -171.  '  Lo 
limitau  al  Norte  y  al  Este  el  Tepehnan,  al  Snr  el  Xi.xinie  y  al  Oeste  el  Sa- 
bailio  y  el  Tebaca.'  Onnro  y  Birra,  (leoijraj'i'n,  pp.  311),  310,  3ir»;  /.a paid, 
ill  />()(■.  Hist.  Mix.,  serio  iv.,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  -HO -17.  'San  Pedro  valhi  de 
Topia,  el  mineral  de  Topia,  Asuncion  Siauori,  Sau  Antonio  TahuahiU'to  y 
l.)s  Dolores  de  Ayua  Calionto,  las  cnalos  jioblaeiones  niarean  los  ternnos 
h.ibitados  por  Ids  Aeaxees.'   Tamavim,  in  Oruzro  y   llirra,  fiKniriifia,  \f. 'Mi. 

The  Tvbacas  lived  among  the  Aeaxees  in  the  mountain  districts  of  To|iia 
and  S.  Andres.  7<7.,  p.  334. 

The  .'^ahathns  '  liabitaban  ..  •  ci  partido  do  Sau  Iguacio  Otatitlan  y  pueblos 
de  Piaba,  Alaya  y  Quejupa.'  lb. 

The  ( '(icitris  dwell  in  Cacaria.  Id.,  p.  310. 

The  Pupndos  and  TLvnyiis  were  settled  in  the  district  of  San  Andres. 
A'"(in',  Hi.sl.  Cnwp.  do  Ji-^HS,  tom.  i.,  pp.  37'.)-H(). 

Tlio  Xi.v'utii'ri  inhabited  '  en  el  cora(;oii  desta  sierra  '  de  San  Andres. 
7u''"'s,  IHsl  dr  /o.s  Trhtmidios,  p.  531.  '  Ocupau  el  partido  de  San  Dinias.' 
y.o.-ci)  y  lli'vi't,  GiO'ii-iifid,  pp.  315-17. 

The  U'liiita  •  Habitan  la  nuiyor  parte  on  profnndi'sinias  cpubradas  del  ciii- 
tro  do  la  sierra,  y  iinndios  a  las  margenes  del  rio  de  Hiiniaee,  i\\\v  t  n  su  t  ni- 
bocadura  llanian  de  I'iaxtla,  muy  cerca  do  su  naciniiento,  eonio  a  ciiicoleguiis 
do  Yanu)riba.'  Alciin-,  Ui.M.  Cniiip.  de  Jesus,  torn,  ii.,  p.  11)5.  '  Ilabitantes  d(; 
la-4  ni.'irgeiu's  del  rio  de  l'ia/;tla.'  Omzco  y  Ikrni,  (riDijni/iii,  p.  310. 

The  //((f/K's  are  in  tlie  Sierr;i  do  San  Andres.  '  C'onio  nuoue  loguas  dt  1 
puelilo  de  Qnilitlan,  y  en  lo  mas  alto  do  toda  esta  si(>rra,  eaminaiido  al  Ori- 
ente.'  Itibfi'i,  Hist,  di' los  Trhimplios,  p.  502.  '  Xuev(>  leguas  mas  adelaiito 
di'l  bigar  do  Queibos  u  do  Santiago.'  Ali<ire,  ill.it.  Cmiip.  dc  Ji.sus,  tom.  ii., 
J).  Ill',);  Oroifci  y  llirni.  (h'0[irafia,  pp.  310,  325. 

The  Zacidncos  iidiabit  the  like-named  State,  and  particularly  near  ti."  rio 
Nazas.  '  Baxo  la  Sierra,  <pio  oy  llaman  del  calabazal,  y  paro  a  las  orillas  de 
un  rio,  que  oy  llaman  do  Sue'iil.'  Arlcjdi,  ( 'liron.  dc  Zdculvcits,  p.  20.  '  Los  (]Uo 
liabitan  on  el  rio  do  las  Jsasas  son  indios  zacateeos.'  Doc.  Itisl.  .lA.i-., 
Serio  iv.,  turn,  iii.,  p.  33.  'So  extondian  hasta  el  rio  Nazas.  ('uomiuni'. 
Curro  Gordo,  S.  Juan  del  V.'.^;,  Nouibro  do  Dios,  quodaban  comprendidos  i  ii 
esta  deuiarcaeion.'  Oiozco  y  Ilerni,  tfcoiird/lu,  p.  3)1). 

The  (jiidclikli'di'S,  Cuachiehiles,  or  Iluachichilis  '  corrian  jjor  Zaeateeas 
hasta  San  Potosf  y  Coahuila.'  Orozco  y  Ikrrd,  Geoijrafid,  p.  2H5.  'La  villa 
del  Saltillo  esta  fund.ula  sobro  el  terreno  quo  on  lo  antiguo  oeuparon  loii 
iudio.s  cutichiehiles.'  Id.,  pp.  301,  287;  De  Lad,  .Voru.s  Orbis,  p.  '281. 


lanns, 
r  fssa 
I  mas 
imut 
\lUn- 
ii.,  p. 

md  S. 

IS  fsta 

'Lo 

el  Sa- 

'iprilil, 
Ih;  do 
icto  y 
rri'uoti 
..  311. 
To[jia 

UL'bluH 


ndros. 

ixlns. 
iiuas.' 

(1  Ci'll- 

n  tiii- 

IcLJllllS 

iti«  dij 

as  di  1 
id  Ori- 
Iclantc 
111.   ii.. 

tii?  rio 
lias  do 

,f)S  (Jill' 

.1/m'., 
:R'aiiii', 
dos  I'll 

[•atccas 
a  villa 
on  Ids 


CHAPTER  VI. 


WILD   TRIBES   OF   MEXICO. 


Teriiitorial  Aspects— Two  Main  Divisions;  Wild  Tribfs  of  Centrai, 
Mkxk-o,  and  Wild  Tribes  op  Southern  ^Mexico — The  Coras  and 
OTHERS  IN  Jalisco  —  Descendants  op  the  Aztecs  —  The  O tomi's 
AND  MvzAiiuAs  Adjacent  to  the  Valley  of  JIexico — The  Fames — 
The  Tarascos  and  JIailaltzincas  of  Michoacan — The  IIuaztecs  and 
ToToNAcs  OF  Vera  Crcz  and  Tamaulipas  -The  Cuontales,  Chinan- 
tecs,  Mazatecs,  Ccu:atecs,  Chatinos,  Miztecs,  Zapotecs,  JIijes,  Hea- 
ves, CillAPANECS,  Zot^UES,  LacANDONES,  ChOLES,  ilAMKS,  TZOTZXLES,  TzEN- 
DALES,    ChOCHONES,    AND   OTHERS   OP   SoCTUKllN   MEXICO. 

The  term  Wild  Tjiihes  of  Mexico,  which  I  employ 
to  distinguish  this  IVom  the  other  iiroiii)til  divisions  of 
the  Xiitive  Knees  of  the  Fiieidc  iStates  needs  some  ex- 
})lanation.  Tiie  territory  enihraceil  under  this  title  ex- 
tends from  latitude  23^  north,  to  the  eighteenth  parallel 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  the  tifteenth  on  the  Paeifie;  that  is 
to  the  Central  American  line,  includino'  Yucatan  and 
exeludinii'  (iuatemala.  At  the  time  of  the  conqui'st.  a 
large  })ortion  of  this  ivgion  as  well  as  jiail  of  Central 
America  was  occupied  hy  those  nations  that  we  call  civi- 
lized, which  are  fully  descril)ed  in  the  second  \olume  of 
this  work.  These  several  precincts  of  civilization  may 
he  likened  to  suns,  shining  hi-ightly  at  their  I'l'spcctive 
centres,  and  radititing  into  the  surrounding  darkness 
with  greater  or  less  intensity  according  to  distance  and 
circumstances.  The  hlot)dy  conquest  iichieved.  these 
6uns  were  dinnned,  their  light  went  out ;  i)art  of  this  civi- 


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NATIVE    RACES 

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PACIFIC  STATES 

MEXICAN  GROUP 

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C16 


WILD  TEnES  OF  MEXICO. 


rv  p. 


w 


1 
lizatioii    merged    into    that    of    the    conquerors,    and 

part  fell  ])iick  into  the  more  distant  darkness.  Later 
many  of  the  advanced  ahoriginals  ])ecame  more  and  more 
identified  with  the  Spaniards;  the  other  natives  soon 
came  to  he  regarded  as  savages,  wlio,  once  i)acilied, 
s[)read  over  the  seat  of  their  nation's  former  grandeur, 
obliterating  many  of  the  traces  or  their  peoples'  former 
high  advancement; — so  that  very  shortly  after  the 
Spaniards  became  masters  of  the  land,  any  description 
of  its  {iljorigines  could  but  be  a  descrii)ti()n  of  its  savage 
nations,  or  of  retrograded,  or  partially  obliterated  peoples 
of  higher  culture.  And  thu.s  1  find  it,  and  thus  must 
treat  the  subject,  going  over  the  whole  territory  almost 
as  if  there  had  been  no  civilization  at  all. 

For  variety  and  striking  contrasts  the  climate  and 
scenery  of  central  and  southern  Mexico  is  surpassed  by 
no  region  of  equal  extent  in  the  world.  It  is  here  that 
the  tierra  caliente,  or  hot  border-land  of  either  ocean, 
the  tierra  templada,  or  temperate  ])elt  adjacent,  and  the 
tierra  fria,  or  cool  elevated  table-land  assume  their  most 
definite  fonns.  The  interior  tal)le-lurds  have  an  aver- 
age elevation  above  the  sea  of  from  5,000  to  8,000  feet. 
The  geological  formation  is  on  a  Titanic  scale ;  huge  rocks 
of  basalt,  granite,  and  lava  rise  in  fantastic  shapes,  inter- 
sected by  deep  barrancas  or  ravines  presenting  un- 
paralleled scenes  of  grandeur.  I'rominent  among  the 
surrounding  mountains  tower  the  snow-clad  crests  of 
Orizaba  and  Popocatepetl, — volcanic  piles  whose  slum- 
l)ering  fires  appear  to  be  taking  but  a  temponary  rest. 
The  plateau  is  variegated  with  many  lakes;  the  soil, 
almost  everywhere  fertile,  is  overspread  with  a  nudti- 
tudinous  variety  of  nopal,  maguey,  and  forests  of  ever- 
green, among  which  the  graceful  iir  and  um])rageous  oak 
stand  conspicuous.  Seasons  come  and  go  and  leave  no 
mark  behind;  or  it  may  be  said  that  spring,  satisfied 
with  its  abode,  there  takes  up  its  perpetual  rest;  the 
temperature  is  ever  mellow,  Avith  resi)lendent  sunshine 
by  day,  while  at  night  the  stars  shine  with  a  brilliancy 
nowhere  excelled.     The  limits  of  the  tierra  templada 


TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  MEXICO. 


cn 


it  is  impossible  to  tlefinc,  as  tiic  tonn  is  used  in  a  some- 
what arbitrary  manner  by  the  inhabitants  oi'  dilVerent 
altitudes.  On  the  lowlands  along'  the  coast  known  as 
the  tierra  caliente,  the  features  of  nature  are  changed ; 
vegetation  assumes  a  more  luxuriant  aspect;  palms,  para- 
sitical plants  and  trees  of  a  troi)ical  character,  take  the 
place  of  the  evergreens  of  a  colder  clime;  the  climate 
is  not  salubrious,  and  the  heat  is  o[)prcssive.  On  the 
Atlantic  side  furious  storms,  called  '  northers.'  spring 
up  with  a  suddenness  and  violence  unexampled  in  other 
places,  often  causing  much  destruction  to  both  life  and 
property. 

For  the  purpose  of  description,  I  separate  the  Wild 
Tribes  of  ^lexico  in  two  i)arts, — the  Wild  TrUies  of  Cen- 
tral ^fccico.  and  the  Wild  Tribes  of  Sji'therit  Mv.vico.  The 
first  of  these  divisions  extends  from  2o '  north  latitutle 
to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  siateof  Oajaca,  or  rather 
to  an  imaginary  line,  taking  as  its  base  said  boimdary 
and  running  from  the  Tacific  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  ^lexi- 
co.  that  is  to  say  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Acapulco. 

To  eniunerate  and  locate  all  the  nations  and  tril)es 
within  this  territory,  to  separate  the  uncivilized  from 
the  civili/ed,  the  mythical  from  the  real,  is  not  ])os- 
siblo.  1  have  therefore  deferred  to  the  end  of  this 
chapter  such  authorities  as  1  have  on  tiie  subject, 
where  they  will  be  iljund  ranged  in  ])roi)er  order 
under  the  head  of  Ti'ibal  Boundaries.  Of  tlie  tribes  that 
are  known  to  have  possessed  no  civilization,  such  as  was 
found  among  the  Aztecs  ami  other  cultivated  nations,  I 
will  only  mention  the  peo[)le  denominated  C/iirhiinecs, 
under  which  general  name  were  designated  a  nntltitude 
of  tribes  inhabiting  the  mountains  north  of  the  vidley 
of  Mexico,  all  of  which  were  prominently  dependent 
on  the  result  of  the  chase  for  tlieir  subsistence;  the 
ancient  Ofoinls  who  mostly  occu[tied  the  niountMins 
which  inclose  the  vallev  of  Mexico;  and  the  Pmnvs  in 
(^ueretaro.  South  of  Mexico  were  munerous  other 
nations  who  were  more  or  less  intermixed  witii  those 
more  civilized.     Finally,  I  shall  describe  those  i)eoplo 


818 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


who,  since  thoy  camo  in  contact  with  the  whites,  have 
retrograded  in  such  a  degree,  that  their  maimers  and  cus- 
toms can  only  bo  given  in  connectiori  witli  those  of  the 
Wild  Tiihes,  and  which  comprise  a  Uirge  proportion  of 
all  the  present  aborigines  of  Mexico.' 

Tlie  natives  of  the  valley  of  Mexico  are  represented 
by  some  authorities  as  tall,  by  others  as  of  short  stiiture; 
but  from  what  I  gather  we  may  conclude  that  on  the 
whole  they  are  over  rather  than  under  the  middle  heightj 
well  made  and  robust.  In  Vera  Cruz  they  are  some- 
what shorter,  say  from  four  feet  six  inches  to  five  feet 
at  most,  and  clumsily  made,  having  their  knees  further 
apart  than  Europeans  and  walking  with  their  toes  turned 
in;  the  women  are  shorter  than  the  men  and  become 
fully  developed  at  a  very  early  age.  In  Jalisco  both 
sexes  are  tall ;  they  are  also  well  br  lit,  and  among  the 
women  are  found  many  forms  of  such  perfection  that 
they  might  well  serve  as  models  for  scul])ture.  Through- 
out the  table-lands,  the  men  are  nniscular  and  well  pro- 
portioned. Their  skin  is  very  thick  and  conceals  the 
action  of  the  muscles;  they  are  out-kneed,  turn  their 
toes  well  in,  and  their  carriage  is  anything  but  graceful.* 
A'^arious  opinions  have  been  advanced  by  competent  per- 
sons in  regard  to  the  features  of  the  natives  of  Mexico, 
liaron  A'on  Humboldt  describes  them  as  resemljling  the 
aborigines  of  Canada,  Peru,  Florida,  and  Ih'azil;  hav- 


'  Otoini'; — '  Othn  en  la  misma  lonj?ua  otliomf  qniero  docir  nadn,  y  mi, 
qnit'to,  (')  scntiiilo,  do  munoi'ii  q\w  triulucida  liti'nilnuiito  In  iialiibvii,  .siynitipa 
iiiula-<inii'ti),  ciivii  idea  imdii'raiiios  exprosar  diciiMido  }>■  mirbiD  u  (rrantc' 
J'iimitM,  Ciiii'lro,  torn,  i.,  p.  IIH.  (.'hii'liiiiK'cs; — 'Los  di'inas  Indios  Ics 
llaniabaii  ('hiuhinu'cos  {(\\\Q  hoy  lo  misiiio  cs  <'hi('lii  qiit?  penos  altaiicrns) 
iHir  la  niii'^uua  vosidcncia.'  J'ndilla,  ('0*17.  .V.  Gitliciit.  MS.,  ]\.  44.  Sptiik- 
inj,'  of  Cliichinu'cs,  '  dt.'l>axo  dcsto  iiombie  fstan  iiiuchas  jiacioiicH  con  dif- 
reuuias  de  liii^'iias  poiuo  son  I'aniit'S,  Capuzes,  Saiiincs,  Zan(;as,  JIaiolias, 
(.luaiiiavt's,  (TiiachicliiU's,  y  otros,  todos  difiTontus  auiKpio  Kciiujaiitcs  en  las 
(•<)stuii\l)ris.'  Ikrnra.  Hist.  Utn.,  duo.  viii.,  lib.  vi.,  cap.  xiv.  For  further 
etynioloji;y  of  tribes,  see  linxchiwum,  OrUnumm. 

*  '  Hanuo  d'aitozza  jiiii  di  cincpio  picdi  pariHini.'  Chir'firro,  Sluria  Ant. 
(hi  .1/o.s.sico.  toiii.  iv.,  p.  1()1.  '  Dc  i)('(pit'fia  cstatura  [cratro  pit's  seis  pultiadas, 
ii  cinco  pirs  ciiaiido  mas.]'  Ikrlundirr  y  'I'liorcl,  lihtrio,  ]>,  22!).  In  Yalisco 
'  casi  en  todo  cst(!  royno,  son  f^raiidos,  y  hcrniosas.'  (ioiiidrii.  Hist.  Iiid., 
fol.  271.  'Son  dc  cstatura  alta,  biun  hcchos  y  foriiidos.'  I'lhxt,  Xolicvi^ 
Atnenm)\n>^.\\.  IW8;  Ti/Ujr'ti  Ana}iH<u\\<.  182;  llurhurt,  J/c.n'cii,  toni.  i.,  p.  4'J; 
Oi-iedo,  Jlist.  (Jen.,  t'Jiu.  iii.,  11.  5G0:  Jieaumunt,  iron  Uc  Muclivacun,  MS.,  p. 
230. 


PHYSICAL  FEATURES  IN  NORTHERN  MEXICO. 


C19 


ing  elongated  eyes,  the  corners  turned  towards  the 
temples,  prominent  clieek-l)ones,  large  lips,  and  a  sweet 
expression  alHjiit  the  mouth,  forming  a  strong  contrast 
>vith  their  other\Nise  gloomy  and  severe  aspect.  Ro.s.si 
says  that  their  eycM  are  oval,  and  that  their  physiognomy 
resembles  that  of  tlie  A.-iatics.  According  to  I'rescott, 
they  hear  a  strong  resem1)lance  to  the  Egyptians,  and 
A'ioUet  le  Due  asserts  that  the  Malay  type  predominates. 
They  have  generally  a  very  narrow  forehead,  an  oval 
face,  long  Ijlack  eyes  set  wide  apart,  large  mouth  with 
thick  lips,  teeth  white  and  regular,  the  nose  small  and 
rather  tlat.  The  general  expression  of  the  countenance 
is  melancholy,  and  exhibits  a  strange  combination  of 
nioroseuess  and  gentleness.  Although  some  very  hand- 
some women  are  to  I)e  found  among  them,  the  mnjority 
of  the  race,  botii  men  and  women,  are  ugly,  juid  in  old 
age,  which  with  the  Momen  begins  early,  their  laces  are 
nuich  wrinkled  and  their  features  cpiite  harsh.  They  have 
acute  senses,  especially  that  of  sight,  \vhich  ivmains  lui- 
im[)aired  to  a  very  advanced  age.  Long,  straight,  black, 
thick,  and  glossy  hair  is  common  to  all ;  their  l)eard  is  thin, 
and  most  of  them,  especially  in  the  capital  and  its  vicinity, 
have  a  small  moustache;  but  very  few,  if  any.  have  hair 
on  their  legs,  thighs,  or  arms.  It  is  very  seldom  that  a 
gray-haired  native  is  found.  All  the  people  referred  to, 
are  remarkable  for  their  strength  and  endurance,  wiiicli 
may  be  judged  of  by  the  heavy  burdens  they  carry  on 
their  liacks.  The  iidiabitants  of  the  table-lands  are  of 
various  hues;  some  are  olivi',  some  brown,  others  of  a 
red  copper  color.  \\i  the  f^ierras  some  ha\e  a  bluish 
tint  as  if  dyed  with  indigo.  The  natives  of  the  tierras 
calieutes  are  of  a  darker  com})lexion,  inclining  to  black. 
There  are  some  caUed  InOlos  Pintos.  whose  cuticle  is  of 
a  less  deep  color,  inclining  more  to  yellowish  and  marked 
with  dark  copper-colored  spots.^ 

3  '  In  complexion,  f(';itnro,  hair  nml  ryos,  I  could  trnco  a  very  great  rc- 
Boiublauce  Ixtwceii  thesn  Iiuliaiis  and  the  Escjniinimx.'  f.i/on's  .Iniininl,  vol. 
i.,  ]).  2'.t'i,  see  also  vol.  ii.,  \^\>.  I'.li),  2111).  'Son  do  la  frente  anelia.  y  las  en- 
l)ezas  ehatas.'  i^nliii  iini.  Hist.  O'ei).,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  133,  Ti'.'.  Set;  further, 
I'liclianl'ii  Xut.  Jlist.  Man.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  uU;  Caldtron  de  In  JJuicu's  Lift:  in 


620 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


In  tlic  valley  of  ^[exico  the  natives  wear  the  ichapllll, 
or  a  sort  of  shirt  without  sleeves,  made  of  wiiiteand  blue 
striped  cotton,  which  reaches  to  the  knees  and  is  gathered 
round  the  waist  with  a  belt.  This  is  frequently  the  only 
garment  worn  by  the  aborigines  of  the  .\lexican  valley. 
\n  lieu  of  the  ancient  feather  ornaments  for  the  head, 
they  now  use  liU'ge  felt  or  straw  hats,  the  rim  of  which 
is  about  nine  inclies  in  width ;  or  they  bind  round  the 
head  a  colored  handkerc^hief  Most  of  the  men  and 
women  g<i  barefooted,  and  those  who  have  coverings  for 
their  feet,  use  the  a/r/cs,  or  /imoxic/ics.  (sandals)  made  of 
tanned  leather  and  tied  with  thongs  to  the  ankles.  The 
dress  of  the  women  has  undergone  even  less  change  than 
that  of  the  men,  since  the  time  of  the  Spanish  concjuest. 
Many  of  them  wear  over  the  ichapilli  a  cotton  or  woolen 
cloth,  bound  by  a  belt  just  above  the  hi[)s;  this  answers 
the  pur[)ose  of  a  petticoat;  it  is  woven  in  stripes  of  dark 
colors  or  embellished  with  figures.  The  ichapilli  is 
white,  with  figures  worked  on  the  breast,  and  is  longer 
than  that  worn  by  the  men.  In  Puebla  the  Avouien 
wear  very  narrow  petticoats  and  elegant  qiiic/wmcls  cover- 
ing the  l)reast  and  jjack  and  embroidered  all  over  with 
silk  aud  worsted.  In  the  state  of  A'era  Cruz  and  other 
parts  of  the  tierra  caliente  the  men's  apparel  consists  of  a 
short  white  cotton  jacket  or  a  dark-colored  woolen  tunic, 
with  broad  0[)en  sleeves  fastened  roiuid  the  waist  with  a 
sash,  and  short  blue  or  white  breeches  o\){jn  at  the  sides 
near  the  knee;  these  area  Spanish  imiovation,  but  they 
continue  to  wear  the  square  short  cloak,  til/na  or  tilnKUH, 
with  the  end  tied  on  oue  of  the  shoulders  or  across  the 
breast.  Sometimes  a  pair  of  shorter  breeches  made  of 
goat  or  deer  skin  arc  worn  over  the  cotton  ones,  and 
also  a  jacket  of  the  same  material.     The  women  wear  a 

^^'\l'.,  vol.  i..  p.  200;  AbiKirdz,  ^femor'tn,  p.  70;  Jhnnhohlt.  Kssai  Pol.,  lorn,  i., 
1)|).S2,  (S(i;  lioss'i,  Sonrcidrs.  iy.2W:  Vlolkt-Le-Dnr..  in  cliKnui;/,  llniuvs  Anu-ri- 
(•(((/((■s,  j>.  1(12:  I'l'iiisi'll's  Xiilvs  (i)>  }fi,r.,  pp.  107- H;  Ottarhi.  in  yi'iirdlin  AnixilfS 
(/c.s-  I'd//.,  1n;1;J.  toin.  lix.,  pp.  7;J-1;  Fossvi/,  Mi^rh/iie.  p.  ',V.)l;  Mijuatux,  Sour. 
Mi:\\.  p.  .120;  J)'Or!,hi)ij/.  I'l'//.,  p.  'M)'2:  lliDDiyruslk's  Sjmn.  Am.,  vol.  i.,  ]ip. 
•l'.t-.")0;  Fiiiiiier'.s  Hum.  Have,  \>.  4.").">;  Wuppiim,  (leo(j.  \i  SUtl.,  pp.  3K--10;  liid- 
lorh-'s  MexUo,  vol,  i.,  pp.  184,  192;  Miya-'s  Mex.'  us  U  Was.,  pp.  1-12,  1G7, 


MEXICAN  COSTUMES. 


C21 


coarse  cotton  .shift  with  largo  open  sleeves,  often  worke*! 
ahout  the  neck  in  ])right  colored  worsted,  to  suit  tiie 
wearer's  fancy;  a  blue  woolen  petticoat  is  gathered  round 
the  waist,  very  full  below,  and  a  blue  or  brown  rebozo 
is  used  as  a  wrai)per  for  the  shoulders.  Sometimes  a 
mulUer  is  used  Jbr  the  head  and  face.*  They  bestow 
great  care  on  tlieir  luxuriant  hair,  which  they  arrange 
in  two  long  braids  that  fall  from  the  })ack  of  the  head, 
neatly  j)ainted  and  interwoven  with  worsted  of  lively 
colors,  and  the  ends  tied  at  the  waist-band  or  joined  be- 
hind; others  l)ind  the  braids  tightly  round  the  head, 
and  occasionally  add  some  wild  ilowers."  In  the  tierra 
fria,  a  thick  dark  wt)olen  blanket  with  a  hole  in  the 
centre  through  wiiich  i)asses  the  head  protects  the  weaier 
during  the  day  from  the  cold  and  rain,  and  serves  at 
night  for  a  covering  and  often  for  the  bed  itself.  This 
garment  has  in  some  places  taken  the  place  of  the  til- 
matli.  Children  are  kept  in  a  nude  state  until  they  are 
eight  or  ten  years  old,  and  infants  are  enveloped  in  a  coarse 
cotton  cloth,  leaving  the  head  and  liml)s  exiM),sed.  The 
I  luicholas  of  .Jalisco  have  a  peculiar  dress ;  the  men  wear  a 
short  tiniic  made  of  coarse  brown  or  Idue  wcK)len  fabric, 
tightened  at  the  waist  with  a  girdle  hanging  down  in 
front  and  l)ehind,  and  very  short  breeches  of  poorly 
dressed  goat  or  deer  skin  without  hair,  at  the  lower  edges 
of  which  are  strung  a  number  of  leathern  thonus.  Mar- 
ried  men  and  women  wear  straw  hats  with  high  pointed 
crowns  and  bi-oad  turned-up  rims;  near  the  top  is  a  nar- 
row and  handsomely  woven  band  of  many  colors,  with 
long  tassels.     Tlieir  long  bushy  hair  is  secured  tightly 


*  In  Mexico  in  IfiOS  the  costume  was  (i  '  short  douMet  nnd  wide  breofhc s. 
On  their  slii-ulilcrs  they  weiir  ii  clo.ik  i)f  s(>veriil  colours,  whicli  thi  y  cull  Tihim. 
.  .  .  .T!ke  women  all  wear  tlie  (iniii/ill,  (which  is  Hke  a  suck)  undi  r  the  (Ulium, 
which  is  11  tine  wluto  cotton  chith;  ti)  which  tliey  add  luiotlier  u])<in  tlieir 
buck  . .  Their  coats  are  narrow  with  tij,'nres  of  lions,  birds,  and  other  crea- 
tures, adiirninj,' them  with  curious  ducks'  feathers,  which  they  call  XiUibjur.' 
(reiiiclli  Citrtr'),  in  ClinrcliHl's  Col.  Voyujes,  vol.  iv.,  p.  4!ll.  I  (n  ss  of  a  nativo 
Q\v\  of  Mexico,  '  enaguas  blan(iuisiinKS,  el  qnlsqiutufl  que  <,'raciosameiite  cubre 
BU  pecho  y  espiihla. . .  .dos  Inrgas  trenza»-color  de  ebano  caen  a  h.s  lados  del 
cucUo.'  f'r'u'tiK  i'i'ijfs.  pp. -154,  190-1,  4;tO-l.  '  Leur  costume  varie  selou  lo 
terrain  et  le  clinmt.'  Loianslern,  Mexk/uo,  pp.  17(),  3.'39. 

*  See  Calderun  de  la  Jiarca's  Life  in  Mvx.,  vol.  ii.,  pj).  31C-8. 


C22 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


round  tlio  crown  of  the  hviid  with  n  l)rijil»t  woolon  rih- 
hon.  Many  of  the  men  do  \\\)  tlio  liiiir  in  (|U(MU's  witli 
w»»ist<Ml  rihhons,  with  heavy  tiissels  tiiat  hun;:;  lu'low  tho 
Wiiist."  Dc  liiiet,  (U'scrihin;;'  tlio  natives  of  JaU«ro  early 
in  the  seventeenth  centnr>',  s[)eaks  of  s((uare  elotiis  made 
of  cotton  and  maiiuey  tied  on  the  rijilit  or  left  shoulder, 
and  small  pebbles  or  shells  strunji  together  as  necklaces. 
Mota  I'adilla,  in  his  hi.«<torv  of  New  (Jalicia,  .siys  that 
the  (Miichimecs  at  Xali»stitlan.  in  li')'M),  went  naked. 
The  iuliabitants  of  Al/atlan  about  that  time  adorned 
themselves  uith  leathers.  In  /acualco,  the  conuuon 
dress  «)f  the  women  about  the  same  period,  particularly 
widows,  was  thv  Im !//!/,  made  of  fnie  cotton  cloth.  |:t'n- 
erally  black.  Tho  natives  of  the  province  ol'  Piinuco, 
for  many  years  after  the  Spanish  Concpiest,  continued 
top)  naked;  they  pulled  out  the  beard,  perforated  the 
nosi>  and  ears,  and,  lilinjj;  their  teeth  to  a  sharp  i)oint, 
bored  holes  in  them  and  dyed  them  black.  The  slayer 
of  a  human  being  «ised  to  hanu;  a  pi(<'e  of  the  skin  and 
hair  of  the  slain  at  the  waist,  considerini:'  such  things  as 
very  valuable  ornaments.  Their  hair  they  dyed  in 
various  colors,  and  wore  it  in  different  forms.  Their 
women  adorned  themselves  prolusely,  and  braided  their 
hair  with  feathers.  iSahagun,  si)eaking  of  the  Matlalt- 
zincas,  says  that  their  api)arel  was  of  cloth  made  from 
the  maguey;  referring  to  the  Tlahuicas,  ho  mentions 
among  their  i'aults  thaf  they  used  to  go  overdressed; 
and  of  the  Macoaipie.-i.  he  wates:  that  the  oldest  women 
as  well  as  the  young  ono:^  i/aint  themselves  with  a  varnish 
called  Iccdciiritl,  or  with  some  colored  stulV,  and  wear 
feathers  about  their  arms  and  legs.  The  Tlascaltecs 
in  1508  wore  cotton-cloth  mantles  jiainted  in  various 
fine  colors.  The  inhabitants  of  Cholula,  according  to 
CortJs,  dressed  better  than  the  "JMascaltecs ;  the  better 
class  wearing  over  their  other  clothes  a  garment  re- 
sembling the  ^foorish  cloak,  yet  somewhat  diiferent, 
as  that  of  Cholula  had  pockets,  but  in  the  cloth,  the 

B  '  T"'Han  lie  una  psj      o  de  gmnpafioonadrndo,  quo  tieno  on  el  rcntro  uun 
abortuvu  por  iloutle  put,.*  la  eabeza.'  livrktnUkr  y  Tlwvel,  JJkirio,  p.  2'1'J. 


DliCSS  IN  MICIIOAC.VN. 


02:) 


cut.  and  the  friniio,  tlioro  was  niucli  rt'soinldanct'  to  tl»t' 
cloak  worn  in  AlViea.  Old  Spanish  writers  ti'il  ns  that 
tlie  natives  of  Michoacan  made  nnich  use  of  feathers  lor 
\vearinji-a|»i)arel    and    for    adorning;'   their    hodies    an;i 


heath 


At  their   hiter    relijiious    I'estivals.    h<ith    sexes 


appear  in  white,  tlie  men  with  shirt  and  trtnvseis.  liavin^" 
a  hand  phiced  shmtin^ly  ata'oss  the  hreast  and  hark,  tied 
to  a  helt  ronnd  tlie  waist,  and  on  tiie  head  a  small  red 
oloth  arran;j,ed  like  a  tnrhan,  from  which  are  pendent 
scarlet  feathei's.  similar  to  those  used  hy  the  ancient  A/tec 
warriors.     The  man  is  also  adorned  with  a  (piantity  of 


sliowv 


head? 


ant 


I   three  small  mirrors,  one  of  which   i> 


pla(;od  on  his  hreast.  another  on   his  hack,  and  the  thii'd 


invana'tlv  on 


his  forehead.     At   his  hack  he  cai'ries  a 


(piiver,  and  in  his  hand  a  how,  adorned  with  hiiuht col- 
ored artilicial  flowers,  or  it  may  he  the  Aztecs  axe.  so 
pai 


nted   and   vai'nished   as  to  resemble  Hint.       At  tlu 


present  tune,  a  native  woniiui.  however  poor,  still  wears 
a  necklaces  of  coral  or  rows  of  red  heads.  The  unmar- 
ried women  of  Chilpanzinco  used  to  tlaiih  their  faci's 
with  a  ]M)uiided  yellow  llowor.  In  Diiranuo.  the  na- 
tives were  accustomed  to  rnb  their  swarthy  hodies  with 
clay  of  various  colors,  and  paint  reptiles  and  other  ani- 
mals thereon.^ 

"  '  Vuiin  iiuiy  piliinos,  y  pnipoimohados.'  Ifnrrr'i,  Ifist.  (ioi..  Aoc.  iv.,  lil>. 
viii.,  Clip.  i.  '  Si'iKircs  ('>  in'iii(i]ial<s,  tniiun  en  il  liibionu  liczntc  ili'  dialdii- 
vit(t  1)  <'siii('riil(la,  (')  (Ic  caracol,  o  dc  oro,  (')  du  folu'e.  .  .  .Las  iim'„'rrc's  ciiandi) 
liifias,  taiubicli  sc  lapalian  la  ctdjc/a,  y  cualido  ya  liiosas  dcjaliaii  criav  Ics 
cahcUoH.  .  .  cuaiido  ali^iiiia  (  ra  ya  iiui^<'r  lu'clia  y  liaMa  ])aiid().  tocabasc  d 
cuIk'Ho.  Taiiiliicii  traiaii  sarcillos  o  diojiTas,  y  so  piiitalian  tos  jk'iIkis  y  Ins 
liiMZiis,  cdii  una  lalmr  (pic  quidalia  di'  a/.iil  limy  fiiio,  piiitada  iii  la  inisiua 
cai'iic,  (■(iriaiiiiiila  cnii  una  iiavajucla.'  Suldiiini},  llisl.  dm.,  toiii.  iii.,  lil).  x., 
pp.  l".il!  -•"),  i;t.'i  I.  ■  En  1 1  I'lalilo  dc  .Inito  salicron  nniclios  Yndius  dc  pa/,  con 
osc.ipiilarios  lilaiicos  al  ])ciho,  cuvtadu  el  labclld  cu  iiindd  do  cc  iMpiillo  coiiio 
lli'liLjios.is,  tiidds  cnn  Unas  cniccs  cu  las  niaiKis  (|nc  craii  dc  carri/i  s,  y  uii 
Ylidio  (pic  pai'ccia  cl  principal  o  caci(pio  ciii  iiii  vcstilario  ■!(■  'I'niiica  talaii.' 
J'uililla.  CoiHi.  y.  (iiil'iriii,  MS.,  ]).  7;t,  also,  pp.  21,  41,  -li'i,  ('.:{,  107,  I'lO. 
For  further  description  of  dress  and  onmniciits  see  .\ihrl,  \"i'iji\  jilates,  uos. 
xxvi.,  xxxi.,  xxxvi.,  xli.,  xlvi.;  'riimiiiisoii's  Hifnlli'i'lidus  Mi.yicu.  ]>.  2',);  /,(/(■/, 
\<iri(i  Orhis,  jip.  250,  2.")2,  281;  J./ifonil.  Viiii<«irs,  toiu.  i.,  p.  211;  Ab<,r(\ 
Hid.  Coini).  (In  Ji'say,  toin.  i.,  jip.  'M\  270;  Li/oii's  Jmirwil,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  'il, 
1'JS;  Arliyid,  Clirun.  tie  Zdratcat^.  p.  Il'i2;  lUnatiuihl,  I'rnnik  Miehi'iicdn,  MS., 
2>.  21t);  .-i/io.s^^/ico.s  .\fituix,  pp.   It),  ('i7;  Alvvlo,  Jllfriimunii,  toin.  iii.,  p.  2'K>; 

V"nin(<in.v,  Sduv.  Mi.v..  jip.  27C,  2%;  Hotiiurn,  Hid.  Iml.,  fol.  r)"i-(;;  Ithiri, 
in    AVi'Kc  Frmirii'ise,  Dec;.  18C4,  p]).  478-!);  Oltarin.  in  ynnrillrs  .{itnnle.'t  di.'^ 

\'oii.,  18,');i,  torn,  lix.,  p.  Gl;  Tylor'sAnalmuc,  p.  302;  llurkv.il,  M<:xko,  toiu. 
i.,  pj).  5U-1. 


624 


^VlLD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


The  (Iwcllings  of  tho  Wild  Tril>o.s  of  Central  ^Foxioo 
vary  with  climate  and  locality,  in  tiie  lowlands,  sheds 
consistinjx  of  a  few  poles  stuck  in  the  ground,  the  sjjaces 
))etween  tilled  with  rushes,  and  the  roof  covered  with 
])alni-leaves,  afforded  sufficient  shelter.  In  the  colder 
higidands  they  huilt  somewhat  more  substantial  houses 
of  truid\s  of  trees,  tied  together  with  ci-ee})ing  ])lants, 
the  walls  plastered  with  nuid  or  clay,  the  roof  of  s[)]it 
hoards  kept  in  place  with  stones.  In  tiveless  j)arts, 
houses  were  constructed  of  adobe  or  sun-dried  l)ricksand 
.stones,  and  the  interior  walls  covered  with  mats;  the 
l)est  houses  v.erc  only  one  story  high,  and  the  humbler 
habitations  too  low  to  allow  a  man  to  shuid  erect.  The 
entire  house  constituted  but  one  room,  where  all  the 
family  lived,  sleeping  on  the  bare  ground,  A  few  stones 
l)lace(l  in  the  middle  of  the  floor,  served  as  a  fireplace 
where  food  was  cooked.  In  A'era  Cruz  there  is  a  sej)- 
arate  small  hut  for  cooking  purposes.  The  wild  nomadic 
(Miichimecs  lived  in  caverns  or  fissures  of  i-ocks  situated 
in  secluded  valleys,  and  the  Tames  contented  themselves 
Avith  the  shade  afforded  by  the  forest-tives.^ 

Corn.  Iteans,  tomatoes,  chile,  and  a  variety  of  fruits 
and  veiietables  constitute  the  chief  subsistence  of  the 
])eo[)le,  and  in  those  districts  where  the  banana  i\v.ur- 
ishes,  it  ranks  as  an  important  article  of  food.  The 
natives  of  Vera  Cruz  and  Tamaulipas  gather  large  quan- 
tities of  the  })italiayii,  hy  means  of  an  osier  basket 
attached  to  a  long  pole;  round  the  brim  are  ai ranged 
several  forks,  for  the  purpose  of  detaching  the  fruit, 
which  then  drops  into  the  basket.  From  the  blossoms 
and  buds  they  make  a  ragout,  and  also  grind  the  seeds 
lor  bread.  From  the  sea  and  rivers  they  obtain  a  plen- 
tiful sui)ply  of  fish,  and  they  have  accjuired  from  child- 
hood a  peculiar  habit  of  eating  earth,  which  is  said  to 
be  injurious  to  their  physical  development.     It  has  been 

'''Lcs  pulmnos  sont  do  vi'ritiiMos  cagos  on  ImmlKnin.'  V'i[in(nu,r,  Sonv. 
Mi'x.,  \y.  2~i;  Miii/er'>i  Mi.r.  ok  it  M  (/s;  p.  170;  ]\'iirit's  Mr.rii-o,  \i)\.  ii.,  ])]). 
171),  rrll;  nnslamiink',  in  I'rh'lo,  I'i-yVs,  pp.  l',)2.  111.").  :t7;j,  437,  117:  MiihUn- 
jtfin'ilt,  M'j'k'o,  toll),  i.,  ]ip.  •i'JiS-l;  Hkih/hi/'s  Mix.  lilustr.,  p.  'loS;  I'djiin' 
travels,  vol.  i.,  p.  15'J;  Dillon,  Hist.  Mix.',  p.  47. 


FOOD  AND  AGRICULTURE. 


G25 


staled  tliat  in  former  days  they  used  human  flesh  as  food. 

The  Otomi's  and  tribes  of  Jalisco  cultivated  but  little 
{jjrain,  and  consumed  that  little  before  it  ripened,  trust- 
ing for  a  further  supply  of  food  to  the  natural  produc- 
tions of  tlie  soil  and  to  game,  such  as  rabbits,  deer, 
moles,  and  birds,  and  also  foxes,  rats,  snakes  and  other 
reptiles.  Corn-cobs  they  ground,  mixed  cacao  with  the 
powder,  and  baked  the  mixture  on  the  lire.  From  the 
lakes  in  the  valley  of  Mexico  they  giithered  flies'  eggs, 
deposited  there  in  large  quantities  by  a  species  of  Hies 
called  by  the  Mexicans  a.vAUjacatl^  that  is  to  say,  '  water- 
face,'  and  by  MM.  Meneville  and  A'irlet  d'Aoust  covhu 
femorata  and  notonecta  uulfascUtta.  The  eggs  being 
pounded,  were  moulded  into  lumps  and  sold  in  the 
market-place;  they  were  esteemed  a  special  di-licacy, 
and  were  t;aten  fried.  These  peoj^le  are  also  accused  by 
some  authors  of  having  eaten  human  flesh.'' 

Otlier  tribes,  inhabiting  the  valley  of  ^Texico,  Puebla, 
Michoacan,  and  (^uere'taro,  show  a  greater  inclination  to 
cultivate  the  soil,  and  live  almost  wholly  on  the  products 
t)f  their  own  industry.  They  plant  corn  by  making  a 
hole  in  the  ground  with  a  sharp-pointed  stick,  into 
which  the  seed  is  drop[)ed  and  co\ered  up.  Honey  is 
plentiful,  and  when  a  tive  is  found  where  bees  are  at 
work,  they  stop  the  entrance  with  clay,  cut  oft'  the 
l)ranch  and  hang  \\.  outside  their  Imts:  after  a  short 
time  they  remove  the  clay,  and  the  bees  continue  their 
operations  in  their  new  locality,  as  if  they  had  not  been 
disturbed.'" 

Oemelli  Careri  thus  de*<oril)es  a  novel  method  of 
catching  ducks:  "C)thers  contrive  to  deceive  ducks,  as 

'  Monlanufi,  Xienirp  lUi »(''/(/,  p.  2."iO;  nnd  Ttnpprr.  Xene  MMt,  p.  r)82.  '  Estos 
■  "  iinit'H  ('(iniiiiii  los/oi'villns  (jnc  liitdci..  ciili  bras  y  linnics,  y  toiln  j^'i'iicru  do 
'  -lOUt'H,  comiitlri'jiis,  y  (itriis  siiljiiiulijiis  del  ciiiinio  y  ild  iiKintc,  laj,'ailijas  do 
tddiis  sui'l'tcs,  y  iibi'joii!  s  y  laii\'<>stas  dc  todas  main  ras.'  Salni'inii.  Hist.  (,'iii., 
torn,  iii.,  lib.  x.,  j)ji.  VH<-7,  121!  ."i.  In  .(.disco  '  f.os  imlios  d<'  aiiui  Has  jiio- 
viucias  skii  caribi!-,  qiKi  I'Diiuii  canii'  Imm  iiia  todas  lis  Ncij'i.s  (jtiu  1 1  piu  diu 
aviT.'   Orii'ilo,  Jlisl.  Hin..  toiii.  iii..  Ji.  5(18. 

'0  Iji  I'lU'bla  'l.os  Iiidios  sc  ban  iiiilicaiio  mas  al  riiltivo  dc  la  ticrru  y 
plaiitfo   dc   fnitas  y  lc;j;uiidiris.'       In  Miclioacrn    '  Cidtivau  nuiclio  maiz, 
frixolcH  y  ul^odciu.'  Mi-'dn.  hirrinniirin.  iim.  i,,  )))i.  JIM.  714.     In  tiucn'turo 
'  vivuu  del  ciiltivo  dc  liisj  ijcuiuuUras. '  h!.,  to>u.  iii.,  y.  320. 
Vol.  I.    40 


C2G 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


shy  ,is  they  arc;  for  when  they  liave  nsM  'em  to  he  fre- 
qiit.itly  anioiiji;  calahashes  left  tioatinj;'  on  the  hike  for 
that  i)Mrpo.se,  they  make  holes  in  tiiose  calahashes,  no 
that  puttin«2;  their  head.s  in  thetn,  they  can  .see  out  ot 
them,  and  then  going  up  to  the  neck  in  the  water,  they 
go  among  the  ducks  and  draw  'em  down  hy  the  feet. ' 
For  making  tortillas,  the  corn  is  pre[)ared  hy  placing  it 
in  water,  to  which  a  little  lime  is  added,  and  allowing  it 
to  soak  all  night,  or  it  is  put  to  simmer  over  a  slow  fire; 
the  husk  is  then  easily  separated  and  the  corn  mashed 
or  ground  on  the  metate.  From  this  paste  the  tor- 
tilla is  formed  hy  patting  it  hetween  the  hands  into  .; 
very  thin  cake,  which  is  cooked  on  an  earthern  pan 
placed  over  the  tire;  the  tortilla  is  eaten  with  boiled 
beans,  and  a  mixture  of  chile  and  lard.  The  ground 
corn  is  also  mixed  with  water  and  strained  through  a 
►sieve;  ot'  this  li(|nor  they  make  a  gruel,  to  which  is 
added  a  little  cacao  or  sugar.  The  sediment  which  re- 
mains in  the  sieve  is  used  to  make  tamales.  which  an^ 
a  coinl)ination  of  chop[)ed  meat,  chile,  and  onions,  which 
ingredients  are  covered  with  the  corn  paste,  and  the 
whole  en  sloped  in  corn  or  plantain  leaves  and  boiled  or 
baked,  ^i  he  ^Fexicans  are  very  moderate  eaters,  but 
have  an  insatiable  passion  for  strong  liipiors." 

Laziness  and  filth  follow  us  as  we  proce(>d  southward 
in  our  observations;  among  the  Mexicans,  the  poorer 
classes  especially  are  filthy  in  their  persons,  and  have  a 
disgusting  appearance,  which  increases  with  the  infirmi- 
ties of  age.  Many  of  them  indulge  freely  in  the  use 
of  a  steam-bath  called  ttuiazadll^  siinilar  to  the  Russian 


"  'Tlioy  l)iiil  tlu>  Iniliiin  wlieiit  vvit'i  liino,  and  wlirii  it  hiis  stnoil  a-whiln 
grind  it,  us  tlii'y<lo  the  ciicao.'  (k'nieili  Vnrfvi.  in  CliHrcliiTs  Cul.  I'l'i/U'iia,  vul. 
v.,  ])p.  I'.Ml,  I'.ti,  r»i;{;  ]\' tlton's  SiMii.  Col.,  p.  lid").  For  fiutlior  account  o/ 
foc^d  iicc  Ti/lor's  Anuhwtr,  pp.  K8-!t,  ITjO;  Siirrs,  M'llk-'iniinika.  p.  21(5;  Khiimi. 
I'liltur-'ri'srliiflilf,  p.  102;  iMnpinii',  /I'ci.svu,  toiii.  x.,  p.  ;)2;t;  I'midhi,  Cuikj,  .V. 
(julii'm,  MS.,  i)p.  ;tl,  4-4,  "»;$,  7;{,  1'27;  llninholilt,  Kssui  I'ul..  toni.  i.,  iip.  7!', 
87;  LdirwiHirhiv,  in  XiiuveltiK  AiuKili.^  flex  I'ni/.,  1M21,  toiu.  xxiii..  p.  (17;  I'li'tii 
I'inj's,  pp.  1111-2.  ;{7;{;  Mix.  in  1842.  i)p.  4(1,  (14,  (18;  JA/(/.)''.s'  J/r.r..  Aitvr,  if,:, 
vol.  ii.,  p.  32;  .Wmninz.  in  Irinlialci'tu.  Cul.  ile  D"C..  toni.  i.,  j).  488;  MuliUn- 
pfonll.  Slcjicn,  ti'in.  i.,  lip.  18r>,  21H-1'.I;  Anniii.  Diin  llfidhti'  .Vi,vil:0.  ji.  245, 
with  plate;  M  inloru,  Hid.  dt  lasCondS,  p.  31ti;  MiUk-Jirun,  J'lxcisdeln  {/•■'«j., 
toni.  vi.,  p.  443. 


WEAPONS  AND  SHIELDS. 


627 


ii 


vapor-bath,  but  it  doos  not  appear  to  have  the  efiect  of 
cleaiiisiiig  their  persons.'"' 

All  the.se  tribes  nse  bows  and  arrows;  the  hitter  car- 
ried in  a  quiver  shnig  at  the  back,  a  lew  spare  one.s 
being  stuck  in  the  belt  for  immediate  u.se.  A  heavy- 
club  is  secured  to  the  arm  hy  a  thong,  and  wielded  with 
terrible  elfect  at  close  quarters.  In  battle,  the  princij)al 
warriors  are  armed  with  sizars  and  shields.  Another 
weapon  much  in  use  is  the  sling,  from  which  they  cast 
Btones  to  a  great  distance  and  with  considerable  accu- 
racy. The  natives  of  the  valley  of  Mexico  kill  birds 
with  small  pellets  blown  through  a  hollow  tube.'^ 

The  clubs,  which  are  from  three  to  four  feet  in  length, 
are  made  of  a  species  of  heavy  wood,  some  having  a 
round  knoi)  at  the  end  similar  to  a  mace,  others  broad 
and  tiat,  and  armed  with  sharp  pieces  of  obsidian,  fas- 
tened on  either  side.  Acosta  states  that  with  these 
wea})ons  they  could  cut  off  the  head  of  a  horse  at  one 
stroke.  Si)ears  and  arrows  are  i)ointed  with  ilint  or 
obsidian,  the  latter  having  a  reed  shaft  with  a  piece  of 
hard  wood  inserted  into  it  to  hold  the  point.  Their 
quivers  are  made  of  deer-skin,  and  sometimes  of  seal 
or  shark  skin.  Shields  are  ingeniously  constructed  of 
small  canes  so  woven  together  with  thread  that  they 
can  be  fi>lded  uj)  and  carried  tied  under  the  arm.  When 
wanted  for  use  they  are  loosed,  and  when  opened  out 
ihey  cover  the  greater  part  of  the  bod}  .'* 


1^  WimVs  ^^<.r!ro.  ,(il.  ii.,  jip.  208  0.  'One  would  fliiiik  tli."  ha\h  would 
niukc  the  Iiuliiins  cliiuily  in  tluir  jifrsoiis.  l)ut  it  liurdlv  steins  so,  for  tiny 
look  riitlicr  diitiiT  iifU'i-  tlii'y  huve  bfon  in  the  d  iitazmUi  than  licforc'  li/ltii's 
Awiliitiir.  |).  ;t(('2. 

i:'  I'mlillii,  (■<oiq.  X.  Galinn,  .U."*.,  pp.  3^.  7'2-  H;  liraimiout.  rn'ji.  ik  M<rl„,„. 
am,  MS  ,  p.  '2:15.  'El  arco  y  la  thcha  tiau  sus  arnias  <'n  la  ^iciTa,  iiun(|ni! 
jiara  la  caza  los  ('a('i((Tiis  y  sifiorts  usahaii  taniliiin  di-  ciTvatanas.'  .1/';//'', 
Jlist.  Cinnp.  (If  Jfsiix,  tolii.  i..  p.  27!l.  '  I  saw  st)liu^  Indians  that  Kill'd  tlu! 
least  hirds  ui)on  the  hi^dnst  trees  with  iielhts  shutout  of  truidis.'  iinmUi 
t'ltfi'Vi.  in  '  linrrhUVii  Col.  Vhijuijck,  vol.  iv.,  p.  51*2,  and  in  JirrihfiiT,  ('al.  dv  lUi/., 
torn,  ii.,  p.  ;{1(7. 

n  IIV.s/  null  Ost  hHlisclifr  f.nsliiart.  pt  i,,  p.  l(t'2;  CUivhin-o,  Slariti  Ati.t  ihl 
3/i',s,nii'(),  t(iu\,  ii.,  ]ip.  Itl-t,  with  plate;  Curldftul  .Vmli'ilf  I'niill.  ji.  Ill;  ll'li>s' 
Spun.  ('(Dii/,,  vol.  ii.,  p.  "iSt!;  AiricirituJ'roii'iKi  SiiiijifU,  \f.  M\  Sulniqiiii.  Ilisl. 
(Jill.,  toni.  iii.,  lil).  x.,  jip.  l:'t.  IIIU;  Lj/on's  Jvnnml,  \ol.  i.,  )'|p.  ll'.i, '.',i;t; 
llivrirn,  Hlsl.  (icn.,  dec.  iv.,  lib.  viii.,  cap.  ii.;  MulihiiiifuriH.  MijUn, 
torn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  378.     '  Uim  macana,  a  luuucrudi;  jioiru,  Ikiia  dc  puutus  t'e 


<528 


"WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


Alxiriginall}',  as  with  most  northern  nation.s.  waifare 
was  the  normal  state  of  these  people.  The  so-called 
( 'hichimecs  attacked  all  who  entered  tlieir  domain, 
whether  for  hunting,  collecting  fruit,  or  fighting.  War 
once  declared  hetween  two  tribes,  each  side  endeavors 
to  secure  by  alliance  as  many  of  tlieir  neighbors  as 
l)ossible;  to  which  end  ambassadors  are  despatched  to 
the  chiefs  of  adjacent  provinces,  each  bearing  in  his 
hand  an  iirrow  of  tliC  make  peculiar  to  the  tribe  of 
the  straiij  ;  '  'ef.  Arriving  at  the  village,  the  mes- 
senger seek,-,  the  chief  and  lays  the  arrow  at  his 
feet;  if  the  pu>|X)sal  of  his  master  be  accepted  by  the 
stranger  chief,  the  rendezvous  is  named  and  the  mes- 
stMiger  departs.  The  ambassadors  having  returned  with 
their  report,  preparations  are  at  once  made  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  allies,  a  feast  is  prepared,  large  quanti- 
ties of  game  and  intoxicating  drink  are  made  ready, 
and  as  soon  as  the  guests  arrive  the  viands  are  placed 
before  them.  Then  follow  eating  and  drinking,  con- 
cluding with  drunken  orgies;  this  finished,  a  council 
is  held,  and  the  assault  })lanued,  care  being  taken  to 
scLMire  plaCL's  suitable  for  an  aml)uscade  and  stones  fur 
the  slingers.  A  regular  organization  of  Ibrces  is  ob- 
served and  every  effort  made  to  outflank  or  surround 
the  enemv.  Archers  and  slingers  march  to  an  attack 
in  sintile  file,  always  occupying  the  van,  v>hile  warriors 
aniud  with  clubs  and  luices  are  drawn  up  in  the  rear; 
the  assault  is  commenced  by  the  former,  accompanied 
with  furious  shouts  and  yells.  During  the  period  of 
their  wars  against  the  li^paniards.  they  often  ex|>ended 
much  time  and  lal)or  in  the  fortification  of  heights  by 
means  of  tree-trunks,  and  large  rocks,  which  were  so 
iirranged,  one  on  top  of  anotlier,  that  at  a  given  sig- 
nal they  might  be  loosened,  and  let  fall  on  tlieir  assail- 
ants. The  chiefs  of  tlie  Te})ecanos  and  contiguous  tribes 
carried   no  weapons   during  the  action,   but  had   rods 

|ii''(lras  pedpi'iinlos.'  Orinln,  Hist.  0\-)i.,  toiu.  iii.,  jv  GCiS.  'En  si'liihlcii  uit 
>itiivt'  st(>kj(>ns  {^fvku-litcii,  van  wclke  sick  vj^rwDnilonns-wiifnli^  tliincn  iu 
cl'ii  oorloy.'  Montaiiuti,  Xkuwe  Wu-nid,  pji.  'J"25~(i,  iiud  Dapper,  .Veae  iWU., 
p   251. 


WAK  AND  TREATMENT  OF  CAPTIVES. 


G20 


with  Avliicli  tliev  cliastiscd  those  ^vho  oxliil)itc(l  svmp- 
toiJis  of  couiirdico,  or  bocaino  disordorly  in  the  riud-is.''* 
The  shiiii  wore  scal[)ed  or  their  heads  cut  oft",  and 
prisoners  were  treated  witii  the  ntniost  harharity.  end- 
ing invariably  in  the  death  of  the  nnHn-tunates;  often 
were  they  scalped  while  yet  alive,  and  the  bloody  tro- 
pliy  placed  npon  the  heads  of  their  tt)rnientors.  The 
heads  of  the  slain  were  placed  on  poles  and  paraded 
through  tl'cir  villaires  in  token  of  victorv,  the  inhabi- 
tants  mean>, '>ile  dancing  round  them.  Young  children 
were  sometimes  spared,  and  reared  to  fight  in  the  raid\s 
of  their  concpierors;  and  in  order  to  brutalize  their 
youthful  minds  and  eradicate  all  feeUngs  of  alTection 
toward  their  own  kindred,  the  youthiul  captives  were 
given  to  drink  the  brains  and  blood  of  their  murdered 
parents.  The  Chichimecs  carried  with  them  a  bone, 
on  which,  when  they  killed  an  enemy,  they  marked  a 
notch,  as  a  record  of  the  number  each  had  slain.  Mota 
I'adilla  states  that  when  Xuno  de  Guzman  arrived  in 
the  vallev  of  Covnan,  in  Jalisco,  the  chiefs  canu;  out  to 
meet  him,  and,  as  a  sign  of  peace  and  obedience,  drop[)ed 
on  one  knee;  upon  being  raised  up  by  the  S[)aniards, 
they  placed  round  their  necks  strings  of  rabbits  and 
quails,  in  token  ol*  respect.^" 

As  the  wants  of  the  people  are  few  and  simple,  so  is 
the  inventory  of  their  implements  and  household  furni- 
ture. Every  family  is  sup[)lied  with  the  indis[)ensable 
metate.  an  oblong  stone,  about  twelve  by  eighteen  inches, 
smooth  on  the  surface  and  resting  u[)ou  three  legs  in  a 
slanting  position ;  with  this  is  used  a  long  stone  rollei-, 

ij  '  Sipinprn  ]n'ornr,iii  dc  iicomcfer  cii  iiiiiIds  jjiisos,  tn  ticrras  (luliliidiis  y 
j)('ili'(v^'i)s:is.'    Il'rri'rii,    lli-it.    H'li.,    die.  vii.,    lil'.  ii.,   (Mp.    xii.     'Tivs    mil 

YhiHdS  f  inii!lli:lll  ell  soli>  1111:1  tibl  h:ii'ic'llili»  fl'cliti'  ,1  limstl' tllipi).'    /''(i/i//((, 

('■nil/.  X.  (iiiliriii,  MS.,  jt,  ,U;  SCO  I'lirthfr,  Oc/((/(^,  Jlial,  t/Vu.,  tuiii.  iii.,  \>. 
572;    lii'tinimiil,  t'ri'iii.  </<    Mirlinnniii,   MS.,  ]).  •j;(."). 

••i  Tilt'  C'hic'hiiiiccs  'Eli'H  tliiir  ln'uils,  and  tit  that  skin  njxiri  tlicir  own 
lioads  with  all  tlii'  hair,  and  so  wear  it  as  a  t(.ki.'n  of  valour,  till  it  rots  ut!'  iu 
hits.'  (rfiia-Hi  I'ltirri,  iu  C/nirrliUrs  Cnl.  \'iij/iiiif'S,  vol.  iv.,  p.  .")l:i,  and  lii-rnnivr, 
<'■>!.  ih'  I  n(/,,  toiii.  ii..  j>.  4iHl.  '  (JnitandolfS  los  cascos  con  il  ]»■]<>,  su  los 
Ih'van  ;i  sii  I'liclilo,  para  haylar  <■!  niitotc  en  (•oiii[)afiia  ilf  siis  pani'iitcscoii  las 
(•111)  z  IS  di'  siis  (•ui'!iii..,'os  ell  scflil  (hi  triilllfo.'  Arl'-'ini.  i'IiI'ihi.  ih  Zui-nliriin, 
]ip.  IT'.l,  l.V.t  (ii»,  I'lu'ihcr  rcfircucc  in  SiiIiiii/hii.  II'isI.  i/i ii.,  turn,  iii.,  lih.  x., 
jip.  1J3-1;  Ak'jre,  Hist,  t'oniji.  de  Jtsu^,  tola,  i.,  p.  "iNl. 


I 


f)30 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


17 


omIU'iI  tlio  mdhiptUl,  for  ru])l)ing  ilcmn  tlic  maize,  iind  a 
liirii'i'  rarthen  pan,  (iallod  tlic  conkiI/I,  ou  ^vllich  to  hake  tlie 
tortillas.  Their  hottlos,  IkjwIs,  jiiul  cups  aro  made  iVom 
gourds,  often  prettily  painted,  and  ke[)t  haniiing  round 
the  \valls;  some  ungla/ed  earthenware  vessels,  orna- 
mented with  hhu^k  iiguri's  ou  Ji  dull  red  ground,  are  used 
lor  eooking,  a  bloek  of  wood  serves  i'or  a  stool  and 
table,  und  lastly  a  lew  i)etates  (Aztec,  pd/atl,  ' palm-leal' 
mat'),  ju'O  laid  ujxni  ihe  ground  for  beds.  These  eom- 
})rise  the  whole  elfeets  of  a  native's  house.  For  agricul- 
tural pur[)oses.  they  have  wooden  spades,  hoes,  and  sliarj) 
stakes  for  planting  (H)rn.  "^i'lieir  products  are  carried 
home  or  to  market  i>i  large  wicker-work  frames,  ofti'u 
live  feet  higli  by  two  and  a  half  feet  broad,  made  I'rom 
split  palm-leavc! 

In  the  State  of  Jalisco,  the  natives  are  celebrated  for 
the  maiiufacturo  oi'  blankets  and  woolen  mantas;  in 
other  parts  of  the  country  they  continue  to  weave  cot- 
ton stulfs  in  the  same  manner  as  before  the  comiuest,  all 
on  very  primitive  hand-looms.  The  conunon  designs 
ari>  in  blue  or  red  and  white  stripes,  but  they  are  some- 
times neatlv  worked  with  fiuures.  the  juice  from  the 
nuu'ex  or  piu'ple  shell  su[)[)lying  the  vermilion  color  for 
the  i)atterns.  The  iidiabitants  of  Tonala  exhibit  nuicli 
taste  and  excellence  in  the  production  of  pottery,  mak- 
ing a  great  variety  of  toys,  masks,  figures,  and  orna- 
ments, besides  the  vessels  for  household  use.  In  the 
vicinity  t)f  Santa  (^'uz,  the  fibres  of  the  aloe,  crushed 
U[)(in  the  iui'tate,  are  em[)loyed  for  the  manufacture  of 
ropes,  nets,  bags,  and  ilat  round  pelotas,  used  in  rubbing 
down  the  body  after  a  bath.  Talm-leaf  mats  and 
dressed  skins  also  figure  largely  among  the  articles  of 


native  industry 


i» 


1"  (Vrvsc/,  ill  Xiii(i'( lli'.-i  Ainialci  (lef>  I'v/-.  18H0,  tdin.  xlv.,  p.  ^'^S•    Vi'DX'nn.r. 


Ml 


Miil.h 

221;  ami  D'ljijh 


p.    271;     I'r'nto,    Vhiji.i,   p.   IlCt;    Ti/I'i 
■'It,     M'Jiri,  tolil.   i.,    p]!.  221-(i,  211;   MndHh 


AiiithiKir,  ]ip.  2ill 


\\\ 


'./, 


Wilt.,  11.  2r)2. 


I'*  '  Thi>  1  111  It. ins  (if  tliis  Count  rii'tldt'  inako  "veat  stoioof  Woollen  f'jotli  .iml 


Silkc 


I'lin-li' 


His   riliir'niics.   Vol.   iv..    HI),   vii.,    p.    1  lltH.      'llir  Otoiii 


'  saliiiin  Imci'i'  liinl.is  laliorcs  en  las  mantas,  tna!.;iias,  y  vipilcs  ([uc  tijian  iiniv 
cuiiosanHuto;   pcru  tuilas  I'Uas  labiabaa  lo  iliulio  il'.'  Lilo  do  niayiK-y  4110 


TRADE  AND  AliTS. 


631 


In  Voni  CvivA,  tlicy  have  Ciuioe.s  dug  out  of  tlio  trunk 
of  II  rnahoiian^-  or  cedar  tree,  which  arc  capalilc  of  liold- 
hig  .several  pcr,st)n.s,  and  are  worked  witht^injile  jjaddles." 

A  considerahle  trade  i.s  carried  on  in  potterN ,  niatw, 
dressed  skins,  anil  manufactures  of  the  aloe-lihre;  also 
fruit,  feathers,  vejietahles,  and  lish.  All  such  wares  are 
packed  in  light  osier  baskets,  whii;h,  thrown  upon  their 
hacks,  are  carried  long  distances  to  the  several  markets, 
in  the  province  of  N'era  C^'uz,  vanilla,  jala[),  and  other 
herbs  ai'e  important  articles  of  native  coumierce.  and  all 
the  interior  tril)es  place  a  high  \alue  on  salt,  lor  which 
they  readily  exchange  their  products.-" 

The  natives  display  nuich  jiatience  and  skill  in  orna- 
mental work,  especially  carvings  in  stone,  and  in  paint- 
ing; although  the  llgures,  their  gods  bearing  witness, 
are  all  of  grotes(pie  shai)es  and  Jij)pea!ance.  With  noth- 
ing more  than  a  rude  knife,  they  make  very  ingenious 
iigures,  of  Avax,  of  the  pith  of  trees,  of  wood,  charcoal, 
day,  and  bone.  They  are  fond  of  nmsic,  and  readily 
imitate  an^-  strain  they  hear.  From  time  iunnemorial 
they  have  letained  a  passion  for  llowers,  in  all  seasons 
of  the  year  tastefidly  decorating  therewith  their  dwell- 
ings and  sho[)s.  The  art  of  working  in  gold  and  silvir 
is  well  known  to  the  natives  of  Jalisco,  who  execute 
well-shaped   specimens  of  cups  and   vases,    beautifully 


en<'ra\e( 


I  and 


ornamei 


ited.-' 


sacahiii  y  hoiipriciabiui  di'  liin  pi'uoiis.'  Snhninm.  Tl'tnt.  Gen.,  toni.  iii.,  lil).  x. 


i>.  in 

r.K);  r 


T, 


■/•'/''■ 


lA 


J).   'JDI;  JtnslHiiiiin('\   ill    I'r'nlit,    \"i(ijis,  \) 


y..  11. 


Mr. 


in  ISI'J,  II.  Ci 


.\[iil,l' 


•  ion!/,  M, 


•'),  toiii.  ii.,  Jit  ii.,  ]>.  ;{11;  Lj/uu's  Journal,  vul,  ii.,  p.  Iii;   'riiiniiiiul,  Jlixilo 

>.  (i:t. 


'Ji- 


n 


V 


!l. 


Ill  tliosc  ((iiiiitiiys  tlii'y  tiiko  ncithrr  RfiMo  nor  silvor  for  rxclianp;!'  of 
luiy  tliiiiL;,  liut  (uilcy  Suit.'  I'liilhin,  in  llalJni/t's  I'"//  ,  vol.  iii,,  ]i.  l."!'.);  (diii- 
jiiiri'  l.i/iiit'a  tlounntl,  vol.  i.,  p.  'ilKt,  laul  vul.  ii.,  jt.  I'.'S;  ami  '/'(/Inr's  Ai'iiliimr, 
p.  «5.  ■ 


21  llHnihol.U.   K: 


I'til..  tiiiii.  i.,  11.98;  Ti/liir's  AiiiihiiiK-,  ]t.  VAf,:   II' 


^f|'.v!l•(\  vol.  ii.,  )).  'I'M;    Lufniiil,    Vdijdiii'x,  toiii.  i.,  p.  llil;   Miihli  u/ij'i'rdl,  Mi^ 
CO,  toiii,  i.,  p, 'Jt:i:    Mill'ti   II'kiI.   J/c.r.,   p.  (i;    ('uriiintfr's   Tr.ir.    .l/i.c,  ]i.  2i:!. 
Lcs  Mfxiciiins  lint  (•(iiisfv\('  uii  }^ofit  piiiticiiliii'  pmir  l,i  iniiilmr  tl  ]nii;i" 


I'lirt  (I 
1' 


lli; 


ilptcr 
J, 


en  ]ii(  riM 


it  (11  liuis,'   Miilti'-lt, 


I' 


hi  ( 


irml.,    tdlll. 


iiiiis  lit'  ilivcrsiis  cdU 

inilV   bilrlios  (Mlltiir 


l)ai'ti  ■iiliir  (I 


.Mi>'l 


loiiciin  fill 


Mr 


Hist.  I' 


tl  iirtc  do  jiiiit:!!'  I'lin  lu.s  plii- 


"y 


,U'  ,/. 


sun.  tnlll.   1..   p 


taikdoiVii  du  tudiv  sut'i'tu  do  iustniuiLiiti 


W. 
Mrnilvm, 


Hint,  dc  l((s  C'( 


V 


;ij«. 


C32 


WILD  TRIDES  OF  MFAICO. 


The  wild  tribes  surrounding,  and  in  places  intermixed 
with,  the  Civilized  Xations  of  Central  Mexico,  as  far  as 
I  can  learn,  do  not  appear  to  hav^  had  any  systematic 
tribal  govermnent;  at  least,  none  of  the  old  historians 
have  given  any  account  of  such.  Some  of  the  tribes 
attach  themselves  to  chiefs  of  their  own  choice,  to  whom 
they  pay  a  certiiin  tribute  from  the  produce  of  their 
labor  or  hunting  expeditions,  while  others  live  without 
any  government  or  laws  whatsoever,  and  only  elect  a 
chief  on  going  to  war.^^ 

Mari'iage  takes  place  at  an  early  age,  and  girls  are 
seldom  found  single  after  they  attain  fourteen  or  fifteen 
years.  Gomara,  however,  says  that  wt)men  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Tamaulipas  are  not  married  till  they  reach  the 
tige  of  forty.  The  Otomi's  marry  young,  and  if,  when 
arrived  at  the  age  of  puberty,  a  young  girl  has  not 
found  a  mate,  her  parents  or  guardians  select  one  for  her, 
so  that  none  shall  remain  single.  Among  the  Guachichi- 
les,  when  a  young  man  has  selected  a  girl,  he  takes  her  on 
trial  for  an  indefinite  period;  if,  afterwards,  ])oth  parties 
are  satisfied  with  each  other,  the  ceremony  of  marriage 
is  performed ;  should  it  happen,  however,  that  the  man 
be  not  pleased,  he  returns  the  girl  to  her  parents,  whicii 
proceeding  does  not  place  any  obstacle  in  the  way  of  her 
obtaininij  another  suitor.  The  Cliichimecs  cannot  marry 
without  the  consent  of  parents ;  if  a  young  man  violates 
this  law  and  takes  a  girl  with<Mit  first  ol)taining  the 
parental  sanction,  even  with  tiie  intention  of  mar- 
rying her,  the  penalty  is  death;  usually,  in  ancient 
times,  the  oflender  was  shot  with  arrows.  When  one  of 
tills  people  marries,  if  the  girl  proves  not  to  be  a  virgin, 
the  marriage  is  null,  and  the  girl  is  returned  to  her 
parents.  AVheii  a  young  man  desires  to  marry,  his 
l)arents  make  a  visit  to  those  of  the  intended  bride,  and 
leave  with  them  a  bouquet  of  flowers  bound  with  red 


M 


^  Alpip-c,  IHsit.  Comp.  (le  Jcsna,  torn,  i.,  p.  281;  Iferrern,  Hist.  Gev.,  dec. 
viii.,  lib.  vi.,  c^-.p,  xv.;  Orieilo,  }Iist.  (ten.,  toiu,  iii.,  p.  Hd";  Padilla,  Cin^q.  S. 
(riilirbi,  J/.S.,  pp.  31,  G8;  OUavio,  in  Nouvdks  Annaletideii  Vny.,  1833,  toia.  lix., 
p.  01. 


MARRIAGE  CUSTOMS. 


CSS 


wool:  tlio  l)ri(lo's  parents  then  send  round  to  tlio  houses 
of  tlieir  IViends  a  bunch  of  marijiuana.  a  narcotic  herh, 
which  signifies  that  all  are  to  meet  together  at  the  bride's 
father's  on  the  next  night.  The  meeting  is  inaugurated 
by  smoking;  then  they  (thew  niariguana,  during  which 
time  all  preliminaries  of  the  marriage  are  settled.  The 
following  da^'  the  resolutions  of  th**  conclave  are  made 
known  to  the  voung  man  and  woman,  and  if  the  decision 
is  favorable,  the  latter  sends  her  husband  a  few  })resents, 
and  from  that  time  the  parties  consider  themselves  mar- 
ried, and  the  friend.s  give  themselves  up  to  feasting  and 
dancing."^ 

A  plurality  of  wives  was  found  among  all  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  region  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  concpiest, 
the  fu'st  wife  taking  precedence  of  those  who  came  after 
her.  Manv  had  concubines  who,  it  mav  be  said,  ranked 
third  in  the  family  circle.  The  missionary  Fathers, 
however,  soon  put  an  end  to  the  custom  of  more  than 
one  wife,  whenever  tliey  had  the  power  to  do  so.  Iler- 
rera  says  that  the  Chichimecs  indulged  in  one  wife  only, 
but  that  they  had  the  habit  of  repudiating^  her  for  any 
slight  cause,  and  of  taking  another.  The  women  are 
kept  under  subjection  by  their  husbands,  and  not  only 
have  all  the  indoor  work  to  do,  such  as  cooking, 
spiiming,  and  mat-making,  but  they  are  also  recpiired  to 
carry  heavy  burdens  home  from  the  market,  and  bring 
all  the  wood  and  water  for  household  use.  Infants  are 
carried  on  the  mother's  back,  wrapped  in  a  coarse  cot- 
ton cloth,  leaving  the  head  and  legs  free.  Among  the 
Chichimecs,  wlien  a  woman  goes  out  of  her  house,  she 
places  her  child  in  a  wicker  basket,  and  there  leaves  it, 
usually  suspending  it  from  the  branch  of  a  tree,  .v  child 
is  suckled  by  the  mother  until  another  comes  on  and 
crowds  it  out.     !Muhlenpfordt  relates  that  he  saw  a  boy  oi' 


*'  ^f lifer's  -l/p.r.,  Atter,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  20(5;  VUUi.  in  Pnifn,  Vinjift,  jip. 
42H-3().  '  Toniiin  uso  y  postumlirfi  los  otoimVa,  do  (jnc  los  viinmts  siiudu  luiiy 
iiiuclmchos  y  ticrnns  se  ciisiiKcii,  y  lo  inisnio  las  iiuit,'ii<'s.'  Sdlniiixn.  /list. 
GfiK,  torn,  iii.,  lib.  x.,  ]).  127.  ('hicliiinerH  '  rnsiuisc  cdii  liis  jiariciitiis  iims 
fori'niitis,  pero  uo  cou  las  liermauus.'  Ilerreru,  Hint.  Uen..  dec.  viii.,  lib.  vi, 
cup.  XV. 


684 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


.seven  or  oii-lit  yciirs  of  age  tleinaiuling  siu'k  and  ivceiv-"* 
ing  it  from  Iiis  mother.  A  woman  near  her  time  of 
confinement,  retires  to  a  dark  corner  of  the  lion.H', 
atteiuh'd  ])y  .^ome  aged  woman,  wlio  .sings  to  her.  and 
pretends  to  eall  the  hahy  from  afar.  This  midwifi-.  liow- 
ovcr,  does  not  in  any  way  assist  at  the  hirtli,  hut  as 
.so(m  as  the  child  is  Ijorn  she  goes  out,  meanwhile  cover- 
ing; her  face  with  her  hands,  so  that  she  ma\  not  see. 
Having  walked  once  roinid  the  hou.se,  she  opens  her 
ty  es,  and  the  name  of  the  first  ol)ject  .she  sees  is  chosen 
as  the  name  of  the  child.  Among  the  Otomi's.  a  young 
woman  a])()ut  to  heconio  a  mother  is  the  \ictim  of  much 
unnecessary  suffering  arising  from  their  superstitious 
j)ractices;  loaded  with  cert.ain  amulets  and  charms,  .she 
must  carefully  avoid  meeting  certain  individuals  and 
animals  whose  look  might  produce  evil  ellei'ts — a  l)lack 
dog  especially  must  be  avoided.  The  song  of  a  mock- 
ing-hird  near  the  house  is  held  to  he  a  hajjpy  omen. 
At  certain  hours  the  mother  Avas  to  drink  water 
which  had  been  collected  in  the  mountains,  and  pre- 
viously- presented  to  the  gods;  the  phases  of  the  moon 
were  carefully  watched.  She  was  obliged  to  undergo 
an  examination  from  the  old  crone  who  attended  her, 
an<l  who  performed  certain  ceremonies,  such  as  l)urning 
aromatic  herbs  mingled  with  saltpetre.  Sonu'times, 
amidst  her  pains,  the  ancient  attendant  obliged  her 
charge  to  jump  about,  and  take  powerful  inedicines, 
which  fre(|uently  cau.sed  abortion  or  prematiuv  delivery. 
If  the  child  was  a  boy,  one  of  the  old  men  took  it  in 
his  arms  and  painted  on  its  breast  an  axe  or  .some  im- 
plement of  husbandry,  on  its  forehead  a  feather,  and  on 
the  shoulders  a  bow  and  quiver;  he  then  invoked  ibr  it 
the  protection  of  the  gods.  If  the  child  proved  to  be 
a  female,  the  same  ceremony  was  ob.served,  with  the 
exception  that  an  old  woman  officiated,  and  the  figui'e  of 
a  llower  was  traced  over  the  region  of  the  heart,  while 
on  the  palm  of  the  right  hand  a  spinning-wheel  was 
])icture(l.  and  on  the  left  a  i)iece  of  wool,  thus  indiciiting 
the  several  duties  of  after  life.     According  to  ilm  Aj)us- 


CIIILDKEN  AXD  AMUSEMENTS. 


685 


tolico)^  A/iiiH'S,  tlio  Coras  cull  tlio  eliild  uftcr  ono  of 
its  uiick's  or  iuints.  In  twolvo  months'  time  a  feast  is 
prcpaivd  in  honor  of  said  ,>oun;j:',  and  tiie  niothor  and 
child.  to^t'tluM*  with  the  un(!lo  or  aunt,  jilact'd  in  the 
middle  of  the  circle  of  relatives.  V[\(m  these  occasions 
much  wine  is  drunk,  and  for  the  Hrst  time  salt  is  [)!aci'd 
in  the  child's  mouth.  As  soon  as  the  child's  tet'th  are 
all  cut,  a  similar  meeting  takes  place,  and   the  child  is 


then    y,iven    its    first    meal: 


and    again 


at  tl 


le  a'.:e  o 


twelve,  the  ancients  come  together,  when  the  youth   is 
Hrst  given  wine  to  drink.    As  a  ruk>,  young  people  show 


reat  res[)ect  and  aft'ection  for  their  parents;  uU  their 
earnings  I)eing  at  once  handed  over  to  tiiem."^ 

In  early  times,  iimnorality  and  prostitution  existed 
among  these  nations  to  an  unparalleled  extent,  (louiara 
says  that  in  the  province  of  Tauiaulipas  thei'e  were  puh- 
lic  brothels,  where  men  enacted  the  part  of  women,  and 
where  ever}'  night  were  assemhled  as  many  as  ji  thou- 
sand, more  or  less,  of  these  worse  than  beastly  beings, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  vilhige.  It  is  certain  that 
incest  and  every  species  of  fornication  was  coimuonly 
})ractice(l,  esi)ecially  in  the  districts  of  ^'era  Cruz,  Ta- 
maulipas,  and  Quen'taro."'^ 

Their  amusements  are  stam[)ed  with  the  general  mel- 
ancholy of  their  character.  Dancing,  ac(!om[)anied  with 
music  and  singing,  is  their  favorite  }>astinu\  but  it  is 
sehlom  indulged  in  without  the  acc()m[)anying  vice  of 
intoxication.  When  the  Totonacs  join  in  tla'ir  na- 
tional dances,  they  attach  a  kind  of  I'attle  ciMi-d  nin. 
ab'ldH  to  a  band  round  the  head,  that  jic'iices  a 
peculiar  sound  during  th(!  perli^'mance.  Among  some 
tril)es  women  are  not  permitted  to  join  in  tlu'  dances. 


21  }fiililc)ip/nrilt,  Mi'jifn,  torn.  i..  pp.  240-8;  Bnllnnk's  .Af<.virii.  vol.  i.,  p. 
1!I'J;  Ai'iist  'iiicn.-i  At'iiiii's,  PI). '21-'2;  UUlmr,  <lwitiniin\ii,  p.  HI.  •  Jll  ainancilia- 
iiiiciito  IKJ  <'s  (Icshonra  I'litrc  cllos.'  '/jirj'nlf,  in  .l/c'i;/v,  llisl.  ('nm/i.  ih  ■lisn.t, 
torn,  i.,  ])|).  liM,  ;i3").  '  Zlin-^'crdi'ii  dc  kiiulcnn  in  ^cvlcichtc  kuiv  ii  acii 
l)iii>uit:ikkiMi.'  MtiiitdiiuK,  y'uHWH  Weenlil,  p.  21'.l;  ami  Ihipjiir,  Sim'  W'tll.,  p. 
241!. 

'-'  •  Lii  iiiiiiiccli'a,  f'l  iiu'csto,  y  onniito  ticTip  dc  n^as  iisiiiicinsiiiiu'iitc  ii-- 
pn'4li;llltt'  el   ili>s,ilTi"j;|i)  ill'   lil    ('i)li('il])isci'U('iil,  Ki>   li;t  {'(invil'tiiln   ell   lliMtu,' 

Pi'ictij,  I'iijus,  i>.  37'J;  Fossil/,  Mtxi'i'i':,  p.  27;  Liuinaia,  HiM.  lad.,  lul.  50. 


CM 


\VILD  TUIUKS  OF  MEXICO. 


Tlioy  make  various  kinds  of  drinks  and  intoxicating 
licjuors.  One  is  made  Ironi  i\w  fruit  of  tiie  nojial  or 
prickly  jK'jir,  which  is  (ii'st  jK'cli'd  and  j)rt'sst'd ;  the  juice 
is  then  i)assed  tln'ou|ih  straw  sieves,  and  ^jhiced  \ty  a  fire 
or  in  the  sun,  where  in  ahont  an  hour  it  ferments. 
Another  drink,  called  cliiclia,  is  nuuk'  Ironi  raw  su^ai- 
cane,  which  is  mashed  with  a  W(H)den  mallet  and  passed 
throujih  a  pressing-machine.  Their  princi})al  and  na- 
tional drink  is  pukpie,  made  from  the  agave  aniericana, 
and  is  thus  prepared:  When  the  plant  is  ahout  to  hloom, 
the  heart  or  stalk  is  cut  out,  leaving  a  hole  in  the  center, 
which  is  covered  witli  the  outer  leaves.  Kvery  twenty- 
four  hours,  or  in  the  hotter  climates  twice  a  day,  the 
cavity  fills  with  the  sap  from  the  plant,  which  is  taken 
out  and  fermented  hv  the  addition  of  .some  alreadv-fer- 
mented  pukjue,  and  the  process  is  continued  until  i 
plant  ceases  to  yield  a  further  supply.  The  11 
ohtained  is  at  first  of  a  thick  white  color,  and  is  at 
all  times  very  intoxicating.'^" 

Father  Joseph  Arlegui,  in  his  Chronica  da  hi  Pro- 
rlncla  <Je  Zdcufeafs,  which  province  then  comprised  a 
nnich  larger  extent  of  territory  than  the  present  state 
of  Zacatecas,  descrihes  a  singular  ceremony  nowhere 
else  mentioned.  It  is  employed  when  one  nation 
wishes  to  form  a  close  connection,  friendship,  alliance, 
family  or  ))lood  relationship,  so  to  say  (tratan  de  ha- 
cerse  parientes),  with  another  nation;  and  the  })rocess 
is  as  follows:  From  the  trihe  with  which  the  alliiuice 
is  desired,  a  man  is  seized,  and  a  feast  or  drunken 
carousal  commenced.  Meanwhile  the  victim  destined 
to  form  the  connecting  link  between  the  two  bands, 
and  whose  blood  is  to  cement  their  friendship,  is  kei)t 
without  food  for  twenty-four  hours.  Into  him  is  then 
poured  of  their  execrable  beverages  until  he  is  fdled, 

Sfi  UamhohU,  Essui  A>/.,  torn,  i.,  p.  97;  Hussel,  3/l'.r.  Gunt.,  p.  IHO; 
Sohaijuii,  Hist.  Oi'it.,  toiu.  iii.,  lib.  x.,  p.  i:U;  Aixistoiicos  A/dnes,  \t.  I'J;  /*'(- 
(//'//'/,  CiDi)/.  X.  Otilici't,  i>i).  l'.»,  127;  \\'iii)i>iius,  dioij.  n.  Slit't.,  ji.  «();  'I'liiim- 
tiiil,  .W'.viico,  p.  (11;  Alci'ilo,  Dirriomtrio,  toin.  ii.,  p.  47(1;  MuhWniifnriU, 
Mj'if'f,  tola,  i.,  p,  219;  GvmcUi  Cunri,  in  ChurchiU'ii  Vol.  Voywjvs,  vul.  iv., 
p.  517. 


MAKIN'CI  AX  ALLIANCF.. 


f.:J7 


and  liis  sciisos  aro  dojuU'iied,  whvn  ho  is  strotolird 
Ik'I'oiv  a  (ire.  Iniilt  in  a  wide  o\)vn  pliuv,  ulii'iv  all 
the  j)e<)i)le  may  have  access  to  him,  llavin;:  \van:ied 
wll  his  ImkIv,  and  ruhhed  liis  ears,  eacli  aspiiant  t«>  the 
new  tViendsiiip.  armed  witli  a  .^liarj)  awl-shajted  in.4rii- 
nient,  made  of  deer's  lM)ne,  proceeds  t<»  pierce  tiie  earsdi' 
the  prostrate  wretch,  each  in  turn  Ibrcinji'  his  sharp- 
ened hone  throngh  some  new  phice,  wiiich  causes  the 
hUM»d  to  sjjurt  afresh  with  every  incision.  With  the 
hlood  so  drawn,  the  several  memhers  of  the  trihe  anoint 
tlu'iiiselves,  and  the  ceremony  is  done.  On  the  spot 
where  the  rehitive  of  a  Cora  is  killed  in  a  fiuht.  a 
piece  of  cloth  is  dipped  in  l)lood.  and  kept  as  a  remem- 
brance, niitil  his  death  ho  avenued  hv  killini:  the  sla\er. 
or  one  of  the  males  of  his  family  When  meetinji  each 
other  on  a  journey,  they  make  use  of  many  compli- 
mentary salutations,  and  a  kind  of  freemasonry  ajjpears 
to  exist  among  them.  Major  Brantz  Mayer  mentions  a 
trihe  at  Cuernavaca  that,  in  the  event  of  a  white  man 
arrivinij  at  their  villaj^e,  irmnediately  seize  and  place 
him  under  guard  for  the  night  in  a  large  hut;  he  ami 
his  animals  are  carefully  provided  for  until  the  following 
day,  when  he  is  despatched  from  the  village  under  an 
escort,  to  wait  upon  him  until  far  beyond  the  limits  of 
the  settlement.  The  custom,  at  the  present  day.  of  hid- 
ing money  in  the  ground  is  nnivei'.sd:  nothing  would 
induce  a  native  to  entrust  his  savings  with  another.  The 
inhabitants  of  (^nen'taro  s[)end  nnich  of  their  time  l)ask- 
ing  in  the  sun,  and  if  the  sun  (h)es  not  yield  suilicient 
warmth,  they  scoop  out  a  hole  in  the  ground,  burn  in  it 
branches  and  leaves  uf  the  maguey,  and  when  properly 
heated,  lay  themselves  down  in  the  place,  and  cover 
themselves  with  a  mat  or  the  loose  earth.-^ 


27  Arleqni,  Cim'm.  de  Zacnteraa,  pp.  161-2;  ^^l(;/f'r's  JA.c.  as  it  Wnft.  pji. 
173-('.;  Mi'iiiloza,  Hist,  de  las  dosas,  p.  all;  J'riito,  \'i(ijis,  ]>.  liTo;  .1/»-n/iU 
linis  A/itins,  ih  I'i.  '  Los  iiulios,  si  no  tixlos  t-ii  sii  niajni-  piiitc,  vivtii  li^n- 
(los  por  una  cspecie  di-  niiisoneriii.'  JinskiiiKinti:,  in  I'viiUt,  Vinjis.  p.  I'.t'.i. 
'  Wuun  nifhrt'i-c  in  (T(>st'llst'liiift  i^clicn,  nic  nclicn.  sondtrn  iinint  r  liinlii-  <  iii- 
andtr  und  sclten  ruhig  schn  itiiid,  sondnii  fust  iiunitr  km/,  tialii  nd.'  M'o/i- 
;)'Vi(.s,  (it'Dif.  H.  Stdt..  p.  .'{!(.  '  Jj'Indicn  t-nttrrc  son  HVi,'i'nt,  it  an  niniiHnt  ilc 
Biv  mort  11  ue  dit  pus  a  sou  plus  procht-  pureut  ou  il  a  dt'posc  sou  titsor,  utiu 


6?58 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


The  ^rexicans  are  not  siil)ioct  to  nianv  diseases.  Small- 
pox.  broiiiiht  into  the  country  at  the  time  of  the  eon- 
quest,  typlioid  fever,  and  syphilis  are  those  whicli 
cause  the  greatest  destruction  of  life;  the  two  former 
are  aggravated  b}-  the  filthy  condition  of  the  villages. 
Yellow  fever,  or  jjlaek  vomit,  very  rarely  attacks  the 
aboiigines.  The  measles  is  a  prevalent  disease.  Death 
is  likewise  the  result  of  severe  wounds,  fracttu'es,  or 
bruises,  most  of  which  end  in  mortification,  owing  to 
neglect,  or  to  the  barbarous  remedies  ap[)lied  to  condjat 
theui.  The  Huastecs  of  \'^era  Cruz  .suffer  from  certain 
woruis  that  breed  in  their  lips,  and  liighly  esteem  salt 
for  the  curative  properties  they  believe  it  to  jjossess 
against  this  disorder.  At  the  village  of  Qjuiala.  in  the 
state  of  Colima,  a  considerable  number  of  the  children 
are  born  deaf  and  dumb,  idiots,  or  deformed;  besides 
Avhicn.  when  they  roach  a  mature  age,  if  we  may  believe 
the  early  chroniclers,  the  goitres  are  more  or  less  devel- 
o[)ed  on  them,  notwithstanding  Humboldt's  assertion 
that  the  aborigines  never  suffer  from  this  disorder. 
There  is  another  disease,  cutaneous  in  its  character, 
Avhich  is  quite  prevalent  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
and  is  supposed  to  be  contracted  under  the  inllueuce 
of  a  warm,  humid,  and  uidiealthy  eliuiate,  and  may 
be  descri!/od  «1,s  follows:  AV^ithout  pain  the  skin  assuuies 
a  variety  of  colors,  the  spots  produced  being  white,  red, 
brownish,  or  blue.  The  Pintos,  as  south-western  coast- 
dwellers  are  called,  the  chief  victims  to  this  disorder. 
cxi)erience  no  physical  pain,  except  when  they  go  into 
a  cold  climate;  then  they  feel  twitcliings  in  the  places 
where  the  skin  has  clianf;ed  color.  The  disease  is  de- 
clared to  be  contagious:  and  from  all  accounts  no  remedy 
I'or  it  has  I)een  as  yet  discovered.  Formerly,  an  epidemic 
called  the  inatldkii/uKttl  vmit'd  the  country  at  long  inter- 
vals and  caused  terrible  havoc.  All  the  Spanish  wiiters 
uho  speak  of  it  call  it  the  peste,  and  supjiose  it  to  be  the 
same  scourge  that  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  pnprdation 

qu"il  no  Ini  fiissp  pftH  fnuto  qufind  il  ressuscitern.'  Cassil,  iu  Xouvdlei>  Aiuntks 
des  Viiy.,  lb3U,  torn,  xlv.,  p.  31)1). 


MEDICAL  TREATMENT. 


630 


of  tlie  Toltoc  empire  in  tlio  olovoiith  coiiturv,     Otliors 
believe  it   to  have   borne  Ji  greater  similarity  to  yellow 


fever.     The  disease,  whatever  it  is.  made  its  ai) 


ippe 


iranoe 


in  154o,  1570.  and  1  <oG,  since  which  date  1  find  no 
mention  of  it.  destroying  each  time  jui  innuense  num- 
ber of  people;  but  u})on  no  o<_^easion  did  it  attack  the 
s  or  the  mestizos.      Its  greatest  havoc  was  in 


re  w 


,hit( 


pu 

the  interior,  on  the  central  plateau,  and  in  the  coldest 
and  most  arid  regions,  the  lowlands  of  the  cojist  being 
nearlv,  if  not  entirely,  free  from  its  elfects."** 


Wl 


len    sma 


11- 


pox 


Avas    iirst  introduced,   the  natives 


resorted  to  bathing  as  a  cure,  and  a  ver\  lai-ge  nund)er 
succumbed  to  the  disease.  An  old  Spanish  author, 
writing  in  1  ")8(),  states  that  the  natives  of  the  kingdom 
of  Xew  S[)iiiii  had  an  extensive  knowledge  of  medicinal 
herbs;  that  they  seldom  resorted  to  bleeding  or  com- 
pound purgati\es,  for  they  had  many  simple  cathai'tic 
herbs,  lliev  were  in  the  habit  of  making  j)ills  with 
the  India-rubber  gum  mixed  with  other  substances, 
which  they  snallowed,  and  rul)bed  tlu'iuselves  withal, 
to  increase  their  agility  and  sup})leness  of  body.  Cold 
water  baths  are   commonly  I'esorted  to  when  attacked 


witl 


1  lever,  an 


\  th 


ley  cannot  l)e  ])revailea  in)oii 


led 


to  a! 


)an- 


»u  tlie  practice. 


I' 


The  tcJiiazcnlU  or  sweat-bath,   is  also 


df 


verv  much  used  lor  cases  oi  severe  iiiuess 


f 


Tl 


le  hat  11 


th 


liouse  stands  close  to  a  spring  of  fresh  water,  and  is 
built  and  heated  not  unlike  a  l']uro[)ean  bake-oven. 
AVlien  up  to  the  reiiuired  temperature  the  (ire  is  taken 
out.  and  water  thrown  in;  the  patient  is  then  thrust  into 
it  naked,  feet  foremost  and  head  near  the  ape»'ture.  and 


laid  on  a  mat  that  covers  the  hot  stone; 


Tl 


le  lio 


le  tl' 


alVords  him  air  foi'  breathing  is  about  eighteen  iiicher 


'' '  La  prtifo  vi'roli!  ot  la  rout,'<'ol»^  Kfnit  di'iix  iniilinlii  s  tns '(iiiiinniKs.' 
Cliappi- il' Aidi  riiclii.  Wij/diie,  ji.  '25.  The  I'ititos  '  iiiiiiUcd  with  !,'ii  at  liiulis  cif 
(Iffj)  blue  ..  .tlic  (Icciinitioii  is  natural  and  caniiot  l)i>  <'trar((L'  'ri/lnr'.i  Ami- 
luKIc,  J).  ItO'J,  Sec  flUthir:  Fassi'i/,  ,l/cji(/(/R,  li]i.  ;i:t  1,  ;i',).Vli.  ('nni|ial'i'  llnin- 
holilt,  H.-'scu  i'oL.  totii.  i.,  p|).  <l6,  (;!)-7(>.  HS;  .}rni,tiiiiiin,  '"'Unu-i'  Wnnlil.  ]k 
'i.l );  Ihipimr,  Xiiif  WiU.  ]).  "iH'i;  ('<tssvl,  in  Xnnrcllig  ,1)/;"  's  ths  \'iii/..  18,'t(t, 
toin.  \lv.,  J).  IMii;  f.i'iin'iifihri).  Miwii/iie,  p.  '207;  <'li'ir',iif/.  llninis  Ainiiiriiiiits, 
jip.  5()'2-;t;  Malk-lirun,  J'nds  tie  la  Gaxj.,  ton;,  vi.,  p.  ii;);  W'-ijipiius,  (Jvn'j.  u. 
litat.,  p.  10. 


640 


WILD  TEIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


square.  TVhcn  siiiTicicntly  steamed,  and  the  bod}  well 
beaten  with  rushes,  a  cold  water  bath  and  a  brisk  rub- 
bing complete. the  operation.*-* 

In  Midioacan,  the  natives  believe  that  the  leaves  of 
a  plant  called  cozolmecatl  or  olmcaran  applied  to  a  sore 
part  of  the  liody  will  foretell  the  result  of  the  disorder; 
for  if  the  leaves  adhere  to  the  s[M)t,  it  is  a  sure  sign  that 
the  sufferer  will  get  well,  but  if  they  fiiU  ofi*  the  con- 
trary will  hap|)on.  When  prostrated  with  disease,  the 
nearest  relatives  and  friends  surround  the  patient's 
couch  find  hold  a  confal)  ifpon  the  nature  of  his  ailment 
and  the  application  of  the  remed}'.  Old  sorceresses  and 
charlatans  put  in  practicv*  their  spells;  fumigatiims  and 
meltings  of  saltpetre  abound ;  and  by  some  jugglery,  out 
of  the  crystallized  saltpetre  is  brought  a  monstrous  ant, 
a  horrible  worm,  or  some  other  object,  which,  as  they 
allege,  is  the  cause  of  the  disorder.  As  the  disease  pro- 
gresses, the  friends  of  the  sufterer  severally  roconnnend 
and  apply,  according  to  the  judgment  each  may  have 
formed  of  the  matter,  oil  of  scorpions  or  of  worms, 
water  supposed  to  produce  miraculous  effects  on  fevers, 
or  like  applications,  and  these  empirical  reuiedies.  most 
of  which  are  entirely  useless,  and  others  extrcmeh"  l)ar- 
barous,  are  applied  together  without  weight  or  measure.''** 

In  common  with  other  peoples,  it  is  usual  with  these 
nations  to  place  several  kinds  of  edibles  in  the  grave 
with  the  deceased.  Amcmg  the  Coras,  when  one  died, 
the  corpse  was  dressed  and  wrapped  in  a  mantle;  if  a 
man,  with  1k)\v  and  arrows,  and  if  a  woman,  with  her 
distail'  etc.,  and  in  this  maimer  the  l)ody  was  buried 
in  a  cave  previously  selected  by  the  deceased.  All 
his   Avorldly   goods   were    placed    at    the   door  of  his 

'■^''  '  TjDS  Indids  son  f^'riuidcH  herboliirios,  y  cnran  sit'iupro  ■  i\\  illiis.'  Mm- 
doza,  Ilisl.  lie  l,(iK  Ciisdn,  \i,  Itll.  'For  fevtrs.  for  had  coldi;.  lOY  the  l)itt'  of  ii 
lioisoiioiis  iiiiiiDal,  this  (tlif  tfiiiazi'itlli)  is  said  to  ho  a  c  rtain  curts  also  fiir 
acute  rlii'umatism.'  ('clihron  <h  la  lldixn's  J.ifv  in  ^fc.\^.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2.")"); 
Helps'  Siirtn.  ('iiii<i.,  vol.  ii.,  j).  4I{();  Mnionrilk,  A'tise,  p.  12i;  Murr,  \avlinrli- 
teii,  p.  .'iOii;  Mitldcnpfoi-dl,  Mijifo,  toiii.  i.,  p.  250. 

s"  '  Notant  harhari,  folia  parti  afl'tcta)  ant  dok'Uti  npi)lieuta,  do  ovoiitn 
niorhi  ]ira'jiulioaro:  nam  si  tirmitor  nd  haroaiit,  eortiim  Ki(,'uuni  csso  a-j,'nini 
convalitiirnni,  sin  docidant,  eontru.'  L'lvl,  Xwun  Orbh,  p.  271;  \"di't,  in 
Priito,   I'iiijis,  pp,  1118- 'J. 


BURIAL  AND  CHARACTER. 


G41 


former  house,  so  that  lie  might  come  nnd  take  them 
without  crossing  the  threshold,  as  thev  helieved  the  dead 
returned  to  see  ahout  pro{)erty.  If  the  decea.sed  had 
cattle,  his  friends  and  relatives  every  now  and  then 
placed  some  meat  upon  sticks  about  tlie  helds.  for  fear 
he  miulit  come  for  the  cattle  he  formerlv  owned.  Five 
da\  s  after  death  a  hired  wizju'd  essayed  to  conjure  away 
the  shade  of  the  de})arted  pro})erty- holder.  The.^e 
spirit-scarers  went  smoking  their  pipes  all  over  the  dead 
man's  house,  and  shook  zai)ote-branches  in  the  coiners, 
till  they  pretended  to  have  found  the  fancied  shadow, 
which  they  hurled  headlong  to  its  linal  restiiig-[)lace. 
Tpon  the  seiu^nd  of  Xovemher  most  of  the  natives  of 
the  Mexiciui  vallej'  bring  olVcrings  to  their  dead  rela- 
tives and  friends,  consisting  of  edibles,  live  animals, 
and  tlowers,  which  are  laid  on  or  about  the  graves. 
The  anniversary  or  commemoration  of  the  dead  among 
the  ancient  Aztecs  occurred  almost  upon  the  same  day."'^ 
The  thick-skinned,  thoughtful  and  reserved  aborig- 
inals of  central  Mexico  are  most  enigmatical  in  their 
character.  Their  i)e('uliar  cast  of  features,  their  natural 
reserve,  and  the  thickness  of  their  skin,  make  it  ex- 
tremely dillicult  to  ascertain  by  the  expression  of  the 
face  what  tiieir  real  thoiiuhts  are.     The  wiieral  ch 


f^*^ 


ar- 


acteristics  of  this  people  maybe  summed  uj)as  i'ollows: 


pe 


ice 


able 


'utU 


d 


e    auu    suhmissive 


to   tl 


leir    suneriors 


gnvc  fnen  to  melancholv.  and  \vt  fond  of  striking; 
exhibitioiih  and  noisy  revelry;  improvident  but  charita- 
ble,  sincerely  pious,    but  wallowing   in    ignorance   and 


su 


[)erstitioiis;  (piick  of  [lerception.  and  possessed  of  great 
facility  for  aeipiiring  knowledge,  es[tecially  of  tlie  arts, 
verv  imitative,  but  with  little  origiiialitv,  unambitious, 


■>'  ihe  reniainrt  of  one  nf  their  nnciciit  kiiif^'s  found  in  a  riiv<>  is  tlnis  ilc- 
spvilicd;  'ostaba  cubici-to  dc  indrcria  tcxida  Kc^un  su  (•(istiniibrc  in  la  Miiinl.t 
con  (|ue  sc  I'liliria  disdc  ins  lionibius  liasta  l(is  jiics,  silitadci  en  la  niisma  silla 
i|Uc  lu  linj^'iciim  (1  sdlio,  I'on  ialiali,  lirazalctts,  ('(illaics,  y  ii])ritiiil(>ri  s  do 
plata;  y  en  la  frcntc  una  curona  di'  lurnuisas  plunias.  dt'  varins  cdlnics  niiz- 
t'ladas,  la  luano  i/ijuicrda  jiuista  vn  fl  bra/f)  do  la  silla,  y  en  la  di  irclia  nn 
alt'an|_'('  Clin  t;uarnicion  dc  (ilata.'  .l/cci/i;,  l)ir<h)iiiirU),  tuni.  iii.,  p.  "-'.I'.'.  Sid 
also:  \fiil,'e,int'nnlt,  Mijiro.  toni.  i.,  pp.  '2.">y  00;  Aj'uslvlkus  Aj'an'S,  p.  li'J; 
-l/'/((ui,  Z'K.s  lli-iitiiif  MvjclLii,  I).  2111. 

Vol.  I.     41 


642 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


Unwilling  to  loarn,  and  indiflforont  to  the  comforts  of 
life.  Irascihilitv  is  bv  no  means  foreijin  to  tlieir  nature, 
but  it  seems  to  lie  dormant  until  awakened  by  intox- 
ication or  some  powerful  i'ni)ulse,  when  tbe  iimate 
crueltv  ilames  forth,  and  thev  pass  suddeidv  from  ii 
state  of  perfect  cjdinness  to  one  of  unresti'ained  fierce- 
ness. (\)uriiue  and  cowardice  are  so  blended  in  their 
character  that  it  is  no  easy  m.atter  to  determine  which 
is  the  predominant  trait.  A  fact  worthy  of  notice  is 
that  upon  many  occasions  they  have  jiroved  themselves 
capable  of  facing  danger  with  the  greatest  resolution. 
and  }et  they  will  tremble  at  the  angry  fit)wn  of  a 
white  man.  La/iness,  and  a  marked  inclination  to 
cheating  and  stealing  are  among  the  other  bad  (jualities 
attributed  to  them;  but  there  is  abundant  evidence  to 
show,  that  although  naturally  .averse  to  industry,  they 
work  hard  from  morning  till  night,  in  mining,  agri- 
culture, and  other  occupations,  and  in  tlieir  inefficient 
way  accomplish  no  little  labor.  Murder  and  highway 
ro})berv  ai'c  crimes  not  generally  couunitted  by  the 
pure  altoriginal.  who  steals  rarely  anxthiug  but  food 
to  appease  his  hunger  or  that  of  his  fauiily.  A  ^lex- 
ican  author  savs.  the  Indian  cuts  down  a  tree  to  nick 
its  fruit,  destroys  an  oak  of  ten  years  grt)wth  for  a 
week's  fu'ewood;  in  other  words,  he  produces  little,  con- 
sumes little,  and  destroys  nmch.  Another  Mexican 
writer  afhrms  that  the  Indiai;  is  active,  industrious, 
handy  in  agi-icultural  labor,  a  diligent  servant,  a  trusty 
postmiui,  humble,  hospitable  to  his  guests,  and  shows 
a  sincere  uratitude  to  his  benefactors.''- 


32  7)7)c/i;.;?))/,  Voy.,  p.  Do;];  CoJihron  tie  In  Borro's  Life  in  Mix.,  vol.  i..  ]>. 
200;  Miii/r'n  .U'.r.  (Ik  it  Wits.  jip.  17(*,  201;  Jlntasi'iir  dtt  liimvhmirij,  Vnii. 
Ti'liiiiuiti'jii'r,  ]t\i,  111,  172:  LinvntntilHyi',  in  .\iiiirillis  AidihIi.i  Uis  1'"//.. 
1M24,  toll).  x\iii..  11.07;  Oltarin,  in  hi..  IHICl,  toin.  lix..  ]>.  71:  !:'lliiei\  (iim- 
iiiiiinin,  \tp.  Hi -2:  Villn,  in  I'riilit,  Vlnjis,  ]>]}.  11(1-7;  Arnrnrnlu,  Ilispitialii 
II,  ])p.  21,  20;  Siiliiiiiini,  Hist,  (tin.,  toin.  iii.,  lib.  n.,  )i)i.  l:il,  \\\T>\  liussi,  Sim- 
renirs,  p.  2.S."):  t.nfitiiil,  I'ni/iniis.  toin.  i..  p.  211?:  Wiijiiiiins,  Uioij.  n.  Slut.. 
pp.  40-1;  I'liilill'i.  I'omi.  S.  (Iii'ii-ia.  .lA.S.,  p.  10;  I'niiisilt's  XuIp.i  .lA.i'.,  pp. 
108,  Ifll :  .Miilli'-llriin,  I'n-ris  de  I'l  liiUtij..  toin.  vi..  )i.  11.");  Himilli  Cnriri,  in 
Cluirrliill's  ('ill.  Viii/iiiifs.  vol.  iv.,  p.  402;  livrin'iir,  (  nl.  ilr  I'd//.,  totii.  ii., 
pp.  IWIl  4;  Hii)iiii/iiistli''s  Sjian.  Aw.,  vol.  i.,  j)p.  lO-")!).  •  L'inil'iL,'i"'nc'  nicxi- 
cuiu  est  yriivo,  nit'liiuculitiUf,  sileucicux,  iiussi  louy-touips  (piu  lus  liquoiira 


CHARACTER  IN  NORTHERN  MEXICO. 


C43 


Tlie  Panics.  Otomi's.  Piiitos.  and  other  nations  north 
of  tho  Afoxican  valley  Avero.  at  the  tiuio  of  the  con(|uost, 
a  harljaroiis  people,  lierce  and  warlike,  covetous  even  of 
trilles  and  fond  of  display.  The  Michoacaciiies  or  Taras- 
cos  are  warlike  and  bnive,  and  for  many  y.'ars  after  the 
conquest  showed  themselves  exceedinjil}  hostile  t)  the 
whites,  whom  they  attacked,  plundered,  and  frecpiently 
murdered,  when  traveling  through  their  countrv.  in 
1751  they  were  already  fpiiet,  and  gave  evidences  of 
being  intelligent  and  devoted  to  work.  The  men  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  city  of  A'era  (h'uz  are  careless,  lazy,  and 
fickle;  much  given  to  gambling  and  drunkenness;  but 
the  women  are  virtuous,  frugal,  cleanly,  and  extremi'ly 
industrious.  The  natives  of  .lalapa,  judging  by  their 
countenance,  are  less  intelligent,  and  lack  the  sweetness 
of  character  that  distinguishes  the  inhid/itants  of  the 
higher  i)lateau;  they  are,  however,  peaceable  and  inoffen- 
sive. The  wild  tribes  of  the  north  are  rude,  revengeful, 
dull,  irreligious,  lazy,  and  given  to  ro])bery,  plunder, 
and  murder.  Such  arc  the  characteristics  attributed  to 
them  under  the  name  of  Chichimecs  by  old  Si)anish  au- 
thoi's  and  others.  Indeed,  the  onlv  creditable  traits  thev 
were  allowed  to  possess,  were,  in  certain  parts,  courage 
and  an  inde[)endent  s[)irit.  Of  the  nations  of  .lalisco, 
l)oth  ancient  and  modern  writers  bear  testimony  to  their 
bravi'ry.  They  are  also  sagacious  and  somewhat  .ndus- 
trious,  but  oi)posed  to  hard  laboi"  (as  what  savage  is  not), 
and  not  easily  kept  under  restraint.  Those  who  dwell 
on  Lake  Cha|)ala  are  quiet  and  mild,  devoted  to  agricid- 
tural  pursuits,  ^fhey  indeed  proved  themselves  high- 
spirited  and  efficient  in  defending  their  rights,  when 
long  oppression  had  exhausti'd  their  for))earance.  Tlie 
Coras  were  hardv  and  warlike,  averse  to  anv  inter- 
course  with  the  whites  and  to  the  Christian  religion, 
but  by   the  efforts  of  the  missionaries,  and  the  heavy 

cnivnuitos  n'nnt  pas  nsisnrlni.'  llnmhnhU,  Esam  Pol.,  iom.  \.,\i\t.  f)4.  90. 
'  The  most  violent  j)!issi()iis  are  iu'Vit  piiiiitctl  in  their  features.'  M'lWs  Hist. 
M<',e.,  ]t\t.  .")-(!,  1((.  'Of  a  shar[i(!  wit,  and  (^'uod  vnderntaudin),',  for  wliiit  ko- 
euer  ii  lie.  Sciences  or  other  Arts,  these  jieople  are  very  apt  to  Icarne  it  w.tb 
(jiiiall  uistnictiiiy.'  rurclms'  His  rUijrhius,  vol.  iv.,  p.  1433. 


r,U 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  5IKXIC0. 


hlow.s  of  the  Spanish  soldiiTs,  they  were  Iji'oiiglit  under 
sulycction,  and  became  trsu'ttihle. 


;i:i 


The  SorTin:u\  MExrcAXS,  under  which  name  T  jirouj) 
the  people  iiduihiting  tlie  present  states  of  Oajaca,  (Juer- 
rero,  (Miiai)as,  the  southern  portion  of  Vera  (\-\\7., 
Tabasco,  and  Yucatan,  constitute  the  second  and  last 
division  of  this  chapter.  Much  of  this  territory  is  sit- 
uated within  the  tierras  ('(iHciifrt^,  or  hot  lands,  wherein 
^.yj»i.y  variety  of  tro[)ical  vegetation  altounds  in  luxuriant 
profusion.  The  heat,  especially  along  the  coast,  to  the 
unacclimated  is  most  opj)ressive.  The  great  chain  of 
the  Cordillera  in  its  tiansit  across  the  Tehuantei»ec  isth- 
nuis,  appi'oaches  nearer  to  the  l^u^ific  seaboard  than  to 
the  Atlantic,  and  dropping  from  the  elevated  table-land 
of  central  M(>xico.  seeks  a  lower  altitude,  and  breaks 
iuto  cross-ridges  tliat  traverse  the  country  in  an  east  and 
west  direction.  I'pon  the  northern  side  of  the  istlunus 
aj'e  plains  of  considerable  extent,  of  rich  alluvial  soil, 
through  which  several  rivers,  after  draining  the  mount- 
ain districts,  discharue  into  the  Mexican  gulf  These 
streams,  in  their  course  through  the  table-lands,  are  bor- 
diM'ecl  by  rich  lands  of  greater  or  lesser  extent.  On  th(! 
southern  side,  natm-e  puts  on  a  boldei*  as[)ect  and  a  nar- 
rower belt  of  lowlands  is  traversed  by  several  rivers, 
which  discharge  the  drainage  of  the  southern  slope  iuto 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  into  the  lagoons  that  border  the 
ocean.  One  of  the  most  important  features  of  Vuc^atan 
is  the  absence  of  any  important  river.  The  coast,  which 
is  of  great  extent,  has  in  general  a  bleak  and  ii'id  aj)- 
[jcarance,  and  is  little  broken  except  on  the  north-west, 


3^  Tb(>  I'intos  of  Guprrcro  are  'most  ffroci(nissavag<\s.'  Ti/l(<r's AunhiKW, 
]).;!()'.).  Thu  CliifhiiiU'cs  iiiv  '  los  prori's  do  toilos  y  los  iiiiiyons  liniiiicid.is 
y  siilt(':i(lin'cs  (1((  toilii  lii  ticrra.'  /urt'dti',  in  Ali'iir,  ll'ist.  i'lDiiji.  ih  ,lfsii^,  tniii. 
i.,  (i.  "JHl.  Sot!  t'uvtlu'f,  Ahiiiirii-,  .ilciiKirid,  j).  IS;  Ividtrj/,  in  Hcnu'  ihs  dnix 
Mond'S.  Soj)!.,  |.S(!tJ,  \^,  l.'):!:  fhldjinrli',  Ilnsdh  timi.  x.,  j).  I{2.'{;  Ovoioi  i/  liiint, 
<f  oiriifid,  p.  '2SI;  1,'iit,  S'lH-iis  Orhis,  ji]).  •lil'.K  'its. I;  CtDnhirr.  I'o//.,  p.  If'.M; 
lliirl.  in  Jieruf  Fridirdisc,  ])oi'.,  iKCil,  )ip. -IT'.t,  IS.");  llirnni,  Ilist.'deH.,  doo. 
viii.,  Ill),  vi.,  cap.  xvi.;  Iti'ma.  //(.s7.  </(  /os  '/Vi'kui/i/io.s,  ]>.  721;  Orh-do.  U'lsl. 
'/I'd.,  toiu.  iii..  p.  .')(!. I;  (Imii'irn,  llisl.  Iiid..  fol.  271;  liiiiiiiiuDd,  Cron.  dtMv- 
vIuMican,  MS.,  pp.  l'J7,  235;  I'ikj^'s'  Tracds,  vol.  i.,  p.  IM. 


THE  NATIONS  OF  SOITIIERN  MEXICO. 


f.l5 


AvluMV  it  is  iiidt'iitod  l»v  tlio  lajiuiiii  do  Tcrminos,  aiul 
on  the  oa.st('i'ii  side  by  the  l)iiys  of  Aseeiisioh.  Mspi'ritii 
Santo,  and  (.'lietunu'l.  Tlio  central  i)ai't  ol"  tlie  Vneattni 
])eninsnla  is  occupied  by  a  low  ridf-e  of  mountains,  of 
hajTen    aspect.     A    sliort    distance  IVoni  the   coast   the 


'neral 


ii})[)earance  of  the  country  inii)roves,  being  wv 


11- 


wooded,  and  containing  many  fertile  tract.> 


M 


uiy 


of  tl 


le 


nations  occn[)ying   this  region   at   the 


it    th 


time   of  the  coiKpiest  may  be  called  cultivated,   or  at 
least,  progressive,  and  consecpieiitly  belong  to  the  ci\il- 
i/,ed  nations  described  in  the  second  volume  ol'  this  work; 
others  falling  back  into  a  stati>  of  wildness  after  the<'eii- 
tral  civilization  was  extinguished,   makes  it  extremely 
dilliciilt  to   draw  any  line   separating  civili/ation  from 
savagism.     Nevertheless  we  will  examine  them  as  best 
we  may;  and  if  it  be  found  that  what  we  learn  ol'thi'iii 
ivfers  more  to  the  present  time  than   has  been  the  case 
with  nations  hitherto  treated,  the  cause  will  be  o])vious. 
The  ZdpotecH,  who  were  in  former  times  a  very  \)o\\- 
orful  nation,  still  occupy  a  great  jujrtion  of  Oajaca,  sur- 
rounded by  the  ruins  of  their  ancient  palaces  and  (pities. 
The  whole  western  part  of  the  state  is  taken  ii[)  by  the 
M'rdecx.     Tributary  to  the   above   before   the  coiKpiest, 
were  the  J/ZyVs  and  other  smaller  tribes  now  residing  in 
the   mountain   districts   in  the  centre   of  the   isthmus. 
The  JIiKircs,  who  are  said  to  have  come  by  sea  from  the 
south,  and  t<^  have  lauded  near  the  present  city  of  Te- 
huantepec,  s[)read  out  owv  the  lowlands  and  around  the 
laiioons  on   the  south-western  coast  ol"  Oaiaca.      In   the 
l)rovince  of  (Joa/acoalco,  and  in  Tal)asco.  are  the  A/nni- 
liilcofi.  and  Choiitd/cs,  who  o('cu[)y  a  large  ])ortion  of  tlu; 
latter  state.      South  of  them  In  ('hia[)as  are  the   C/io/cf^, 
7}i('ii,(ht/cK,  ZotzU(')<,  AlrDiics,  and   (^/iciciH.^.  ;nid  in  the  ex- 
treme south-eastern  end  of  the  same  state,  and  extend- 
ing into  Central  America,  some  tribes  of  the  /,iir,in(/niiif< 
are  located,      '^fhe  extensive  peninsula  of  Yucatan,   the 
ancient  name  of  which  was  Maya[)an,  formed  the  inde- 
])endeiit  and  powerful  kingdom  of  the  Mayas,  who  held 
imdis|)uted  possession  of  the  country  until,  after  a  heroic 


G4G 


"WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


ivsistjUK'C,  tlioy  wore  fiiiully  coinpellcd  to  yield  to  the 
j<ii|)eri()r  dijscipline  uiid  weiipuiis  of  the  Hpaiii.sli  in- 
vade rs.^ 

The  Ziipotecs  proper  are  well-fornied  and  strong;   the 
features  of  the  men  are  of  a  i)e('idiar  east  and  not  pleas- 
ing; the  ■women,   however,    are  delicately  formed,  and 
graceful  with  hiuidsome  leatures.     Another  tribe  of  the 
same  nation,  the  Zapoteesof  Tehuantei)ee,  are  rather  un- 
der the  medium  height,  with  a  })leasing  oval  lace  and  j)re- 
sent  a  (hie  })ersonal  ap[)earance.     Not  a  few  of  them 
luive  light-colored  hair,  and  a  somewhat  fair  complexion, 
'['heir  senses,  especially  that  of  sight,  are  acute,  and  the 
constitution   sound   and    robust,    notwithstanding    theii- 
habits  of  intoxication.     The  females  have  regular  and 
handsome   features,    and   though   of  small   stature    and 
bizarre  in  their  carriage,  are  truly  graceful  and  seduc- 
tive.    Dark  lustrous  eyes,  long  eje-lashes.  well  defined 
eye-brows,   luxuriant  and   glossy    jet-black    hair,    play 
havoc  with  the  men.      Those  of  Acayucan  .village  are 
particularly   noted    for  their  beauty,     l^ut  not  all  are 
thus;  instance  the  Chatinos  who  are  remarkabl\-  uiilw 
The  natives  ol'Oajaca  are  generally  largeand  well-formed  ; 
those  of  Sierra  are  of  a  light-yellow  complexion,  and 
their  women  are    tolerably   white   with   mild   features. 
Some  l»ranches  of  the  Miztecs  and  ^la/atecs  carr\  uj.on 
their  shoulders  very  large  loads.     Farther  Burgoa  writ- 
ing of  the  Miztecs,  of  Yangiiistlan,  in  the  year   1'>4J, 
speaks  of  their  l)eautiful  comi)lexion   and    line   ioruis. 
The  Mijes  are  of  g(K)d  height,  strongly  built,  hardy,  and 
active;  thev  wear  a  beard,  and  altogether  their  aspect  is 
I'epulsive.     The  Zotiues  are  very  nnich  like  the  .Mijes. 
their  features  are  as  prominent  juid  unprepossessing;  l)ut 
they  are  probably  more  athletic.      The   Chontales  are 


3'  T  le  llayiis,  'Sio  sclbst  nennen  sicli  lioiito  nodi  Mnrofivdl.  d,  h.  Kin,i;o- 
borciic  vom  Miiya-Liindi',  iiic  Yuciit;iiu)s  (mIct  NucutfCDs.  wiis  sjiaiiisilK  r 
Ausilnick  fiir  ilif  UcwdhinT  dcs  Staatcs  i.-<t.'  ir((/-/i.Vi(s,  ^Vi,;/.  v.  Stul..  \  p. 
112  li.  Sci'  iilsi)  Oriiifd  1/  llcn-ii,  (j'litiiriifi'd.  ]i]).  I<;;(,  ITit,  IKi,  I'.Hi;  llmssi  m- 
(/  UniirlxiKiy,  I'ojiiil  Viili.  iircfacc,  j).  clvii;  Mi':li!i  lui/nrill,  M'  jini.  tout.  i..  \K'lf  S; 
toiii.  ii.,  ])t  i.,  I'll.  141)-!!;  liiiriind,  (Ivmi.  Ihscriji.,  tiiii.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  fdl.  ;i!(G,  4i  U- 
1;  A'c !/(«((/,  Hid.  de  L'lijjaiia,    y\).  'iOi-o;  Juaims'  lliftt.  Umd.,  p.  11. 


niVSIQUE  IN  OAJACA  AND  YUCATAN. 


G-Ll 


tiill  ftiid  vc'i'v  lolmst.  In  tliu  villiij:o  of  TiMiiiisi.stlun, 
OajiU'ii,  sliortly  iifttT  the  k^panisli  coii<|Uc'st.  tlii'j  ^Vl.'l•o 
all  ivportt'd  as  of  ji  gijiantic  stature.  The  Iliunes  pre- 
sent a  (liiVerent  appearance  from  anv  of  the  other  native.s 
of  the  isthnuis  of 'rehiiantepec.  They  are  jieiieially  well- 
made,  and  of  strong;  constitutions.  The  natives  of  Ta- 
hasco  who  dwell  in  the  country  horderinii on  the  liver  of 
that  name,  are  of  medium  heijiht,  and  with  well-devel- 
oped Tuuhs.  l>oth  men  and  wouien  ha\e  round  Hat 
faces,  low  foreheads,  siuall  Q\vt^,  llattish  noses,  thick  li[)s, 
small    but   (piite    full  mouths,  white  teeth,  and    tawny 


comiuexions. 


The  Ahualulcos   are    rather  under   the 


midiUe  heijiht,  hut  of  great  physical  streuj:th.  They 
have  a  low  narrow  forehead,  salient  cheek-bones,  full 
lips,  white  teeth,  small  beard,  and  coarse  hair.  Their 
features  are  a((uiline,  aud  the  expression  ol"  their  coun- 
tenance is  melancholy,  one  of  gentleuess  bleuck'd  with 
sternness.  They  stroujily  resemble  the  dt'scendants  of 
the  Aztecs  of  ^lexico.  The  women  are  more  delicately 
nuide,  aud  souie  beautiful  ones  are  seen  auioujj,'  them. 
They  move  quickly  and  with  much  natiual  ,i:race.'' 

The  descendants  of  the  ^ia\as  are  of  medium  size, 
with  tiood  liuibs,  large  faces  and  mouth,  the  up[)('r  lip 
slightly  arched,  and  a  marked  tendcucy  to  stoutuess; 
the  nose  is  somewhat  Hat,  eyes  slee})y-lookiug  aud  hair 
black  and  glossy,  which  rarely  turns  gray,  couiplexion 
of  a  copper  color,  and  in  some  instances  yellowish.  Xat- 
urally  stroug.  the  Maya  or  Yucatec  can  carr\'  hcaxy 
loads  loug  distances,  aud  i)erf()rm  a  great  <U'al  of  hard 
labor  without  showing  signs  of  fatigue.     .Vn  uUl  ^^panisli 


■'5  liiinifird's  'I'lliuniili  jiif,  pp. '220,  221,  227;  ^forn,  in  liai-'u/,  llirrDwrhnknlo, 


PI).   H'.)-1U;  MiU,lii,ii/nnil.   M'j'm,, 


turn. 


A, 


V 


21.-);  Mu 


r 


"J 


pp.  H\S,  h.")!):    lit  riiiisiliitf,  in  Lmnl.  'itmi.  >(ic  .  ./(; 

"        .1  '  "  "     '    


Mil.    -WMl.,    p 


i")-!;};  Cliarnoi/,  Jliuias  Aiiirrifiiinrs,  j)p.  2S7,  ildd-l;  llnlrhhuis'  (al.  M'HJ.,  Vdl. 
ii.,  p  IV.It.  Ziipotccs  'bicn  tMllii(k)s,'  Mijf.s  '  ^iTduaiiti  s,  iiltitids  tic  f<inili- 
ciou,  J- cucrpc),'  MiztccK  '  liiula  ttz  en  el  rostid,  y  Inn  nii  (lis|(isi(iiin  tn  el 
tille.'  linniiia,  ii'i"i.  I)(scr>ii.,  toni.  ii.,  ])t  li.,  fol.  ■j.ii-.  271.  ^i'll,  Jdl,  timi.  i., 
pt  ii.,  p.  131.     '  Ttjiii.iuteiifc  women:  .Ict-bluck  hair,  silky  iiinl  lii.\iiiiaiit.  cn- 


Iranns 


li|4ht-l)i()\\  11  fai'cs,  on  wliii'h,  in  votiili, 


nil  lilu>li  I'll  till! 


clirck  luiLilitcus  tlic  lustre  of  their  iliilk  eyes,  with  lonj,'  liovi/.oiital  lasln  8 
1111(1  sli.iviily-iiiarked  lyeliidws.'  'J'fnij>shi/'s  Mltln,  )>.  '.(iH.  'Ihe  Soijiies, 
'short,  with  lat|4e  dusts  and  ]ni\voifiil  uniscles.  .  .  ]>ntli  men  ami  u^  mm 
have  Very  rejnilsivc  countenaiiLxs.'  HlnifdiJl's  ICxplur.  I'ljluiaid  iiu-,  p.  12tj. 


648 


WILD  TIIIHES  OF  MKXKO. 


■writer  montioiin  that  tlioy  were  goncrally  l)<)w-l(>{:<:o(1, 
und  many  of  tlu'in  ."^(iiiint-ovcd.  TIk'  sanu'  author  >:a\s 
tlioN'  had  "ood  fiieos.  wvw  not  vcrv  dark,  did  not  wear  a 
hoard,  and  uore  long-lived.  The  uoinen  are  plump,  and 
uenerallv  sneakiny;  not  uylv 


m 


\vr\  scanty  was  the  dress  of  the  dwelleis  on  Tehuan- 
tepee  isthnnis.  Jn  Oajaea  and  ('hia})as,  thi'  men  wore 
a  ])ieee  of  deer  or  other  skin  fastened  round  the  waist. 
and  hanging  down  in  front,  and  the  women  wore  aprons 
of  maguey-iihre.  Montanus  indeserihing  tlie  Mijes  says 
they  were  quite  naked,  l)ut  that  some  wore  round  the 
waist  a  white  deer-skin  dressed  with  human  hearts,  Tiie 
Ijacandones,  when  going  to  war,  wore  on  their  shoulders 
the  skin  of  a  tiger,  lion,  or  deer.  The  (^uelenes  wra[)ped 
round  their  head  a  colored  cloth,  in  the  maimer  of  a 
turhan,  or  garland  of  flowers.  At  present,  the  usual 
dress  of  the  /a])otecs  is  a  pair  of  wide  Mexican  drawers, 
and  short  jacket  of  cotton,  with  a  ))road-hrinnued  hat, 
made  of  felt  or  straw — yet  the  Iluaves  and  man\-  of  the 


})0() 


rer  class,  still  wear  nothinu'  hut  a  hreech-clolh.     The 


costume  of  the  women  is  simple,  and  not  without  ele- 
gance. That  of  the  Miztccs,  Zapotecs,  and  others  dwell- 
ing in  the  city  of  Tehuantepec  is  a  skirt  made  of  cotton, 
- — ^sometimes  of  wool — that  reaches  nearly  to  the  ankles, 
])rettily  and  often  elahorately  worked  in  various  designs 
and  colors.  The  uj)per  part  of  the  hody  is  covered 
Avith  a  kind  of  chemisette,  with  short  sleeves  called  the 
IriilpU.  of  fine  texture,  and  adorned  with  lace  and  gold 
or  silk  threads.  On  the  head  is  a  white  cotton  cover- 
ing, made  like  a  narrow  sack  or  sleeve,  which  is  drawn 
on  and  hangs  down  over  the  hack.  In  Tahasco,  the 
dress  of  the  men  difliers  little  from  that  of  the  people 
of  ^rehuantepec;  the  'i'ahiiscan  women  wear  a  cotton 
l)etticoat  or  a  few  yards  of  calico  wrajtped  round  the 
waist,  and  reaching  helow  the  knees.     Over  the  petti- 

3''  '  Es  fxonU'  la  do  Ynontan  tl(>  Imeiios  ctiPi-iios.  l)irii  lioc-hos,  y  rczios'. . . . 
The  wo!iii>ti  'liicii  li('<lias,  y  no  fcas.  .  .    iin  sou  blaiuas.  siiio  dc  color  1ia(;r 


llfinrn.  Hist.  h'm..  dec.  iv..  lih.  iii.,  cap.  iv.      Sco  fiirtlic 


llllllll  I'  s 


'''.'/" 


r/(/'N, 


vol.  ii..  pt  ii..  p.  115;  Mm-ili'l.  Wii/niic.  tmii.  i.,  p.  1IH;  Mnnlditiis,  JN'itioce 


Wartld,  p.  "258;  D'tppcr,  A'l  we  Wdi,  p.  'i',»l;    Ti/lar'tt  Anulmuc,  p.  10. 


DIlKrS  IN  OA.IACA  AND  YUCATAN. 


f.l!) 


ooiit  tlu'v  wear  ii  frock  with  sUh'Vos  to  tlic  vrist.  Icnv iiiL? 
the  hosoiii  1111(1  neck  oxposed.  Chihhvii  iiinl  hovs  <:o 
naked;  iiKh-ed.  whenever  elothinj;' t()  uii\  extent  is  loimd 
in  this  rciiion.  we  niav  he  sure  tliat  the  foreitiii  tradei' 
is  at  the  hottoni  of  it.'" 

lioth  sexes  usually  wear  the  hair  loni:".  partiii;^  it  in 
the  middle,  and  either  permit  it  to  liaii^  in  loose  tresses 
over  tlie  shoulders,  or.  hinding  it  with  «:ay  colored  rih- 
hons.  loop  it  up  on  the  hiick  of  the  head,  where  it  is 
fastened  with  a  lar^e  comh.  On  festive  occasions  they 
interweave  llowers  with  the  hair,  and  also  mingle  with 
it  Ji  s[)ecies  of  sliininu'  heetle.  culled  fiicullo.  wliich  emits 
u  phosphorescent  lijilit.  and  produces  a  very  })retty  elVect. 
Amon|i'  the  /otiues  who  reside  at  San  Miguel  and   Santa 


M 


irui 


V\ 


iinialai)a 


tl 


10  ma 


les  si 


lave 


tl 


le  crown  o 


f  tl 


le 


liead.  a  custom  of  nossihle  monkish  oriizin   iKculiar  to 


themselve: 


V 


Feather  tulYs  and    skins    of  «ireen    hird,- 


Avere  formerly  much  used  for  ornaments;  they  had  also 
necklaces  made  of  [)iece8  of  gold  joined  to^cthi'r.  and 
amher  heads.  Xose  and  ears  were  [lierced,  and  pieces 
of  stone  or  amher  tir  uold  rin^s  or  a  hit  of  carved  wood 
inserted.  Moiitanus  descrihes  Ji  kind  of  snake  calle(l 
ihohiicti.  which  lie  says  the  inhahitants  of  ('hiaj)as  wore 
round  the  neck.'"'^  Tluy  also  ])ainte(l  and  stained  tlic 
face.  A\'hen  I'ernandez  do  furdova  explored  the  north- 
ern coast  of  Yucatan,  he  found  the  jm'oijIc  clad  in  cotton 
{iarments.  and  at  tlie  pri'sent  day  this  forms  tlu'  })rinci- 
pal  matiM'ial  from  which  tlieir  dothini;'  is  made,      ^hn 


now   wear   a   cotton   s 


hilt 


or 


hi 


ouse 


usualh    wi 


thoiit 


sleeves,   and  wide  drawers;  round  the  waist   is   tied  a 


lie  .M'llliiiiii.      liHiiKSUI.   //Of.  i_  iil/iilKt,  \>.  Z.ri. 

'■>>^  '  Willi  till  ir  liair  ty'd  up  in  u  Knot  licliiml.  tin  y  think  tin  nisi  Ivis  (  x- 
trnain  tint'.'  l)iiiiii>ir's  r(i(/'(',('s,  vol.  ii.,  jit  ii.,  |i.  111.  •  ;Mny  t  in|ii  nachados 
y  liintiiili)s.'  Ihrnrn,  7/(»7. 'j'tu.,  ik'c.  ii.,  lib.  iv.,  cai'.  xi.;  Luimirifs  Tilivnuk- 
2H'c,  PI).  2Jl-'2,  -l-H',. 


I 


ono 


Wir.D  THIllKS  OF  JIKXICO. 


W 


llit 


«'  <)!•  colored  s;ish;  for  jji'oti'ction  Iroiii  tlic  sun,  a 
.strau  liiit  is  worn,  or  iicrliups  u  [nvr.o  of  <'(jlort'il  ciilico, 
jind  tlit'ir  siiiidjils  jiro  luiido  from  deor-skiu.  Iiistrad  of 
drawers.  tlie_\'  used  to  wear  a  broad  cotton  hand  jtassed 
I'oinid  the  loins,  tho  ends  of  wliich  were  airan;;i'd  to 
han;j;  one  in  front  and  the  otlier  hehind;  a  cloak  or  man- 
tle ol' cotton  called  ziit/cu  was  throw  novel'  the  shoulders. 
Colonel  (lalindo  mentions  tliat  t\ivy  usi'd  the  hark 
of  the  India-ruhher  tive  for  making  ;;arments,  and  Co- 
jiolludo  ,sivs  that  when  tlie  Spaniards  arri\ed  at  Ak(',  in 
the  yejii*  1527,  the  army  of  natives  were  in  a  state  of 
nudity,  with  only  their  privy  parts  covered,  and  the 
whole  body  hesmeared  with  clay  of  dill'erent  colois.  The 
women  dis[)lay  considerahlo  taste  in  the  style  of  their 
garuu'nts;  over  a  |)etticoat,  which  reaches  to  their  ankles, 
and  [)rettily  bordered  at  the  bottom,  they  have  a  dress 
with  sleeves  down  to  the  ell)Ow;  the  skirt  is  open  at  the 
sides,  and  does  not  fall  as  low  as  the  petticoat,  so  that 
the  border  of  the  latter  may  be  seen,  the  bosom  of  the 
dress  is  o[)en,  and  on  each  side  of  the  breast  and  round 
the  neck  it  is  embroidered  with  coarse  silk,  as  in  Tehnan- 
tepec;  the  hui[)il  (Aztec,  rlpil/l)  is  also  worn,  in  country 
places  women  wear  th(>  jjctticoat  alone,  using  the  o\  erskirt 
or  hui[)il  only  on  spi'ci  il  occasions.  When  out  of  doors, 
they  c;over  the  head  and  part  of  the  face  w  ith  a  piece  of 
(H)tton  cloth.''''  All  permit  the  liMir  to  attain  to  its  full 
length;  the  men  plait  theirs  and  wind  it  round  the  head, 
leaving  a  short  end  to  hang  down  behind.  whiK'  thitt  of 
the  women  lianus  in  dark  masses  over  their  shouMi  ■><. 
or  is  neatly  bound  up  behind  and  decorated  witl  ilowt  i> 
ov  feathers.      J[ei'rera  states   that  it   w.' 


iiarv  to 


scoi'ch  the  faces  of  }oung  children  to  pn  aie  growth 


'3  'Their  iippfivf'll  \v;is  of  Totton  in  mnnifold  fusliii 


'I  eold 


/' 


rl(((s'  His  riliiriiiK.i,  vdl.  v.,  ]).  HM.j.      'I'lii' Miijii  ■wuiiiim's  till  ^s  '  (-    nducciil 
liiuil  quo  cubi'c  111  i)iii'tfsuiici-i()rili'l  ciU'ri"),  y  al  fustaii  li  iiiaLiiia,  d    luaiita  di 


iv1j,'(k1uii.'  Or 


!l   llirni,  li'-iiiini/iii,  \).  158.     Of  the  iiitii    '  nn   cal/inicillK 


:'hi)  y  hu\'ii  hasta  iii(<ha  iiieriia,  v  tal  vtz  hasta  ci-rcu  (hi  tnhilhi,  df  la 
iiiisina  mania,  iiu  ccnidor  hlaiico  o  do  coloiv.s,  nn  iianiiclo,  y  \iu  snmliri  td 
do  jiaja,  y  a  vooos  una  al[)ai'^ata  do  siiola,  ooii  sns  cdidi m  s  do  niocato.' 
Itl'islri)   )'(iri(licit.  \oui.  i.,   \)]).    177-S.     Soo  furthor:   llns-il,    Jf.r.   limil..  ]i. 


'2117;  I!  ilimt  I,  in  l.uiiil.dioii.  Si, 


Jo 


vol.  iii..  I),  .j',);    ll'i'/.s 


lli^l. 


pj).  8S,    111;  Munkt,   Vi'ijny,  toiu.  i.,  iip.  117,  17'J. 


ZAIHTIEC  lil'ILDINCiS. 


661 


of  tlirir  Ix'iirds.  and  llii'  int'ii  allowcil  tlio  hair  to  j-iow 
down  (»\('i'  tlic  oyehi'ow.s,  iiiaUiii}:  tlu'ir  licatls  and  luiv- 
Ik'ads  Hat  on  })nr|M).si'.  'I'lioy  |)'u'itvd  no."^^  and  cars, 
ornamenting'  tlicni  witli  rin^s  set  witli  pearls  and  hits 
of  ainlier.  and  wore  collars  anil  bracelets  of  j:old.  J^onu* 
anionj;'  tlieni  liled  tlu'ir  teeth,  'i'hev  painted  the  face 
and  all  exposed  parts  of  the  body  in  nian_\-  colors.  nsin;j; 
white  or  yellow  with  black  and  red,  covering:  tin  niselves 
from  the  waist  npwar<l  with  a  variety  of  desijzns  and 
[igures.  When  jioinji;  to  battle  i)aint  was  nnich  used,  in 
order  to  I'cnder  their  apj)earance  more  i'oiinitlable;  men 
tattooeU  on  the  chest,  and  the  women  ini.\ed  licpiid  and)er 
uith  their  pigments,  which,  when  rubbed  over  the  body, 
omitti'd  a  perfume.^" 

The  l>etter  class  of  /apotocs  of  the  jm^scnt  (hiy  Imild 
their  houses  in  a  su))stantial  manner  oi' adobes;  the  com- 
mon people  construct  a  more  sim[)le  dwelling  with 
branches  arranged  in  a  double  row.  and  the  space  be- 
tween Idled  in  with  earth;  they  also  make  them  of 
wattled  cane-work  plastered  with  clay.  Such  dwi'llings 
are  cool  and  [)roof  against  the  freipient  earthiiuaUes  that 
occur  in  their  territory.  Hoofs  are  thati-hi'tl  with  pal- 
metto-leaves without  o[)ening,  nor  are  there  any  windows 


in  t1 


le  walls. 


^riie  interior  is  divided  ijito  si'Ncral  com- 


})artments.  according  to  size  and  necessity.^'  The  Mijes 
thatch  their  bouses  with  bundles  of  coarse  straw.  The 
Chinantecs.  Chochos,  and  Chontales  originallx'  built  no 
houses,  but  sought  out  the  mt)st  shady  forests,  where 
they  dwelt,  or  they  located  themselves  in  raxiues  and 

<"  'Tdus  )iortaicnt  Ics  chovcux  lonjjs,  ot  Irs  F,s])nf;H(pls()iit  t  ii  Ixuncunii  do 
pi'inc  ;'i  Its  It  111' faiic  <'cin|i(  i;  la  ulicvcliirc  Ittiii^'iic  est  t'licm-f  iiuinmil  Imi  1(! 
Hi'^nr  (listitiftif  ilis  Iiiiliciis  iiismuMis.'  W'lihlirK-,  Vnj.  l'ill..\\.  In.  ■  I„is 
ciinis  (If  l)liiii('i),  Uf^'i'o,  y  (•(ili)niili)  itiiitinl.is,  tpif  lliiiiiMU  ciiiliijiirst',  y  cicrto 
parfccii  (Ifiiiiiiiiiis  piiitad'is.'  I'liinlhiilii,  Hisl.  ih  ]'iiriill,it)i,  p.  (;.  ('iiiii|i!ini 
fthiivi' wiHi  Ti  riniii.r-Coiiiixciis,  in  Xiinr<lltsAiiii<ilr.iilis\'i'y.,  isl.'i,  tt^iii.  \cvii., 
J).  5(1;  lliliis'  S/Kiii.  i'lDUj..  vol.  ii.,  |i.  '21'i'i. 

'I  ' 'I'lif  liiiil  lilii,'s  of  tlif  lt)\V('r  I'lass  iiio  tliatclitil  with  ]>aliii-li  a\.  s,  and 
ftirni  liiit  oni'  piicc,  witlmnt  wintltiw  or  chininiv.'  lli  nii' ^ilnr/.  in  /.miil. 
tiiiKi  Sue,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxii.,  j).  i'>M.  '  Ciiliit  iisf  las  casas  tlf  vna  ciuliillii 
qiic  Ids  Intlitis  liazcii  df  ])ajas  niny  osjussas  y  liii  n  assiiilatlas.  t|nc  Hainan  (  n 
t'sta  tifl-ra  jacalfS.'  D.ir'ihi  r'liliilii.  Jli.if.  'Fr„d.  .Vci-.,  ]>.  .">!'.».  St.-  idsi): 
Jl'isiii  M',i\.  toni.  ii.,  ]i.  ").")4:  llnnnirirx  Tihintnli inr,  \  p.  L'Jl,  '>::■").  wiili  •.•\\\\ 
Jl'(nsil,  .l/i.r.  (ji'id.,  p.  2'>'1:  lliirtjtm,   '/cur/.    Jhsiriji.,   toni,   i.,  pi  ii.,  I'til.    VJl. 


■ 


C52 


AVILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


rockv  parts,  liv'.nji;  in  cavcM'iis  or  holes  under  the  rocks' 
tlie  T/.en(hiles  of  ChiajKis  had  !uany  t(twns  and  painted 
theii-  houses;  tlie  Ahuahdcos  iived  togetlu'r  in  eounini- 
nitit's.  and  had  connnodious,  well-built  houses  ol'  inter- 
uoven  cane,  plastered  on  the  inside  with  mud,  the  roof 
thatched  with  palmetto." 

From  the  earliest  times  of  which  we  have  anv  recoi-d. 
the  natives  of  Oajaca  and  the  istlnnus  of  Tehuantepec 
culti\ated  corn  and  vegetables,  and  likewise  Ibiiowed 
the  chase;  tliose  who  dwelt  on  the  borders  of  the  sea  or 
lakes  ai)plied  themselves  to  fishing.  The  Za[)otecs  now 
raise  wheat,  and  build  mills.  It  is  asserted  bv  an  old 
S[)anish  chronicler  that  this  nation  exceeded  all  otliers 
in  eatiuLi'  and  drinking.  As  early  as  IGDO,  they  gath- 
ered crops  of  maguey,  mai/e,  Spanish  jn'as,  chile, 
l)()tatoes.  and  pumpkins,  and  ])red  swine  and  jioidti-y. 
Of  late  they  cultivate  rice,  sugar-cane,  and  other  tr<)[)- 
ical  [inxluctions.  as  also  do  the  inhabitants  of 'Pehuante- 
])ec.  Trimitive  agricidture  has  undergone  but  little 
alteration;  deer  are  caught  by  means  of  tra])s  and  nets. 
The  Miztecs,  Mijes,  and  Cuicatecs  have  IVom  the  earliest 
tiuies  been  cultivators  of  the  soil.  The  .Mijes  make  a 
coarsi'oi-  impure  sugar  from  sugar-cane:  their  eorn-lields 
are  often  many  miles  distant  froui  tiieir  dwellings.  The 
lluaves.  the  greater  })ortion  of  whom  are  on  the  bonlers 
of  the  lagoons  on  the  isthnmsof  Tehuantepec.  Vwv  mostly 
on  the  pr(K'eeds  of  their  llsheries.  although  they  raise  a 
small  siip[)ly  of  grain  and  fruit.  Their  (Ishing  is  almost 
exclusively  done  with  swee[)-nets  in  shallow  waters,  and 
during  oue  luonth  ol' the  year  thty  catch  large  schools  of 
shrimps  in  ti'aps.  The  Zcxpies  produce  the  small  (pian- 
tity  ot'  corn  that  tluy  need,  some  (k-Iio/c.  many  \eiy 
line  oi'auges,  aiid  tobacco.  Tluy  are  fond  of  iguanas  and 
their  egizs.  and  of  jtarrots,  killing  the  latter  with  stones. 
The  ('lu)utales  of  Tabasco  and  Tehuante])ec  use  maize 

■•■-  Tile  Choclios  and  Choiitiilcs  'no  tcniaii  Pu'liln  fuiuliuli),  si  iio  onbacliu- 
c.iis  cstrci'li.'is  (11  1(1  mas  csciUKliilo  dc  Ids  niuutcs.'  /<'i'/';;'"(.  Hkhi.  Iil-m  ri/i., 
tdtii.  ii.,  ))t  ii.,  fol.  ;{:'().  'Jhr  ('liiiiaiifrcs  lived  'en  ranclidias  inin'  liar- 
raiicas,  y  tsjii'ssiiras  dc  iirbidi  s.'  Jlttr^jnit,  I'tiU.-itra,  Jlid.,  ['l  i.,  lol.  lUJ;  '.  Icii- 
IMJ,  llniin:^  Aiitchtiliati,  p.  J^lS. 


PREPARATION  OF  FOOD. 


G53 


and  ODOoa  asfooil.  They  cat  llosh  only  u[K)n  jiivat  ivliji- 
ious  li'stiviils,  niiirriagos,  or  other  (•ek'l)riit ions,  hut  are  loud 
of  I'ish.  In  olilen  times  they  were  eannil)als.  and  .\n- 
tonio  do  Ilerrera,  the  chief  chronicler  of  ti;e  Indies,  ac;- 
cused  also  the  natives  of  Chia[)as  of  heint;'  eatei's  of  human 
tlesh.  Since  the  conipiest  the  natives  have  lived  mostly 
on  corn  and  other  vegetahle  productions.  eultivate(l  hy 
themselves.  A  large  iH)rtion  of  the  Nhiyas  and  of  tiie 
otht'r  ahorigines  of  Yucatan  are  to-day  ennaized  in  the 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  they  also  hreed  such  domestic  ani- 


niids  as  tlicv  need  for  themsi'lve; 


and  fruual  in  their  eatin< 


All  tl 


Tl 

le 


ley  are  very  simj)le 
ativ'-s  of  tl  is  sec- 


tion of  the  Mexican  re[)uhlic  uriiid  their  mai/c  in  the 
•same  manner;  after  first  soaUinu'  it  in  lye  or  in  lime  and 
water,  it  is  bruised  on  the  metate,  or  rul»l>iu,i:-stone, 
hein;4  wet  occasionally,  until  it  becomes  a  soft  jiaste. 
With  this  they  make  their  tortillas  and  other  comju)unds, 
both  to  eat  and  drink.  To  make  tortillas  the  mai/e  jKistc 
is  shaped  into  thin  cakes  with  the  [)alms  of  the  hands  and 
cooked  ui)on  a  Hat  clay  pan.  The  tctojioMv  is  a  suudler 
cake  usimI  for  joiu'ueys  in  lieu  of  the  tortillas.  Tlu'  dif- 
ference between  theui  is  in  the  m.inner  of  preparation; 
the  totoiK)stes  are  cooked  one  side  only  and  laid  near  the 
fnv  which  makes  them  crisj).  and  reipiire  to  be  moistened 
in  order  to  render  them  eatable.  Tamales  are  a  faxorite 
dish  and  are  made  of  poi'k.  i;  ime.  or  [loultry.  The  meiit 
is  cut  u[)  in  small  pitves  and  washed  ;  a  small  (piantity  of 


tl 


»e  m; 


li/e  paste  seasoned  with  ciun; 


dl 


unon.  sanron.  cloves. 


pimento,  tomatoes,  coarse  pej))>er.  salt,  reel  coloring  mut- 
ter, and  some  lard  added  to  it.  is  placed  on  the  lire  in  a 
pan  and  as  soon  as  it  has  ac(|iiiri'd  the  consistency  of  a 
thick  i:ruel.  it  is  removed,  mixed  with  the  meat,  some 


<' Z  ijioti'i-i;  '  So  iliin  I'rtii  ^,'r  111  vicio  sns  scnuntc  ims."  Mi/tic^.  'I.iIum- 
dorc:s  di'  iiiavz,  V  fiizol.'  Uiir'iini,  'iVu//.  hisfrip.,  tmii.  i..  )it  ii..  ful.  'M\,  i  |;t 
111''. -17,  l(i."i  ('),  \si,  toiu.  ii..  \)t  ii..  fol.'  i;i'.»-'JiK),  -jo-j,  2-Js,  2s-J.  :t'.K!,  ll'.is,  .((id. 
Zii|i(.ti>('s,  '^I'liiilc  iucliliaciDii,  y  rxiicicio  ;i  In  ciiz:!,  y  luoiiti  lia  ilc  ;iiiiiii^:lis 
iMlii|irsilic)<  (11  t'Spi'ciiil  (If  vi'luidos.'  />'»/•'/'«/.  I'dl'sliu  Hist,,  |)t  i.,  fol.  110. 
Sec  fiirtlicr:  Harwinra  'riliinnili  jm'c,  ]i\>.  'JiO- 2,  2-")  (i;  .l/i/vi,  in  liunii/,  1,'f- 
eniiiiriniifiitii,  jip.  'Jil,  Kit  4;  lirassiiir  df  linHrhi»ivii,  \'<'!/.  'rrlninidi /r c,  j).  IIKI; 
X'lntrn  ti\  till,  di'  \"t<i<ii>,  (dui.  iii.,  I'li.  .jO,  01;  Otiliia!-i,  iu  Loifl.  'j'hj.  Sui  ., 
Jour,,  vul.  iii.,  p.  5'J. 


654 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO 


more  lard  and  .salt  added,  and  the  mar^r;  kneaded  for  a  ftv: 
moments.  It  is  then  divided  into  small  jwrtions,  Avhich 
are  enveloped  in  a  thin  paste  of  mai/e.  The  tamales 
thus  prepared  are  covered  with  a  banana-leaf  or  corn- 
husk  and  placed  in  a  pot  or  pan  over  which  large  leaves 
are  laid.  They  are  allowed  to  boil  from  one  hour  and  a 
half  to  two  hours.  The  i)osole  is  a  nourishing  drink 
made  of  sour  maize  paste  mixed  with  water;  sometimes 
they  add  a  little  honey  to  it.  They  also  prepare  a  drink 
by  parcliing  corn  and  grinding  it  to  powder  on  the  nic- 
tate, and  mixing  it  with  water  and  a  little  acliote.  This 
hist  drink  they  prefer  to  the  posole,  for  long  journeys." 

The  natives  of  Tehuantei^c  and  esijecially  those  wIkj 
reside  in  the  Goazacoalco  district  are  neat  and  clean  in 
regard  to  their  i)ersonal  habits.  They  observe  the  custom 
of  bathing  daily.  In  their  ablutions  they  make  use  of  a 
j)lant  called  cMntuk  the  root  of  which  they  mix  with 
water,  thereby  imparting  to  their  bodies  a  strong  aroma- 
tic odor.  The  same  plant  is  used  when  they  wash  their 
clothes,  the  scent  from  which  remains  on  tiiem  for  some 
time.  A  pleading  feature  in  the  appearance  of  these 
peo[)le  is  the  spotless  whiteness  of  their  cotton  dresses 
and  the  care  they  bestow  on  their  luxuriant  hair. 

The  other  tribes  who  inhabit  this  isthmus  as  well  as 
those  of  Chiapas  are  not  so  clean  in  their  persons,  and 
as  a  consequence  are  much  infested  with  vermin  which 
the  women  have  a  disgusting  habit  of  eating  when  picked 
from  the  heads  of  their  children.  The  Mavas  make  ire- 
(juent  use  of  cold  water,  but  this  practice  appeart^  to  be 
more  for  pleasure  than  for  cleansing  purposes,  as  neither 
in  their  persons  nor  in  their  dwellings  do  they  present 
an  appearance  of  cleanliness.*'' 

**Talmsco:  '  Coinon  a  i-r.s  horns  ooncertndas,  oaineM  do  vnca,  puovpo,  y 
nnes,  y  bi'ui'  vna  bcniila  iiiuy  siina,  hocha  de  cacao,  mayz,  y  ('sj)ccia  dc  la 
tierra,  la  (inal  llaiDiUi  Zocolato.'  Jfcrrem,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.,  lib.  vii.,  ca]). 
iii.  'J'lii'tilliis,  '  Whont'icy  are  baked  brown,  they  aro  called  "  totoposti,"  and 
taste  like  parched  corn.'  SliHt'ddt'a  Kvplor.  T'ehmmtcpet',  11.125.  'I'lieChon- 
tales,  '  sii  aliinento  frecneiite  es  ol  poHole  . .  .rara  vez  conien  la  carnc  dc  res.' 
Orozi'o  y  Herra,  (rcfxinifla,  ]■>.  l(>l-'2;  Duxipicr's  \'oi/ftiii'K,  vol.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p[). 
112-11:   lltTviesdorf,  in  Lmul.  (icofi.  Sor.,  Joitr  ,  vol.  xxxii.,  pp.  i'A'A-l. 

•'  Sr  Mon.,  Kpcakinf^  of  the  chintnle,  says:  '  I'na  infusion  de  estas  i-nices 
oomuuica  sn  fragancia  ul  agua  quo  los  tehuantepecanos  cniplcuu  conio  uu 


WEAPONS  AND  WAR. 


6oij 


The  weapons  of  the  Southern  Mexicans  wore  in  most 
rcspt'ct.s  snnihir  to  those  used  by  the  Central  Mexicans, 
namely,  bows  and  arrows,  macanas,  and  lances,  the  latter 
of  great  length  and  very  strong.  In  Tabasco  they  carried 
turtle-shell  siiields  highly  poUshed  so  as  to  rellect  the 
sun;  thev  also  had  Hint  stones  fo)  *  nces  and  arrow- 
points,  but  sometimes  weapon-point.-,  were  made  from 
strong  thorns  and  iish-bones.  The  hanl  wooden  sword 
of  the  Maya  was  a  heavy  and  formidable  weapon,  and 
required  tlie  use  of  both  hands  to  wield  it;  the  edge  was 
grooved  for  the  purpose  of  inserting  the  sharp  Hint  with 
which  it  was  armed.  Slings  were  eonnnoidy  used  by 
all  these  nations.  In  addition  to  shields  the  Mayas  had 
for  defensive  armor  garments  of  thickly  (piilted  cotton 
called  esanipi/cs,  which  covered  the  body  down  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  thigh,  and  were  considered  impervious 
to  arrows.  The  flint  knife  of  former  days  has  now  been 
replaced  by  the  machete  which  serves  the  i)ur[)ose  of 
both  cutlass  and  chopping-knife,  and  without  it  no  native 
ever  goes  into  the  woods.*" 

When  the  Spaniards  first  arrived  at  Ta])asco,  they 
encountered  a  })eople  well-skilled  in  the  art  of  war,  witli 
a  fair  knowledge  of  military  tactics,  who  defended  tlieir 
country  witli  nnich  brjivery;  their  towns  and  villages 
were  well  fortified  with  intrenchments  or  j)ansades.  and 
strong  towel's  and  forts  were  built  on  such  places  as  pre- 
sented the  most  favorable  position  for  resisting  attacks. 


oT»jeto  do  Injo  KUiimmnnto  npreeiado,  tanto  para  Inlinr  la  rnpa  do  nsn,  poiim 
jiiirii  las  abliicioiK's  pcisdiiaUs.'  Moro,  in  iivuzvi)  //  llirnt.  ftiiitjrii/iii,  ]>.  ISd. 
'  Toutt's  Ics  jiiiitics  (le  Iciir  vi'tciiifiit  sunt  t(nij(uiis  iKnivillciiitiit  lilaii<liics. 
Les  feiuiiU'S  sc  liaiL;iuiit  an  iiioins  micfois  ])ar  jour.'  Fosmi/,  .Ui.riV/id ,  p.  24. 
At  Cliiapas,  '  'I'diis  CCS  Iiidicns.  luistm  on  dicniisc.  ri'jiandaicnt  dans  rafnins- 
plif'ro  line  (idcur  SKI  (/ixfris  (pii  soidt'vait  Ic  ctcur.'  I'lKirmii/.  UKima  Aiin-ri- 
ruuifs,  ]i. -I'u ,  Tlic  women  arc  '  not  very  clean  in  their  habits,  eating'  the 
insects  from  the  laishy  heads  of  their  children.'  Ilir)iii Kilurt',  in  Lmnl.  timij. 
Soc,  Joiiv.,  vol.  xxxii.,  )).  "(t.'i.  '  No  son  nmy  linipias  en  sns  jiersdnas,  ni  en 
sus  casas,  con  ipianto  se  luhan.'  llerrem,  llist.  Oik.,  di;c.  iv.,  lib.  x.,  cap. 
iv.;  Miirild,  I'nt/dfir-.  toni.  i.,  yi.  HH. 

46  •  Pch'anan  con  lan(,'as,  iinuadas  las  pniitaR  con  espinas  y  hnes-os  :imy 
Rf^ndos  de  pescados.'  llirrera,  Ilist.  <hn.,  ih'v.  ii.,  lib.  iv.,  ca]i.  xi.  '  I'sabiin 
de  laiizas  de  desinesnrado  taniafio  j)ara  combatir.'  Onniti  1/  liirnt,  (iini,r(ij:n, 
p.  1H7.  Sec  also;  Orinio,  Hist.  (l<)).,i<nn.  iii.,  p.  Ifil ;  ll>iri,ii'i.  (liaii,  Ihsfi'iii., 
torn,  ii.,  ])t  ii.,  fol.  \\'M\:  CoiidUwIo,  llisl.  <le,  yiii-(i(li(tii,  pp.  r>  (i,  11,  77;  Xm-nr- 
rele,  Col.  de  \"ut(jv.i,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  58-5'J;  Morvkl,  I'oi/uiji,  tuni.  i.,  p.  17U. 


C56 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


To  tlicir  forts  they  retired  when  invaded  l)y  a  superior 
force,  and  from  the  wjills  they  hurled  hn'ge  rocks  witli 
damaging  effect  against  their  foes.  Cortus  found  erected 
on  the  hank  of  the  Tahasco  River,  in  front  of  one  of 
their  towns,  a  strong  wooden  stockade,  with  loo[)holes 
tlu'ougli  which  to  discharge  arrows;  and  suhsecjuently, 
during  his  march  through  tlicir  country,  tliey  freiiuently 
set  fire  to  their  villages,  with  the  oljject  of  harassing  his 
troops.  When  advancing  to  battle  they  maintained  a 
regular  formation,  and  they  are  described  as  having  met 
Francisco  ^[ontejo  in  good  order,  dniwn  up  in  three  col- 
nnnis,  the  centre  under  the  command  of  tiieir  chief, 
accompanied  ])y  their  chief  priest.  The  combatants 
rushed  forward  to  the  attack  with  loud  shouts,  cheered 
on  by  the  blowing  of  horns  and  l)eating  of  small  drums 
called  tmtknles.  Prisoners  taken  in  battle  were  sacrificed 
to  their  gods.^^ 

^rhe  furnitiu'e  of  their  houses  is  of  the  plainest  de- 
scri[)tion,  and  limited  to  their  absolute  wants.  Their 
tables  or  benches  are  made  of  a  few  rough  boards,  and  a 
mat  called  petate,  spread  on  tlie  floor,  serves  for  a  bed, 
while  a  coarse  woolen  blanket  is  used  for  covering; 
some  few  have  small  cane  bedsteads.  The  natives  of 
^fabasco  and  Yucatan  more  commonly  have  a  network 
hanvtc  I  oi  hammock,  sus[)ended  from  two  posts  or  trees. 
Their  cooking-utensils  consist  of  the  metate,  pots  made 
of  eartluMiware,  and  gourds.  The  universal  maiihete 
carried  by  man  and  boy  serves  many  ])urposes.  such  i  s 
chopping  firewood,  killing  animals,  eating,  and  building 
houses.  Burgoa  describes  nets  of  a  peculiar  make  i'  .' 
by  the  Zapotecs  lor  catching  game;  in  the  knots  of  the 
net  were  fixed  the  claws  of  lions,  tigers,  bears,  and  other 


*7  '  Tipiipu  cnfrnnte  dosto  Puclilo  vn  cerro  nltissimo,  con  vna  pinita  quo 
tlcscuclla  soli('rviim*'i)to.  ciisi  ciitrc  lii  Koginn  do  las  imbcs,  y  coiMiia^c  (•nu 
vii.i  Jiiny  diliitailii  iimralla  do  liissas  le  inas  di;  vn  t'stado  dc  alto,  y  <iii('iitan 
do  liis  iiintiiras  do  siis  (•liarii''t('res  historialea,  (jiio  so  rotirabau  alii,  ji.na  do- 
ft  t\di'rs(>  do  sTis  oiii'iiii^os.'  Jiitrijoa,  h'toij.  Dfsrrip.,  tmii.  i.,  jit,  ii..  fi>l.  I'i7. 
'  t'ciuoiK^aron  Inoi,'!)  i  tooar  las  liozinas,  pitos,  troini)otillas,  y  atabuh  jus  do 
f;onto  do  gnorra.'  Ifi  nrvd,  Jlist.  (ftn.,  dec.  ii.,  lib.  ii..  c»)>.  xvii.,  and  lib.  iv., 
eap.  xi.  Also  soo  I'lt'iolhiiln.  //),s7.  <le  Yuo'didn,  pp.  "i,  77^;  Xdiairde.  Vol. 
dc  Viaijis,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  GO-iJ;  Jhlp.-i'  .S/J«it.  Covq..  vol.  ii.,  p.  203. 


OAJACAN  MANUFACTURES. 


G57 


wild  boasts  of  prey,  and  at  intervals  were  fastened  a  cer- 
tain number  of  small  stones;  the  object  of  such  con- 
struction being  probably  to  wound  or  disable  the  animal 
.when  caught/** 

The  Zapotecs,  Miztecs,  Mayas,  and  others,  since  the 
conquest,  have  long  been  justly  celebrated  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  stuffs,  a  fact  that  is  all  the  more 
surprising  when  we  consider  tlie  very  im^wrfect  imple- 
ments they  possessed  with  which  to  perform  tlie  work. 
Burgoa  speaks  of  the  excellence  and  rich  quality'  of  their 
manufactures  in  cotton,  silk,  and  gold  thread,  in  1670, 
and  Thomas  Gage,  writing  about  the  same  time,  says 
"it  is  rare  to  see  what  Avorks  those  Indian  women  will 
make  in  silk,  such  as  mi[>'M  serve  for  patterns  and  sam- 
plers to  many  Schoolmistresses  in  England."  All  the 
cpinning  aud  weaving  is  done  by  the  women ;  the  cot- 
ton clothes  they  make  are  often  interwoven  with  beau- 
tiful patterns  or  figures  of  birds  and  animals,  sometimes 
with  gold  and  silk  thread.  A  species  of  the  agave 
americana  is  extensively  cultivated  through  the  country, 
from  the  fibres  of  which  the  natives  spin  a  very  strong 
thread  that  is  used  chietiy  for  making  hammocks;  the 
fibre  is  bleached  and  then  dyed  in  dilferent  rich  tints. 
The  materials  they  have  for  dyeing  are  so  good  that 
the  colors  never  fade.  The  Zapotecs  have  also  an  in- 
timate knowledge  of  the  process  of  tanning  skins, 
which  they  use  for  several  domestic  purposes.*" 

4'  Danipkr's  Voyaijrs,  vol.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  ji.  115;  Burfjon,  Palestra  Hist.,  pt  i., 
fol.  110;  lirassenr  de  liourhoimi,  Co//.  Tihwinh-pic,  \^.  19(5;  Vharnny,  Itahies 
Amcrirdims,  p.  i.j-l.  '  Subre  viisv  I'stcrii  si  l.i  tit  uc,  quo  son  niiiy  pocos  loii 
quo  (luernit'u  on  alto,  en  tiipescos  do  cnua.  .  .  .ollas,  (>  hornillos  do  ticrni.  . . . 
caBolouos,  o  xi(;iii'iis.'  Iiur<joa,  Gvotj.  IJ  ncrip.,  Unn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  fol.  '2'.U,  ;i'j;j. 

*'■>  '  Liis  zoipiL'S  cultivan. . .  .dos  jilaiitiis  jicrti'iu'cioiitoH  a  hi  funiilia  dc  hxa 
/tromilht'^,  do  Lw  eualo.s  siicaii  el  idl''  y  li  iiitu  ciiyas  hebrassuboii  blmiciurav, 
hilar  y  tcuir  do  varios  coloros,  Sus  hiladus  y  las  haiiiicas  quo  tcji'u  cm 
estas  ui.itiTias,  coiistituyeu  la  jiavto  principal  do  n\i  iiidnstria  y  d(^  sii  c(iiiii t- 
cio  "...  .'J'ho  Zapotecs,  '  los  tejidos  de  soda,  siivestre  y  de  al|;odoii  (pio  labi-.ui 
las  miigcros,  sou  vordaderamonto  adinirables.'  Mm-o,  in  Omzco  y  lii-rm.  lim- 
(jrafi'd,  i)p  170,  180.  Of  the  Miztecs  it  is  said  tliiit  '  las  lun^'orcs  se  han  da 'o 
a  texer  con  primor  panos,  y  hucpiles,  assi  do  ulj^odon  eonio  do  seda,  y  hilo 
do  oro,  may  eostosos.'  Banjun,  (jeotj.  Ihsonp.,  toin.  1.,  pt  ii.,  fol  1!;),  mid 
toni.  ii..  ])t  ii.,  fol.  100.  Further  reference  in  Jianinrd's  T  hiiiin'iitr,  y\K 
22G-7;  ( liiltiin,  in  Hahhiyt's  Voy.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  450;  llntiUlnijs'  (Ud.  Miui..  vol. 
ii.,  ]i.  31)1;  Wnpjfiini,  (iin;i.  n.  Stat.,  p.  103;  Wnkkek,  \'i>y.  Pitt.,  p. -Ill;  Uuji'ii 
New  Harcri/.  p.  2  W;  Muldeiqifordt,  Mejico,  torn,  ii.,  pt  i.'.  pp.  IW,  2U'J. 
Vol.  I.    ii 


658 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


Notwithstanding  their  proximity  to  the  sea-const, 
and  although  their  country  is  in  many  parts  intersected 
by  rivers  and  higoons,  they  liavc  a  surprisingly  sliglit 
knowledge  of  navigation,  few  having  any  vessels  with 
which  io  venture  into  deep  water.  The  inhabitants 
of  Taliasco,  the  Yucatan  coast,  and  Cozumel  island 
possess  some  canoes  made  from  the  single  trunk  of  a 
mahogany-tree,  which  they  navigate  with  small  lateen 
sails  and  paddles.  The  lluaves  and  others  are  in 
complete  ignorance  of  the  management  of  any  descrip- 
tion of  boats.^' 

The  Zu([ues  make  from  the  ixtle  and  pita  thread 
and  superior  hannnocks,  in  which  they  have  quite  a 
trade.  In  the  neighborhood  of  t^anta  Maria  they  grow 
excellent  oranges,  and  sell  them  throughout  all  the 
neighboring  towns.  The  Zapotecs  have,  many  of  them, 
a  consideraljle  commerce  in  fruits,  vegetables,  and  seeds. 
In  the  city  of  Tehuantepec  the  business  of  buying  and 
selling  is  contlucted  exclusively  by  women  in  the  mar- 
ket-place. The  Ahualulcos  are  chielly  employed  in 
cutting  pliinks  and  beams,  with  which  they  supply 
many  })laces  on  this  isthmus;  they  also  trade  to  some 
extent  in  seeds  and  cotton  cloths.  Different  kinds  of 
earthenware  \essels  for  domestic  pur[)oses  arc  made  by 
the  natives  of  Chiapas,  and  by  them  exchanged  for 
salt,  hatchets,  and  glass  ornaments.  The  Mayas  have 
an  extensive  business  in  logwood,  which,  besides  maize 
and  poultry,  they  transport  to  several  places  along  tlie 
coast.  Mv  tStei)hens  describes  a  small  community  of 
the  Maya  nation,  numbering  about  a  hundred  men 
with  their  families,  living  at  a  place  called  Schawill, 
who    hold    and  work    their    lands   in    common.     The 

50  Jlerrern,  lliM.  Gen.,  dec.  ii.,lib.  iii.,  cap.  ii.,  lib.  iv.,  rap.  xi.,  CorioUvJo, 
Hist,  (le  Ytindlidii,  p.  2;  MureUl,  Vvyaiie,  torn,  i.,  pp.  17'J,  2H;  iSlmjVill's 
E,tplor.  2\'ha(tiili'pec,  p.  123,  '  Tbeir  ciinoos  are  foniicd  out  of  tbo  trunk  (f 
a  siuf^lo  niahoj^'aiiy  or  ct'dar  tree.'  Dak'n  Xotcs,  p.  2-4.  WLen  (irijalva  was 
nt  Cozuinel  'viuo  una  canoa.'  Navari-iie,  Col.  de  rii/i/PH,  torn,  iii.,  p.  iJO. 
The  Huaves  'hd  posoyeiido  euiljareaeioiies  prtipias  jiaraarrioHj^'arse  en  ablins 
de  algun  londo,  y  dcsconoeiendo  basta  el  uso  de  Ioh  rcnios,  no  fveeiientaii 
mus  que  Ids  puutus  cpio  pur  su  poi'a  profuudidad  uo  ofreceu  mayor  pcligro.' 
Moro,  iu  Uamy,  liccuaociinknlo,  p.  yo. 


ZAPOTEC  GOVERNMENT. 


cna 


jiroclucts  of  the  soil  are  shared  equally  hy  all,  and  the 
food  for  the  whole  settlement  is  pre[)ared  at  one  hut. 
]''ach  family  contributes  its  quota  of  provisions,  Avhich, 
when  cooked,  arc  carried  off  smoking  hot  to  their  several 
dwellings.  Many  of  the  natives  of  Tabasco  earn  a 
livelihood  by  keeping  bee-hives;  the  bees  are  captured 
wild  in  the  woods,  and  domesticated.  The  Iluaves  breed 
cattle  and  tan  hides;  cheese  .and  tasajo,  or  jerked  meat, 
are  prepared  and  exported  by  them  and  other  tribes  on 
the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec.  At  the  present  day  cochi- 
neal is  cultivated  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  forma 
an  important  article  of  commerce  among  the  inhabi- 
tants. A  rather  remarkable  propensity  to  the  possession 
of  large  numbers  of  mules  is  peculiar  to  the  Mijes;  such 
property  in  no  way  benefits  them,  as  they  make  no  use 
of  them  as  beasts  of  burden ;  indeed,  their  owners  seem 
to  prefer  carrying  the  loads  on  their  own  baeks.'"'^ 

Formerly  the  Zapotecs  were  governed  by  a  king, 
under  whom  were  cacicjues  or  governors  who  ruled  over 
certain  districts.  Their  rank  and  power  descended  by 
inheritance,  but  they  were  obliged  to  pay  tribute  to  the 
king,  from  whom  they  held  their  authority  in  fief.  At 
the  time  of  the  coiKjuest  the  most  powerful  among  them 
was  the  Lord  of  Cuicatlan;  for  the  service  of  his  house- 
hold, ten  servants  were  furnished  daily,  and  he  was 
treated  with  the  greatest  respect  and  homage.  In  later 
years  a  cacique  was  elected  annually  by  the  people,  and 
under  him  officers  were  appointed  for  the  different  vil- 
lages. Once  a  week  these  sulj-officers  assemljled  to  con- 
sult with  and  receive  instructions  from  the  caci(jue  on 
matters  relating  to  the  laws  and  regulations  of  tlieir  dis- 
tricts. In  the  towns  of  the  Miztecs  a  municipal  form  of 
government  was  esta1)lished.  Certain  officials,  elected 
anniially,  appointed  the  work  which  was  to  be  done  by 
the  people,  and  every  morning  at  sunrise  the  town-criers 

51  .l/i7/'.s  Hist,  ^fcx.,  p.  l.'JS;  ralachs,  in  Orozco  y  llerrn,  Geoijrafi'ft,  \i.  infi; 
Jlrrmendorf,  in  L'md.  (ri'O'j,  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxii.,  p.  547;  llnisseur  de 
Jiimrboimj,  Voy.  TchmniO'in'c,  \).  Ui8;  llutchhifis'  Val.  J/";/.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  liOl; 
JliiC'ire'jdr's  I'ronnss  of  Aiiiiric(t,  vol.  i.,  p.  Hli);  Muru,  in  iianty,  lleconuci- 
niknto,  p.  03;  Stephens'  Yucatan,  vol.  it.,  p.  14. 


GGO 


WILD  XniBES  OF  MEXICO. 


from  the  tops  of  the  highest  houses  called  the  iiihahi- 
tjints  to  their  allotted  tasks.  It  was  also  the  duty  of 
the  town-criers  to  inflict  the  punishment  imposed  on  all 
who  from  laziness  or  other  neglect  failed  to  perform 
tlieir  share  of  work.  A  somewhat  similar  system  ap- 
pears to  have  prevailed  in  Ciiiapas,  where  the  people 
lived  under  a  species  of  republican  government."^  Tlie 
Mayas  were  at  one  time  governed  hy  a  king  who  reigned 
supreme  over  the  whole  of  Yucatan.  Internal  dissen- 
sions and  wars,  however,  caused  their  country  to  l)e 
divided  up  into  several  provinces,  which  were  ruled  over 
by  lords  or  petty  kings,  who  held  complete  sway,  each 
in  his  own  territory,  owing  allegiance  to  none,  and 
recognizing  no  authority  outside  of  their  own  juris- 
diction. These  lords  appointed  captains  of  towns,  who 
had  to  perform  their  duties  subject  to  their  lord's  ap- 
proval. Disputes  arising,  the  captains  named  umpires 
to  determine  differences,  whose  decisions  were  final. 
These  people  had  also  a  code  of  criminal  laws,  and 
when  capital  piniishment  was  ordered,  public  execution- 
ers carried  the  sentence  into  effect.  Tlie  crime  of  adul- 
tery in  the  man  was  })unishable  hy  death,  but  the  injured 
party  could  claim  the  right  to  have  the  adulterer  de- 
livered to  him,  and  he  could  kill  or  pardon  him  at 
j)leasure;  disgrace  was  the  punishment  of  the  woman. 
The  rape  of  a  virgin  was  punished  by  stoning  the  man 
to  death. '•' 

■S'^  '  Lcs  sciRnenrs  de  Cnioatlan  c'taient,  an  tomps  df:  la  conqnete  tres-iiolios 
ct  tri's-pniKsants,  et  Icuvs  desceiulaiits  en  ligue  iliri'cto,  dc'coit's  oncore  du  titio 
dc>  (•,u;i(iuos.'  Fiissei/,  Me.r'KiUf',  pp.  338-9.  At  Etla  '  Ilcrien  dcs  Ortes  warcn 
fazikoii,  WL'lcho  iliii  als  eino  Art  von  Maiiulchcn  bcsassen,  und  deni  Kiini^o 
fineu  pewissonTribut  bezahhai  ninsstcn.'  Mdldcnpfordt,  Mejico,  toni.  ii.,  pt 
i.,  p.  188.  Tho  MiztofS  'tfniau  senaliidos  conio  pivgoneros,  ofticiales  quo 
»li>i»ianporano,  para  que  todas  las  mananas  al  dospTiutar  el  Sol,  siibiddnen  lo 
mas  alto  do  la  casa  de  su  Kcpiiblica,  con  gi-nndes  vozes,  llaniasen,  y  exitascn 
a  todos,  dizicndo  salid,  salid  a  trabajar,  ii  trabajar,  y  con  rij,'or  oxecntivo 
castigaban  al  que  faltaba  de  ku  tarea.'  Burqna,  G&xj.  Dcscrip.,  torn,  i.,  pt  ii., 
fol.  l.'jl,  also  Jlprnra,  Hist.  Oen.,  dec.  iv.,  lib.  x.,  cap.  xi. 

''■'  '  Estava  snjcta  ii  diuersos  Sefiores,  que  como  Eej'czuelos  dominaban 

diiiersos  territorios pero  antes  aula  sido  toda  sujeta  ii  vn  Sefior,  y  liey 

Sii;>renio,  y  asi  gonernada  con  goniernoMonarqnieo.'  CoijoUmIo,  Jlist.ilv  Yu- 
rntlfin,  \i.  (10.  '  En  cada  pueblo  tenian  sefialados  Capitanes  a  quienes  obede- 
ciin.'  llnrera,  IHkI.  (if)).,  tloc.  i\.,  lib.  x.,  cap.  ii-iv.  For  old  ciistonis  and 
nt'w,  com  I  lare  above  with  J/oct7(<,  loyayc,  toni.  i.,  p.  1C8,  and  iiussc/,  J/.i'. 
dual.,  p.  2lJ7. 


SLAVER\'  AND  MARRIAGE. 


661 


Slavery  existed  among  the  tribes  of  Ooazacoalco  and 
Ta])asc().  Donii  ^farina  was  one  of  twenty  female  sla\ (.s 
who  were  presented  to  Cortes  b}'  the  cacique  of  the  lat- 
ter place;  and  when  her  mother,  who  lived  in  the 
province  of  Goazacoalco,  gave  her  away  to  some  traM.!- 
ing  merchants,  she,  to  conceal  the  act,  })retende(l  that 
the  corpse  of  one  of  her  slaves  who  died  at  that  time 
was  that  of  her  own  daughter.'^ 

Among  the  Zapotecs  and  other  nations  who  iidiabit 
the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec,  mari-iages  are  contracte(l 
at  a  very  early  age;  it  happens  not  unfrecpiently  that 
a  youth  of  fourteen  marries  a  girl  of  eknen  or  twehe. 
Polygamy  is  not  permissiljle,  and  gentleness,  affection, 
and  frugality  characterize  the  marital  relations.  Cer- 
tain superstitious  ceremonies  formerly  attended  the  birth 
of  children, which,  to  a  modified  extent,  exist  at  the 
present  day.  When  a  woman  was  about  to  be  con- 
lined,  the  relatives  assembled  in  the  hut,  and  com- 
menced to  draw  on  the  floor  figures  of  difl'erent  animals, 
rubl)ing  each  one  out  as  soon  as  it  was  completed. 
This  operation  continued  till  the  moment  of  birth,  and 
the  figure  that  then  remained  sketched  ui)on  the  ground 
was  called  the  child's  tond  or  second  self.  AVhen  the 
child  grew  old  enough,  he  procured  the  animal  that 
represented  him  and  took  care  of  it,  as  it  was  believed 
that  health  and  existence  were  bound  up  with  that  of 
the  animals,  in  fact,  that  the  death  of  l)oth  would  occur 
simultaneouslv.  ?oon  after  the  child  was  born,  the 
parents,  accouipnnied  l)y  friends  and  relatives,  carried 
it  to  the  nearest  water,  where  it  was  inunersed,  while 
at  the  same  time  they  invoked  the  inhabitants  of  the 
water  to  extend  their  protection  to  the  child;  in  like 
manner  they  afterwards  prayed  for  the  fa^'or  of  the 
animals  of  the  land.  It  is  a  noticeal)le  trait,  nnich  to 
the  credit  of  the  parents,  that  their  children  render  to 
them  as  well  as  to  all  aged  people  the  greatest  respect 
and  obedience.    That  the  women  arc  strictly  moral  can- 

■'•'  'With  otlioi'  prosonts  wliicli  thoy  brought  fo  the  conqueror  were  twouty 
female  slaves.'  JJelps'  l:!pan.  Lonq,,  vol.  ii.,  j).  2G1. 


6fi2 


WILD  TUIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


not  1)0  asscM'tod.  Voluptuous,  with  mi ndn  untrained,  ind 
tlit'ir  luunlMT  luMug  jiroiitly  in  cxcoss  of  tiio  nion,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  travelers  have  noted  an  absence  of 
chastity  ainoug  these  women;  yet  few  cases  of  conjugal 
infidelity  occur,  and  (ihastity  is  higidy  esteemecl.  Ilie- 
gitiuiate  diildren  are  not  couunon,  partly  the  result,  jier- 
haps,  of  early  marriages/''^  Auiong  the  Quelenes,  when 
a  contract  of  marriage  was  made,  the  friends  nnd  rela- 
tives collected  at  the  assembly-house  conuu(m  to  everv 
village.  The  bride  and  bridegroom  were  then  introduced 
by  the  parents,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  cacique  and 
])riest  confessed  all  the  sins  of  which  they  were  guilty. 
The  bridegroom  was  obliged  to  state  whether  he  had  had 
connection  with  the  bride  or  with  other  women,  and 
she,  on  her  part,  made  a  full  confession  of  all  her  short- 
comings; this  ended,  the  parents  produced  the  presents, 
which  consisted  of  wearing-apparel  and  jewelry,  in  which 
they  proceeded  to  avray  them;  they  were  then  lifted  up 
and  placed  upon  the  shoulders  of  two  old  men  and 
women,  who  carried  them  to  their  future  home,  where 
they  laid  theui  on  a  bed,  locked  them  in.  and  there  left 
them  securelv  married.""  Auioni!;  the  .\ravas  earlv  mar- 
riage  was  a  duty  imposed  by  the  K^panish  Fathers,  aud 
if  a  boy  or  girl  at  the  age  of  twelve  or  fourteen  had  not 
chosen  a  mate,  the  priest  selected  one  of  erpial  rank  or 

■W  '  Vhi)  en  estii  juriilieion  gvnndes  orroros,  y  ritos  con  Ins  piiviilas.  y 
iiiuns  rci'ieii  iiiicidos,  lleiiiiiulolos  li  los  rios,  y  sumeri^'iendolos  en  el  aj.'ua.  Iki- 
zi;in  (IriJi'cciioiiiu  ;'i  t()iU)s  los  iiiiiiuiilus  iKiiiiitik'S,  y  lucgo  ;'i  los  iIl'  tii  iia  In 
fiiPiMii  fiiuornblcs,  y  no  le  ofiiulieran.'  Bwijod,  Gcoij.  Desnrip  ,  torn,  ii.,  ]it 
ii.,  fol.  32".).  '  Const'rvase  entro  t'llos  la  creenciiv  de  que  su  vid.i  t?>t,i 
nnid.i  a  la  dt'  nn  animal,  y  que  os  foiv.oso  quo  niuirau  ellos  cnanilo  ('^.tc  nin- 
vYo.'  }fiisro  ^fl,r.,  torn,  ii.,  jip.  .').>l-5.  '  lictween  husband  and  wife  c.iks  cf 
intidclity  are  rare  . .  To  the  credit  of  the  Indians  be  it  also  said,  that  tlnir 
])roL;('iiy  is  lef,'itiniate,  and  that  the  vows  of  niairiaf^'e  are  as  faithfully  cher- 
ished as  in  the  most  euli^'htened  and  favored  lands.  Youthful  niarria^'es  are 
nevertheless  of  frequent  occurrence.'  Jiitrndvd'a  Tthaonti'iiuc,  \).  2'2'1.  Women 
of  the  Ja])ateco  race:  'their  manners  in  re<,'ard  to  morals  are  most  blame- 
able.'  Ili'miexiliirf,  in  Loinl.  (feoi/,  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxii.,  p.  543.  Jlor-), 
referrin;,;  to  the  women  of  .Jaltipan,  says:  'Son  do  costumbres  sumameiite 
libres:  suele  decirse  ademas  (pie  los  jaltipanos  no  sol  >  no  lascelan.  sino  (|ue 
llevan  las  ideas  de  hosjiitalidad  a  un  raro  exceso.'  (Idrai/,  litcoiKXiliiiiihld,  p. 
11(1;  Fcrri/,  Cusldl  L' Indiin,  j)]).  (S-T;  Uefiistro  rwateco,  tom.  i.,  p.  Hl(> 

■''''  '  Inntauanse  en  el  t'apul.  que  es  vna  oasii  del  coninn,  en  eada  barrio, 
para  hazer  easamientos,  el  I'aziqne,  el  Papa,  los  des]K)sa(los,  los  |iaii(ntrs: 
e^>tnHllo  sentailos  el  sefior,  y  el  I'apa,  lle^'auan  los  contrayrntes,  y  el  I'apa  h  s 
umonestaui  q-io  dixessen  las  cosas  (pie  auiau  hecho  hasta  a(piella  hora.' 
Jlernra,  Hid.  (/<.«.,  doc.  iv.,  lib.  \.,  cup.  xi. 


WEDDINGS  AND  FATIIEllS-lN-LAW. 


CG3 


foi'timo  and  obli^vd  tliom  to  niiirry.  Tlic  usual  pivsoiits 
Avore  (livs-cs;  and  a  haiKjurt  was  prepared,  of  wliu'li  all 
piv.st'ut  partook.  During'  the  feast  the  parents  of  the 
[)arties  addres.sed  them  in  s[)eeches  apjiheahle  to  the 
occasion,  and  afterwards  the  house  was  [u-rfunu'd  by  tlio 
priest,  who  then  blessed  the  company  iiiid  the  ceremony 
ended.  I'j'evious  tt)  the  wedding-day  ihe  i)arents  fasted 
during  three  days.  The  young  man  buih  a  house  in 
front  of  that  of  his  father-in-law,  in  which  he  lived 
with  his  wife  during  the  Hrst  years  of  his  servitude,  for 
ho  was  obliged  to  work  for  his  father-in-law  four  or  five 
years.  If  he  failed  to  [)erform  faithful  ser\  ice,  his 
father-in-law  dismissed  him,  and  gave  his  (hmgliter  to 
another.  Widowers  were  exempt  from  this  servitude, 
and  could  choose  whom  they  pleased  lbi-  a  wife  without 
the  interference  of  relatives.  It  was  forbidden  a  man 
to  marry  a  woman  of  the  same  name  as  his  lather. 
They  married  ])iit  one  wife,  though  the  lords  were  per- 
mitted to  make  concubines  of  their  slaves.  Mr  Stephens, 
ill  his  description  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  village  of 
Schawill,  says:  "Every  member  must  marry  within  the 
rancho,  and  no  such  thing  as  a  marriage  out  of  it  had 
ever  occurred.  They  said  it  was  imj)ossil)le;  it  could 
not  happen.  They  were  in  the  habit  ol"  going  to  the 
villages  to  attend  the  festivals;  and  wlu'u  we  suggested 
a  supposalde  case  of  a  young  man  or  woman  falling  in 
love  with  some  village  Indian,  they  said  it  might  hap- 
pen; there  was  no  law  against  it;  but  none  could  marry 
out  of  the  rancho.  Thin  was  a  thing  so  little  a})pre- 
hended,  that  the  punishment  for  it  was  not  delined  in 
their  penal  code;  but  )>eing  questioned,  alter  some  con- 
sultations, the}'  said  that  the  oftender,  whether  man  or 
woman  would  lie  expelled.  We  remarked  that  in  their 
small  comnumity  constant  intermarriages  nnist  make 
them  all  relatives,  which  they  said  was  the  case  since 
the  reduction  of  their  numbers  by  the  cholera,  ^fhey 
were  in  fact  all  kinsfolk,  ))ut  it  was  allowabU'  for  kins- 
folk to  marry,  except  in  the  relationship  of  brothers  and 
sisters." 


GGi 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


In  divisions  of  pro))crty  women  could  not  inlicrit; 
in  defhult  t)l'  direct  um\v.  hoirs  tlie  estate  went  to  tlio 
brothers  or  nearest  male  relatives.  Wli  m  the  heir 
was  a  minor,  one  of  his  male  relatives  was  a})iK)inted 
guardian,  until  tiie  daj.s  of  his  minority  should  have 
passed,  when  the  property  was  delivered  up  to  him. 
The  Southern  Mexicans  were  particular  to  keep  a  strict 
chionolojiy  of  their  lineage.  Young  children  underwent 
a  kind  of  ha[)tismal  ceremony.  The  Mayas  believed 
that  aldution  washed  away  all  evil;  and  previous  to  the 
ceremony  the  parents  fasted  three  days,  and  they  were 
particular  to  select  for  it  what  they  considei'ed  a  lucky 
day.  The  age  at  which  the  rite  was  ix'rformed  was  be- 
tween three  and  twelve  years,  and  no  one  could  mairy 
until  he  had  been  baptized.  Habits  of  industry  as  well 
as  res[)ect  for  parents  and  aged  people  was  strongly  im- 
pressed u[)on  the  minds  of  the  children.''^ 

The  Southern  Mexicans  are  fond  of  singing  and 
dan(!ing,  thvMigh  there  is  not  nuich  variety  either  in 
their  melancholy  music  or  monotonous  dances.  Their 
favorite  instrument  is  the  mtirimba,  composed  of  pieces 
of  hard  wood  of  different  lengthr  stretclied  across  a  hol- 
lov/ed-out  canoe-shaped  case.  The  pieces  of  wood  or 
keys  are  played  upon  with  two  short  sticks,  one  held  in 
each  hand.  The  sound  produced  is  soft  and  pleasing, 
and  not  unlike  that  of  a  piano.  Another  instrument  is 
the  timhd  or  drum,  made  of  a  hollow  log  with  sheep- 
skin stretched  over  the  end;  it  is  struck  with  the  fnigers 
of  the  right  hand,  the  performer  holding  it  under  his 
left  arm.  Their  movements  during  their  dances  are 
slow  and  graceful.  The  men  ore  addicted  to  intoxica- 
tion at  their  feasts,  the  liquor  in  common  use  auiong 
them  being  mescal  and  aguardiente,  a  colorless  spirit 
made  from  the  sugar-cane.  Many  of  the  natives  have 
a  small  still  in  their  houses.™ 

"  Dampier'K  Voi/agen,  vol,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  114;  Ilerrern,  Hist.  Gen.,  doe.  iv., 
lib.  X.,  cup.  iv. ;  Tenmax-<'o<)ip(ms,  in  \ouvelks  Aniidleti  (kri  Voy.,  18-4;j,  torn. 
X(!vii.,  p.  oO;  Stephens'  Yucatan,  vol.,  ii.,  pp.  l.j-lC;  Lmt,  \ovus  Orbis,  p. 
272;  Dice.  Uniu.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  25(5;  Baeza,  in  Iteijistro  Yucateco,  torn,  i.,  p. 

iLiG. 

58 '  Their  amusements  are  scarcely  worthy  of  note their  liveliest  songs 


CUSTOMS  IN  OAJACA. 


CU5 


The  Ziijiotprs  arc  cxceediiifrly  ytoWti}  to  one  njiothor  in 
tlu'ir  coMimoii  siiliitatioii.s,  calling  ouch  otluT  Itrotla-r.  and 
to  the  (k'scoiulant.s  of  tlioir  ancient  cacitjucs  or  lords  the 
utmost  rcvoronco  is  paid.  It  is  related  by  a  Mexican 
writer  that  in  a  village  not  distant  IVoni  the  city  of 
Oajaca,  whenever  an  aged  man,  the  son  of  one  ol"  their 
ancient  lords  was  seen  ))y  the  natives  out  walking,  with 
a  majesty  that  well  became  his  fine  Ibrni,  j)osition.  and 
age.  they  uncovered  tlieir  heads,  kissed  his  hands,  which 
he  held  out  to  them,  with  much  tenderness,  calling  him 
(ht(t(/e  (lather),  and  remained  uncoveretl  uncil  he  was 
lost  to  sight.  They  are  a  theocratic  people,  nuich  ad- 
dicted to  their  ancient  religious  belie!"  and  custoius. 
Those  who  live  in  the  vicinity  of  Mitla  entertain  a 
jjcculiar  superstition;  they  will  run  to  the  farthest  vil- 
lages and  pick  up  even  the  smallest  stones  that  foiin>'d  a 
part  of  the  mosaic  work  of  that  famous  ruin,  believing 
that  such  stones  will  in  their  hands  turn  into  gold. 
Some  of  them  hold  the  belief  that  anyone  who  discovers 
a  buried  or  hidden  trea.sure  has  no  right  to  appro[)riate 
to  his  own  use  any  jx)rtion  of  it,  and  that  if  he  does, 
death  will  strike  him  down  within  the  year,  in  i»unish- 
ment  of  the  sacrilege  committed  against  the  spirit  of  the 
person  who  hid  or  buried  the  treasure.  One  of  the  first 
priests  that  lived  among  the  Zapotecs  says  that  after 
they  had  entered  the  pale  of  the  church,  they  still  clung 
to  their  old  religious  practices,  and  made  oll'erings  of 
aromatic  gums,  and  living  aniuuds;  and  that  when  the 
occasion  demanded  a  greater  solemnity,  the  olliciatiug 
priest  drew  blood  from  the  under  part  of  his  tongue, 
and  from  the  back  part  of  his  ears,  with  which  he 
sprinkled  some  thick  coarse  straw,  held  as  sacred  and 
used  at  the  sacrifices.  To  warm  themselves,  the  Cho- 
chos,  or  Chuchones,  of  Oajaca  used,   in  cold  weather, 


J 


nrp  sad.  and  their  mptriest  music  mclaneholj-.'  Burnnril's  T  liHunlejvc,  p. 
'222.  '  Aff  ctos  a  las  l)f'l)idiis  onibrinfijaiitcH,  conocon  dos  jxirtii'iilari's.  tl  rln'- 
rnle,  y  td  hnlclni  6  (luamjio,  eonipiK'sto  de  iiL;ua,  c'linii  dc  iiziicar,  iniln-i^nuiMjx) 
y  niiuz  queinado.'  Owzcn  y  Jierm,  Oioijrafid,  p.  1(12.  See  uUd:  F^ssii/, 
Me.TiijHi',  pp.  34;J,  3(U;  Ddinincr'n  Vayaiiis,  vol.  ii.,  jit  ii.,  )).  115;  Sttphtnii' 
Yuculan,   vol.  i.,  pp.  111-5;  t'hanmy,  lUdnes  Amcriaiincs,  pp.  I'JG-T. 


I 


(5fi6 


\\LLD  TlilBES  OF  MEXICO. 


towards  the  evGiiiiig,  to  burn  logs  {uivl  drv  leaves  clt)se  to 
the  eiitniuce  of  their  caves,  ami  blow  llie  smoke  into 
their  du«'llinu;s.  which  being  (juite  full,  all  the  laniily,  old 
and  young,  males  and  females,  lushcd  in  naked  and 
closed  the  entrance.  The  natives  of  (Joa/acoaleo  and 
otlier  places  practiced  some  of  the  Jca ish  rites,  inidud- 
ing  a  kind  ol'  circumcision,  which  custoui  they  claimed 
to  ha\'('  derived  from  their  fori'l'athers;  hence  ha\e 
arisen  inmunci'ahle  analogies  to  prt)ve  the  Jewish  oiigin 
of  these  pe()[)les.  The  lluaves  still  preserve  ancient 
customs  at  their  feasts,  it  is  a  remarkahlc  fact  tlnvt 
ulthougli  neai'ly  all  tlu!se  peo[)le  are  fishermen,  vi'ry  lew 
of  them  can  swim.  The  Mijes  have  a  iiahit  of  s[)i'aking 
in  very  loud  toiu's;  this  is  attributed  b}"  souie  to  their 
Iiaughty  spirit,  and  hy  others  to  their  niiuiner  of  life  in 
the  most  rugged  portion  of  the  mountains,  When  hound 
upon  ii  journey,  if  they  have  no  other  load  to  carry, 
they  fill  their  tonafcs,  or  nets,  ^vith  stones.  This  is  gen- 
erally done  by  tluMU  on  the  return  houie  froui  the  mar- 
ket-place of  Tehuantepec.  These  loads  rest  u[)on  their 
backs,  and  bang  by  a  band  from  their  foreheads.  In 
ancient  tiuies,  when  they  were  in  searcrh  ol' a  new  coun- 
try to  settle  in.  they  subjected  the  places  they  had 
deviistiited  to  the  (ire  j)roof.  This  was  doue  hy  putting 
a  Mrehiand  over  nigiit  into  a  hole,  and  if  it  wa>  Ibuud 
extinguislied  iu  the  uiorning.  they  considered  that  the 
Sun  desired  his  children  (that  is  tbeuisi  Ives)  to  continue 
their  journey.  They  are  mucl'  given,  oven  at  the 
present  time,  to  idolatrous  prat  ices,  and  will  make 
saci'ifice.s  in  tlu.'ir  ehurcbes,  if  p  ;rmittc<l,  of  birds  as 
(jft'erings  to  the  false  gods  they  v,  )rsliipe(l  before  their 
jiartial  coiivei'sion  to  Cliristiani  y.  The  natives  at- 
tribute eclipses  of  the  moon  to  an  attempt  by  the  sun 


to  destroy  tlieir  satellite,  and  to  prevent  the  catas- 
trophe make  a  frightful  uproar,  em[)loying  tlicrefor 
over3'thing  they  can  get  bold  of.*^" 

^3  '  rrnvinciic  riua7nrii;ileo  ntquo  Yliit^i}  iicc  noil  ot  riicztx.'itl:^  iii(li;4iii;e, 
Dinltiis  cii'i-iuuiiiiis  luihi'ofiiiu  uyuri>iil)iiiit,  ii:im  ct  cin'umcid.liaiittir.  uiuiv  .'i 
iiiajuribus  (ut  IciLbiiut)  ticccpto,  ijuuil  alibi  iu  hisce  rc^iuuibua  ub  llisiiuuia 


DISEASES  AND  MEDICAL  TREATMENT. 


GO" 


TllO    (lisciisos    most 


pr 


0\' 


aliMit 


iinioiiiJi; 


th 


itl 


oiitiiorn 


^[oxicaiis   are    levers,   incasl 


OS, 


UI 


id  sc'vure  colds.  All 
tlu'se  people  pusse.ss  uii  excellent  knowledge  of  medicinal 
lierhs,  and  make  nsr  of  them  in  ca.ses  of  |/aias  and  sick- 
ness. Tliex  still  practice  some  of  their  m\.-le\ious  cere- 
monies,  and  arci  inclined  to  attrihnte  all  com[)laints  to 
the  evil   inlhience  of  bewitclnnents.      Father  IJae/a.   in 


the  /iCf/isfro   Yiimt 


fCd. 


av.s   li'cy  consn 


Ited 


a  cr\s 


tal 


or 


transparent  stone  called  'Jikmi,  h_y  which  they  }»reten(U'd 
to  divine  the  oi'i^iin  and  canse  of  anv  sickness.      W  hen 


.snlVerinii'  with   fever  or  other  disorders,    the  disease  is 
often  nmch  auiiravated  and  death  eansed  hv  inindicious 


l)atli 


ini 


ni 


tl 


le    I'l ve 


I 


n   ancient  times  tobacco  was 


much  used  as  a  specilic  a^^ainst  [)ains  arising  from  colds, 
rheumatism,   and    asthma;  the    natives    Ibund    that    it 


.soothed  the  nerves  and  acted  as  a.  narcotic 


Tl 


ie\    also 


practiced  l)leedi!ig  with  a  sl):ir[i  I'-nt  or  fish-bone.     Tlu; 
Zapotecs  attein[)ted  cures  by  meaiis  of  a  ))low-pi[)e,  at 


tl 


le  same  tinu'  mvokiii"'  the  assistance 


of  tl 


le  'jiou 


^\dleu  a  (U'ath  occurs  the  body  is  wra.[)ped  in  a  cotton 
clotli.  lenA'inLi'  the  head  and  face  imcoxered.  and  in  tins 
condition  is  [daced  in  a  jiravo.  Very  few  of  the  ancient 
funeral  usages  remain  at  the  present  day.  though  some 
traces  of  superstitious  cereinonii's  m;iy  still  be  obscrNCil 
among  them;  such  as  jilacing  food  in  the  grave,  or  at 
di(V  rent  spots  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Sometimes  a 
funeral  is  conduct"d  with  a  (^erbiiii  degree  (;!"  pcuip.  and 
the  coi'j)se  carried   to  its   last   i'esting-[ilacc  foUowctl  by 

haetrnns  nmi  fuit  ulisirvatum.'  L'kI,  .Vonix  Ocfi'.s',  p.  2''il.  Tiny  i  iijiiar 
to  n^'.irl  with  Imrroi'  aiil  iivoiil  with  sii|Ptrstiliiim  fiar  all  thusc  ;)la(is 
VHpiitci  to  CDiitaiu  ri'Uiaiiw  (ir  (  viilciiccs  of  tin  ir  fc.iin'r  n  liLiioii.'  >/("  Wi//',-; 
Kfpl  >i\  T'liiciiitiju-c,  ]).  MT,,  Sic  fnrtlii'i-:  M'l^'i  M  x  .  toin.  ii  ,  jip  "i', !  "; 
(Jlinrniii/.  ltii'iiii-!i  Aiih'r'K'iliiii's,  pp.  '2i\'>.  'JMti;  Hnnimi,  (/.ic/  l)isriij,._  (.im.  jj  . 
l)t  ii.,  fol.  2S1-2,  -J'.M),  ;tl:t.  :t;2,  :!;{•")  (i.  :!'.»7;  //.,  r-ii^lfi  //;-',,  fnl.  11(1, 
Muni,  ill  iiiiriii/,  HiCdinifii,  '••iitn,  pp.  1)0,  !(li;  I)tic,  I'liic..  tmii.  iv.,  p.  2"i7. 
wi  liitri<ii(,ii(i)i.  />.sc/'i/).,  tiiiii.  ii..  pt  ii..  fi)l.  :)2'.);  Ilmzi.  in  Itriiylrn  Vnni- 

<(■(•().  t  ail.  i..  11.  MIS;  .][iintii,  Vi.ijikii.  tolll.  i.,  ]>.  Ullt;  flirniisilarl',  ill  l.diiil. 
(ii'ixj.  Sii\.  J.mr.,  vnl.  xxxii.,  p.  'il:!.  '  .\y  f'U  <-ta  tii'lT.i  iiiiii'lia  (linii-iiilai! 
cl(^  yci  lias  iiU'dii'iiiali'H,  ('(111  cpii' sc  ciiran  los  n  itiu'ali'S.'  11  rrmi,  y/i.s'.  '/'■»., 
dee.  iii.,  111>.  vii  .  cap.  iii.  'I'iu'  Maya  'salic  las  virtmli  <  de  Iim1;in  lti-< 
Jilantas  iMtiini  si  hnliiist'  csliidiadu  lintaiiica,  ciinoci'  los  vi'!H'ii.is,  Ins  mil  dii- 
tiis,  V  III!  S(;  ki  ocailtaii  los  ciliuiuiti's.'  Oiutco  y  Jkrni,  O'm'^  'u/ai,  pp.  I'lH, 
IGJ, 'its. 


^Mi 


1;  i 
S.I 


6G8 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  MEXICO. 


r 


!  t; 


f 


III! 


liorn-blowcrs,  and  tuiikiil-dnimmcrs.  As  in  tlio  case  of 
the  central  ^[exicaiis,  a  memorial  dav  is  ol)served,  Avhen 
much  respect  in  sliown  for  tlie  memory  of  the  dead,  at 
^vhicll  times  fruits,  hi'ead.  and  cakes  are  placed  upon  the 


graves 


ci 


The  character  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Teluiantepec 
isthnuis  and  Yucatan  is  at  the  present  day  one  of 
docility  and  mildness.  With  a  few  exceptions  they  arc 
kind-hearted,  confidinix.  and  irenerous.  and  some  lew  of 
them  evince  a  high  degree  of  intelligence,  although  the 
majorit}'  are  ignorant,  superstitious,  of  loose  morality  as 
Me  esteem  it,  yet  a[>[)arently  unconsci(jus  of  Avmng. 
Cayetano  ^h)i'0sa_\s  they  are  far  superior  to  the  average 
American  Indian.  The  Zapotecs  are  a  bold  and  inde- 
j)endent  people,  exhibit  many  intellectual  ([ualities,  and 
are  of  an  impatient  disposition,  though  cheerful,  gentle, 
and  inoifcmsive;  they  make  good  soldier^:  they  are 
fanatical  and  superstitious  like  their  neighbors.  The 
women  are  full  of  vivacity,  of  temperate  and  industri- 
ous h;ibits.  their  manners  are  characterized  l)v  sin  i less 
I'atlu'i'  than  modesty,  and  they  are  full  of  intrigU'  To 
this  nation  th*-  Mijes  present  a  complete  contrast ;  of  all 
the  tribes  w  ho  inhabit  the  istlunus.  they  are  the  most 
brutal,  (h'gradi'd.  and  idolatrous;  they  are  grossly  stu- 
])i(l  yet  stiibJM.rn  and  ferocious.  The  Chontidc>  and 
( 'holes  ar>'  barbarous,  fierce,  and  quarrelsome,  andgivatly 
addicted  *.»  witcbcruft.  The  Ciijonos  Mud  \exit/;is.  of 
Oajaca.  arc  of  a  c<>\  etous  and  malicious  nature,  dishon- 
est in  their  dealings,  and  nmch  inclined  tothiexing.  The 
Zofpies  are  more  rational  in  thcii-  behavior;  although 
they  are  ignorant  and  int«ifiip«ratc  in  their  habits, 
they  are  natiu'ally  kind  and  obligiii'.'.  as  mcH  as  pntiiiit 
and  enduring.  The  lluaves  are  iicficii'ut  in  iutilli- 
gence,  arrogant  and  iuho-pitab]*-  ♦..  strangers,  md  of  a 
reticent    .and    perverse    dis|M»«*iti(>ii.     TIh     Mi/l<"s    are 

r''  Tfnhin.i'-i'diiipiins,  in  XiiureUci  .hmales  (1e:i  I'-v  ]>*-i3  toiii,  \cvii.,  p. 
fil:  l^(.^•(•.)  .lA.r.,  tiiiu.  ii.,  p.  T)."!.  ■  Eii  riiitiiltti.  •  ■*  ii.Hios  iisnn  '  <  •  n- 
nii'iii  IS  supi'i'slicios  IS  eu  sns  .s('[iulturiis.  Si  K'H\'  I.  ..•ir  <n  los  I'l  i'  I'i'is 
j)i(lii('i"i(.s  iiiiiiitoiiis  ^U' ticira,  ni  Ins  <|U('  iih /.<  Inn  \'  ns  eiiilu  %«'^  i^.  tu- 
tifiTuu  iiiyuuu  do  tllo.s.'  lieiiuitilkr  (/  ih'nl,  Muii     [<.  2\H. 


CHARACTER  OF  SOUTHERN  IIEXICAXS. 


669 


grave  and  steady;  they  exhibit  many  traits  of  iiiLie- 
nuity.  are  industrious,  hospitable,  and  ai1id)le  in  their 
manners,  and  retain  an  ardent  love  for  liberty.''-  The 
!Mayas  exhibit  many  distinguished  characteristics.  Al- 
though of  limited  intelligence,  and  more  governed  bv 
their  senses  than  their  reason,  their  good  (jualitics 
predominate.  Formerly  they  were  lierce  and  warlike, 
but  these  characteristics  have  given  place  to  timidity, 
and  they  now  appear  patient,  generous,  and  humnne; 
they  are  frugal  and  satisfied  with  little,  being  ivmark- 
ably  free  from  avarice.  TIeri'era  describes  them  as 
fierce  and  warlike,  much  giv^n  to drunkeimcss  and  other 
sins,  })ut  generous  and  hospitable.  Doctor  Young,  in 
his  History  of  Mexico,  says:  ''They  are  not  so  intel- 
ligent or  energetic,  though  far  more  virtuous  and  hu- 
mane than  their  brethren  <jf  the  north."  The  women 
arc  industrious,  have  pleasing  manners,  and  are  inclined 
to  shyness.  To  sum  it  all  np,  I  may  say  that  the 
besetting  vice  of  these  nations  is  intemiterance,  but  the 
haltit  of  drinking  to  excess  is  found  to  l)e  nuich  more 
connnon  among  the  mountain  tribes  than  among  the 
iidiiibitants  of  the  lowlands.  (Quarrels  among  them- 
selve.'*  seldom  occur,  and  there  is  abundant  evidence 
to  show  that  many  of  them  possess  excellent  natural 
(jualilit-ations  both  for  connnon  labor,  and  artistic  indus- 
try; and  that  there  is  no  cause  to  prevent  their  becoming, 
imder  favorable  circumstances,  useful  citizens.''^ 

•i'^  Till' Miztocs  '  sipinpviMir' luavfir  rp]int!ioion,  y  nius  pol'tioos.'  Zii]i(i- 
tri'v.  '  iiutiUMluii'iiti'  ii)):i/.ii)lfs.  liiiii>iiis.  liiriiliis,  y  lilii  rahs.'  Ncxitz.is  'ustutos, 
uiiilicinsos,  iiirli  iiiiilus  I'l  ic)l)(js,  V  (itsiu'iitos,  {•D'.i  iitros  C'trniiios  siiinvsiicic)S(ps, 
uiii>itiim))iii(li)s  a  iil(  uiisiiis,  y  li' clii/A'ros.'  ISdnin'i,  (Inij.  l)istrlfi..  tmii.  i., 
j.t  li.,  fill.  151,  torn,  ii.,  i)t  ii.,  fol.  202,  WVl,  also  f,,l.  'iiil,  211.  22.S.  -71,  2h2, 
'2'.(4.  ;f3.-), -loi),  CUdlt's,  'uaeioii  . ..  furoz,  ^'lurriTii  ('  iiKltpiiiiliiiiti  .'  I'lulhi, 
in  Oniicii  1/  111  yra,  lii'iiirnfid.  y.  lf>7.  '  Sifudo  los  Iiulins  JliMsde  iiatinal 
ftTDZ,  l)ad)ai'ii,  y  (liiro,  ntn  iiniiri  n  scr  tratadus  am  as|jti(za,  y  rii;or.'  Jliirilu, 
Ti'iitro  /-.'Vcs.,  ti)iii.  1.,  p.  224.  Sti' furtliir:  I'tni-'inn.  /''ilcstin  IHM.,  jt  i..  fnl. 
ml;  Oi->i:ro  y  Hiirn-  '/""inifi'it.  pji.  l<il  2,  IS'l  7:  '/'"Cms.  in  /</.,  p.  17'.i;  M"- 
fio  Mi'.r.,  torn,  ii.,  pp  '1-5;  '/'(.//i^).-7.//'.s  Milln.  ]>.  2(i'.';  Ilniiiisilui/,  in  Lmnl. 
UiDij.  >iii\,  ,/()i(/'.,  Vol.  \xxii.,  ji.  i^^'^^,  ll'inntrH's  'I'climtiiU'pn-,  ])p.  2i(i  7; 
lli'inmij,  liiiini'S  Aiiirririilins,  pp.  2oS  'J,  2h7;  Orh'hi,  U'iM.  'n /'.,  toiii.  iii., 
p.  43!t;  MiDikniif'inll.  MiJii-'>,  toni.  ii.,  pt  i.,  p.  "200;  l)<(iiii>iii's  \'('!/ii<iis,  vol. 
ii.,  pt  ii.,  )ip,  li"i  Ki;  Iiiirllit  I'mlUlit,  JJist.  P'rutl.  Mi,;-.,  p.  21)4;  IauI,  Auroa 
(tvhh,  p.  :i2"i. 

li' '  I'is  ( 1  iuilio  yucatci'i' nil  nionstmoso  conjuiilo  <lr  n  li,L;ion  i'  iiiiiiiidiiil, 
dt:  virtiulisy  vicius,  ilf  !ia^.uidui.l  y  tsliipiJtz, . .  .liiUu  idtab  tsactiis  piccihud 


f' 


G70 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


do  lo  Imonn  y  do  lo  malo  .  .  .Es  iiifnpaz  ilo  rohiir  itn  poso,  y  rolm  onatro 
vcces  (los  rcalfs.  .  .  Siciido  houriido  en  ciisi  tf)diis  sus  acpioiii's.  .  si'  piiedi' 
dccir  (jiie  I'l  I'liiico  vifi(t  (juii  Ic  domiua  es  el  iiv  In  eiiiliviii^^UfZ.'  ]!i'(i>^tri> 
Ym-itlvro,  tdui.  i.,  pp.  'l\)\-',\\  liiiczd,  ill  Id.,  torn,  i.,  pji.  HlCi-K,  174;  Mnr'lit, 
\'nijniii\  torn,  i.,  p.  148;  Ufrrfni,  Hid.,  <k'H.,  dec.  iv.,  lil).  x.,  ciii).iv.;  ,lA(7/".s 
!f!.-i(.  .l/i'.i'.,  p.  15H;  Mora,  iu  Uuray,  liijconocimknto,  i)p.  8'J-'J4;  MuUer,  liumn, 
toiii.  ii.,  p.  371. 

TniBAL    noUNDARIKS. 

T'lidcr  the  name  Wild  Tkiiiks  of  Mexico,  I  indiido  nil  the  prople 
inhiilntinj,'  th(;  Mexican  Territory  from  oceau  to  ocean,  between  latitirde  '2;5' 
north  and  the  ("cntral  American  boundary  line  south,  including  Yucatan  and 
Tehuaiitepcc.  The  southernmost  i>oint  of  this  division  touches  the  tifteeiitli 
degree  of  north  latitude.  A  subdivision  of  this  group  is  made  and  the  jiarts 
are  called  the  I'vnlral  Mexicans,  and  the  Southern  Mixirans,  i-espectively.  lu 
the  former  I  include  the  nations  north  of  an  imaginary  line,  drawn  from  the 
port  of  Acajiulco,  on  the  Pacific  coast,  to  Vera  Cruz,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  iu  the  latter  all  those  south  of  this  lino. 

Going  to  the  fountain-head  of  Mexican  history,  I  find  mentinned  certain 
names,  of  which  it  is  now  imjiossiblc  to  determine  whether  they  are  diti'er- 
ent  names  applied  to  the  same  people  or  different  peoples,  or  whether  they 
iire  mythical  and  apply  to  no  really  existing  nations.  Still  less  is  it  possible 
to  give  these  strange  names  any  definite  location;  instance  the  Toltecs  and 
the  ('hichiiiiecs,  ami  indeed  almost  all  early  designations,  very  common 
names  used  to  denote  very  uncommon  people.  Sahagun  is  the  only  one  of 
tho  oldest  writers  who  mentions  the  n.'ime  of  Toltecs,  which  in  later  years 
was  us(  d  by  Ixt'ilxochitl  and  Boturini,  and  after  them  bandied  about  more 
freely  by  modern  writers.  After  the  conquest,  the  name  Chichimecs  was 
applied  to  all  uncivilized  and  unsettled  people  north  of  the  valley  of  Jlexico, 
extending  to  (he  fiirthist  discovered  region.  Of  still  other  nations  nothing 
further  can  be  said  than  that  they  occupied  the  cities  to  which  their  nam<' 
was  applied;  such  were  the  Mexicans,  or  Aztecs,  the  Tlascaltecs,  the  Cholul- 
tecs,  and  many  others.  Home  general  remarks  respecting  the  locatiim  of  the 
princii)al  civilized  nations,  will  be  found  in  vol.  ii.,  chap,  ii.,  of  this  worl;; 
and  all  obtainable  details  concerning  the  many  tribes  that  cannot  be  deti- 
uitcly  located  here  are  given  iu  volume  v. 

The  ihi'iii'iiii'S  or  Giants  are  mentioned  as  the  first  iidiabitants  of  ^lexico, 
•Los  (iuinauielin,  gigantes  que  viviiin  en  esta  rinconada,  (pie  se  die(>  ahora 
Nueva  I'l^pafia.'  [.HliLrochitl,  lichiciones,  in  Kiniigbomutili's  .I/i'.i'.  Anliij.,  vol. 
ix.,  p.  :i-';  /'/.,  Jlixt.  Cltirliimerit,  in  7'/.,  p.  205.  '  lios  (pie  hasta  agora  se 
sabe,  aver  i.'orado  estas  Estendidas,  y  Ampliudisimas  Tierras,  y  Regioiies, 
de  1,1  Xiii'va  \:  ')iu"ia,  fueron  vnas  Gentes  mui  crecidas  de  Cuerpo,  (pio  llama- 
rou  desMues  otros  (iuinaiurtin.'  Ti)riiiii')ii(nla,  .Mnwini.  //k/.,  torn,  i.,  p.  1)4. 
'Les  Qiiiiiaiui's,  la  p'.us  ain-ienne  des  races  connues  de  ces  contri'es,  ('taieiit 
encore  en  i)oss(!ssion  iV'  (juehpies  lociditi's  de  pen  d'importanc(^  pn'-s  des 
villes  de  Huitzilapan,  de  tu-'tlaxcohuapau  ct  deTotomihuacan.'  Jintasntr  ilc 
JiDurliiiiii-'i.  Hid.  Xdf.  (^'ir.,  t(im.  i,  p.  IIKI.  '  Su  domination  s'l'teudait 
sur  les  provinces  inti'rieiires  du  Mexiipie  et  du  Guatemala,  et,  a  r('po(iue  dii 


OLMECS  AND  XICALAXr.VS. 


671 


(1  'barquomnnt  ili^s  Olinr'quos  ot  ilf^s  Xiciilancns,  les  liistoirrs  noas  la  mon- 
trclit  encore  (>ii  jiossissiou  (In  iiliiteim  iizteque  et  lies  coiitii'is  ^oisines  (ill 
fleiive  Tiibivseo.'  />/.,  in  Xnure.lks  Aiinaks  (ks  Voy.,  18.')S,  tdiii,  dviii.,  ]>.  258. 
'Vivian  li.'tcia  las  liberas  del  rio  Atoyac,  eiitre  la  eiiulail  ile  Tlaxca'.a  y  la  ile 
la  I'uehla  du  los  Angfk'S.'    Wyt'ut,  Ifist.  Ant.  .WJ.,  bnii.  i.,  jip.  2S,  IC!   1. 

The  0/)»ers  and  Xir.altiicns  wvrc  '  los  que  poseian  i  sti'  Niuvo  MuiuId.  'ii 
esta  teiT(n'a  ed.id.'  LtlULroi'hltl,  Hist.  ('Iiirliiinccn,  in  I\"niiisli"riiii(jli's  Mr.r. 
Aidii].,  vol.  ix.,  p.  'ilLj.  '  Ohuecas,  \  ixloti,  y  Mixteeas.  Estos  tides  iisf  llania- 
dos,  I'.st.ui  •■'icia  el  naeiliiiento  del  sol,  y  llaniaides  laailiii  !i  titanic,  jKin|ue 
halilan  lenyua  lifirhara,  y  dieen  cpui  son  Tulteeas.'  Sdhniiiiu.  Hist,  (ii'ii..  toni. 
iii.,  lil).  X..  p.  I'M').  '  Estos  poMaron,  domle  uora  e.<t'i  Editieada.  y  PoVilada  In 
C'iudad  d"  los  .\nyeles,  y  en  Totomihuacan . . .  .I.os  Xiealancas.  fuerou  taiu- 
bieil  Pohlando.  aeia  Cuathaznaleo  ( <pie  es  aeia  la  Cos;  i  del  Norte )  y  adilunto 
cu  la  niisnia  Costa,  esta  oi  dia  vn  I'ueblo,  que  se  dice  Xiealaneo.  ...  Otro 
Pueblo  ai  del  inisnio  Xoudjre,  en  la  Provincia  de  ^laxealtzineo,  eerea  del 
Puerto  de  la  Vera-Cruz,  (pie  jiarece  uverlo  tainbien  I'oblndo  los  .\iiulaiieas.' 
Tonjui'Diriild,  MniKirt/.  Inil.,  Unix,  i.,  p.  .'J"2.  '  .\travesaiulo  los  Puertos  del  Kol- 
oan,  y  Sierra-Nevada,  y  otros  rodeandolos  por  la  part<.'  de  el  Medioiii.i,  hasta 
quo  venieron  a  salir  a  vn  Lugar.  i]V,e  do  presente  se  llanui  TceliniUeij.  J)e 
alii,  pasaron  a  .\tlixeo,  Calpnii,  y  Iluexotzineo,  liasta  llcLjar  al  parage,  v  Tii  r- 
ras  de  la  Provincia  de  'riaxcallan;  y  liaciiiido  asitnto  en  el  ])rincipio,  y  cii- 
trada  de  la  diclia 'lil  rra,  Idcieron  su  Eundacion  en  el  I'm  bio,  (pie  imra  se 
llama  Nuostra  Senoiii  do  la  Natividad  Cy  en  LengUi-.  !Mi  xi(  ara  Van.  iiicilal- 
pau.)  De  alii,  pasaron  a  otro  I'oblado,  el  referido,  llaniado  lluapalcaleo, 
junto  a  vna  Ilcrinita,  i\\\v  Hainan  de  Santa  Cruz,  al  ipial  II  miau  los  Ni.turales, 
Texoloe,  Mizco,  y  Xiloxncliitta.  donde  aora  es  la  lb  neila  di  San  Vicente,  y 
cl  Cerro  de  la  Xoehitecatl,  y  Ten.iyacae,  donde  estan  otras  dos  llerndtas, 
k  poco  treelio  Vila  de  otra.  (pie  las  llanian  de  i-'an  Mit.'Ui'l,  y  de  San  Eran- 
cisco,  eliliiedio  de  las  (piales,  pasa  el  Hi-),  (pie  vie  lie  (!.■  la  Siena  Nevada  de 
H.iexot/inco.  Y  aqiii  en  este  Sitio,  liicieron  los  Huliiiecas,  su  I'riiieipal 
asieiito,  y  l'obla(;oii.'  /(/.,  ]>,  'l"i\  M  niVtitit.  Hist,  lu'li's..  )ip.  Iiri-fi:  Mutilinin, 
llis.t.  fiiilios.  ill  l.ii:l,iilfitil,  Cdl.  lie  />(ii\,  tdlll.  i.,  Ji.  7.  '  \'llilecal]|i  ]  oblo 
tainbien  iniichos  JiiLjares  in  mpiella  parte,  a  do  a.u'ora  esta  la  eindad  de  iis 
Angeles.  V  iiii!iil)i()  los  Totoiiiiuacau,  Vicilajiaii,  Cuetlaxeoapan,  y  (Uros 
iiNsi.  Xie.ilancallh  aiiduiio  mas  tierra,  llego  a  la  mar  d(  1  iioite.  y  en  la  cosm 
liizo  muelios  plleblos.  Peru  a  los  dos  mas  I'lillcipales  llalilo  de  sil  im  ^ino 
nombre.  El  vn  Xi<  .ilanco  esta  en  la  piiniincia  di  Maxcalciuc  n.  que  is  eerea 
de  la  Vera  I'm/,  y  el  otro  Xicalaiieo  esta  eeica  de  'I'auasco.'  li.nu'irn. 
Ciiiiq.  Mi.f.,  fi.l.  'i'.t.l.  '  Ilaeia  .\tlisco  y  llzueau  los  xicalaueas;  yeiieltei- 
ritoiio  de  la  I'uibla,  Choi  olali  y  Tlaxcallan  los  ulniecas,  eiiya  ]ilimiliva  y 
principal  Jiolilacieii  diceii  liaber  sido  la  ciudad  de>  ClioUolan.'  }'ii/liii.  Hist, 
.{lit.  Mij.,  toiii.  i..  J).  !.'):>:  Urnsstur  dn  Uonrhunrii,  Hist.  Sot.  (ii ,,  tnm. 
i..  j>p.  I'.i'  11,  I'.Mi;  /(/.,  I^ojitil  \'iili.  iiitrod.,  p,  xxx;  Oniianj  lliiid,  iJi'nmirn, 
p.  lU^;  A  ■•<il'i.  hici-idit  irii),  toui.  iii.,  p.  liTl. 


f 
I   1 


The  I  ,,r(is  eoiisfitate  the  iiortli-westeniinost  nation  of  the  Cknti!.\t,  ^I 
r.vNs,  iii.habiting  the  district  of  '  Nayarit  ti  reiiio  de  Nm  vo'I'Mlrdo   . .  AM  Ioj^w 
fc^'Ut  W  pueblos  de  la  iiUtigUul>roviuciu  do  Aciipoueta;  al  Este  los  de  I  oh.tUui, 


G72 


TllIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


y  al  Snr  qniercn  nlc,ninns  quo  se  exticndii  Imsta  las  orillaH  del  rin  Gmiido  '\ 
Tololotlaii  . .  .fl  Niiyarit  so  fxtii'iulc  fiitrc  liis  21 '  liO'  y  'l',\  dc  liii.,  y  fiitri'  los 
5' y  (i  ill' loii{{.  occ'idi^ntal  de  Mi'xico.'  Orozco  y  Ikrra,  Gen<ira/ia,  p.  '27',). 
"Eli  la  Sicrm  del  Xayarit.'  ri»ienl<I,  CtKidro,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  71.  'Losiiidios 
(juo  vivpii  en  el  ciiiitro  dc  I'.i  sitUTa,  llaiiiadi)K  nniutzizti  . .  Los  Uuniados  tea- 
It  uaeitzizti  viven  en  las  faldas  de  la  sierra  que  niira  al  Ponieute ,  .  .  los  eoras 
que  vivon  a  la  orilla  del  rio  Nayarit  6  do  Jesus  Maria,  conocidos  por  Ateakari.' 
/(/.,  p.  83. 

The  7''co.TinM  '  tcnian  sii  principal  asiento  en  el  vallo  de  Caetlan ....  y  so 
exteiidian  a  la  Magdalona,  Aualeo,  Iloxtotipaquillo  y  barrancas  de  Mochi- 
tiltic'  Orozco  y  Bern',  Oemirdfia,  p.  279. 

'The,  Vocotkaies  were  at  tlie  missions  of  '  Apozolco  y  en  Comatlan.'  LI., 
p.  '280, 

The  J/d?'^!-*^^  reside  in  Tlajomiilco.  Alccdo,  D'tccionario,  torn,  ii.,  ji.  242. 

The  ThorfCiics  and  Tifn/dijiicciK  dwell  near  the  town  of  Zentipae.  '  Dos 
leyuas  ajiartado  del  mar,  la  naeioiiThorama. . .  .diezleguas  de  Zentipae  hal)ia 
otros  Indios  de  Naeiou  Tzayaqneea.'  radUI't,  Citmj.  X.  (Uduia,  MS.,  y.  iVl. 
'  La  f^'ran  pi)1ilaeion  y  Valle  de  Tzentiepac,  enyo  pueblo  pi-incipal  estasituado 
punto  a  la  mar  del  Snr,  dos  leguas  antes  a  orillus  del  rio  grande-,  y  (pie  la 
gente  de  i  sta  provincia  era  de  la  uaciou  Totorame.'  Jieuuinoiit,  Cr6n.  de  J/o- 

rhoitriiH.   .lA.V,  p     107. 

Th(!  Coroni.'i  ■  habit.iban . . .  .hacia  la  parte  del  Norte,  diez  leguas  del  diclio 
pueblo  do  Tzentiepac.'  Ih. 

The  O'drliold.'i  'are  settled  in  the  village  of  San  Sebastian,  which  lie3 
tij-'hteen  leaf^ues  tf)  the  westward  of  Dolafms.'  Li/cu's  Jonriud,  vol.  i.,  p. 
322;  .\V(in-»/'i.s  Amiuks  dcs  Toy. ,  1828,  torn,  xl.,  p.  2:;'.).  '  En  Santa ("atariua. 
S.  Sebastian,  S.  .Vndres  Civimiat,  Soledad  y  Tezonipan,  pertenecientes  ;i 
t't)lotlan.'  Orozco  y  Jlerra,  Gcotjrufia,  p.  282. 

The  (.'oroxados  '  son  los  del  pueblo  de  Tuito  al  Sur  del  valle  de  Banderas.' 
1,1.,  ],.  27S. 

The  T.ii.fO}n}dti'cs  '  habitaban  en  Tliijomnleo.'  'Estos  tecuexes.  . .  .llaman 
h  l(js  indios  cocas  de  toda  la  provincia  de  Tonalan,  (pie  no  erau  de  su  hn- 
giui,  tlaxomultecas.'   /(/.,  p.  278. 

The  Cocnn  and  Tccjiiwen  '  eran  los  de  la  provincia  do  Tonalan  ...Los 
tecuexes  [lasaban  dt  1  otro  lado  deTololotlan  hasta  ocupur  jiartede  Zacatec.is, 
derrauii'indose  jior  los  pueblos  de  Tecpatitlan,  Te()ealticli(%  Milic,  Jalostntit- 
hin.  Mesticatan,  Yagualica,  Tlacotlan,  Teoealtitlan,  Ixtlahuaean,  Cuaiitla, 
Ocotic  y  Acatic.  /(/.,  pp.  '278-9. 

The  Mazdjiihs  avf  '  al  N.  E.  de  la  zacateea.'  llrmts,  in  Id.,  p.  11. 

The  (\izrini(n  '  habitan  hasta  la  comarca  de  Zacateeas.'  Jlcrrcrn,  Ifist. 
den.,  dee.  iv.,  lib.  ix.,  cap.  xiii.;  I.act,  Nnviia  Oc//?,s-,  ]-,.  281.  '  Oenpaba  el 
terreno  desde  el  no  Grande,  continando  con  los  tecuexes  j  los  tepecanos.' 
Orozco  y  liirra,  Gcoiirofia,  pp.  284,  49. 

The  Meros  live  in  the  pueblo  Soledad  do  las  Canoas,  in  the  StiUe  of  (^ue- 
retaro.  .4/c'(/<),  Dice,  torn,  iv.,  p.  507. 

Th(>  7'((((i(\s  inhabit  the  state  of  Queretaro,  '  treinta  leguas  distante  de  1? 
<-x]ires,ida  Ciudad  de  Queriitaro,  y  se  estieude  a  cien  leguas  de  largo,  y  treiuui 
de  unolio,   on  cuyas  breiias  vivian  los  Indios  de  la  Nucion  runu','  J  alov. 


THE  OTOMtS. 


c:3 


M'lit  ih'  Jnnip''rn  Sirr((.  p.  2.T.  '  I'ti  In  iiiision  do  Trrro  Priotn  di  1  Estiulo 
(li-  Jlc'xicn,  sc  fxtiiiiilc  jiriiicipalinciiti' imr  Ids  jiiicblos  (Ic  Sun  Luis  I'dtosf, 
y  tiinihicn  sc  Ic  ciiciu  ntni  en  C^iuii'tiiro  _v  cu  ( luiuiajiuito.'  Orii:iii  y  l.urn, 
<iK>iir(i/iii,  jip.  IS,  •i^.C,  ■J.^'i-2.  2(il.  '  Kii  Sun  Luis  ile  lii  I'liz,  tc  viiloiii)  ilv  hi 
Sierra  Cioid.i. ..  .(u  lit  I'iiulad  (1(1  Miiiz,  !>(  iiartaimiitii  dc  Suu  Luis  I'otDsf 
...  en  la  run'siina  Conccpeioii  de  Ariicdo,  in  la  Siinu  (nirda.'  rbuint'l, 
('undrii.  ti 
Till'  01 


V 


onus  arc  o 


111'  of  the   most  widely  dispersed  nations  of  ]\rexic 
'  Todo  111  alti)  dt' las  inontanas,  o  la  mayor  jiarte,  a  la  ridonda  de  .Mink 


estan  llen.is  de  (  Uc 
una  gran  piovimi 


L 


I  calie/.a  (le  sii  seuorio  creo  que  es 


Xiloti 


a,  y  las  |irovineias  de  'Idllan  y  Otomjja  casi  todas  son  ik 
ellos,    hiu   contav  (piu   en  lo  hneno  de  la   Nueva  Esjiana  Lay  nnulias  jKjljla- 


clones  du  istos  Oti 


do  1( 


(in; 


lies  procei 


Ic  n  los<'Li()iii 


M<,h.li 


Jfist.   IihUos,  ill  Irinliillrilil.  i'nl.ili-  J)<ir..  til 


u.    1., 


1' 


[). 


'11 


ie  nl'OVe   is  i.() 


liy  T.] 


1  led 


iptemada,  m  liis 


.l/o 


■'/■ 


ln,l.,  t 


mil.  1.,  ]! 


'  listos  'rioeliieliillieeas 


son  Ills  (jiie  aoia  se  llaliiall  Otoliiies.  .  .    'Jlaixjian,  es  de  los   que   lial.lan  (  sta 
/./.,  ji.  '2>'i\.     '  Tja  ;_;randisima  rrovimia,  6  Iteinn  de  Ins  Oto- 


lielif'ua  (,)t( 


mies,  (lUe  eoye  ,i    1 1  [ 


Tula,   Xiloti 


Call- 


V- 


d. 


stc  ]; 


Cliiaji; 


Xii|niliileii,  .\tiic]iaii.  y  (^Uien  taro,  en  etiio  medio  de  estos  TueMns  nfeiidos, 
ai  otro  inuiiieralili  s,  jioiijue  111  eraii  sus  (rentes.'   /(/.,   ji.  "J'^T.     "  Xi'nti  jiequo 


jirovilieia    Otiuiiiis    haliitata. 


J.'i'l. 


Orl\ 


!>• 


;:il.     '  La    Jroviiiiia 


dcj^li  Otoniiti  eoniiiieiava  Jiella  ]iarte  settentvioiiale  della  Valli^  Mi  ssieaiia,  c 
si  eontiliuava  per  i[>i(  lie  niontaiilie  verso  tramontana  sino  a  novalita  niieljn 
dalla  Cai'itale.     Soora  liitti  i 


,'lii  aliitati.  elie  v'  i  rauo  lieii  niolti.  s'  iinial- 


;ava  TuntiLM  o  poleliro  Cittii  di  Tollaii  [o;_'yiiri  Tula,]  e  (pirlla  di  Xilntip' 


I'liti-liirii,   Stiirhi    Ant.    il'l    .Vc 


1).   toin.   i.,  p 


111.     I 


11  HUeli  nt  times 


th 


'  uccuparono  un  tratio  di  terra  di  pii'i  di  trecento  miglia  dallo  montagiio 
d'lzuiiiiuilpaii  verso  Maestro,  conlinando  verso  Levantc,  c  ver.so  Ponentc  con 
altru  Xa/.ioni  parimentc  stlvaj^gie.'  Later:  '  foiidarono  nel  ]i(i(  so  d'Arin- 
Iniiic,  ed  anehc  nclla  stessa  Valle  di  Messico  int'initi  liuiglii;  la  mn;4i;ior  parto 
d'essi,  0  spi'zialminte  i  pifi  graiidi,  eonie  <iiulli  di  Xilotopic  c  di  Huitzapaa 


nolle  vicinanze  dc 


ese,  die  iiinaii/i  oceupavaiio:  altri  spnrsi  fra  i  llnllat- 
zinclii,  ed  i  Tlaseallesi,  ed  in  altro  Provincio  del  Kegnn.'  Id.,  p.  1]8,  T/03 
iudios  di- este  pais  ( (^ueri'taro )  eran  1  or  la  mayor  parte  otoiiiitis.'  ..1/'<,;r, 
Iflst.    I'miiji.    ill'  Jisii.'i,   tiiiii.   ii.,   ji.    |i'..i:  Ilnmhiddi,   ]\ssin    Pul.,  torn,  i  ,  p. 


77.     'Sous  le  uoiii  d'  (•thoiiiis.  on 
nations   iirimitivi^.    ic']iandiis  d.iii- 


iiipreiiait  gi'tu'ralement  les  n  stos  dvn 
s  halites   vail 'is  iiui  Lorni  lit  I'Aii.i- 


Imac   a   1' 


idelit.'    j: 


ih-     lU 


1' 
11 1st.    Silt.    (■ 


torn. 


tr.iditi 


les    pi 


ns   ancieiuies 


(In  Mexiiiuo   nous   inontiont  h 


lai',  ain^i 


Othomis  en  possession  des  niontau'ii's  it  do  la  valli'o  d'.Vnahi 
line  lies  vastes  coiiti'i'is  (|ui  seti  iideiit  an  dela.  dans  le  Michoaean,  Jus- 
cinanx  froiitieres  de  Xalizco  et  de  Tonalim;  ils  I'taient  e'tideriient  les  luaitres 
du  plateau  do  Tlaxcallaii.'  /'/.,  torn,  i.,  p.  UiO,  'lis  occtipaii  lit  In  (iIuh 
grando  partio  tie  la  valh  1  dWiialome,  UV'  e  sos  cnntoiirR  jUNipi'iiUX  fiivironH 
do  Cholullan,  ainsi  ipm  les  provinces  ip;  •  s'l'd  iiili  lit  ml  iioid  (iitro  lo  Mi- 
choacauet  Tullnit/iiic.i.'  /(/.,  p.  VM\.  '  Otonipan.  Hiijolii'irhui  ()liiiii>)a.  lut 
lour  oapitale. '  /w  -v-axr  •in  liiiarhourij,  Pufi'-l  Vidi,  intr'J  .  p|i.  xx^..  ex. 
^^wn'taro 'fue  sii  mpro  doniicilio  do  los  esfoMiuloH  O»(ioiiiiti"<   ...llinuii 

Vul.   I.      i.i 


' 


071  Tmr.AL  BOrNDAKIES. 

])iilil  .ilii  tiiild  lo  (ilto  (Ic  las  Moutafiiis,  (jiic  cirfUiKlaii  ;'i  Mexico,  siciiilo  pa1)i>- 
ci'iM  di'  inda  la  I'riiviiiria  Otlidini  Xiliit(|i(i',  tiiU'  la  liaceii  iiunii  insa  los 
J'lK  l)!..-;  ill' 'rcjicxic.  Tula,  lliiirliia|iaii,  Xiqiiiliio,  Atixpali,  1 1  Jlixiiuilal,  S. 
Juan  (111  Kid.  y  Qiici'itam.'  /•.syu'/nw;,  ('hrnn.  AjKistMirii,  jiji.  1-2.  'J'lu'  Olinui 
l.Ui:_'tia'^'i'   '  sc  li'  fiiruclitra  dilTainadii  pur  i-\  Jv-itailu  dc  ]\Ii''Xii'<i.  ciitr  a  en  San 


I.ius  I'litosi,  aluaza  todo  (^ucn't.irn 


iiiaynr   parte  de  ( iuanajuatii,  Ij 


1111- 


falidose  al  <).  ]Htr  Icis  puelilos  de  Ids  laiascus;  reapal'eee  (■diifmididd  Cdii  el 
ti'pelma    eiiTa    del    tdlciii  tco.    y  salpieadd   M'plf  y  adj'i  se   tl'opie/.a    eull  el  en 


]' 


ui'lila  V  en  S'eracrii/.'  (h- 


];■ 


liiiii;r(ifi(i,  pi).    17,  21()-7,  'IW,  'J.").")  (I 


li'll    I,  ■1~2.     '  l".u  tddo  el  I'.stadd  de  t^ilerc't  iro  y  en  una  ])al'tt'  de  Ins  de  Si 
Jjlis,    (liiaiiajuatii.    Miflioacaii,    'S\v\ 


III 


1ll<lll(  /.    '  'iKlllfll.    tdlll.    i 

p.  i:iS;   lhl,ii><)rti\    11' 


,   I'lielila,  Veracni/  y  'I'laxeala.'    /'/ 
).  117.    ('diicnri'eiit  authorities:  //'/.>.<(/,  M<.i-.,  'i'"il. 


tdlll.  X.,   IP.  ;jj:3;    M7(;-(/',s  Mv. 


vol.  ii..  p.  ;J|.' 


Mulii'  iipj'urdl.   Mijiro,  toni.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.   177;    \\'(ij>ih'iiis,  Gvinj.  n.   ■'^Inl.,  ]> 

mi,   ISN,    l'.li;-l;    Kliiiiiil,  CilllHr-lirsclnrhti',  tolll.  v.,  p.    1'.):!;    'i'lll'llni,    ill    .l//e 


J'jli, 


Ti 


«trt. 


1> 


dim 


ir,  r,ir 


Cliiirrlilirs    Ci'l.     V 


(iilfs.  tolll.  iv.,  p.  ")!;!.     '  Ilaliitait  les  liords  dii  ^'dlfi'  du  Mexicpie,  depiiis  la 


province  I 


le  1 


aimed  juscpiall   .Nueces 


Jh. 


I'll,  till 


Ifi 


'i  lie  M i.ahiiiis  •  fiiKiud  teiu|id  fa  )iaile  della  Na/.idiie  Otdlnita.  .  .  .  I  ]i: 


ciptili  liioi^lii  da   loro  aliitati  eraiio  sulle  iiioiiti 


I'cidelitali   della  A'alli 


SI 


essic.ill.l.  (■  cdiiipoili  V.llld 


la    I'rdvincia   di  Ma/aliuacun,   apjiarleiK  nh 


Cdl-dil  I  (li  'L'ac'.lba.'    Cl'iriicrn.    ,'^lniiii    Ant,    ilil     .lA.s.s'icd,    tdlll.    i..  ]i[i.    1  111   •")!); 
fdpied    ill    liriil'iit   II  Siiriiiiiiili),    Sirimm  ilc  biiadnlnjiu,   p.   !S;J.     •^la/alma, 


Jla/aliai,  ^[.itzalir 


JLill 


yii 


mi.  ell  Mexico  y  on 


:\Iicli. 


i: 


tieiiniiis  del  iin|ii  I'in  a/teea  esia   tiiliu  |iei-ti  IK cia   al   reilio  de   'riacdp.aii;  sim 


imi 


■bl, 


IS  iii.anMlian  Ins  limites  eiitre  sii  seAurid  v  Miclidacaii.'  Or 


1/  J'' 


Ik'Ofirnfiit,  p.  '2'>'\ 


V 


[Vi'ce   ((ue   Sdio   ipiedaii  ulyiiiid 


s  restds  di'  la  iiacinu 


lUiizaliu.a  en  (  i  distiito  Ixllal 


lliaca.  liertelieclellt 


te  al  ]>c'piiitanu'Ut()de  ^[I'xi 


I'iiiimilil.  I'li'i'lrn,  tdlll.  ii.,  p.   IICJ.     -An  udkI   ils  eteiidaii'Ut  leiirs  viUaj^'cs 


jusipi  a  pell 


de  distance  do  I'anciei 


llniss'  ((*•  (/(,'  liinvh 


wnV'j, 


U\s(. 


X.d.  I 


tdlll.  iii.,  p.  50, 


The  lln'islirK,  Hinixtecs,  Guastocs, 


Cnextecas  inhabit  povtidiis  of  tl 


states  of  \'eni  Cruz  and  Tiunanlipas.  'A  los  inismos  lliiiiiabau  rantec.i  I'l 
Paiioteca,  (pu!  miierc  decir  honibi'i's  del  hv^M  pasaduro,  los  cualcs  fueion 
Hsi  llaniiK 
lut'utc  so  llunian  rimtliin, 


los,  y  sou  los  (pio  viveii  en  la,  provinciii  do  V 


iinucd.  que  propia- 
)tlau.'  SaliU'iHii,  Ilist.Gtti.,  toiii.  iii..  lib.  x., 
p.  bi2.  '  I'd  lluaxtecapaii  so  cxtendio  de  Veracruz  a  Sun  Luis  I'dtosi,  y 
corria  a  lo  lar^'o  de  la  costa  del  Gdlfn,  hacia  el  Novte,  iirolon;,'Miiddsi^ 
proVmblenicnte  inuy  adeiitro  de  Ta!ii,iiili():is.  por  Ingares  en  doiid  aliura  no 
Be   cnciieiitra    ni    vestii^io    suyo.'   Orijirn    ij   liirrii,    (iio-jrctl 


I' 


1200,    1'). 


'  Cilandd  lle''ardn  los  espauoles,  el  Int. 


ir  (iiie  dcnp 


abali  era  la  frontera  Ndi'd 


del  reiiio  de  TVxcdco,  y  jiarte  de  la  del  niexii'ano  . 


.11. 


ly  se  eonoce  sn  pais  i 


fl  nonibri;  de  lii  Iluaxleca:  conipreiide  l.i  p.irte  N  >rte  del  Estado  de  \eracni/ 
3'  una  fr.u'cion  lindante  del  d(^  San  Luis,  cdutinandd,  al  Orieiite,  con  1 1  (ieifd 
de  M 'xico,  desde  la  barra  di>  T.ixpau  liisia  T'lihipico.'  I'iiiivuk'l,  t'wulni, 
toni.  i.,  p.  5.     Further  inentidU  in  ( '/cMis,  U-iyij 


>•"'/,  in  7V)')iai!.i'-(' 


iinptn 


r 


'if- 


H'rie  ii.,  toiu.  v.,  p.  'i'.ts;  Mii!dinpfi»'dl,  Mjirn,  toni.  ii.,  pt  i.,  p.   40;  IIiimI, 


^fex.   (fnnt.,   p 


\\'iipj)i'iiin,  Ui'i'j.    n.    Si,d.^  pp.  ,'.t.")-0;  Sijnkr'ti  ('< nl,  -l'^ 


p.  310;    \'clla-SLriij);  ThuUro,  tuiu.  i.,  p.  122. 


TOTOXACS  AND  NAIIFATLACS. 


C75 


The  Tflonarf!  on'upy  tln'  cnuiitrv  <Jist  of  tln'  valley  <>(  ^rrxicd  dnwu  to 
till'  s(ii-<'i>:ist,  1111(1  particularly  the  stat»^  (if  Vcriicrn/  and  a  portion  of  I'litlila. 
'  Kstos  Totona(|ii(S  (stmi  pohluilos  ;'i  In  parte  del  imrli',  y  sc  (lice  scr 
giliistciiias.'  S'lliiiiiKii,  Hid.  dill.,  toin.  iii.,  lil).  x.,  |i|i.  i:il  1.  ''rotoiiaehi. 
Qilcsta  grauile  I'rovincia,  ch'era  pir  (piella  parte  rulliiiia  dill'  iiiipeiio, 
kI  steiideva  ])er  bell  cclitocilKpiaiita  iiiii^lia,  coiniiiciaiido  dalia  frolilii  ni 
(!i  Zacatlaii  .  ,  .e  teriiiiiiaiido  iiel  ( iolfo  ^Icssicaiio.  (Hire  alia  capitale  Miz- 
(liiiluiacau,  (juiiulici  iiii:;lia  a  l.evaiile  da  Zacatlaii.  v' i  ra  la  bella  (ilia  di 
t.'cmpoallali  sulla  costii  del  (ioll'o.'  dnri'ii r<i,  Slari'i  Anl.  ihl  Miss'ud,  ((jui.  i., 
p.  ;U.  '  ]laccoiitavaiio  diuiipie.  (pic  fsselidosi  celiiio  da  priiieipio  ]ier  (pial- 
clie  tempo  slaliiliti  sil  le  rive  del  la;_'o  te/.ellcailo.  (plilldi  t-i  iMirtaidlio  a  ]  opo- 
ll'e   ipiejle     lliolltielle,     (lie    da     loin     ]ireM  ro 


1; 


il 


li    'I'otoli 


/'/. 


toiii.  iv. 


•"il.     '  J'.ii  Piielila  y  (11  Vi  racriiz.     J,os  totoii 
Norte  del  Departaiiieiito,  foriiiaiido  iiii  solo  ^'riipo  cm 


icos  ocupaii  la  ]iart(^ 
\'erii- 


1    SIIS  vecllios  (le 


eril/.;  leiniiiiaii  sohre  la  costa  del  ^I'lfo,  cii  toda  lii  /. 


olla  (pie  se  (Mil  llde  l  lltld 


111-;  rios  de  (  liaclialacas  v  de  ( 'azoucs  I'p  S.  Marcos.'   ()r 


ruii;,  1/  III  rra.  (iiniji-n/ni. 


jij).  2!  I,  "Jlfi.    ■  J'.st.'iii  csteiididos,  y  derraiiiados  por  las  Sierras,  ipie  le  cai  ii.  al 
Xorte,  ;i  esla  Ciudad  de  Mexico.'    'I'lifi/m  iiKiil'i,  Mniiiiri/.  Iml..  toiii.  i.,  ]i.  27n; 


J''iini  iiliL    I'miilro    ten.  i. 


'■j:l.      'Ill    the   districts   of  Zacatlan.    State  t.f 


I'llcbla,  and  in  the  State  >if   Vera  I'm/..'    [.mi 


I  irni  . 


.!/..     /.. 


r.M; 


;//(/- 


(ill,  ill  .1/ 


Tlii.ifm,  t( 


p.  'M2:   Millili iiji/drill,   Mijii-i,,  tmii.  i.,   p.  20.S;  liitlln- 


Eih 


lllil,  .si<C, 


Truiisdrl.,  vol.  i. 


1' 


'I'lie  MrzliHiiiiirs  inhabited  the  nj^iou  north  of  'I'l/.rwn,  In  t  ween  the  Sierra 
(he  and  tlu^  territory  occiiiiied  by  the  linastecw.      'Al  Norte  de  'ret/eoeo 


Madi 

fxistiael  seflorio  iudepelldiento  de  IMcZtitlall,  (pie  li 

d(3  M('xic().  .  .  .Oliedcciiill  a  Mcztitlilli,   cabeeera  priucilial,   las  provincias   do 


^[lolide  al  I'.slado 


Mol; 


111'-,'". 


Jfalili:,    Tlalichiiiolti 


•pi 


lliiniatlan,   Allihiu  t/iaii,   Sucliicoatlan, 


T 


iaiiL,'ili/ten'4o,  (iuazaliiiL;o,  Ya'_;iiali( 


j:i 


sellono,    JiUes,    se    ex 


ti  lldi 


1" 


toda   la  sierra,   liasta   el   Iimit( 


los   1 


iilaxt 


ecos:   ell 


Val 


illalica   estalia 


^'iianiicioii  contra  ellos,  jior  scr  la  frontera.  coiiieiizando  desde  all;  las  llaiiiiras 


de  Uilaxteca 


Xelitla  era  el  iiiinto  mas  iivaiizai 


lo  alOeste  V 


iliiiab 


los  b.'irbaros  chicliimecas;  v\  li'rmilio  id  Siir  era  Xaeiialtipali  y  al  Norte  teiii.-i 
il  los  chichiiiiecas.'  ('Itai:i;,  I!' I'd'i'm  i.k   M  JUla, 


I,  ipioled  ill    (irn.rii  u  j;,  rrit 


(n'<i'inili<(.  p.  211) 
The    .\.ll,."ll!>l, 


diiiidi 


It  ell  sii'le   liliaji 


.L 


pni 


Sllchimilcos.  i[UC  ijuiere  dezir,  yente    de  selliellteras  de  llores.       Est 

roll  a  la  orilla  de  la  ^'iiiii  lic^'iiiia  dc  ^lexico  h.izia  el  ^bdiodia,  y  fi 


fueroll    III' 

OS  iiobla 


Villi  ciiid.idde  sii  iioiiibre,  v  otios  iniirhos  liiLjare 


Ml 


llCilo  d.  spiles 


los  (I'l  seLjiiudo  Iinau!e  llamados  ('hajeas,  (pie  si^'iiiliea  i,'ente  de  las  b 


as.   y 


tiiiiibien   fiiiidaroli  otra  ciudad   de 
Suchim'lcos.     J,os  terceros   fueion 
dc  la  I'ueiite.     V  taiubiell  poi)laroii 
La  ciibeca  de  sii  iiroviuciii  la  llimai 


iiibrc,   partii  ndo  tenuinos  con  h 


■I'ep 


Uiecas,   ipie    iplleri 


lite 


la  orilla  de  la  la'_;iiiia  al  ( )ciiilenti 


.Vzciiiiuziilco. 


las    e,-,!! 


Ion  (pie  pobliiroii  a  rczt'i'ico,  ipio  son  los  do  Cidhiia.  ipc  ipiiin 
coma.  . .  .V  assi  (picd'i  la  lai^'iina  cercada  dc  iistas(pial 
cstos  al  Orieiite,  y  los  'I'epair' 


■/J v.   eillll 


iro   11  irlolc 


pobli 


al  Norte 


.D 


He 


<3aH,  (pic  sii,'iiiliea  ^'ei 


ite  dc  la  siirra    .  .  .  Y 


CS|)UCS    111 

hall 


m    li 


atllll- 


iroii   ocupa 


los  lodos   los 


Uauos  ell  coiUoruL)  dc  la  liigixnn  hii.stu  las  sierras,  piissaruii  du  la  otra  parte  dc 


()7(; 


TUIHAL  BOrN'D.VUIES, 


In  sicnvi. . . .  V  11  lariil)0(;ii(l('  sn  ])ri>uiiii'iii  llnmiiidii  Qiialiiinahu'ii^.  . .  .rpic  oitr- 
riiMi]iiil;iiiiciiti'iiurstri)  viili^'o  lluiiiii  (^ucniiuuK'ii,  y  luimUii  iiroiiiiiciii  <'s,  lu  (pu' 

<iy  S(i  (li/c  (I  Mai'clUcsiuIo.  Lns  (It;  111  si'Xtll  f,'('llcliU'ii)ll,  ([lie  Sdll  Ins 'I'lus- 
calli'cas.  (|iic  (|iii('i('  (Ic/.ir  f,'i'liti!  (lt>  (lall,  jiassiiroii  lii  sii'iaiiia  lia/.ia  «1  (.)lii  lite 
(itliiilissaliilip  1  I  sii'i'i'a  lli'iiada,  ilniidc  cst.'i  el  faliiiiso  Imlrati  iiitrr  Mixico  y 
la  ciiiilail  ill'  Ins  .\iiL;rlis.  . .  .In  cillici^ii  dc  sii  iinniiiicia  llaniaiim  dr  su  imndiri' 
'I'lasi'Ma.  .  .  .  La  s(']itiiiiu  cucua,  o  liimj^c,  (jiif  is  la  nacimi  .Mi  \ii'aiiii,  la  ijiial 


niliio  las  dtras,  s.ilio  di'   L 


IS  pniiuiii'ias 


di'  A/tlaii,  V  'riiii'ulliii.'ii'ali.'  ^\c(istii, 


Hist.  i(f  Ins  )'iiil..  ]i|i,  I")  IS,  llfpcatrd  ill  ll'mni.  Wist,  tim.,  drf.  iii., 
lili.  ii.,  cap.  \.  Also  ill  ihinijn'it,  Slurkt  AhI.  ihl  Mtsslm,  tniii.  i.,  jip.  151  -J, 
and  ill  lli-ridii  //  Sdrmlt  nlo,  ,Si'riii(M  de  (iiiiiiliilniii',  }).  K'j;  Oraici)  y  Jlirrti, 
(ieiiijriifiii.  pp.  '.'1  'J. 

'I'lii'  Ai-nlliiiii-i  inlial)il(d  the  kiiij^'dniii  of  .Vconiiiacan.  '  Su  ('i»]iital  cm 
'l'<'f/ripi'ii,  a  la  milla  dil  la^ii  di'  sn  lunulirr.  .  .  .  La  cNtriisinii  dil  iciiio  era: 
dcsdi-  I  I 


dil  N. 


di  1  Sm 


todii  lo  (( 


tic    SC  CDIIIll 


iciidc  a  la  liaiuladi  1 


Toniiuti   h.i^ti  il  piicitii  dc  la  Vcnvniz.  salvi>  la  <'iiiil  id  i\f  Thu'licala  y  H 


Uc- 


xiitziiii 


!•■ 


!!■  h 


(If  Ti  xrix'o.  (pioti  (1  ill  (' 


//  /;. 


rrn.    Ill  ni/fd I  m^ 


1'1> 


•J(0--J 


Juan  I>.  I'miiar  tija  lo^  Ifniitcs  del  rciiiocim  liiilala('.\aj.C('iiu'i()n 
<pii'  pucdc  iiifuiidir  cl  orj^'iillo  ili'  ra/ii.     V«v  nmstia  ii.irlc,  lidiins  liidn  con 


cUKlailo  las  n 


laciniics  (pU'  A  la  liioiiiinpiia  ciuit  spoiiili  n.   y  jiciiii 


--tiidiaii 
«n  (1  ]ilaii()  jus  liii^ai'cs  a  (pio  so  V(  licit  n,  y  iii  di'  las  uiias  iii  dc  Ins  (itn 


11 


ci'Mliiiis  a  saca 


V  jamas  (pic  los  rcycs  dc  Aculliiiacan  inaiidaraii  snluc  las  tii- 


Imis  avicindadas  en  la  ciista  dc]  I'acilico,  no  va  .1  la  inisiiia  altiir.i  dc  Mi'xic 


sino  ami  a  niciioi-cs  latitudes.'  Or 


nni'ii  1/  ix'irn,   in'ii'imj ni,   ]ip, 


212    I.     Sci 


furtlicr:  MDlnliiili 

Ixllil.UxliU!.    Hililr 
The  DruUlir.'i 


llisl.  Liili 


Iril-hiilril'l,    I 'ill.  (/'    Dm'.,  toni.    i,,  1).  11 


in  Kiiiii.-tliiiriiiiijli's  Mix.  Ant! 


ell  el  distiito  dcToliua,  (11  ticiras  V  tciniinos  snvo 


Siihtiiimi,  Jlisl.  iliii.,  tiiiii.  iii..  HI),  x.,  j).  l.'IO. 


The  .1/./ 


viveii  ell  una  coiiiarcaih' Toll 


Idlehlo  dc  Xoeotitlan.    I'l. 

Tht^  Tun  I  unit  dwell  cliictlv  in  tlie  state  of  ^liili 


y  estiiii  polilados  en  cl 


I'stos, 


1    inaiirc   i 


Ic     los    [li 


lescados,    ipic   es 


Mil 


,a  pMiviiicia  dc 
.'iiiiasc  lainliicii 


Qilaoclipaiiiiic'   Siihuiitii,    llisl.  dun.,   toin.   iii.,    lili.   x.,    ji.    1:!7.     Kcpcatc  d 
in   Clnrhii i-ii,    Slnri't    .\iit.   ilti   Mi'ssini,   toiu.   i.,   i>.    lis.     Tl 


icir  tcrritniv    is 


bouiiilcd:  "All  iiord-rst,  le  royauiiie  dc  Tonalan  it  !c  ten-itoire  inaviiiiiic  ile 
Coliiiia  cu  sunt  si'pari's  par  le  rii)  I'alltla  et  le  llciivc  Coidinay.iiia,  aiupicl 
s'unit  cctte  liviiic,  dix  licues  avant  d'allcv  toiiihcv  dans  la  iin  r  racitii|iic.  dniit 
\v  riva'_,'c  eontiiiiie  eiisuite  ;i  hnrncr  Ic  ^lichoacaii,   all  siid-ouest,  jusipi'a  Za- 


eatoilaii. 
liiuitcs,  : 


La  les 

I'cst  ct 


ili(>s  ('.ijiricicuscs  dn  !Mcxcala   liii   cniistitucnt  iTaiiti 


d,  p 


mis,  a  Test  eiicoi-c,  Ii  s   lidus  iirovinccs 


dc  (■ 


ixei)   et   d(!    Matlat/ 


.I'liis   iiu   liord,    (''('taiciit   Ics  Ma/ahu.is,  doiit   li 


fcl-ti 


lies  valli  es.  ailisl  que  c 


lies  des  Matlat/iucas, 


■Icndciit 


les  plus  froidi 


1,1   ('nrilillere;  ( iilin  1 


c  ciiiir  liiajestucux   dil 


alls   lis  icLtlnns 
Tololotlall   it 


les  rives  pittorcsipies  dti  lae  Cli.apala  forinaiciit   uiie  h.irricrc  iiaturcllc  elitro 
les  Tanisipics  et  les  iioiubreuscs  populations  othoniies  ct  chichiuicipics  des 

t'tatsde  (i 

toiu.  iii.,  p[).  "):! 


ixiiato  et  dc  (^ucrctaro.'    lirussritr  ilr  llmirlKU'rii,  llisl.  .Wd.  I'ir. 


'  El  tarasci)  sc  habla  en  el  Estado  d(  ilichoaeaii,  i  xcc])- 
tuaudu  la  paric  Sur-Oeste  (pit;  iiuJii  cou  cl  I'ucilico  doudc  be  habla  cl  nitxi- 


:iI.VTI,ALTZINCAS  AND  TLArANECS, 


G77 


ofino.  niia  itfrincMii  jvirtr  al  Nnr-Kstc.  (Idiidf  sc  acostiiinlirn  d  otliniiif  i'>  il 
liia/ahua,  y  otra  \i.\i\r  ilmiclc  sc  usii  tl  liiatlal/inca.  'I'ai.iliit  ii  sc  lialila  rii  i  1 
listailii  di'  ( liialiajllatci,  i  li  l.i  ]iaitL'  iiuc  lilitlil  cuii  ^f  iilinacall  y  (liladalajaia, 
liiiiitail.i  al  Oiiiiili'  [iiir  una  li'iu  a  (]iit'  jmrde  ciiiui  n/ar  i  u   A(  ainliain,  st  i;uii' 


raiiiiald  V  trniiinar  on  Sail  !•"(  li 


111',    I'S     ( 


Iccir, 


(  11    Ins    l.luitrs    cull     Sail 


l.lli> 


I'ntiisi.'     I'ilif  litil,   (  (Klllrn,  tnlll.   i.,  p.   -71.       '  Kll    Miillii:, call,  (  ilK  IK  I'll,  (luil- 

iia jualu  V -laliscii.'  Onnco  i/   llirvn,  O'riiiirii/in,  jip.  "jS,  2I!n,   •Jdl,  ■271-2.   "^M. 


Coiiciii  n  lit  aiillidrillcs;  lidllntln,  in  Aim  r.  F.tln 


•/■/ 


f/.,    veil. 


1.,   !■ 


■1 ;   l.ii'l' ici'i's  A'l.  l.'iicj.,  II.   \S1\  F((jii 
l",  V(d.  ii..  !>.  <;7"). 


//'(;,..    7.' 


lOil;    W'anl's  .lA.r- 


Tlii'  M'itliill:iiirii!>,  ririlidiw,    or  Tuhiciis  iiiliabiti  il   tlic  valley  nf 'I'duca, 


Hitiialcd  lirtwccii  the  vallcv  of  Mexico  and   Jlicli 


La   I'luv  iiicia  cl,  i 


]M,itlat/.iuclii  (•( 


ip: 


■iidcva,    olti'o  111  vulle  di  'Idli 


in,  tultii  i|i 


11 


■lie   v'c    iiiliiiii    a    'riaxiiiialoyiin   (o^'Lji  Taxiiimvoa)  fruiiticiii   del    I'-^i 


HI    (il 


.Miclmacaii    .  .  ,  Ndl. 

di  'I'/iiiiilialiilacali,   c  di 


liiiilit.i'_;iic  ciri'om  icini'  v'  craiio  L,'li  stati  di  Xalallauli 


Malilialcn;   in    liull  liinlla    I.  iiitallaUiSa  \crsii  l,i  \alili 


lalla  vallc   (jUcUo  d'Oi'iiillaii, 


t( 


(In 


rso  roncntc  ijucUi  di  'I'o/.aiitla.  c  di  Znl- 
i-!ifr<i,   Slnrid  Aiif.  (I'l  M'ssirii,  tniu.  i.,  )i|i.  Ill   _',    I'i'i.     'Aiiliuna- 


lllilltc  cIl   cl   Vi 


dc  'I'liluca;  jicro  li'iy  no 


ilo  sc  nsa  cii   Cliani,  lii^ar 


llclii  - 


cicntc  al   I'^stado  dc  Michoacaii.'   I'ltiiitibl,  I'lin^lro,  tniii.  i.,  p.   I'.i'.i.     "In  \\ 


strict  of  that  iiaiiii\   sixtv  miles  smitli-west  of  ^fcxi 


Kiln 


Tniiixicl.,   toiu.  i.,  1).  1,     Also  in   /, 


ii'ii^iS'  ";■  ' 


(iil'fdliil,    ill    .l(/c  /■. 
Ir    lliinihiiiiril.     Hist. 


Xdl.  I  /'•..  toiii.  iii.,  ji.  5(1. 

Tlic  Cliiiiiihiiia  iiilialiit  the  puelilos  Ciutla,  Axalo,  Iliuitlan,  Vitalata,  <  liia- 
^'uayutla  and  C'liyuipiilla  in  the  State  of  (liieirero.  lirn.cn  ij  lUn-'i,  d' nijrii- 
fid.  p.  227. 

TIk'  'I'lnjiiinrcri,  Coviscas,  Yo])es,  Yo]'is,  .Tcijus,  YoiiiiiKs,  'rdiiiiics,  I'ilio- 
ines,  C'hiiKiniiiics,  ('linciiontcs,  rinotl-Choelions,  ('hoclins,  (  liiiclioni  s,  I'e- 

le   same  I'ciiph  ,  wlio 


lolocas,    1  ecos,    I  (  i-oMiics.  or 


Poiioliiciis  ale  one  and   tl 


liy  dilVcii  nt  wrileis  a.rc  i 

'  I'.st OS  Coviscas  v'Tlaiialleeas,  son  niios 


Icsci'ilied  under  oii<'  or  the  oihcr  of  tin  sc  iinnies. 


vestaii  iiolilailos  en 


Iliad. 


'repceilaellih 
V   Tlaiii 


II  s ....  son  ii  is 


y  I'lachmalacac.  y  en  la  provincia  de  riiilapaii.'     '  ]!stos  Yopii 

lieeas.  son  dc  lo^  dc'  la  eiiiii.irca  dc  Yopit/iiicd,    llaimiidi  s   \i 

ipie  ll.iiiiaii  proiiiaiiieiite  tciiiiues,  pinonie,  (•liiiii|iiimc,  ihuchoiiti.    SnlKdinn 

Jlisl.  h'lii.,   toiii.   iii..   lili.  X..   p.  l:i"):  quoted   also    in  "/■ 


.en     //     Urn 'I,     (I'lli- 

iji-'if.'ii,  pp.  2n."i  li.  217.  I'.li;,  •  J.a  provincia  de  Ins  \'npes  lindalia  al  ()isle 
fill  Ins  CllitlaliMpies,  al  Snr  cnli  el  I'aeilleo,  al  ]'!ste  enii  Ins  Jlixleces 
y  al  Xortc  enii  Ins  ( 'nhuixcas:  la  division  por  ista  parte  la  n  I'n  si  iitaria  iiim 
l.iiea  Av  V.^U  a  Ocslc,  al  Siir  dc  Xncnlmaiii  y  dc  .Vmatlaii.  y  cniiiiireinljeia  "i 
Ins  aclll. lies  llapaliccns.'  Miutiifdi^in  /'/.,  pp.  2:>.")  (1  •  ( 'niiliiiava  iieia  eosl.i 
dci  (.'oliiii\cln  ipiella  del  Jopi,  o  con  cpiesta  iplella  del  Mixteihi,  eniinseiiit  i 
iii  nnstri  tempi  cnl  iininc  di  Xicavaii.'  i  lari'ii  m,  Sl^rin  Anl.  ild  .I/cvm'/o.  tnm. 


II.  ;!l;  lidliiiCiK,  in  Amcr.   FJIn 


'rraiisnrl      \(\\,  i. 


1' 


I.      •Ticali 


chilcn  era  sii  polilaeioii  principal,  y  se  derraniulian  al  Snr  hasta  t 


niixtccns.     l)nr:intc  el  si^'Ui  \YI  se  encoufralian  an 


n    pn|io 


nc.ar  cnii   Ins 
TLacote- 


pcc  y  ell  S.iii  Salvador  ( linidns  eon  los  otoniii  s  '.  jiiiclilo  sil  ji  tn  a   (^Miiclioliie, 


I'nr  la  parte  dc  'I'l  Iniacaii,  el  liniite  ile   esl.i  trilm  se  hall.d 


la    ell    (  n\e,at- 


m.'  Or 


!/  Ikrrd,  (I 


I'lrnfid.  jip.  217-18.     The   (  Imehns  dwell  in  sixtei  n 


puublo.s  in  the  department  uf  Iluajiiapan  in  the  stiite  of  Oaj.iea.   /</.,  p.  I'M, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


tellll^    112,5 

Sim 

'ul  m 

2.0 


1.8 


U    III  1.6 


i 


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V] 


<^ 


^a 


w 


v: 


W 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


#' 


LV 


V 


Ln>^ 


A 


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^> 


^ 


^ 


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TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Thf  C'nlin'.fcan  ilwr^'t  ill  tlio  prnviiifo  of  tlio  siinip  nninf,  wliicli  '  ronfiiinva 
ft  Settcutriiiiic  (joi  Miitlutziiiclii.  o  coi  Tliihtiiclii,  ii  I'diiciitc  coi  Cnitluti clii,  ii 
Lfvaiitc  coi  J()|)i  e  coi  Mixtcclii,  cd  a  Mcxzonioniio  si  stciidivii  intiiio  nl 
Jlar  I'acilii'o  ]);  r  (jii*  11a  parte,  ilovc  ju'csciitt  im  iitc  vi  soiio  il  iiortu  c  la  Citta 
d'Acainilcc).'  I  hirhjiVd,  Sluvlii  Ant.  ilil  Mis.^'no,  loin,  i.,  ]>.  .''2.  'La  jtiMviiicia 
coiiiciizaba  en  Za('nal])a,  li'niite  con  los  niatlaltziucas,  y  (jiio,  por  ultimo,  los 
ronliiics  dc  csa  ])oi'cion  antij,'na  drl  iinpivio  ^Icxicaiio,  rvaii  ill  Nortf  los 
Iiiatlalt/.ilKpit's  y  los  tlalmiiplcs,  al  Lslc  los  liiixtcfos  y  los  tlapaliecos,  al  Siir 
los  yojics,  y  al  Ocsto  los  t'liitlatnplcs.'  Ovuzfn  ij  lUrnt,  Uiniirnfid,  ])j),  'I'll-Wi. 
Their  country  lies  'between  Tesitzlau  ami  Cliilapan.'  Kir's  Tionls,  p.  'j;i;{. 

The  Ciiilldli'rs  inhabit  the  country  between  (he  Cohuixcas  and  the  I'acitic 
(^'oast.  '  I  Cuitlateehi  abitavano  nil  paese.  elie  si  stc  iideva  jiifi  di  i1u!,'<  iito 
iniulia  da  llaestio  a  Seiroceo  dal  rei,'iio  di  lliehuacaii  iiitiiio  al  mar  raeitico. 
l.ia  loro  eapitale  (  ni  la  f^raiide  e  popolosii  citta  di  Jlexcalti  jmc  sulla  costa, 
della  (plale  ap[)ena  sussistoiio  le  roviiie.'  Clnr'nuni,  Slavii  ^\)it.  dil  .1/<»/m>, 
toni.  i.,  p.  .'i-'.  '  ]",ii  Ajucliitlaii,  San  ( 'ristc'ibal  y  Poliutlaiii  la  muiii(ii>aiiilad 
di^  Aju.'hitlaii,  distrito  del  misnio  noinbre,  y  en  Atoyac,  disliilo  y  iimiiici- 
Jialiilad  de  T<'cpaii.  La  proviiicia  de  los  cuitlate(iiies  I'l  euitlateeos,  siiji  ta  en 
lo  aiiti^'uo  a  los  eiuperadores  dt^  Mexico,  (piedaba  comi)r<  iidida  (litre  las  do 
Zacatula  y  de  los  (joluiixcpies.'  Ornzco  i/  lli  rni,  (noiirofji,  pp.  '233-1. 


rroceedin;^' soul li ward,  amouf,' the  Soi'THKitN  Mkxicans,  we  first  encoun- 
ter the  M'nliiS,  whose  province,  Miztecaiiaii,  was  in  the  i)reseiit  states  of  Oa- 
jaca  and  (ii:.  rrero.  '  La  Mixtecapan,  o  sia  I'roviuciu  dei  llixtei  hi  si  sti  udi  vii 
da  .Vcatlaii,  luo^'o  loiitiiuo  cento  veiiti  mij^liadalla  corte  verso  Seirdcco.  iutino 
id  Mar  I'acitico,  e  conteiieva  piu  Citt.'i  <^  villai,"4J  ben  popolati,  e  dicoiisidera- 


bil 


I'   comnu  rcio. 


rl,n 


i;l''ri), 


Stona  A)d.  il'l   M>. 


toiii.    i.,    j>.    ;!'J, 


'L( 


Mixt(  capall  eoiiipreliait  les  I'l'j^'ions  occidelitales  de  I'etat  d'Oaxai  a,  di  puis  la 
f  roiilii're  septeiitrionale  d'.Vcatlan,  (jui  le  srparait  des  jiriiuipauti's  des  'I'lahiii- 
cas  et  de  -Mazatlaii.  juscjue  siir  le  riv.i^e  de  I'oci'an  ra(ili(]ue.  I'.lh  s  so 
divisaiiiit  en  haute  et  basse  Mixtc(]Ue.  I'iuk'  et  raiilre  ej^'alfiiieiit  f<  rlili  s.  la 
jireiiiirre  resserree  cut  re  les  moiita^'liesqiii  lui  doiinaient  son  iioiii;  la  seeonde, 
occupant  les  riches  territoir«s  des  bonis  de  la  nier,  ayaiit  jioiir  (apilale  la 
villc  (If  Tutiitcpec  (a  rembouchuro  dii  rio  Verde).'  Jinism  nr  ilf  liiiid-liniirii, 
toiii.  iii..  p.  4.     '  Les  Mixtr(|ues  doiinaient  eiix-niciiies  a  leur 


i/<W.  .V,((.  (■ 


Jiays  le  iiolii  (1(>  (liiudzavui-(hnihu,  Terre  de  pluie,  pour  le  haute  ^lixteipie, 
ft  (Siiuundaa,  Cnte  de  la  nier,  a  la  basse.'   A/.,  pji.  o-d.     '  Kn  la  aiiti^ua  juo- 


vincia  dc  (ste  niuubre,  situada  sobre  la  costa  del 


1' 


lico,  (pie   coni- 


prclide  actualuieiite,  liacia  el  Norte,  una  fiacciou  del  llstado  de  riitbia; 
liacia  el  Ksle,  una  del  de  Oajaca,  y  al  Oestc,  parte  del  Estado  de  (liu  rn  ro. 
Div  dese  l.i  Mixt( ca  en  alta  y  ba ja.  esfando  la  priinera  ( n  la  sdlaliia,  y  la 
iie,L;uiida  ell  las  llannras  coiitiguas  a  la  costa.'  J'hinnld,  Viuiilni,  toiii.  i.,  p. 
'Si.  '  Westlicii  der  Zapoti'cos,  bei  San  I'l'aiuisco  lIu:zo  illl  Nordi  11  •ilid.  bi  i 
Banta  Cruz  Miztep('c  ini  Siideii  des  ^rossen  'I'liales  von  Oajaca  Ik  L;iiiiii  ii  dii! 
Misti'keii,  welchc  den  f,'anzen  westlicheii  Theil  des  Staats  einiK  linu  ii,  und 
si'idlich  bis  an  die   Kiist(^  des  .Austral-Oceans  bei  .Janiiltepec  mid  Tutut(]ii'c 


liinabreichcn.'  M'ulih  upjurill,  Mijim,  t( 


pt  i.,  pp.  ll'J,  1H7,  l',i'J-i;,  I'.IS- 


9,  •201-'2.     Also  iu  Wiipitiiiis,  (kaij.  u.  .^I'd.,  ji.  KlU. 


z.vroTErs  and  mijes^. 


C.79 


Tiio    X'ipiihr<:    nfcujiy   tlic    lai'j^i'    Vulli  V   uf    Oiijucn.     'I'llf   lil   ZiilKiticapllIl 
Sciiuva.  _v  tall    ii)i(mIiimi1ii  ili'   liis  diluas  dc  su    Oli/miti',   inif   iiliiliiriii-<{is  siis 


l{i,'Vi'S,r(iiii|iiri()ii  Ins  ti'iiiiiiKPS  ill 


r  su  liiiill(li),  V  sc  flitral 


111  ft  1 


ii/.i  s.  V  valii  liti 


piil'Cliniitalis,  Mijcs,  y  til  lias  iiiaiitiiiias  ilf  aiiilms  iiiaii  s  ili  i 


(ll  1  Nliltl! 


.  . .  .y  viiiciiiiild,  hasta  Si  ficinai'  Ins  fiitilis  llanos  ili-  'I'l^uaiilii  i  ijin  .  y  i  ir- 
rii'iiili)  liasta  Xiu'iiiiiisrii.'  /,'"/■(;<.((.  '<'i(.i/.  liisiriji..  toiii.i.,]'t  ii..  fnl.  r.'i;.  imii. 
II..  fol.  :)(12.  ■  liasta  'I'l'iiriaf,  'richaliiaclialco,  l.hiiilidl.ii-  y  '1  i  ulniacali.  (pio 
liiirai|ili  ilii-ili  ijiii'  liifii'iiiii  siis  Jinlplac-inliis  los  /a]Hiti  cas.'  \'<  i/Hn,  y/i'.v/. 
Alit.  Mij,,  tiiiu.  i.,  \t.  \'i'.].  ■  \  Livaliti'  di'"  ^lixtirlii  rlaliu  i  Zitjiuti  ilii,  ciisl 
a]iitalc  TidtzaiMitlaii.      Nil  Inni  ilistri  ttn  iia  la  \'allr  ili 


cliiaiiiati  dalla  lo 

Hnaxyarac.  da^li  S(ia^:iniii]i  di  tia  Oaxai'a  n  (iiiaxac-a.'   '  Vi 


</./  .1/.. 


si<''»,  tulll.  1.  Ji. 


:V2. 


i: 


1' 


nti'  dt  1  Estadii  dr  ( »i 


IIIKII  II 


ijai-i 


>/', 


.1-./. 


lilliitada   al 


Slir  iior  ll  racticd,  ixci'jitnaiido  una  pi  cim  fia   fiaiiimi  dc   trinim   im  ujadii 


]inr   Ids  I'lliiiitalis.'    /' 


•  ill  I,    I'mnh' 


liiUl. 


\i.  ;fr.t. 


'  /•/•(/,  (niiijriti  III. 


pp.  177-S7:  Miirijiiiii  1/  h'liliirili,  in  >"<•.  .lA 


/;../,/; 


tnlll.  vii..  ])p.  "Jll-li.     'Till'  Zapiitiis   cnnslitnti' tllf  },'lrativ  ]iait  Ilf   ihr  |  iijni- 
latiiiii  Ilf  till'  sinithiin  divisiun  uf  liii'  Istliniiis  (uf  'I'lliuanti  pr 


/;. 


«/■, 


itiil  talili'  lands 


'J'l  hiiiiiil'  jiir.  p.  'l-li',.    '  Inlialtit  till-  raiilii'  jilainsand  tlir  i 

fioui 'I'aiifa  tul'i  tapa.'  .^Im/ilill'ti  h'.rjilnr.  'J'l  Imnnti  jnf.  ji|).  li."(,  ll!.!   1;  'inini/'s 


'J'l  liiiiliili  jir<\   p,    .")',»;    Fiissil/,    Mixhjii 
Jlitti'  drs  Sta.itis.  das  ^'inssr  Thai 

dii'  (itliiii'r  Vim  Huix.'i/.u,  Iztl 


Jiji.    \V.\H,    47(1.      '  Zapoti  riis.  \Vi  Irlif   dio 


111  ( )aja 


1. 


nil  11,  sirli  ill!  ( )sli  11  id  Mr 


ind   'lam  tzi'  und   dii- 'I'liali  r  Lns  (  aii'.iius 


ailslii-i  itrii,  mid  im   Siidcli.   iiii    I'ailidu  (^udidiapa    (l)ipait.   'I'l  huantipi'i' ) 
uiit  di'U  Mijrs,  iiii  raitidii  von  I'oiliutia  1  Dipait.  Ilji'itia)  alii  r  niit  di  n  (  Imn- 


t.'ilcs.  Naililiaiiii  jriicr.  ^,'ianzi 


Mil  hi  I 


iijiinnll,    Mijii'i),  ti 


pt   i..  PI. 


Ml,  17(1,  17:i-(;,  IHK-c,  is'.t,  r.il,  l'.i'.».  -JliJ-l;!;   ir.(/i/i/;i(.'.-,  ^■«l,(;.  n.  >////.,  p.  id: 


'  Les  Zapoti'-ijUt'S  appeliiieiit  li'iir  pays  Ijaidua.'    Ilriissi  nr  ih   lU 
Nat.  <"u\,  toiii.  iii.,  p.  IIS;  Mni'iivniiir 


'"I'll, 


Uhl. 


's  I'liiiin tis  i>f  Anil  n 


V 


MS. 


The  -l/')'.'''  dwiU  ill  the  nioiiiitaiiis  of  snuthcrii  Oajara  and  in  a  small  por- 


tion of  Ti'liuanti'i)! 


.Vnti'iiiui'ciui'iit  h  lu  rniiif  dc  rciiipiir  tolti  ipu 


ll 


Jliji's  ocfUiiaifirt  tout  lu  tcrritoire  df  rislluPf  dr  'riliiiantijii',  d'lnir  iiu  r  a 
r.iutre.'  Jinissi'iir  ill'  ItDiti'lionrii,  I'"//.  'I'l  linnnli  jur.  ]>]>.  l.i'^  '.'.    '  Toiiti  ci  iii- r' 
gion,  ciiiiipii  n.iiit,  a  Test,  les  liniis  do  la  SiiTV.'i  dr  Mm  uilajia  ipn-  dominc  li; 
villayo  ai'tui'l  <li'  Zanatrpi'i-  ct  lis  inontiLjiiis  ipii  s'l'ttiidi  nt,  ilu  I'oii'  opposr, 

dr    'I'l  huaiitrlH'i'.    au   sud,   it,   au 


Vers   Lucliixila,    bai' 


1'' 


a    ilVhiT 


il'd,  par  filli'  di'  la  \'i]la-Alta.  j 


ilsipi  alix   savants,  ini 


ill'  r.Vlvaradii  it  du  ( 


lua/.ai'oali'ci,  ajipanriiait  a  la  iiiiiiii 


ri.lllrllt    Irs    alllui  ills 
nation  ill  s  Mixi  mi 


Miji 
It  dii  ■/.: 


ifs  vaiiiriisili  miurririi 


It  suumisd.'slors  aiix  inis  dr  la  Mi\ 


1.  s  Mi 

ipotrrapan,  a  I'rXri  plioll    dull    ]n  tit    liiiiidili'    ipli,    jllsipi'ii    I'l  Jn 


spi 


'lioli 


itiniii'n  lit  dans  Kur  I'l'sistam-i'   dans  Irs   taiitoiis  austi'ii  s  qui 


t'Hviroiiiiiiit  ll'  ('('iiipoaltt'pti'.     ('(■  Ipli  rrstr  du  iitti'  iiat 


loll  sur 


Ml 


iliiu 


Tuhuaiiti 


st  di 


ssuniiiii'  IK 


till  lliiiiiiit  111  divirs  villaiiis  du  la   iiiMiit«i 


Entru  lis  jilus  iiiiportants  est  uului  du  (tiiiuliiuovi  ipiu  j'avais  laissi'  a  ma 
droitu  111  vuiiaiit  du  la  iilaiuu  du  Xouliia|ia  an  Karrio.'  hi.,  pji.  1I.1-7. 
*  Lus  Mixi  avail  lit  possudi'  aiiiiuniu  uiuni  la  plus  j^'i'iindu  jiartiu  dis  royaiimis 
du  Tuhiiaiitupiu,  du  SouoiHisi'o  it  du  Za[ioti  uai»aii:  jit  ut-utru  niiiiiu  lusrivaj,'i  s 
di;  Tututupuu  luiir  duvaiuiit-ils  luiir  pruiiiiiru  livilisatinii.'  hi.,  Ilisl.  .\iit. 
Ch\,  toiu.  iii.,  pp.  31-5.     'Ihi  alyunos  liigarus  del  l)i  partaiiiuiitu  du  Oajauu 


C80 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


como  Jnqnila,  Qiioznltppec  y  Atilnu.'  rhiiciitd,  (KOi/ro,  lom.ii.,  p.  173.  'Lc« 
IiulioiiH  niijc'H  biibiteiit  uiie  contrt'e  niontngneuse,  an  sud-oncst  ilii  Goatzn- 
ciMileo  ct  an  noi'd-otU'st  tlo  Tt>hnaiiti'ii«'e.  . .  De  la  chuiiit' dcH  inoiits  MijcH 
(li'sceiul  la  riviiTt!  do  Sarrabia,  qui  travcrso  la  bflK'  plaiuo  de  Boca-dtl- 
Monte.'  l'\)si<-y,  Mfxiqw,  p.  4'J.  'The  Mijcs,  oiico  a  iH)\v«'rful  tribe,  inhab- 
it tlu!  inouiii.'ins  to  tho  west,  in  tlio  eontral  division  of  the  Isthnuis,  mid 
arc  now  continul  to  the  town  of  San  .luau  Ciuichiiovi.'  limimrd's  Tihxtan- 
irpec,  p.  221;  Mont'iuns,  Ximwe  Wicnld,  j).  'i'iJJ;  Ikriiicsilur/,  in  Loud.  Gioi/. 
iSofl.,  Ji.itr.,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  '>4.7.  '  The  Mijes  constitnled  fornioily  a  jtowerful 
nation,  and  they  still  ocoupj-  the  land  from  tlio  S^ierra,  north  of  Tcliuaute- 
poc,  to  the  district  of  Chiapas.  In  tlio  Isthmus  thfv  only  inhabit  the  village 
tif  Guit'hicovi,  and  a  small  portion  of  tho  Sierra,  which  is  never  visited.' 
Garai/a  Tihwiiiteiier,  p.  (W.  Also  Miicijreijor's  I'roijnus  of  Amefira,  p.  849; 
Orozeo  1/  Ikrni,  (Inniriiflu,  pp.  17(>-7. 

The  lliotns,  Iluavi,  Iluabi,  Iluabes,  Gnavi,AVubi,  etc.,  live  on  the  Isthmus 
of  TehuanteiK'c.  '  Les  Wabi  avaient  etc,  dans  lessiccles  pass('s,  possesseiirs 
de  la  province  de  Tehuantepee. . .  .lis  avaient  etc  les  maitres  du  riche  teni- 
toire  de  Soct)inis<'o  (autrefois  Xoconochco.  . .  .esi)cce  de  nojial),  et  avaient 
etendu  leiirs  eonquetes  jusqu'au  sein  nienie  d(s  niontagnes,  oil  ils  avaient 
fondi'  oil  a<'crii  la  ville  de  Xala]>a  la  (irande  (Xalapa-ih'l-Manpies).'  Jlrassnir 
til-  Jiottrhiiui-ii,  Hist.  Xtit.  Cu\,  tom.  iii.,  p.  H.  'The  Knaves  are  in  all  little 
more  than  three  thousand,  and  occupy  the  four  villages  of  the  coast  called 
San  Mateo,  Santa  Maria,  San  Dionisio,  iind  San  Francisco."  liitnii/a  'IMntaw 
i'lnc,  p.  ■'•D.  'Scattered  over  the  sandy  peninsulas  formed  by  the  lakes  and 
thol'acitic.  .\t  present  they  occupy  the  four  villages  of  San  ilateo,  Santa  Ma- 
ria, San  Dionisio,  and  San  Francisco.'  Ikin«irirs  Tilmnut'  jur.  p.  'i27.  '  Sau 
Francisco  Istaltcpec  is  the  last  vil'age,  inhabited  by  the  descendants  of  a 
tribe  called  lluaves.'  Jkniicnilort',  in  Lund.  (Uoij.  t^oc..,  Jmir.,  vol.  xxxii.,  p. 
516.  '  Ilabitent  les  villages  du  bord  de  la  nier  au  sud  de  Giuchicovi.'  Fos- 
sry,  Mi'xiijiie,  p.  -1(17.  SItitfeldi's  Ju'j>lor.  TclnKinUper,  p.  120;  Miihloijifurdl, 
Mi'j'ii'it,  torn,  ii.,  pt  i.,  p.  141.  'Se  extienden  en  Tehuantepee,  desde  laS 
playas  d(l  I'acitico  hasta  la  Cordillera  interior.'  Onnm  y  Jkrra,  Gvmjrafia, 
]>p.  17;i-C. 

The  lUul-Xonos  '  composaient  nne  province  nonibreuse,  occujuuit  en  par- 
tie  les  routes  (pii  conduisaieut  au  Mexique  et  aiix  montagnes  des  Mixi. . . . 
Leur  ville  principale,  depuis  la  conquete,  s'appelait  San-Francisco,  a  15  1. 
N.  O.  de  l.i  cite  d'Oaxaca.'  'Habitant  sur  les  coniins  des  Mixi  et  des  Zapo- 
teques.'  Hidssittr  de  linurhoHrij,  Hist.  yal.  <"ii\,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  42-^  'Les 
Beni-Xono  sont  appeh's  aussi  Nexicha  et  Cajones.'   /^. 

The  Ma:(di'cs  live  in  the  state  of  Oajaca,  near  the  riiebla  boundary.  'A 
Tramontana  dei  Mixtechi  v'era  la  Provincia  di  Mazatlan,  e  a  Tramontana,  (^ 
a  Lcvante  dei  Zaiiotechi  <iuel!a  di  Chinantla  colic  loro  capitali  deilo  stesso 
iionie,  onde  furono  i  loro  abitanti  Mazatechi  e  Chinantechi  appellali.'  Chtvi- 
<l(To,  Storlo  Aii(.  dd  Mfssim,  tom.  i.,  j).  33.  '  In  den  I'artidos  Teutitlan  und 
Teuti'la,  Departement  Teutitlan  del  Camiuo.'  Muhlcnpfimlt,  Mijico,  tom.  ii., 
pt  i.,  pp.  141,  2(10,  210.  'En  el  Departamento  de  Teotitlan,  formando  una 
l>c(juefia  fraccion  eu  cl  li'mite  cou  el  Estado  de  Veracruz.'  Orvzco  y  Lara, 
GcoijraJ'ia,  p.  188. 


TRI15i:S  OF  OA.TACA  AND  CIIIArAS. 


C81 


The  r»(Vrt/w»  <l\v»'ll  'en  una  iirqnefm  fracrion  del  Drpnrtfinunto  do 
Oajacii.'  riiimitil,  Cuiidrii,  toin.  ii.,  \>.  'i')!*.  '  In  ilen  I'avtiilos  Tcnlitlitn  nn»l 
Teuti'lii,  Dt'partt'nu'Ht  Tentitlau  del  ("amino.'  Mulile)i)>forilt,  Mijirn,  toni.  ii., 
pt  i.,  p.  141;  ri'iK'att'd  in  Urvzco  y  Jkiru,  Ovoijrdj'iu,  i)p.  1S8-D;  Wnjijiiius, 
O'eoij.  It.  >ya<.,  p.  It;;}. 

The  I'lihufos  live  in  the  'piicl)lo  do  Elotepcp,  Departanionto  dol  Centre' 
Orozco  y  Jkrra,  (jeogra/kt,  p.  197;  Muhlenpfordt,  Mijico,  torn,  ii.,  pt  i.,  j). 
187. 

The  SoUevs  are  in  the  pueblo  do  Sola.  Omzm  y  Ikrrn,  Gfo<iriifitt,  p.  197. 

The  I'iiitDs  are  a  pcoplo  inhal>itin{.,'  sniull  iK)rtionH  of  GufrnTi)  and  Tt'- 
linauti'pcc.  '  A  Toncst,  Mir  Ic  vcrsant  dos  CordilliTcs,  une  ^ranile  partio  do  la 
coto  baij,'ni'o  i)ar  It;  Paoiflrpio,  halntt'o  par  los  Indiens  Pintos.'  IC'rutry,  iu 
JiVi'ue  (/c.s  Diiix  MiiDilis,  Sept.  15,  IMfKi,  i>.  i't\).  'On  trouvo  di'j.'i  dans  In 
plaino  dc  Tfhuiuitopco  (iiultpics  I'chaiitillons  do  citto  raco  touto  j  articulioro 
au  Moxicpio,  appi'lt'o  pintu,  (jui  appartient  prinoipahiuout a I'l'tut do  GuoiToro.' 
Chiirmty,  Hitiias  Ainrrh  tihun,  ji.  .ItVi. 

The  Cltiapiintrs  inhabit  the  interior  of  the  state  of  Chiapas.  'Dans  I'in- 
terionr  dcs  jirovinccs  bonlant  les  rives  dii  Chiapan,  a  sa  sortie  <les  },'(iutl'ies 
d'oii  il  s'elance,  on  deseendant  du  plateau  do  Zacatlan.'  (Guatemalan  name 
for  Chiapas,)  and  thoy  extended  over  the  whole  jirovinco,  later  on.  Jlntuxtnr 
th  Ii<)urli<iiir:i,  Iflst.  Xal.  ("u\,  torn,  ii.,  p.  87.  '  A  I'onest  de  cepliiteau,  entro 
les  Zot/iks  on  t^m'lenes  du  sud  et  les  Zotjui  du  nord,  habitaient  les  Chiapa- 
neipU's.'  f<l.,  J'lijiiil  ]'iili,  introd.,  pp.  Ifn,  199.  Also  iu  Ijut,  .Winis  Orhis,  \\ 
325;  Litilfii-'fi'.i  All.  /.<iii<i.,  p.  39.  'En  Acahi,  distrito  del  Centro,  y  en  1ft 
villa  de  Chiapa  y  en  Suehiapa,  distrito  del  Oeste,'  Orozfo  y  lUrn,  (jeaiifn- 
y'lVf,  p.  172.  •  Le  priueipali  Citta  dei  Chiapaneehi  /rano  Teoehiajian,  (ehia- 
niata  daj,'Ii  Spa^'uuoli  Chiapa  de  Indios),  Toehtla,  Chamolla,  c  Tzinaeuntla.' 
Ckivhjini,  SUirhi  A)it.  (hi  Mrn.slco,  toni.  i.,  p.  33. 

The  7'^(-)l(/'(/(■.s  are  in  Chiaj)as.  '  De  I'Etat  de  Chiapas.'  TJrr/.wKc  dn  limtr- 
hnxmj,  I'ltpol  ]'iih,  p.  3(54.  'The  province  ealled  Z(  Idales  lyeth  lit  hind  this 
of  the  Zotpies,  from  the  North  Sea  within  the  continent,  running' up  ttiwards 
Chiapa  aiiil  reaches  in  some  parts  near  to  the  borders  of  Ctimitlan,  north- 
westwartl.'  Hdi/n's  Xnr  Sitrrcy,  p.  '23(1.  Also  in  Litilfiriii's  Ah.  Lkiki.,  p.  193; 
PimeiiUI,  ('mulro,  toni.  ii.,  p.  'lXi\  Oroivo y  Itcrm,  UeiMjrafkt,  p.  1(>9;  Ihrnra, 
Hist,  lien.,  tlec.  iv,,  lib.  x..  cap.  xi.;  Lait,  Xitrn.i  Orlii^,  j).  32."). 

The  Z(/L=ifes' inhabit  a  small  district  iu  Chiapas.  'La  eindad  de  Tzina- 
cantlan,  tpie  en  niexicano  sif,'iiitica  "ln},'ar  de  murcii'lagos,"  fiu'  la  capital 
de  Ids  tjuelenes,  y  ilesputs  tie  los  tzotziles  ijuit  lies  la  Uamaban  Zet/ilha,  tpio 
siguifuM  lo  misnio;  tie  zotzil,  UHU'cii'lai;ii.'  r'numiUl,  ('mulni,  lom.  ii..  p.  215. 
Tzinacnntan  (Quiche  Zntzilhai  '  tloit  avoir  t't<'  It!  btrceau  de  la  iiatimi  zotzil, 
I'line  des  noiubi'euses  ])iipulatious  du  Chiapas.'  Jirnsseur  dv  Ijimrhciirij,  Jli.-^t. 
Ndl.  I'ir.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  88. 

The  C/if(^';(o,s  live  in  the  '  Departanicntos  del  Centro  y  de  Jamiltepee.' 
Orozm  y  Ikvra,  Utotjiv/in,  p.  189;  MulikujiJ'orilt,  Mijiro,  tom.  ii.,  pt  i.,  pj). 
19G-9. 

The  Chindutecs,  or  Tenez,  are  in  the  '  Depnrtamento  de  Teotitlaii.'  Oruzco 
y  Ikrrn,  (•'vniptif/a,  p.  1K7;  Mulilnipfurill,  Mijim,  turn.  ii..  pt  i..  ji.  211.  'In 
the  purtidos  of  Quicchapa,  Jahilog,  uudChuapun.'  jAukicitfsAb.  Lamj.,  p.  -10. 


682 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Tho  Ahuriliilron  inlinltit  Fnn  Fmncispo  do  Ocnnpa  whieli  '  os  In  Cahozft  de 
Purti(l')  dc  los  Indios  AhnalulcoK.'  Alrcdn,  1  tU'rUmanit,   torn,  iii.,  p.  IKlii. 

The  QikIiiics  (iccniiii'd  fi  district  in  C'hiiipuH  lu'iir  tho  Guatoiiialii  lioniidniy 
line.  '  La  nation  di'H  Qnoli'iu's,  dout  la  onjiitalo  I'tait  Coniitan,  oofiipait  lit 
frontirre  giiatrnialicuno.'  JIntssvnr  de  HmtrliDtirii,  Jli.it.  Xat.  dr.,  toni.  iii.. 
p.  4.  '  An  toinpH  do  In  con(iuott;,  la  villo  iiriucipalo  dos  Quolt'nos  otait  C'o- 
pnnahua/.tlau.'  Hrasscur  de  Jtourlionrij,  Po/iol  Vuh,  introd.,  j).  157.  '  Kta- 
Llit'S  ciitro  lo  liant  plateau  do  Clh()v<'l  on  du  Ciiidad-Roal  ot  los  nioutagnoH 
do  Sooonusoo  an  luidi.'   Ih.;  and  .^funt(lHHs,  Xifitwi'  Wrcrvld,  p.  27L 

Tho  XiKims  aro  scattered  over  portions  of  Tnlmsco,  Chiapas,  Oajaca,  and 
Tehnantepec.  '  So  oncnontrau  dorramados  on  Cliiapas,  Tabasco  y  Oaxaca; 
tienen  al  Norti'  el  niexicnno  y  el  ohontal,  al  Esto  el  tzendaj,  ol  t/otzil  y  el 
chiapanoco,  al  Snr  ol  moxicnuo,  y  ul  Oosto  el  huuvo,  el  zapotoco  y  «1  niixo.* 
Orozco  y  liirrn,  'leiKjriifla,  p.  170.  '  Occupy  tho  mountain  towns  of  Santa 
Maria  and  San  Miguel,  and  number  altogether  about  two  thousand  souls.' 
ShiifeldVs  Explor.  7\huanle])ec,  p.  1:20.  'Los  Zotzilos  ot  les  Zoqui,  confinant, 
nu  sud-cst,  av(>c  les  Mixi  montagnards,  an  nord  avec  los  Nonoliualcas, 
et  los  Xicalancas.  qui  habitaiout  les  territoiros  fiu'tilos  de  Tabasco.'  Jlrii.ssntr 
dv  Jioitrhiiunj,  Jlisl.  Xut.  CU:,  torn,  iii.,  \).  5.  '  Quorum  prjociimnm  Tecpat- 
lan.'  J/tit,  Xiii-us  Ofb'is,  p.  325.  'The  Soqucs,  who  came  originally  from 
Chiapas,  inhabit  in  tho  Ii-thmus  only  tho  villages  of  Sau  Jligui'l  and 
Santa  Maria  Chimalapa,'  Uamy'tiTehuantcjivr,  p.  (JO.  '  La  mayor  de  ollas 
esta  situada  k  tres  leguas  de  Tacoialpa,  aguas  nrriba  del  no  do  la  Sierra. 
Ocupa  un  po(iueuo  valle  causado  por  el  dosconso  de  varios  cerros  y 
colinas  (pio  lacircuyou.'  I'iiiH'iUii,  Cuudm,  toni.  ii.,  pj).  2UG-8;  Miihlmpfordt, 
Mejico,  torn,  ii.,  jit  i.,  pp.  181-2;  Muoirvijor' s  rroijrvsfi  of  Auicvka,  pj).  81'J- 
50.  '  Tho  Zoquos  inhabit  the  mountainous  region  to  the  east,  from  the  \alley 
of  tho  Chiiipa  en  the  south,  to  tho  Rio  del  Corte  on  the  north.  Original!}' 
occupying  a  small  province  lying  on  tho  confines  of  Tabasco,  they  were  sub- 
jugated by  tho  oxpoditiou  to  Chiapas  under  Luis  Mariu.  At  present  thoy 
iiro  contined  to  tlm  villages  of  San  Miguel  and  Santa  Maria  Chimalapa.' 
JiitriKird't!  Ti'li<t<nikpcc,  p.  225.  '  Near  tho  Arroyo  de  Otatos,  on  tho  road 
from  Tarifa  to  Santa  Maria,  stands  a  new  sottlemont,  conipos<  d  of  a  few 
shanties,  inhabited  by  Zoques,  which  is  called  Tiorra  Blanca.'  Ikrmesdorf, 
in  Loitd.    Ijifiij.  .S'oc.,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxii.,  p.  o-iO. 

The  Chuli'.i,  Munches,  and  Moixineti  aro  scattered  through  small  portions  of 
Chiapas  and  Vera  Paz  in  Guatemala.  '  2.'<  leagues  from  Cahbdn,  in  the  midst 
of  inaccessible  mountains  and  morasses.  dwi'U  tho  Chills  and  Manches.' 
J-J.-^Ciilior.  in  f.ond.  Uvo't.  fioc,  Juur.,  vol.  \\.,  jip.  01-5.  liosideu  en  la  '  Pro- 
viucia  del  Mancho.'  Akedo,  Dice,  torn,  iii.,  p.  452.  Also  in  Boyle's  Hide, 
vol.  i.,  preface,  p.  14;  Dunlop's  Cent.  Ainer.,  p.  196;  Gavurrete,  in  J'n- 
vumi'i  St(H'  luid  Ihrnld,  Dec.  19,  18C7.  'Los  Choles  forman  una  tribu  esta- 
blecida  dosdo  tiompos  remotos  en  Guatemala;  dividos  en  dos  fraccionos 
....laiiua  se  oncu<ntra  al  Este  de  Chiapas,  y  la  otra  muy  retirada  en  la 
Vorapaz.'  Onnroy  llnni,  (ii'injivfi'd,  p.  1()7.  'Tenia  por  el  Sur  la  I'rovincia 
del  Chill:  Por  la  Parte  del  Orionte,  y  do  el  Norte,  de  ignal  modo,  las 
Naci(nio8  do  los  It/.aox  Petenos:  Y  por  el  Ponionte,  las  de  los  Laeandcmes, 
y  Xo«iuinoc8.'    Villwjutierrc,    Hist.  C'otq.  Ilza,  pp.  278-9.     'The   nation  of 


MAYAS  AND  ITZAS. 


683 


the  Choi  Tndiiins  is  settled  in  a  country  ft')out  2")  or  30  Icapnrs  ilistnnt 
from  ('iilial)on,  the  last  villa{,'e  in  Veriipnz,  nnil  far  rcuioveil  from  the  Man- 
cht's.'  Jiinrnis'  llixt.  iltidt.,  p.  275. 

The  Mdifds  iiihahit  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  '  Avant  In  conquete  des 
Esi)iiv,'n(ils,  Ics  Maj-iis  oceuiiaient  toute  la  pnscine'ile  d'Y'ucatan,  y  conipris 
les  distiii'ts  il(>  Petrn,  lo  Honduras  nn^'lais,  et  la  partie  orientale  do  Tabasco 
. . .  -La  seule  portion  de  \)nrc  race  restant  de  c<'tte  j,'rande  nation,  se  reduit  ii 
qneliiues  tribiis  eiiarses,  habitant principalenient  Ics  bord.s  dcs  rivieres  Usu- 
niasinta,  San  Pedro  et  Pacaitun;  la  totalite  de  lenr  territoire  fait,  politiiine- 
luent  parlant,  partie  du  Peten.'  Udlhiiln,  in  Xotivilles  Anltal^s  ihnl'iii/.,  ]h34, 
torn.  Ixiii.,  pp.  148-9,  and  in  Lontl.  (ieoii.  Soc,  Jmir.,  torn,  iii.,  i>.  it'J.  '  Lii 
todo  el  Estado  de  Y'ucatan,  Isla  del  C.'irnien,  pueblo  de  llontecristo  en  Ta- 
basco, y  del  Palencpie  en  Chiapas.'  I'imentil,  Ciuulro,  toni.  ii.,  ]).  H;  ('rum's 
Cent.  Ami't'ka,  pp.  4(5-7;  Miille);  Aincrihwdiiche  Uirdiijionen,  \).  -i'tS;  M'ulden- 
pj'onlt,  Mijko,  toni.  i.,  ]>.  208;   Waiqiiius,  Geoij.  u.  Stat,,  jip.  142-;i. 

The  lUd.i  occupy  a  like-named  district  in  the  centre  of  Yucatan.  '  Los  (pie 
poblaron  a  Chicheniza,  so  llaman  los  Yzaes.'  llirrcra,  lllM.  (Im.,  dec.  iv., 
lib.  X.,  cap.  ii.  ' Ticnen  por  la  jiarte  del  Mediodia,  la  I'rovimia  de  la  Vera-. 
Paz,  y  Ileyiio  d(!  Guatimala;  por  el  Norte,  las  Provincias  de  Y'ucatau;  por  lu 
parte  del  Oriente,  el  liar;  por  la  de  el  Occidente,  la  Provincia  dt;  Chiapa; 
y  al  Siieste,  la  Tierra,  y  Proviucia  do  Honduras.'  Villayuticrre,  Hid.  Conq. 
Itza,  p.  489. 


CHAPTER  YII. 

WILD   TRIBES  OF   CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Physical  Geography  and  Climate — Thuek  Groital  Divisions;  First,  thb 
NATIONS  OF  Yucatan,  Guatkmala,  Salvaimir,  Western  Honduras,  and 
Nicaragda;  Second,  The  Mosyunos  of  IIoxduhas;  Timu),  the  na- 
tions OF  Costa  Eica  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama — The  I'DPoLtcAs, 
PiPiLEs,  andChontales— The  Desckndaxts  op  the  Maya-Quichk  Racks 
— The  Natives  of  Nicaragua — The  Mosquitos,  Poyas,  Ramas,  Len- 
CAS,  T«)\VKAs,  WooLWAs,  AND  XicAQUEs,  OF  Honduhah — The  (IfAiusos 
OF  THE  Itio  Frio — The  Caimanes,  Bayamos,  Dorachos,  Goajiros.  Max- 
piNGos,  Savankrics,  Sayrones,  Viscitas,  and  OTHERS  living  in  CusiaRicv 

AND  ON  THE  LsTHMCS. 


Of  the  Wild  Tribes  of  Central  America,  wiiieli  tcr- 
ritoriiil  group  completcfs  the  line  of  our  I'acific  States 
wahoard,  I  make  tliree  «livi.sioii.s  following  modern  geo- 
graphical boundaries,  nuinely,  the  aliorigines  of  Guate- 
mala, Salvador,  and  Nicaragua,  which  1  call  (TiiatoiKtkms; 
the  people  of  the  ^Io.spiito  Coast  and  Honduras,  J/os- 
guitos;  and  the  nations  of  Costa  Rica  and  the  isthnuis  of 
Uarien,  or  Panama,  hthm'uins. 

The  territory  occupied  hy  this  group  of  nations  lies 
between  the  eighteenth  and  i\i\  seventh  parallels  of  north 
latitude,  that  is  to  say,  bet'vecii  the  northern  bomidary 
of  the  (V'litral  American  states,  and  the  river  Atrato, 
which  stream  nearly  sevc'rs  the  Isthmus  from  the  South 
American  continent.  This  continental  tract  is  a  narrow, 
irregular,  indented  coast-country  of  volcanic  character, 
in  which  Cuatemala  and  Honduras  alone  present  any 

(081) 


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NATIVE   RACKS 

SPACIIF2C  STATES 

CENTRAL  AMERICAN  GROUP. 

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niYSICAL  fJKOfJR.vniY  OF  cnXTRAL  AMEUICA. 


085 


ronsidcnihlo  l)iva(lth.  Tlio  two  oordillrnis.  nirming 
tliroiijih  Mt'xico  imd  inet't'm};  on  the  istliinus  of  Trlmaii- 
t('[H'c.  coiitiiuK'  tlioir  conrxo  tliroiijih  (iiiiitfiimlii,  wIuto 
tlioy  foi'iM  ii  hroUci?  tuiilo-laiid  .studded  with  olcviitions.  ot' 
IcsM  lit'ij:lit  tliiiii  V.  '.  jLiiciux  of  Mexico.  After  ^<ild\illg 
eoiisideraltlv  at  tlie  iHtlmnis  foniied  l»v  tlie  ;:ulf  of  lion- 
diinis,  tliis  iiiountaiii  ranjie  take;;  a  fresh  .start  and  (dfers 
a  lorini(hihle  harrier  ah)n;ithe  Pacific;  coast,  which  .sends 
a  nninher  of  transverse  ranjies  into  tlie  interioi*  of  Hon- 
<hnas,  and  ^i\e.s  ri.se  to  conntles.s  rivers,  cliiellvc'ii|  t\  inj^ 
into  the  Atlantic.  Thecliain  passes  at  adiniinishi  i  Iti- 
tiiiU'  tiiroiiiih  Nicarajina,  wliereitfornisalar;j:ehasin  V.  hi(;h 
holdsthe  lakes  of  Nitrai-a<:iia  and  .\hn»a,mia;  hut «  i  reachin.ii; 
(V)sta  Kica  it  apain  ))econies  a  hold.  rn|^j:'ed  raii;;e,  ca])|)e'l 
hy  the  volctmo  of  ( 'aitauo.  Seemingly  exhanstod  h\'  its 
wild  contortions,  it  dwindles  into  a  .series  of  low  i  idges 
on  ^aterinji'  Verajiua,  and  pas.sos  in  thisfoi-m  through  the 
isthuuisof  Panama,  until  it  unites  with  the  South  Ameii- 
can  Andes,  'i'he  scenery  of  this  region  is  extremely 
varied,  uniting  that  of  most  countries  of  the  glohe;  lakes, 
livers,  plains,  valleys,  and  hays  ahound  in  all  forms 
and  sizes.  The  north-east  trade  winds  hk)w  the  greater 
part  of  the  year,  and,  meeting  the  high  ranges,  tle}M)sit 
their  sn[)erahiuidant  moisture  npon  the  easti'rn  side, 
which  is  dam[).  overgrown  with  rank  vegetation,  filled 
with  mar.shes.  and  nnhealthful.  The  snnnner  here,  is 
hot  and  fever-hreeding.  Kelieved  of  their  moisture,  and 
C(M)led  hy  the  mountains,  the  tradi>  winds  continue  their 
cour.se  through  the  ga[)s  left  here  and  there,  and  tend 
materially  to  refresh  the  atmosphere  of  the  Pacific  slojio 
for  a  part  of  the  year;  while  the  south-west  winds.  IjIow- 
ing  from  May  to  Octol)er,  for  a  few  hours  at  a  time,  ))iing 
short  rains  to  temper  what  would  otherwise  he  the  hot 
.season  on  this  coast.  Dew  falls  everywhere,  except  in 
the  more  elevated  regions,  and  keeps  vegetsition  fre.sh. 
l*alms,  plantains,  mahogany,  and  dye-woods  ahound  in 
the  hot  di.strict;  maize  tlouri.shes  he.st  in  the  t''mperate 
parts,  while  cedars,  pines,  and  hardier  growths  find  a 
home  in  the  tierra  fria.     The  animal  kingdom  is  best 


686 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


represontod  on  tlie  Atliiutic  side,  for  hero  tlio  puma,  the 
tiiior-ciit.  5111(1  the  dccM*,  >!t!irtlc'd  oiilv  hv  the  cliinltiii!'- 
oiMjssiim  or  tlie  cliattoriiig  inonkov.  Ihid  a  more  soeiiro 
ivtivat.  Bird.s  of  hrilliaiit  phiiiiajio  fill  the  lori'.sts 
witli  their  s()ii;;s.  wh'de  the  hiizz  of  insects  evervwiiere 
is  heard  as  thev  swarm  over  sweUeriiiir  allijiators. 
h/ards,  and  snakes.  ^I'hemanil'old  prothictioiis.  and  varied 
features  ol'  tlie  eountrv  liave  liad,  no  (h)uht.  a  great  in- 
iiuence  in  shaping  the  destiny  of  the  iniiahitants.  The 
fine  ehmate.  good  soil,  and  scarcity  of  game  on  the  I'acilic 
side  must  iiav(»  <'ontril)uted  to  the  allurements  of  a  settled 
life  and  assisted  in  the  progress  of  nations  who  had  for 
centuries  before  tlie  coiKiuest  li\ed  in  the  enjoyment  of  ;i 
liigh  culture.  It  is  hard  to  say  what  might  have  heen  the 
present  condition  of  a  people  so  hai)[)ily  situated,  hut  the 
advent  of  the  white  race.  I)eiit  only  u[)on  theae(|nirement 
of  [)resent  riches  hy  means  of  op[)ression.  cheeked  the 
advancement  of  ii  civilization  which  struck  even  the  in- 
vaders with  admiration.  Crossing  to  the  Atlantic  side  wo 
find  an  over-ahundant  vegetation,  whose  dark  recesses 
serve  as  a  litting  shelter  for  the  wild  beast.  Here  man, 
imbibing  the  wildness  of  his  surroundings,  and  o[)pressed 
by  a  feverish  climate,  seems  content  to  remain  in  a  savage 
state  depi'iiding  u[)on  natural  fruits,  the  chase,  and  lish- 
ing  for  his  subsistence.  Of  a  roaming  disposition,  he 
objects  to  the  restraint  i in [K)sed  by  government  and  forms. 
The  natives  of  Costa  Rica  and  the  isthmus  of  Darieii 
escaped  the  civilizing  inlhience  of  foreign  intercourse, 
— thanks  to  their  geographical  isolation, — and  remain  on 
about  the  same  level  of  culture  as  in  their  primitive 
days. 

Ciider  the  name  of  GrATEMALAXS,  1  include  the  na- 
tives of  (iuatemala.  Salvador,  and  Nicaragua.  I  have 
already  ])oiiited  out  the  favorable  features  of  the  region 
inhabited  by  thein.  ^fhe  only  sultry  portion  of  (iuate- 
mala is  a  narrow  strij)  along  the  Pacific;  it  is  occupied  by 
a  lew  planters  and  lishermeii,  who  find  most  of  their  re- 
(piirements  supj)lied  by  the  palms  that  grow  here  in  the 
greatest  luxuriance.     The  chief  part  of  the  population  is 


CENTRAL  AMERICAN  NATIONS. 


f.87 


conoontrnted  roimd  the  various  lakos  iiiul  rivcM's  of  tlio 
ttiljlt'-land  above,  where  iiiai/e,  iiuli^uo,  eoehnieah  and 
MiLiai-eaue  are stiiple  prothicts.  In  the  altos,  the  banana 
is  dis[)Ia('.ed  by  hardier  IVnits  sheltered  under  ihe  loi'ty 
ei'ilar,  and  here  we  find  a  thrifty  and  less  hinnlde  people 
who  pay  some  attention  to  niannlaetui-es.  Sahadoi* 
])i'es('nts  less  abrupt  vaiiation  in  its  features.  Although 
outsidi' of  the  hij:her  raULi'e  of  mountains,  it  still  pos.^esscs 
a  considerable  elevation  running-  throuj:h  its  entire  len^tli. 
which  breaks  out  at  fri'(|ucnt  intervals  into  volcanic  ]»eaks. 
and  ,i:ives  rise  to  an  abundant  iind  well-spread  water 
system,  l^uch  favorable  conditi(jns  have  not  failed  to 
iiather  a  jiopulation  which  is  not  only  the  most  numerous 
comparatively,  but  also  the  most  inilustrious  in  Central 
America.  Xorthern  Xicarauua  is  a  continuation  of  Sal- 
vador in  its  features  and  inhaliitants:  but  the  central 
and  southern  parts  aiv  low  and  have  more  the  character 
of  the  (iuatemalan  coast,  the  climate  beinji'  hot.  yet  not 
unhealthful.  Its  Atlantic  coast  rejiion.  however.  [)ar- 
takes  of  the  <i'enerall\'  unfavorable  condition  described 
above. 

The  Spanish  rulers  naturally  exercised  a  j:reat  infhi- 
ence  u[)on  the  natives,  and  their  ancient  civili/ation  was 
lost  in  the  stream  of  Caucasian  projiress,  a  stream  which, 
in  this  reuion.  itself  flowed  b>  t  slowh'  in  later  times. 
()p[)ressed  and  despised,  a  sullen   indifVerence  has  set- 


tled 


upon 


tl 


le   race,   and  causet 


d  it  t 


o  nei:lect  even   its 


traditions.  The  "ireater  [)ortion  still  endeavor  to  keep 
up  tribal  distinctions  and  certain  customs;  certain 
tribes  of  lesser  culture,  as  the  connate  .IA//"7/(s  and  A"- 
oni(/<>ues,  retii'ed  before  the  Si)aniards  to  the  north  and 
north-east,  where  they  still  live  in  a  certain  isolation 
and  independence.  The  name  Lacandones  has  been 
api)lied  to  a  numbei' of  tribes,  of  which  the  eastern  are 
descril)ed  to  be  ([uite  harmless  a.s  com[)ared  with  the 
western.     The  (^hnr/n's.   a   ju-ople   livinu'    in   the    altos. 


lave  afso  surroundec 


1  th 


itl 


lemsefves  witli  a  certani  resei've, 


and    are  truer  to  their  ancient  customs  than  the  Xiitii. 
yik,  Cakc'liimls,  and  many  others  related  by  language 


CSS 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CTA'TRAL  AMERICA. 


to  tlio  Qnich(',s  surroiindiii^u"  tlicin.  Tlio  P'ljiilcs.  mean- 
ing diildivn.  iiceoiNlinif  to  Molina,  are  tlie  eliicf  people 
in  yalviulor,  ,,here  their  villaiies  are  scattered  over  a 
larjre  extent  of  territor\-.  In  Xirarauna  we  llnd  several 
<listinct  peoples.  The  al)orit:inal  iidialjitants  K'cin  to 
liave  heen  th«'  diflere'nt  peoples  known  as  ('/loiotci/dus, 
mIio  occnpy  the  country  lyinj:'  between  the  ha}'  of  Fon- 
se(!a  and  lake  Xicara<!;iia.  The  ('hoiituhx  (stran^iers,  or 
harharians)  live  to  tlu'  north-east  of  the  lakes,  and 
assimilate  more  to  the  barbarous  tribes  of  the  Mosquito 
eounti'v  adjoining  them.  '^i'he  C/io/nfccs  inhabit  the 
north  i'roni  the  liulf  of  Fonseca  towards  Ilonduias.  The 
Orot'uKins  occu])v  the  countrv  south  of  the  lake  of  Xica- 
I'aiiua  and  around  the  i-ulf  of  Xicoxa.  Further  inlbrma- 
tion  about  the  location  of  the  different  nations  and  tribes 
of  this  family  will  bo  Ibund  at  the  end  of  this  chapter.' 

The  GrATEMALANS.  that  is  to  say  the  aborigines  of 
(luatemala,  Salvador,  and  Nicaragua,  are  i-atlu-r  below 
tiie  middle  size,  s(|uare  and  tough,  with  a  llnely  devel- 
oped physl(|ue.  Their  hue  is  yellow-laown.  in  some 
parts  cojtperv.  varying  in  shade  accoi'ding  to  locality, 
l)nt  lighter  than  that  t)f  the  standard  American  type. 
The  ftdl  round  face  lias  a  mild  expression:  the  Ibi-ehead 
is  low  and  retiring,  the  cheek-bones  ])rotruding.  chin  and 
nose  short,  the  latter  thick  and  ihit.  lijis  full,  eyes  Idack 
and  small,  turned  upwards  at  the  tem[)les,  with  a  stoical, 

'  Till' Liicrmdrtiips  nvo  of  (iiio  stork  with  tho  ^liiiichrs.  niul  very  nnincv- 
ous.  Tlii'V  Wen-  lii[,'lily  civili/cd  only  one  Iniiulrcd  .iiid  fifty  xciirs  ii^'o. 
Hdjl'c's  Hiilr.  viil.  i.,  iir(fii('(>,  p|i.  11-17.  'The  ol<l  Choiitils  wcir  ci  itaiiily  in 
a  coiiilitidii  iiioic  civilised.'  hi..  \i[).  2S('i-'.tr>,  2(ir>-7(l.  'Die  (liinitidcs  wird,  u 
IVllcll  Caiailu'li  1,'i'iialilit.'  H'^/i/i/Vks,  (i<'<i;l,  v.  Shll..  (ip.  'J  l:i  M.  'J(l~),  'is.'l  '.Ml, 
JUl,  ;t21.  :i'2<i.  :i;i().  'XCt,  It  sccnis  thcro  oxistcd  in  NicaiaL;na:  CliindtcLraiis, 
(•iiiiipi'isiii;4  Diriaus,  NaL;nnidaiis,  aiul  Ore  it  i nans;  Cluiliitccaiis  and  Ni(]iiiiiiiis, 
.Mexican  colniiies;  and  Cliondals.  >7i(iic's  \iciir(iiiii(i,  vol.  ii.-,  |i]).  .'iiiD-l'J. 
Examine  further:  MiilliT.  Ann'riLanisrhi'  I'rvVi'jhiiivn,  \^.  IT)!;  Fimlnl,  Ans 
.l(m'ci/,((.  toiii.  i..  )))>.  'JS.I-'.Vi;  I'll, /lit,  llitpimrt.  in  A)ii''ri<iiii'  I'mtnilf,  p.  (i'.l; 
iietizoiii.  Hist,  ihl  .\li>)iilo  .\iiiiro.  ful.  104;  Mulli-llinn,  in  yinirillis  Ainidli'fi  i/is 
Td//.,  lHr).s,  toiii.  elviii.,  p.  'JdO;  11- mult,  in  .'<iii!tli.tiini<ir  Hipt.,  isr.T,  ]i.  -l'.'."); 
Cniifi's  Ti )//.  .((/lie. .)).  40;  lln.tsil,  Mc.e.  linnl.,  pp.  H.")7-H,  ItTo;  Dnllfus  niid 
Miiiit-Srrrnl.  I'"//,  llriiliniiiiiii-.  ]\]i.  IS  ID:  Mnnht.  I'lii/H'ii;  toni  i.,  ]i]).  20'2, 
'20«,  27'2,  toin.  ii.,  pp.  4',»,  ll'>.  lU.'i;  linisseni-  ilv  JSnnrliniirii,  //W.  .\iit.  I'ir., 
toin.  ii.,  pp.  7'.».  110-11;  ['alois,  Mf.viqiM,  pp.  288,  2y'J-3UO;  Eacobur,  in  L<Md. 
(jeoij.  Soc,  Jmiv.,  vol.  xi.,  pj).  S0-U7. 


rilYS.IQUE  AND  DllESS. 


C89 


distrustful  look.  The  cranium  is  sliiihtly  couiciil ;  liiiir 
long,  suiooth,  iUiil  hhick,  lino  but  sti'onji',  I'ftainiuii-  its 
color  well  us  old  niic  ;4)})roiichc's,  thouuh  soniotiuK's  turn- 
ing white.  Although  the  heard  is  soanty,  natives  may 
he  seen  ^vho  iiave  (juite  a  respectable  nioiistaclie.  The 
limbs  art!  muscular,  the  calf  of  the  leg  being  esiiecially 
large;  hands  and  tc'et  small;  a  high  inslcp.  which,  no 
doul)t.  partly  accounts  ibr  their  great  endurance  in 
walking.  The  women  are  not  devoid  of  good  looks, 
especially  in  Nicaragua,  where,  in  some  districts,  they 
are  said  to  be  stronger  and  better  formed  than  the  uk'H, 
The  custom  of  carrying  pitchers  of  water  upon  the  head, 
gives  to  the  women  an  erect  carriage  and  a  (irm  step. 
The  constitution  of  the  males  is  good.  and.  as  a  rule, 
they  reach  a  ripe  old  age;  the  females  are  U'ss  i()ug-li\ed. 
I)efc)rmed  persons  are  extremely  rare,  (jiuateuuda.  with 
its  varied  geogra[)hical  aspects,  presents  striking  diller- 
ences  in  physique ;  the  highlanders  being  lighter  in  com- 
plexion, aud  iiner  in  form  and  features  than  the 
inhabitants  of  the  lowlands.'- 

Intercourse  with  Si)aniards  seems  to  have  ])roduced 
little  change  in  the  dress  of  the  (iuatemidans.  whicii  is 
pretty  nnich  the  same  as  that  of  the  .Mexicans.  The 
poorer  class  wear  a  waist-cloth  of  white  cotton,  or  of  y>/Vr/, 
which  is  a  kind  of  white  hemi).  or  a  long  shirt  ol'  the 
same  material,  with  short  sleeves,  partly  open  at  the 
sides,  the  ends  of  which  are  passed  between  the  legs, 
and  fastened  at  the  waist;  a  strip  of  cotton  round  the 

s  C'rofrc's  Cent,  .tocr.,  ii]-).  tO-1 :  .''^i/iVr's  y'lrnrfiqim.  pp.  IC^f,,  27S-f):  /•>()('- 
bel's  Ci:nl.  Annr.,  \>\>.  '.'>'■>  I:  Oniui's  liU'ili  ntala.  yp.  'JTT-S;  lii  i'lidnll,  Xirarit- 
ijHd,  )ip.  l(i(')-7;  Muiilmtns,  Shuicv  lIVi ;■(/(/,  ji.  •jTi'l:  LufniiiL  ]'(ii/<iiits.  tmii.  i., 
]).  It3S;  Miin'lit,  \'iii/ii(ii',  tdiii.  i.,  p.  '2(J(),  toiii.  ii.,  j)}).  liiii,  11*7;  .{inhi'ii'i/d,  in 
Xin-di'i'ih',  I  'ol.  (/.  I'l'/i/is.  toDi.  iii.,  p.  Ill;  JMIi/,  Ai'((r/'((|;i(",  tuiii.  i..  pji.  •Ji)ii-I ; 
,S'«'/i( )'•('/'.  IT'I/hA ;'i(((|;( »,  pp.  ."i'i  :);  Ft'cli'n  I'mt.  Aimr.,  p.  104.  UouihI  I.ccni 
'  bay  iiii'is  iiidiiis  tiicrtcis  .  .  y  is  la  causa  el  contiiino  pdlvn.'  (h-'mld.  Jlist. 
(ten.,  {mn.  iw,  p.  <!1.  In  (riiatuiiiala,  '  los  lioiiibics  iiniy  ^'I'licssos.'  ll'Vitiu, 
Jlitit.  Uni.,  (Ill',  iii.,  lili.  v.,  caps,  xi.,  xii.,  dec.  iv..  lili.  x..  tap.  xiv. 
'  Cenx  (Ic  la  titrra  fria  soiit  petits.  trapus,  bicii  nicinluvs,  snscc  jitililt  s  do 
grniidcs  fatij^'Ucs. . .  ctux  do  la  ticrra  oaliiiite  soiit  [,'iaiids,  iMaiL;ii  s,  jmn  s- 
KLMix.'  Ihillf'ns  KKil  Manl-Sirritl,  !'<>//.  ^'I'li^'i/if/dc.  p]).  17,  ■_'!.  'Kni/c  Stlicii- 
kel.  lauLjcii  Obcrlcil).  kiiizi'  Stiriio  niul  laiij^cs  strni'iiiL;i  s  llaar.'  Hiilmr, 
Nirariiiiiiii.  p.  7S.  'Tin'  dispi(ij)orti(>nati'  size  i>(  tlif  In  ad,  tin'  tiiaisc  Imish 
hair,  and  the  dwuriiHli  stature,'  of  the  Masuyas.  Bvijk's  lihk,  vol.  ii.,  pp. 

8-a. 

Vol.  I.    4t 


coo 


WILD  TKIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


lioiiil,  i^urmoniitod  l)v  .1  dark-eolorcd  liut  of  straw  or 
])alni-lo5ivos,  with  a  very  wide  })riin.  compU'tt's  tlie  nttirt'. 
Tliis  cotton  cap  or  turban  is  an  indisjKMisahle  article  of 
dress  to  the  lii^lilander,  who  passes  suddenly  i'roui  the 
cold  air  oi'  the  hilly  country,  to  the  hiu'uinii'  i)laius  helow. 
>^uui[)tuary  regulations  here  olttain,  as  ahoriiiinally  the 
lower  classes  were  not  allowed  to  wear  anythinj;'  better 
than  pita  clothing',  cotton  being  reserved  lor  the  nobles. 
The  i)riu»itive  dress  of  the  noi)ility  is  a  colored  waist- 
cloth,  and  a  mantle  ornamented  and  etnbroideri'd  with 
figures  ol"  birds,  tigers,  and  other  designs,  and,  although 
tliej'  have  ado[)ted  nuu;h  of  the  l^panish  dress,  the  rich 
and  fanciful  stitchingson  the  shirt,  still  distinguish  them 
from  their  inferiors.  On  feast-days,  and  when  travel- 
ing, a  kind  of  blanket,  commonly  known  as  sanijx',  iikiih/h, 
uv  jioiir/n),  is  added  to  the  ordinary  di'ess.  The  sera[M', 
which  dilVers  in  style  according  to  locality,  is  closer  in 
texture  than  the  ordinary  blanket  and  colored,  checked, 
fiLiured.  or  fringed,  to  suit  the  taste.  It  has  an  ()[)ening 
in  the  centre,  through  which  the  head  is  passed,  and 
hanging  in  loose  Iblds  over  the  body  it  foi'ms  a  very 
])ictures(iue  attire.  Some  iasten  it  with  a  knot  on  one 
shoulder,  leaving  it  to  fall  over  the  side  from  the  otlu-r. 
The  scrape  also  serves  for  rain-coat  and  ^^  rapper,  and, 
at  night,  it  is  wound  round  the  head  and  body,  serving 
ibr  bed  as  well  as  covering,  the  other  portion  of  the  dress 
being  made  into  a  pillow.  ^I'lie  cai-riers  of  (luatemala 
use  a  rain-proof  palm-leaf  called  xui/drfi/.  Shepherds 
are  distinguished  by  a  black  and  white  checked  apron, 
somewhat  resembling  the  Scotch  kilt.  The  hair,  which, 
before  the  conijuest  of  (luatemala.  was  worn  long,  and 
hung  in  braiils  down  the  back,  is  now  cut  short,  except 
in  the  remote  mountain  districts,  where  long  loose  hair 
is  still  the  fashion.  In  Salvador  and  Nicaragua,  on  tin' 
other  hand,  the  Iront  part  of  the  hair  used  to  be  shaved 
oil',  the  brave  often  a[)i)eai'ing  perfectly  bald.  Most 
natives  go  bare-footed,  excejjt  when  traveling;  they  then 
})ut  on  sandals,  which  consist  of  a  ])iece  of  hide  fastened 
by  thongs.     The  women,  when  at  home,  content  them- 


GUATEMALAN  DKESS  AND  Ol'.NAMENTS. 


GUI 


selves  witli  a  uaist-cloth.  jrcnorallv  Ijliio-cliecki'd,  socurcil 
by  a  twisted  knot;  hut.  on  jzoiiiu'  abroad,  they  ]>iit  on 
the  huii»il.  which  is  a  })ieee  <>1"  white  eottoii.  havin,^  an 
o[)eniiii:  in  the  niiihlle  lor  the  hciid,  and  eovi'i'inu  the 
breast  and  baek.  as  lar  as  the  waist, 
sewed  toi^ctlier  at  the  sides  and  have  sliort  sU'ev 


'onie  nui|)ils  art 


es. 


On 

tiiis  part  of  their  (bvss  tlie  wonuMi — who.  Ibr  that  niattei-, 
attend  to  the  nianiilaeture  and  dyeinji'  ol'all  the  eiothinj:; 
— e\[)end  their  best  elVoi'ts.  They  enibroi(U'r.  or  (\\<% 
the  neck  and  shoukk'iv;  with  varions  (h'siuiis.  whose  out- 
lines and  eolorinii'  oi'ten  do  ^reat  credit  to  their  taste. 
]\\  (luatemahi,  the  colors  and  desii:iis  are  distinct  for 
dilVerent  villaui's,  so  that  it  may  at  once  be  seen  to  which 
tribe  the  wearer  belonLis.  The  hair  is  [)laited  into  one 
or  two  bi-aids.  intei'laced  with  bi'i<:ht-e'olored  ribbons, 
and    nsiiallv  wi't-athed   tnrban-l'ashion   round   the  head. 


The  (.)iiich 


cs,  v.liose  re( 


I  tnrl 


)an-(li'ess  is  more  nronouncet 


than  others,  sometimes  vary  it  by  adding'  yellow  bands 
and  tassels  to  the  braids,  which  are  i)ermitted  to  hanj;' 
down  to  the  heels.  Thomas  (iajie,  who  lived  in  (Guatemala 
from  about  lO'il  to  llioS.  relates  that  on  ;:ala-days  the 
fair  natives  were  ai-rayed  in  cotton  vi'ils  reachini:'  to  the 
jii'ound.  The  ancient  custom  of  paintinj:'.  and  of  pierc- 
ini:'  the  ears  and  lip.  to  hold  pendants,  is  now  restricted 
to  the  remote  hill  country,  and  ornaments  are  limited  to 
to  a  lew  striiiLis  of  beads,  shells,  and  metal  tor  the  arms 
and  neck,  with  an  occasional  ])air  ot"  ear-riniis;  the 
women   add   (lowers   and   liarlands  to  theii'   head-dress, 


dl 


esneciailv    on    u 


ast- 


(la\i 


Some    mountiiin    tribes   of 


a  wear  red   feathers  in  their  cotton  turbans — 


(Jnat. 

the  nobles  and  chiefs  usinsi'  uret-n  ones — and  paint  the 
j)ody  black:  the  paint  bi'inj:',  no  doubt,  inteiidetl  I'oi-  a 
jirotection  aLiainst  mos(|uitos.  The  apron  worn  by  the 
women  is  made  of  bark,  which,  alter  beinu'  soaked  and 


beate 


tl 


n,  assumes  ine  apiiearanee  < 


of  d 


lamois  leather, 


lie 


l^acandones  also  wore  cotton  sacks  adorned  with  tassels, 
and  the  wonu'n  had  bracelets  of  cords  with  tassels.  In 
Nicaraii'iia.  tattooinix  seems  to  have  been  i)racticed.  for 
Oviedo  sa\  s  that  the  natives  cut  their  faces  and  arms 


692 


•WILD  TIIIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMEKICA. 


with  Hint  knives,  and  rubljcd  a  l)lack  }H)\v(lor  o])tain'.'(l 
IVoiu  })ine  ^inn  into  the  .scars.  Children  wear  no  otlier 
dress  tlian  that  provided  by  nature:  here  and  there,  how- 
ever, the  girls  are  furnished  with  a  strip  of  cotton  lor 
the  waist.'' 

The  con([uerors  have  left  numerous  records  of  lariie 
cities  with  s[)lendid  palaces  and  temples  of  stone,  hut 
these  exist  now  onlv  in  their  ruins.  The  masses  luid, 
doulitless.  no  better  houses  than  those  Ave  see  at  present. 
Their  liuts  are  madt!  of  wooden  posts  and  ral'ters  t<\\[)- 
})ortinii'  a  thatched  roof  of  straw  or  })alm-lea\es.  tlie 
side  1»einii'  stockaded  with  cane,  bamboo,  or  rush,  .so  as 
to  allow  a  free  i)as,sagc  to  the  air.  (Jcnerally  they  luixe 
but  one  room:  two  or  three  stones  in  the  centre  of  the 
hut  compose  the  iirepluce,  and  the  only  egress  jui-  the 
smoke  is  through  the  door.  The  room  is  .scantil\-  fur- 
nishetl  with  a  iew  mats,  a  hanunock,  and  .^ome  earthen- 
>vare.  IMieir  villaues  are  lienerally  situated  upon  lising 
ground,  and,  owing  to  the  hou.ses  being  .^o  .scattered, 
thev  often  extend  over  a  league,  which  gi\es  some 
foiuulation  to  the  .statements  of  the  conquerors  ri'porting 
the  existence  of  towns  of  enormous  si/e.  'i'he  better 
kind  of  villages  have  regular  streets,  a  thing  not  to  bo 
seen  in  the  ordinary  handets;  and  the  hou.ses.  which  arc 
often  of  (idohrs  (sun-burnt  bricks),  or  of  cane  })lastei'eil 
over,  containing  two  or  three  rooms  and  a  loft,  are  sur- 
I'ounded  by  neatly  kept  gardens,  enclo.sed  within  hedges. 


3  Anilaiini/ii,  in  X'lrarnk,  Col,  (h  Mo'ics,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  '107,  411.  In 
Siilviulor,  the  WdiiR'ifs  'only  gariiii'Ht  bi'ini,' fi  loiii^  striiiylit  piece  (if  cuttnu 
c'ldth  without  a  seani.'  Fank's  Cod.  Aimr.,  jiji.  J():i-4.  'I'lie  Nieiirii^Mi.ins 
'  se  raselit  la  hallie,  Ics  clK'UeUX,  ct  tout  le  poil  illl  corps,  <t  ne  laissclit  (pu) 
(plel([Ues  clieueux  siu'  le  soiuuiet  (It^  la  teste...  Jls  piutclit  cl(  s  e^lians,  ct 
(Ics  chemises  sans  uiaiiches.'  l)'Ariti/,  L'Aim'.r'Kiiw,  toiu.  ii..  p.  Ji.  '  Tlio 
cnstoMi  of  tattooiiii,'.  it  seems,  was  ])i'aetieed  to  a  certain  extent,  at  least  so 
far  as  to  (lesii,Miate,  by  peculiarities  in  the  marks,  the  several  tribes  or  ca/.i- 
(pies  ,.,they  llattened  their  lieails.'  SijiiU-r'^i  StrarnijiKi,  vol,  ii..  jip.  :!1 1, 
'M'f.  Id.,  Xiciint'iiKi.  pp.  27:!- 1;  \'iih nzmUi.  in  /(/.,  (V;((.  Aiiki-,  ]>.  riCC.;  7'.  wjishifa 
Mitht,  pp.  ;i 'i:!-.").  ;jr.S:  Ihillfus  ami  Mi'i'i-Si'rrnt,  Vnjl.  (ii'iihiiiii/ni',  pp.  l',t-"2ii. 
4il-',),  .jlM'.i);  JiKirnia'   Hist.'Uudt.,  ]tp.  VXi-~>;    Ifntixi'l,  M<.i\  dniit..  jip,  ;in2-"); 

Vuhi'in.  .Mr.nijKc.  jip.  •27S-',);  Uh'iu's  .Vi'fc  .Snrrii/,  pp.  lUd-M;  MniilijniKi ri/'s 
(iii'ileiiiiild,  ])p,  DS-l);  Ik'nx'nt,  ///.-/.  'V'./i.,  tlec.  iii,,  lib.  iv.,  caii.  \ii.;  .Man I' I, 

Vdjl'iili',  torn,  ii.,  i)p,  1(12,  12(5,  14."),  171,  227,  21."),  2.")3;  GaU'^ito.  \n  Xinirilhs 
Anitnlis  ili'-i  V'lij..  ls;t-l,  toni.  Ixiii.,  ^  ,  14'J;  Oruzco  y  Ikrra,  C/voj'vf'a,  p.  l(jij; 
Uumara,  Hid.  Ind.,  fol.  203. 


GUATEir.VLAN  DM'ELLIXGS. 


G03 


AVlion  n.  rJuutcMnnlan  Avislios  to  l)iill(l  a  lint,  or  ivjiair 
one,  lie  iiotilics  tlu'  cliiof.  \\\\o  siiinuions  the  triln'  to 
ln'iiii:'  straw  and  other  iKrdfnl  niatci'ials.  and  tlir  woi'k 
is  finislicil  in  a,  I'cw  lionrs;  aftrr  which  tlu'  owner  sii[)- 
j)li('s  the  company  witli  chocolate.  Some  of  the  \'ei'ii 
l*a/-  tribes  an'  ol"  a  roaminii' disj)osition.  They  will  take 
great  tronhle  in  clea'-inii' ami  ])rej)arinu'  a  piece  oI'Lii'oinid 
lor  sowini:'.  and,  after  one  or  two  harvests,  wdl  leave  for 
another  locality.  Their  dwi'llin^s.  ^vhich  an'  ol't<'n 
gronped  in  handets.  are  tlierefoi'c  of  a  moiv  tempoi'ary 
character.  th(^  walls  heinj;"  ol'  maize-stalks  and  sMu,ar-cane. 
surmoinited  l)y  ji  sli;^lit  jtalm-leaf  roof.  Oniini:'  an  e\- 
IH'dltion  intothecounti'y  ofthe  Lacandones.  the  S[)aiiiards 
I'onnd  a  town  of  over  one  Innidred  houses,  hetter  con- 
structed than  the  xilla^cs  on  the  (iuatfmalan  plateau. 
Jii  the  centi'e  of  the  place  stood  three  large  huildings.  one 
a  teujpk'.  and  the  other  two  assembly  houses,  for  men  and 
Avomen  res[)cctively.  All  were  enclosed  with  fences 
excellently  varnished.  Tlu?  Xicai'aguan  villages  seem 
to  be  llu'  neatest;  the  houses  are  chielly  of  plaitt'd  cane 
or  band)oo  I'ranu'-woi'k.  raisi'd  a  few  feet  i'rom  the 
ground,  and  standing  in  tlu'  midst  of  well-arranged  t!ow- 
ers  and  shrul)beiy'.  Dollfus  describes  a  sim[)le  but  in- 
genious method  used  by  the  (Juatemalans  to  cross  deep 
l'i\'ei's.  A  stout  cable  of  aloe-libres  is  passed  awv  the 
stream,  and  (ixetl  to  the  banks  at  a  sullicient  height 
iVom  the  surface  of  the  water.  To  this  rope  l)ridge. 
called  i/i'ni<-/i'f,  is  attache(l  a  i'  uming  strap,  which  the 
tra\"eler  passes  round  his  body,  and  is  pidled  aci'oss  b\- 
men  stationed  on  the  opposite  side.' 


■<  'I'lif  LucaiKliinns  li  iv^'  '  tlnntiii!,'  f,'!ir(li')i!<  wliic-li  c:in  niivij,'!!!^  tlio  lii'-foon-) 
]ik(>  balsas,' iui.l  iiir  dl'ii  11  inliiiliiti  cl.  Tiny  liivu  stuiic  si|i()liliii  s  lii.'lily 
sriili'tiii'.  (I.    I''ufli'''i.  in  I  ,il.  I'iiniiir.  Nov.  7,  1s(;l*.     'in  these  micii  nf  C  lion- 

1:il<s  \  iU.tLJfS  the  hmises  Were  in  tlie  centre,  and  tlie  tninlis.  [ihii'iil  in  ;i  eirelo 

ardunil  ,'1'he  Iiuhans  who  hehire  the  Sll.■lni^^h  enniinot  inh.ihiieil  Xirai-iuna 
dill  n<it  constriiet  any  hiV'_'e  teniphs  or  other  stone  ImiMin-rs.'  /■;/,(  ,(,,,/  >,,. 
iiKiiiii's  ll'illiii'is,  i)[i.  iJi'.-7.  'I'hey  live  like  tlieir  fdrel'iithers  ■  in  hiiil.hnL;-! 
]irecisely  similai'.  .  ,  .some  hilts  nf  a  sinuh'  room  will  mono|piili(  an  ;irre  t.f 
land.'  I!ni/!i's  l!'<'!i,  vol.  ii..  Y\*.  li-S;  tii,:v'n  \i  n-  Surri  i/.  ]i|.,  .•!|S-l:i;  >/,.)•. 
;. )',  ]\'(,tilrrin,'i(  II.  j)|).  7">,  4;ii).  -('.Ml;  I'lii/ill,  li'iiiijinrl,  m  Aiii''r'ii/iir  I'mtrrh, 
]ip.  C'l-7ll;  I'w/e/'v,  Ml  xi<ini\  ]).  "^7^;  Itiir.nn!,  llisf.  Miitnln  Xiinrn,  fol.  h(i, 
h'2;  i'ruihfVs  i.'i  id.   Amu'.,   {'{k  S'J,  IKi;  JtiiU/us  and  Muid-Si-nal,    \'iiij.  Ot'ti- 


694 


WILD  TUIDES  OF  CENTIIAL  AMERICA. 


Thcso  nativos  aro  ossontiiiUy  nuriculturiil,  l)iit,  like  all 
who  inhabit  the  wanri  zoiu'.  (U'siic  to  hvo  with  the  least 
j)OssihK>  labor.  Most  of  thcni  arc  couti'iit  with  a  siiiall 
patch  of  jiroiind  round  thoir  huts,  on  which  tlicv  culti- 
vatc,  in  till' same  manner  as  (lid  their  fort'Tiithei's.  the  lit- 
tle ma.ize.  heans.  and  the  banana  and  jilantain  ti'ees  neces- 
sary for  their  subsistence.  There  are.  however,  a  number 
of  small  fai'mers.  who  raise  cochineal,  cacao,  indiuo.  and 
cotton,  thereby  adding  to  their  own  and  their  country's 
|)i'os|H'i"ity.  In  the  more  thiidy  settled  districts.  huutiiiL;; 
enables  them  to  incri'ase  the  variety  of  their  food  with 
the  tiesh  of  wild  1io:j,s.  deer,  and  other  ,i:ame,  which  are 
ji'enerally  brouLiht  d  )wn  with  stone- headed  arrows. 
When  huntini:'  the  wild  hoii',  tiny  stretch  a  stroni:'  net, 
with  larue  meshes,  in  some  part  of  tlu>  woods,  and  drive 


th 


le  animals  towards  it.     These  rush   headlonn'  into  the 


meshes,   and   aiv  entangled,  enabling  their  pursuers  to 
disj)!itiU  them  with  ease. 

Ueans.  and  tortillas  of  mai/.e.  with  the  inevitable  chile 
for  seasoning,  and  plantains  or  bananas  are  tlu'ir  chief 
food.  To  these  may  be  added  meat  in  small  (|uantities, 
tish.  cii'/s.  honev.  turtle,  fowl,  and  a  ^•ariet\■  of  iVuit  and 


root." 


alt  is  obtained  hv  boiling  thu  soil  gathered  on 


tl 


-sh 


le  sea-sliorc 


M: 


ir/,e  IS  i)rei)are(l  m  several  wa\s. 


AV 


leu 


younii'  an( 


I  tender,  the  ears  are  boiled,  and  eate 


n   wirii 


til 


salt  and  jK-pper:  or  a  portion  of  them  ai'c  [)ressed.  and 
the  remainder  boiled  with  the  juice  thus  extracted. 
\Vhen  rii)e.  the  fruit  is  soaked  and  then  dried  between 
the  hands,  prexious  to  l)eing  crushed  \o  Hour  bctweeu 
two  stones.  It  is  usually  made  into  tortillas,  which  arc 
eaten  hot.  with  a,  strong  sprinkling  of  pe[>[)er  and  occa- 


sioi 


lallv  a  sliubt  addition  of  I'at.      TdnKih^  is  the  nai 


n(> 


for  balls  of  cooked  mai/.e  mixed  with  beef  and  chile,  and 
rolU'd  in  lea\es.  A  favorite  dish  is  a  dum[)ling  made  of 
maize  and  frijoles.  The  frijoles.  or  beans,  ol' which  a  stock 
is  always  kept,  are  boiled  a  short  time  with  chile;  they 


Ithiupir.  ]i]i.  1!),  5.");  Jfinrra.  Jfist.  Gm..  Hoc.  iii..  lili.  iv.,  cmji,  vii.;  I'lrnnH, 
in  Siii'ilh>tnii'i,iii  Hi  fit. .  I.si;7,  )>.  [i')-,  W'isl  imd  (hi  Ini/'oflc  r  Lii^t'jdil,  jit  ii.,  I'li. 
y.Sd,  3'JO;    Wtlinzuila,  in  .S'7i(it'*''.v  t'e/i(.  Aimr.,  y.  oiifi. 


FOOD  or  Till::  GUATKMALANS. 


C05 


nro  tlicii  iniNcd  >vitli  mui/o,  and  !ij:ain  put  into  t]i(»  j«)t 
until  tlioroiitililv  cooUed,  ulu-n  tlii-y  arc  eaten  ^vitll  u 
wince  made  of^all.  chile,  and  watei'.  Tlicie  are  a  nnnj- 
l)er  of  llnid  and  M»lid  iti'c[)aratiuns  made  cliielly  IVoni 
niai/e.  and  known  as  iilolc,  to  ulucli  name  \ariniis  pre- 
fixes are  added  to  denote  the  othiT  inuiedients  \\>i'{\. 
!Meat,  which  is  usually  kt'|»t  jei'ki'd.  is  u  least-day  food. 
(iago  describes  the  jei'kin;^'  i)rocess  as  follows:  Ti-esh 
meat  is  cut  into  lon^ir  striiis.  salted,  and  hunu'  hetween 
l)0.sts  to  dry  in  the  sun  for  a  week.  The  strips  aic  then 
smoked  for  another  week,  rolled  \\\\  in  hnndles.  which 
become  c|uit(>  hard,  and  are  called  fos^ajo  or  cisiiiii. 
Another  mode  vl'  [)re[)arin^  meat  is  descrihi'd  l)y  the 
wnne  author:  When  a  deer  has  been  shot,  the  body  is 
left  until  decay  and  mauuots  render  it  ap|ieti/.in;.:;  it  is 
then  hi'oiiuht  home  and  parboiled  with  a  certain  her!) 
until  the  llesh  hecomes  sweet  and  whitt'.  The  joint  is 
afterwards  apiin  boiled,  and  eaten  with  chile.  'I'lie  I^a- 
candones  preserve  meat  us  follows:  A  lariic  hole  is  made 
in  the  <:r<)und,  and  lined  with  stones.  After  the  hole  has 
been  heated,  the  meat  is  thrown  in,  and  the  top  covered 
with  leaves  and  earth,  u[)on  which  a  lire  is  kept  burn- 
ing. ^J'lie  meat  takes  ibur  hours  to  cook,  and  can  ))0 
preserved  lor  eiuht  or  ten  days.  Cacao  forms  an  im- 
])ortant  article  of  lood,  both  as  a  drink  and  as  bread. 
The  kernel  is   picked  when  v'\\k\  dried  on  a  mat.  and 


roasted  ni  an  earthen  [)an.  presiou^' 


to  1 


k'UIl;'  i^rotUKl   to 


llour.  I'ormerly.  cacao  was  i-eserved  ii»r  the  hiiiln'r 
classes,  and  even  now  the  ptior  endea\or  to  economi/.e  it 
by  adding  .'^'/yyi'"/^^/.  the  kernel  of  the  .svy/oA'.  They  ob- 
ser\e  no  reiiularity  in  their  meals,  hut  (.'at  and  drink  at 


})leasin'e, 


W 


len   travehng.  some   roasted  mar/.e    jiasti 


called  (nfnj)/)sl(.'.  crumbled  in  boiling  water  with  an  addi- 
tion of  salt  and  jjcpper.  and  a  cu\)  of  warm  water,  suiru^e 
for  a  re[)ast.  I'ire  is  obtained  in  the  usual  primiti\e 
maimer,  by  rubbing  two  sticks  toi:ether.'^ 

5  Tlii'v  '  vivi  lit  li'  plus  Koiivcnt  do  fruits  ct  (loraciiios.'  T>ii}lfii^ii)i(l  Ma  >l- 
Serntl.  \'"i/.  '/■  'i/././iiyif,  ]i|).  47,  "i'l-'J,  (i'J.  'Tnut  vn  f.iismit  niai'jif  ch^rr,  ,1s 
mauyuut  ft  buivuul  c'outimicllumfUt,  commo  luti  uuimuux.'  JJuniut,   lnytf/e, 


coo 


WILD  TRir.ES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


]\rost  .iiitlioritioM  auroo  tliiit  tlicy  arc  dean  in  tlicir 
hahits,  and  that  lVo<inrnt  bathinii  is  tlio  rule,  vet  it  is 
hinted  that  leprosy  is  cansed  i)artiaily  hy  inich'aidiness.'' 

Since  Uu!  Spaniai'ds  assumed  control  ol'  the  eonntrv, 
veajions.  a.<  applietl  to  war,  have  fallen  into  disuse,  and 
it  is  only  in  the  mountain  districts  that  we  meet  the 
Inuiter  armed  with  how  and  spear,  and  slunu  omt  his 
shoulder  a  (juiver  lull  of  reed  arrows,  pointed  with  stone. 
In  Salvador  and  Nicaraj-ua.  the  natives  are  still  vcrNox- 
j)ert  in  tlie  use  ol'  the  sling,  game  ol'ten  being  brought 
down  by  it." 

I  lind  no  record  of  any  wars  among  the  aborigines 
since  the  con(piest,  and  the  oidy  inlbrmation  relati ug  to 
their  war  customs,  gathered  iVom  the  account  of  skir- 
mislu's  which  the  Sitaniards  ha\e  had  with  some  ol'  the 
tribi's  in  eastern  (Juatemala,  is.  that  the  nati\('s  ke[it  in 
the  back-ui'ound.  hiiUlen  bv  rocks  or  trees,  waitimi'  I 


or 


tl 


le  enemy  to  approiu 


h.      A; 


tl 


s  soon  as  tue  soiuiers  came 


close  enougii.  a  cloud  of  arrows  came  whiz/ing  among 
thcui.  and  the  wai'riors  ap[>eared.  shouting  with  all  their 


nn 


dit.     TI'T. 


icandones  oi'casionaii\-  n 


taliat 


e  uiion  tilt 


jilanters  on  their  borders  for  ill-treatment  received  at 
their  hands.  A  mmd)er  of  warriors  set  out  at  night 
with  faggots  of  dry  sticks  and  grass,  which  are  lighted  as 
they  approach  the  plantation,  and  thrown  into  the  enemy's 
camp;  during  the  confusion  that  ensues,  the  proposed 


torn.  ii..  p]i.  101,  02,  1(1-2,  1112,  131,  11.",,  210,  torn.  i..  i>p.  205-0.    Xicnr.iu'iiiiiis 

.nlli;    Tiii;   lu^iclut    iiur    (in   Xaililiar  ciii 


'(.■SSCU    illlrli 


r 


Mi'Msclii  iiltcisch 
111,  (lain  i  sic  allc  lioclit 


1(1  ila 


liii   iiiulcnr.'    W'l si  iind  Ost   li 


tlisrliir  l,iisli<irl.  jit  i.,  ]>.  It'.MI.     '  IViritos  iicfiiui'uis  ([lie  tamliicn  los  coiuiaii. 


imicl 


ids  vciiadiis  y   i)isi|ii( 


du, 


I"  I/" 


.ViM 


ilr.    (■-;/.    (/(■    I 


/((l/C- 


toiii.   iii.,   jip.    llo-ll,    11)7.     lIinitiiiL!  all i|^a tens;  ii  man  dives   iimlir.  niid 
fastens  a  imidsc  rouiiil  tlir  Ici;  at  the  Hl<'C|iiii^'  iiuiiistt'i';  his  cfiiiiiiniiidiis  tin  u 


liaiil  it  on  sli 


1(1 


MUlflii 


;/,< 


fiivtlicr:  Fiii'lliiifs  hiniinrti,  vol,  i.,  p.  20;!:  (iaiir't^  yi 


1'1> 


i;i!l.  l;i(l.  Con 


pan 


,Sc/(( 


Wdiith-niii'ini,    ]ip.   412-1.'!,    I'J-l;   llitumii,    Jli.st,    Momlo    Si 


<'//,   pp.    :il'.l--J 


fol. 


lib 


lii;i— 1;  ifiKirri's'  Hist,  (hidl.,  pp.  l'JG-7;  lliri-'ni.  Hist,  f/oi.,  ilcc.  iv, 

cap.  vii-ix.,  lib.  x.,  cap.  xiv. ;  Ksrnlinr,  in  Lniiil.  (na/.  .s'oc.,  ,hnti'.,  v(.)l.  xi. 

;M;  7,'((/,  .V/r/w  C(7-;s,  p.  32i»:   U'<il<lcrL;   1 '(///.  7',7/..  pp.  42-3. 


Ihii,l< 


I'll  s  I ' 


i-/.  ,1) 


V 


:i;i7:  ,sv/„ 


!!'( 


(lllilrril.lli 


ini.  p.  173. 


">  'I'ln^  LaciUidoiics  '  eniploitnt  di'S  ll.'chis  do  canni' ayant  dcs  t("'tos  d(^  cail- 
loux.'  liKliiilii.  in  Aiitii/.  M'.w,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  j).  (17.  Sic  also,  lli'dinr,  Xirii- 
ri'inn,  \i\t.  7'.*-IS  i;  IlKssct.  Mix.  (Imit.,  y  3(l"i;  Jiairros'  Hist,  tlnnl..  pp.  \\)'i, 
27S;  Sclwrscr,  ira/u/c/'K/cyoi,  pp.  413,  430;  FiviUl,  Aus  Aiiivril.a,  toni.  i.,  p. 
3J8. 


WAR,  AVEArONS,  AND  IlirLEJIEXTS. 


697 


roprisiil  is  iniitlc.  Ono  writer  jiivcs  a,  brief  dcHM-iption  of 
tli(!  ccri'iiionics  prccedinii'  iiiul  following'  their  expedi- 
tions. 1)1  front  of  the  temple  iire  hiniiiiii!  hr;i/iei's  lilied 
■with  odoiifei'oiis  resiii;  round  tliis  the  warriors  iis>einhlo 
in  full  (h'ess,  their  jirnis  heinu'  plaeed  hi'hind  them.  A 
smaller  hra/.ier  of  incense  hhi/es  in  I'ront  of  each  warrior, 
before  whieh  hi'  prostrates  himself,  implorini:  the  aid  of 
the  (ireat  Spii'it  in  his  enterprise.  On  theii-  retinii, 
they  auain  asst'mble.  disi:uised  in  tiie  heads  of  vai'ions 
animals,  and  ':o  throimb  a  war  danee  bi-lbre  the  chief 


nid  1 


lis  council 


u-n 


tinel- 


s  are  aiwa\s  i)acin 


I-  tl 


le  sum- 


mit of  the  hills,  and  iii\e  notice  to  one  another.  i»y  trum- 
pet blast,  of  the  ai)[)roach  of  any  stranpi'r.      If  it  is  an 
enemy,  they  speedily  form  ambuscades  to  entrap  him." 
1  ha\('  alreadv  referred  to  the  bare  interior  of  their 


dweHin".is:  a  lew  mats,   a  hammock,  and 


some  earthen 


■ware  beiii:n"  the  only  ajjoloi^y  for  furniture.  The  mats 
are  plaited  of  bark  or  other  fibres,  and  serve,  amon^ 
other  purposes,  as  a  bed  for  the  children,  the  ^tirowii 
persons  jieiicrally  sleeping  in  hammocks  attached  to  the 
rafters.  Sv-attered  over  the  lloor  may  Ik?  seen  the 
earthen  jar  which  the  ^vomeii  ."^o  izracefully  balance  on 
their  head  when  bringing!;  it  full  of  water  iVoin  the 
>vell;  the  earthen  pot  for  b()ilin<r  plantains,  with  its 
folded  banana-l(  af  cover;  ciips  made  from  clay,  cala- 
Ijash,  cocoa-nut,  or  wacal  shells,  with  their  stamls.  often 
polished  and  bi-arinu'  the  marks  of  native  scul[)ture;  the 
metate  ibr  !.:riiidinL:'  the  famil\-  Hour:  the  cohkiI.  a  clav 
}ilate  upon  which  the  tortilla  is  baked.  A  banana-leaf 
fserves   for  a   iilate.  and   a  fir-stick  does  the  du{\'  of  a 


cane  I 


bai-k-fibre; 


le.     Their  hunting  or  liag  nets  are  made  of  pita  o 


I'he  steel  machete  and  the  knife  ha\e  en- 


tirely dis[)laced  their  ancient  silex  tools,  of  which  some 
relics  may  still  be  I'ound  amonu'  the  Lacandoiies.  \  a- 
lenzuela  mentions  that  in  tlu?  meeting-h(»iist'  of  this 
tril)e,  the  con([uerors  found  two  hundred  hanging  seats,'* 

«  .l/".,'rA7,   I'.//"/-,  torn,  ii.,  p.  HI ;  r..»/-=W,  in  '""/.  F<in,>'i\  Xov.  7.  1 1.  lSC-2. 

0  V'Oiii:^,  Mi:xi'iii>.  |)|).  -iTS,  2s7:  S'u-rrs,    .\ri>t'l'(iii'  ril.-t.    p.    I-IH;  .s'r/,i'C;i  r, 

Waii:kranj<:n,  p.  IJO;  Monlituu^i,  XU'ui.Cfi  \WenUl,  p.  "iT'J;  S(i'iii r's  .\ii:<ir:tijua. 


0'J8 


AVILI)  TllIlJES  OF  CKNTllAI-  AMI'.UK  A. 


Tlicst'  iiiitivcs  ^till  I'xccl  ill  the  iiiiinurMctiirr  ol'iiutU'rv. 
ami  pi'ndiicc,  uitlioiit  the  iiid  of  tools,  .■".[ici'iiiiciis  tliut 
lire  as  ri'ii»iirUal»l«'  for  tlirir  raiicil'iil  roiiiis.  as  I'or  their 
('li'^aiicc  ami  ('(tloriiii:-.  Watcr-J!! rs  art'  made  siiMiciciitlv 
[)()roiis  to  allow  the  water  to  percolate  ami  keep  the  coii- 
ti'iits  cool ;  other  eartheiiwai'e   is  ;:la/.e(l   li\    nihliinu  the 


ed  vessel  \\  ith  a  resllloils"iiiii. 


.or  are  the\  lielmid 


heat 

iiaiid  ill  the  art  of  ueaviii;:'.  lor  most  ol'  the  i'ahrics  usvA 
ill  the  «'oiiiitrv  are  of  native  make.  The  ahoripiiiul 
spiimim:'  machine  is  not  vet  wiiollv  displaced,  nml  con- 
sists, accoi'dinu'  to  S(piier.  ol"  a,  thin  spindle  ol"  wood, 
lil'teeii  or  sixteen  iiu'hes  in  leii,;:tli.  which  is  j)assed 
tlirtMiiih  a  wheel  of  hard,  heavy  wood,  si\   inches  in  di- 


al 


iieter.  and  resi'iiihles  a  jiigantic  top 


AV 


lell  \\i<vd.  it  IS 


placeil  in  a  hollowed  pii'ce  of  wooil.  to  preM'iit  it  from 
to[)prm,Li'  over.  A  thread  is  attached  to  the  spindle  just 
ahove  the  wheel,  and  it  is  tlu'ii  twirled  rapidlv  hetweeii 
the  thniiih  and  forelinuer.  The  inomeiiliim  of  the  wheel 
kee[)s  it  in  motion  ftjr  half  a  minnte.  and  nu-aiitime  the 
thread  is  drawn  ont  h\'  the  operator  from  the  pile  of 
})repared  cotton  in  her  lap.  Their  mode  of  \\ca\inj;'  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Mexicans,  and  the  fabrics  are 
not  only  dnrahle,  Itnt  tastefully  desij^ned  and  colored  to 
.snit  the  (piality  and  price.  The  dyi's  nscd  are.  indiiio 
ibr  hhie,  cochineal  for  red,  and  indiiio  mixed  with  lemon 
inic(?  for  Itlack.  ^flie  Aicaraiiiians  ohtain  a  liiuhh  i)ri/,ed 
pnr[)le  by  pressing  the  valve  of  a  shell-lish  fonnd  on  the 
.sea-shore.  IJail  •  says  that  they  .ake  the  material  to 
the  seaside,  am  after  })rociiring  a  <piantity  of  fresh 
coloriiiii'  matter,  "[)  each  thread  singly  into  it.  and  lay 
it  aside  to  dry.  'roin  the  aloe,  and  }»ita.  or  silk-L:rass, 
which  are  very  ,sl   nv^  and  can  easily  be  bleached,  they 


])]).  '272-;i;  Vfilmzueld,  i  A/.,  ('nil.  Amer.,  p.  r)('i7.  The  Liicaiidon  hut  coii- 
tiiiui'd  '  (Ics  liirtiris  ;i  ti  ..siT,  (lis  Siill):u'iinis,  tics  Imclus  ct  d  iilltns  oiitils  ill 
Kili'X.'  Miinlil,  I'"//!/;/!',  toil),  ii..  ]ip.  71),  Idl,  1U~,  "ill.  '  ]iiii  iiutu  cii  vim 
I'fil,  (jm'  SI'  lis  ililiii  \>or  las  costillas,  n  en  Ml  cafiizd,  y  ]»n'  fiibitii'ii  vu  liia- 
di'i'o:  y.i  si'  ahiiiilinin  fim  ti'iis.'  ]li  rnva,  Hist  (li-n.,  ilri'.  iv.,  lib.  x.,  rap. 
xiv.,  ili'f.  ii.,  lil).  iii.,  ca]).  vi.  At  Miisava,  '  Ltur  inolpiliir  sc  foiiipusi'  tli' 
liatti'S  par  trrrt',  (Ic  haiiiai's  siispi'iiiliis,  d'nii  lit  di;  cuir  ft  d'uiii'  laissi'  tu 
rrdi-i',  (iu(li|in.'fuis  onu'u  U'liiunistutiuiis  du  tuivri'.'  JUUij,  SiiMnvjun,  toiii. 
i.,  pp.,  rj7-S. 


(UAIKM.VI.AN  CANor.S. 


fi'ty 


»»l)taiii  ;i  vcrv  fiiu'  tlnvuil,  siiitahU'  for  tlu'  finest  Acaviiiii. 
|{«'('(ls  iiinl  Itark  ^ive  inatiTial  Inr  coarMT  stiilV.  Midi  as 
ropt's  ami  nets.  Mats  ami  liamiiiocks.  wiiicli  arc  made 
from  auN  of  tlic  last-iiiciitioncil   lilacs,  are  dl'tcn  iiitcr- 


AV 


oven  with  i:ia\'  colors  and  licli  (l('sii:ii.>' 


M)1IU'    Ull'il 


niiiy  lu'  loniH'd  ol'  tiie  i)ati('iit  iiidiistrv  ol"  tlir  iiati\(; 
AvIu'M  we  learn  that  he  will  woi'U  lor  months  iijton  one 
of  the  hit:hlv  i)iized  hats  made  from  the  lihic  ol"  tlu? 
liall'-tormed  nirli'ilnr'n-ii  pti/iim/ti  leal".  Tliev  drill  holes 
in  stones,  lor  pipes  and  other  ohjirts,  ])V  twirling  a  stick 
rapidlv  hetween  the  hands  in  some  sand  and  water  [ilaced 
npon  the  -toni 

( 'anoes  are  the  usnal  '  duu-onts.'  made  IVom  a  sinule 
cedar  or  malioi:any  lou".  cedar  hein^'  liked  lor  its  light- 
ness, niahoi^aiiv  I'oi"  its  dnrahility.  Thev  are  iVi'ijiient 
enoniih  on  the  coast,  and  even  the  north-eastern  (uiate- 
malans  wsvA  to  nuistei-  Meets  of  several  hundred  canoes 
on  their  lakes  ;md  livers,  iisiiii:'  them  Tor  trade  as  well  as 


111 


>v 
th 


ar.       I'im.  when  at  (Jrevtown,  partictilarlv  ohser\ed 


le   iiollowed-out  hoats,   some  n[)\vai 


■ds  of  liftv    feet    i 


11 


len,t:;h.  ind  straii^ht  as  an  arrow.  Ho  says  that  they  aro 
vei'v  s!;illfiilly  handled,  and  may  he  seen  oil'  the  liarhor 
in  an\-  weather. 


le  paddles,  wliicn  are  used 


hoth  for 


steeriiiLi' and  jjropeUinjji:.  are  of  liiiiit  mahogany,  four  feet 
lunii'.  with  \('r\  hroad  hlades.  and  across  at  the  handle 


II 


Their  wealth,  which,  since  the  coiKpiest.  mostly  consists 
of  household  lioods,  is  the  product  of  their  fariiisand  in- 
dustry mentioned   under  food.   imjiU'inents.  and  manu- 


iacture 


Tl 


le  coas 


ttril)es.  in  SaUador.  ha\e  a  source  of 


wealth  not  \('t  referred  to — halsam- 


ai  (I 


tl 


ie\  are  \ery 


jealous  of  their  knowledge  of  (jhtaining  it.    The  process, 

1"  '\.f  iii'iiici|"Mviliiriuit  I'st  lixi'  nil  iiinycii  d'uno  snlistinicc  i^tussc  ([iir  Tcin 
(>l)tii'iit   pMi'  I'l  liiillitiiiii  (I'mi  iiisirti'  iiuiiinu' a^,'i'.'    M"rilif.   I  ni/nii ,  ti<lii.  ii. 

J)]).  1:M,  r.)7.    ( (iiisnlt  fnrtlii  1',  >'/" 

.iimr..  pp.    121—");  lli  rnrn.  Hist.  <i 
X.,    I'iili.    \iv.;    Ci'iiiri'.i  I'cid.  Aimr. 


ini'iiiii.  \i\i 


2(111- 


l;,iU 


11  ■•<■ 


(Ice.  IV. 


pp.  U; 


HI 


I.  VIII..    ca 


111.. 


ill    lll.l.      lA. 


I.  21"i;  ll'ilii'iis  Hint  M'ht-Siinil,  \'iii/.  iii-nliKjiijui:,  \>.  47;  ]->iiul"ji's  Ci.tt,  Anm 


IV.iS:  M'liiliih 


II' 


II  /' 


(/  Sf 


hi,  p.  274. 


's  /A///i(i|/.s.  ]ip.  21 1-2;    T.dfouil,    I'oi/'ff/i.v,  tiiiii.  i.,   p. 


317;  Mnnld,   I'ii/aok,  toiii.  ii..  ]).  ;il;  ItiM/n.-i  (unl  Mm. IS'  mil.   I 


</'- 


il>«\  pp.  47 -S.      Ill  tlicii"  tviiilf,  till'  Lacaliiliiiics 

not  kss  th.iii  424  cauuis.'  Jiuirru^'  Jllsl.  (juat.,  p.  271. 


ill  to  haVL'  tiapkijed 


I 


700 


AVII.D  TRir.ES  OF  CENTEAL  AMEKICA. 


as  closcril)0(l  l)y  DoUfns.  is  to  iiiako  smoral  (loop  incisions 
in  tlio  trunk  of  tlu;  biilsani-troo,  and  stiill'  tlii'  liolos 
"Nvitii  ootton  rasis.  A\'hon  those  liavo  ahsoi'hoil  sullioiont 
liahn.  thoy  aiv  })laco(l  in  jai-s  of  wator,  and  snhmittod 
to  a  niodoiMto  lioat.  Tho  lioat  so[)avati's  the  suhstanco 
IVoiii  tho  raus,  and  tlio  balsan)  rises  to  tho  sui-raco  to  he 
skinnnod  aiiil  phuvd  in  uoll-olosed  jars  lor  shijunont. 
Those  jx'opK'  possess  no  written  I'ocords  to  ostahhsli  own- 
ership to  their  })roperty.  l>nt  liold  it  hy  ancient  riiihts 
transmitted  from  father  to  son.  whicli  are  transforal)lo. 
The  riiiht  of  lirst  discover\',  as  ap[)lied  to  iVuit-lroes  and 
the  like,  is  rosj)octod,  Jind  ca.n  ho  transmittoik  (Joods 
und  lands  are  e(pially  divided  among  the  sons.  There 
is  a  fionortd  interohanLro  of  products  on  a  small  scale, 
and  as  soon  as  tho  farm  yield  is  ready,  or  a  sullicieut 
((uantity  of  hannnocks,  mats,  hats,  and  cups  ha\e  hei'u 
]»iei)art'(l.  tho  native  will  sti,"^  sn  a  short  tradin,i:-tour. 
Avilh  tho  load  on  his  hack — lt>r  tliiy  usi'  no  other  mode 
of  transport.  Tho  ancient  custom  of  holding'  fre(|uent 
mai'kets  in  all  towns  of  any  importanci'  has  not  (piito 
disap[)oared.  for  .\hisaya.  amonn'  other  ])lacos,  continues 
to  keep  a  daily  fhiiKjnc-i.  Cacao-heans.  \\hich  were  I'oi'- 
nu'rly  tho  chief  ciu'i'ouiy.  are  still  n.H-d  i()r  that  puipose 
t(»  a  certain  extent,  and  maki'  uj)  a  lariii'  item  in  their 
Avealth.  The  I.acandonos  at  ouo  tiuu'  droxc  a  I)ri>k 
trade  on  the  rio  (\v  la  Pasion.  omijloyinu'  so\-ei-al  hun- 
dred oauoes.  hut  this  has  now  izroatly  diminished,  and 
tliiy  seem  to  urow  loss  and  loss  inclined  to  intercourse, 
llardcastlo  relates  that  two  shy  mountain  trihos  of  ( iiia- 
temala  ■■e.\chau,Lie  doiis  and  a  s[)ocios  of  M'ry  sliarj)  rod 
poi)por.  hy  loaxinii'  them  on  the  top  of  tho  niounlaiii, 
and  izoiuii'  to  tho  spot  in  turn.  ' '" 

The  nati\i'  s  ajititudo  for  art  is  well  illustrated  h\-  tlio 
Aarious  [iroducts  of  his  industry,  decorated  as  they  aio 

■' 'I'lic  (^liiiilii  s  '  ii{iit<'iit  in»ii|n'jm  Ni(Mriif,'iiii  (Its  haiiiius  en  lil  (r:ii,';ivc.' 
Mn-iht.  Voiri,,'.  toiii.  ii.,  i.|.'.  11."..  ii-j.  i;i(i-|,  liis.  toiii.  i..  1)1).  M).  ;il\  :t'J(i; 
Ihillfim  itml  MiDil-Si mil,  I 'i//-  '""/<>;/"/'"'.  PI''  l'**-''".  Il'i'i''i'<i.  //(>/.  'iVk..  lUc. 
iii..  lil).  v..  ca]).  \ii.;  Jiiiirms'  //'>7.  iliml.,  \\\\.  (!m,  "JTI.  17");  ]\'iii'iii'ii(s,  thtuj. 
V.  Sl^:l..  1  ;.  2  IS.  :t|:.;  I.,iit.  .\,,ni>i  Orlns.  p.  :U',(;  llnnlcn^^'h ,  in  Hist.  Mw]., 
viil.  VI,,  p,  ir)3;  (.iuju's  Sue  ^'ii/ny,  ji,  JJP.i. 


AllT  AND  GOVEliNMENT. 


701 


witli  nmcifiil  clcsiiriiH,  Ciirvinps,  juid  coloriiijr.  The  ealii- 
));isli  c'U[ts  aiv  wiiU'ly  cii'ciilatcd,  ami  tlio  artistic  carviiiii; 
c)t"  U-aAc's.  curious  lines,  and  (iuiires  of  all  (lescrii)tioiis,  in 
ivliel".  with  Nvhidi  the  outside  is  onianienti'd.  has  ')een 
inui'h  achniivd.  No  less  esteemed  are  the  small  (iuate- 
malau  earthen  figures,  j)ainte(l  in  natural  colors,  repri'- 
sentinjj,'  the  varit)us  trades  and  occuj)ations  ol"  the  jie()j)le, 


^v 


hie! 


I  ma\'  i»e  said  to  riv 


.urouean  iircn 


])ean  ]) 


duct: 


on.- 


o 


r  til 


same  cliaracter.     The  ornaiuents  on  their  jiotterv  hear 


S( 


mie  resemhlance  to  the   iltrusc 


ui. 


Tliev   ari'  e(|iially 


advauct'd  in  lainting.  lor  manv  ol'  the  aUar-pieces  iu 
('ential  America  are  IVoiii  the  native  brush,  and  their 
dishes  are  ol'teii  richU'  colored  in  Aarious  dcsiLins.      Ori- 


1  1' 


!_inai  i\ii( 


poetry 


seems 


to  il( 


oiirish  auioiiLi'  tlieiu.  and  is 


not  wautiiiLi'  in  izraci'.  altliouiih  the  renderiiiti'  t>i"  it  niav 
ni)t  lie  exactly  ojn'ratic.  Tlie  suhject  jjieneraily  ri'lers  to 
victorious  (■ncounters  \\\\\\  monsters,  hut  contains  also 


sarcasms  on  u:(»\ernnien 


t  and  socii'ty 
A  reveri'utial  respect  lorauthorit 


1.1 


\-  is  innate  wi 


th  tl 


lese 


people,  and  the  ehiet",  usually  a  desceiuhmt  ol'  the  ancient 
eaci<(ues,  who  is  also  the  head  of  the  municipal  govern- 
ment imroduci'd  amoni;'  them  hy  the  S[)aniards.  receives 
the  honiatic  \y,iu\  him  with  inqierturhahle  gravity. 
'I'hese  chiefs  form  a  ]»roud  and  powerful  nohlcsse.  who 
rule  with  an  iron  hand  oscr  their  suhmissixc  followers. 
.Vlthoiiih  L;()\i'rne(l  to  all  appearance  l»y  the  code  of  the 
country,  they  lupe  their  own  laws  based  on  custom  and 
common  sense,  which  are  applied  to  ci\il  as  well  as 
criminal  t'asis.  Amoiii;  the  Lacandones.  the  chief  is 
elected  lt\'  a  council  of  old  men.  mIicii  death,  misconduct. 


or 


tl 


le  suiierior  a 


hiliti 


es  of  some  oiii'  else  call  for  such  a 


step,      rontelii  adds  that  the  new  chief  is  iiiNcsted  with 
lion-skins  and  a  collar  of  human  teeth  to  re])resent   his 


"  AiMDii;^'  till!  NulmatlH  '  nicclianicMl   urts  iivi'  litllo  niidrrst 1,  inul,  of 

course,  the  11111'  iirls  still  liSS  pr  '•red.'  >(y»(ii/'s  i  inl,  Ann  r..  Ji.  II'JII;  /(/., 
Xii'itrdiim,  \t\^.  •J7H-:t,  Tlio  .Miis.i  ,.ins  h:\\o  '  uiu' cuissc  tli  cMlir.  ijiii  l(|iii- 
fois  uiiK'r  iriuiiustatiolis  lie  iiiivri.'  Ii<llif,  .V('i  ii(i(;,i/((,  ])|i.  1U7H,  S<  o 
iilsri,  Mnrilil.  \'in/<iiji\  ♦mil.  i'  ,  p.  l;!(l;  I'ni/ilt,  Jniiijidit,  in  .lidw/'r/i"  l'ihlniU\ 
J).  1:U;  'i'i( /i''s  A'"'  f^iivn  II,  J).  ;i2'.l;  I'l/ois,  Mixiij>ir,  pji,  ".is",  lin  li;  ^inrs, 
Miltilidin  rih'i,  jip.  127,  T.>~)\  l-'iiiiii(ll'.i  I  "//.,  p.  IIJ;  X'K/i/i'i  (jualLnmlu,  [). 
2B1;  I'untdli,  iu  Cal.  Fariiivr,  Nuv.  7,  1802. 


.  ■!: 


702 


^VILD  TEir.ES  OF  CENTEAL  AMEEICA. 


victories;  a  crown  of  foatlicrs  or  a  lion-skin  is  liis  iistuil 
distinctive'  hoad-dross.  The  wile  of  the  chief  is  required 
to  possess  some  rare  (jiialities.  ^Phese  people  are  very 
sti'ict  ill  executing;  the  law;  the  oifender  is  hi'oii^lit  l)e- 
lore  the  old  men,  and  if  the  crime  is  serious  his  relatives 
have  often  to  share  in  his  ])iiuishment.  'i'lie  peojile  of 
Salvador,  iteeoiding  to  Dollfus.  have  frefpient  reunions 
in  their  eouncil-housc  at  nij:lit.  '^^I'lie  hall  is  then  liiihted 
I'.p  hy  a  lai\iie  lire,  and  the  peo[)le  sit  with  uncovered 
heads,  listcninti'  respectfully  to  the ohservat ions  and  deci- 
.sions  of  tiie  ulitmhs — men  over  forty  years  of  aiic.  who 
have  occu[)ied  [)ublic  positions,  or  distiniiuished  them- 
fcielves  in  some  way.  (jlajic  makes  a  curious  statement 
concerniiiLi' the  rio  Lempa  that  may  he  based  ujuni  some 
ancient  law.  Any  man  who  connnitted  a  heinous  crime 
on  the  one  side  of  the  river,  and  succeeded  in  escapinij; 
to  the  other,  was  allowed  to  go  umnolesteil,  provided 
he  did  not  return." 

Mariiaiics  take  place  at  an  early  niie.  often  before  ])U- 
berty.  and  usually  within  the  tribe.  When  the  boy.  in 
(jiuatemala  and  Salvador,  has  attained  the  a^iic  of  nine, 
Ins  parents  begin  to  look  around  for  a  bride  for  him.  the 
mother  having  a  good  deal  to  say  in  this  matter.  I'lvs- 
ents  are  made  to  the  j)arents  of  the  girl  chosen,  and  she 
is  transferred  to  the  house  of  her  future  father-indaw, 
whei'c  she  is  treated  as  a  daunhter,  and  assists  in  the 


household  duties,  until  slu 


)ld 


e  IS  old  enoiu 


,h  t 


o  marr\' 


It 

sometimes  ha[)[)ens  that  she  has  by  this  tinu^  I'ecome  dis- 
tasteful to  the  ailianced  husband,  and  is  returned  to  her 
parents.  Tlu^  presents  givi'U  for  her  are  then  demanded 
back.  a.  refusal  natur^dly  follows,  and  feuds  ivsult,  last- 
ing ibr  generations,  (lage  states  that  when  the  parties 
to  tlu'  betrothal  are  of  dilferent  tribes,  the  chiefs  are 
notilied.  and  meet  in  solemn  conclave  to  consult  about 
the  expediency  of  the  alliance.     The  consultations  often 


fi-: 


u  D.illfiix  mill  ^^lml-S!<'t'rat,  Voi/,  ('l.'<iln,i\ij\{c,  pp.  '2(\  \'.)-')\\  Pnijill,  Hap- 
p'lrt,  ill  AiKi'riijiif  ('i,ilr(tl<',  ]>.  llil;  ll'issil.  Mix.  (unit.,  \\.  !t'.'S;  fr'((;,< 's  .\i  "i 
i^iin-ij/.  pp.  :ils  '.I.  117;  I'liiilrUi,  \n  (HI.  Funinr.  Ndv.  7,  isii'i.  '  Cliiiiiiu 
(I'ciix  viiit  ciisiiitf'  l):iisi'r  l.i  niiiiii  ilu  diif,  li()iuiii:it,'('  i|n'il  irc^'iit  avcc  uuu  iliy- 
uitu  iuiptitiabablu.'  Munkt,   Vvymji.,  turn,  ii.,  pp.  215-0,  IJl. 


M.VIirjAGE  AND  CHILDBIRTH. 


703 


extoiid  over  Ji  jK'riod  of  sovoval  mouths,  diiriuu'  Mliicli 
the  parents  of  the  hov  siq)[)ly  tlie  council  with  relVesh- 
ments.  and    make  presents  to  tlie  jzirls  I'aniilv  for  lier 


l)ur 


cliase 


tl 


le  council  (lisaurec 


th 


1 


rt'scnls  are  re- 


tni'ne<!     and   tlie  matter   droiis.      When  the   \oiitli   ha 


real 


led     and   tlie  matter   drop 

lied  his  sixteenth  or  eii^hteenth  year,  and  the  m;iid 
her  foiu'teenth.  they  are  considerecl  ahle  to  take  care  of 
themselves:  a  house  is  accord in^uly  huilt.  and  the  father 

The  cacique  and  n  lations 


ives  his  son  ;i  start  in  liti 


Jiro  snnimonet 


1   t( 


o  witness  tlie  marriaLic  cen  iiiony.  now 
perlornied  by  the  priest,  after  which  the  ]>air  are  carried 
upon  the  shoulilers  of  their  friends  to  the  new  house, 
placed  in  a  room,  and  shut  in.  The  hride  hrin,t:s  no 
dowry,    hut    ju'i'sents   are   made    hy  the   friends  of  the 


famil 


le 


H'N'cr 


d  tril. 


's  m  (iuatemala  are 


4iictl 


\'  oil 


posed  to  marriaiics  outside  of  the  trihe.  and  destroy  the 
pro^iicny  lelt  hy  a  stnni^u'er.  The  Lacandoncs  still  })rac- 
tice  polyiiamy.  each  wile  having  a  separate  house  and 
field  ibr  her  sunnort.     \n  Xicarauiia.  wliii 


niori 


e  ^\()lnen  are 


e  independent,  and  lewer  ol  tlie  ancient  marria,L:e  cus- 
toms lunc  hi'cii  retained  than  elsewlu're.  the  ceremony  is 
often  ([uickly  disposed  of.  the  liushand  and  wife  ri'tiirn- 
iiiu'  to  their  axocations  immediatelv  after.  The  life  of 
the  wouiiUi  is  one  of  (IrndLiery ;  household  duties,  weav- 
iii'j.",  and  the  care  of  children  keepini.:  her  eonstantlv 
))nsy.  while  the  liushand  is  occupied  in  dolee  farniente; 
yet  their  married  life  is  not  nnhai>py.  Allhoiijih  the 
female  dresses  scantily  and  is  not  over  shy  when  hathiiiL:', 
she  is  hy  no  means  imniodi'st  or  unchaste,  hut  kears  rather 
a  hetter  character  than  woincn  of  tlu'  superior  race. 
Childhirth    is   not  atteiuled  with   an\-  diniciilties.  for  it 


soilietimes  hanpfiis 


on  tl 


le  road 


wil 


lia 
\\a 


ttl 


H'  woman,  a 


fter  1 


xiliL:  dell\'ere( 


I 


di   the    child   and   heix'lf  in    the 

;  if  noth- 


iioarest  stream,  and  jiroceed  on  her  journey, 
inji:  had  occurred.  The  (^)uicll(''s.  amoni:  otheis.  still  call 
ill  the  sorcerer  to  take  the  horoscope  of  the  new-horn. 
and  to  appeal  to  tlu>  pods  in  its  hehalf.  He  also  givis 
the  infant  the  name  of  some  animal,  whieh  hecomes 
its  guardian  spirit  for  life.     ]>elly  states  that  more  boy.s 


11 


704 


^VILD  TllIBES  OF  CEXTKAL  AMEllR.V. 


are   uoru 


to  tl 


W    11 


atives.  "svliilo  the  -whites  liuvo  mo'-i 


girls.  'I'liL'  iiiotlior  iiivaritihly  nurses  the  child  herself 
until  its  third  vi'Mr,  and,  \vhen  at  Avork.  carries  it  on 
her  back  in  a  clt)th  passed  round  her  hody;  the  luove- 
nieiits  of  the  mother  in  washing'  or  kneadinj:'  tt'iidiiiL^' 
to  rock  the  iid'ant  to  sleep.  (Otherwise  the  child  is 
little    cared  for,    and    has   to  lie   on  the  l)are  .<:i'ound. 


or. 


at  most,  ^vith  a  mat  under  it.     A; 


lie 


l)o\'  urows 


older  the  ftither  will  take  hiui  into  the  held  Jind  lorest, 
suitin,u'  tln'  work  to  his  stren^uth,  and  instructing'  hiui  in 
the  use  of  tools,  while  the  mother  takes  cliarge  of  the 
girl,  teaclnng  her  to  cook,  s})in,  and  wea\e.  Ilespect 
for  parents  aud  older  j)eople  is  incidcate(l.  and  children 
never  presume  to  speak  l)efore  a  iirown  i>erson  unU'ss 


first  addressed,  'i'iiey  remain  under  the  pareuts'  roof 
until  married,  and  fretpiently  after,  several  generations 
often  living  together  in  one  house  under  the  rule  of 
the  eldest.  The  native  is  fond  of  home,  for  here  he 
escapes  iVoui  the  conteuipt  of  the  other  races,  and  I'eigns 
Kupreuie  oxer  a  fauiily  which  is  taught  to  res[)ect  hiui: 
l)ati'iotisiu  lias  been  j'eplaced   by  love  of  home  among 


th 


lis  oniiressed 


opi 


peoi 


)ie 


n 


Their  amuseuieiits  are  less  common  and  varied  tha 
amonu'  the  whites,  and  are  aeuerallv  ivserved  ior  sijccial 


occasions,  wueii  tliev  are  iiidu 


th 


dued 


in  to  exces.- 


^till. 


they  have  orderly  gatherings  round  the  hearth,  at  which 
wondrous  and  aiuusing  stories  form  the  chief  ])art  of  the 


entertainuR'iit. 


onus  ibllow  in  natural  order,  and  are 


loudly  ai)plauded  by  the  listeners,  who  join  in  repeating 
the  last  words  ol'  the  verse.  The  subject,  as  given  b}- 
some  local  [)oet.  or  tran.^mitted  irom  an  ancient  liard.  is 
pleasing  enough,  but  the  rendering  is  in  a  plaintive,  dis- 

iliiiiicr-iir  sns]>riuln  a  lonrs  fluiics.'  Mrtrdi,  Vminqc,  toiii.  ii.,  i>]i. 


198,  l-JC,  tdii 
wife's  tr 


I.  i..  I 


iji.  •iol-."),  :n«.     In  Sitlviiiliir,  the   •lilid. 


{I'diiiii  ma 


las  1 


lis 


nil  liiiusclf,  till'  wonii'ii,  stiiiiii'f  io  sav, 


1) 


utinlv  iL'iiiiviint 


of  ni'i'tlkwdik.'    h'liiili's   t'rnt.   A 


iiii-i'. 


p.  IdlJ.     l'"urtln'r  itfiit  iiL'f  in    IV(/" 


Mi\ri<lili\  lip.  •2M(l,  'JISS;  Jlillj/,  \iriiril(inil,  pp.  'JOK  1,  "J-");!;  //((nm/,  J/m'.  dual., 
pp.  ;,tllH-l;  llii-tii'  lint.,  Is-J"),  in  AiiirnijUf  Cinth-nh',  ]>.  'IW;  IHilmr,  Xintriiiinn, 
ji.  80:  Miiiilitiiiifi,  Xiiiiii-f  Wernlil,  p.  "iT'J;  triii/e's  S\ir  Surni/,  p.  lil'.i;  Junr- 


w'  Hist.  <i(iiit.,  pji.  l'.J.")-(>;  Tviiipsici/'s  .Millfi,  \i.[il)'i;  J)nll/iis  mul  ^fll|lt-Sl■l^rllt 
Vol/,  (ri'iiliiiiiiini .  pp.  '2U,  47;  iSclii:rza',  Wumkrunyen,  p.  GO;  Id.,  Jjiv  lialkiuer 


Vuti  lnUucamn 


11. 


GUATEMALAN  MUSIC. 


705 


h 


a2:recal)l('  monotono.  Tlioir  instrnmcntnl  music  is  iin 
iinprovt'iiieiit  on  tho  vocal,  in  .some  ivs[)ccts.  and  ])riic- 
tice  lias  onahlcd  tlu;  plavci"  to  oxecnte  pieces  from 
mcniorv  ^vitll  ])rocisioii  and  accord.  Tiio  nKirn.'hn,  a 
i'avoritc  instrument,  consists  of  a  series  of  vertical  tulies 
of  dilVerent  leULith  1/ut  ecjual  diameter,  fastened  toiictliei" 
in  a  line  by  l)ark  lihro,  and  held  firm  between  two  pieces 
of  wood.  The  tubes  liave  a  lateral  opening'  at  tlie  base 
covered  with  a  membrane,  and  the  np[)er  end  is  closed 
by  a  small,  movable  elastic  plate,  upon  which  tlie  per- 
former strikes  with  liiibt  driuusticks.  Tbe  i)lay  of  tlie 
plates  causes  a  compression  of  air  in  the  tube,  and  a 
conseiiuent  vibration  ol'  the  membrane,  wliieh  i)i-o(luces 
a  .sound  diilering  in  character  according  to  the  lenutli  of 
tho  tube.  All  the  parts  are  of  wood,  tlie  tul)e  being, 
however,  occasionally  of  tei'ra-cotta.  or  replaced  by  cala- 
bash-shells. The  marimba  of  usual  size  is  over  a  yard  in 
length,  and  consists  of  twenty-two  tubes  ranging  from 
ibur  to  sixteen  inches  in  length,  forming  three  com[)lete 
octaves.  The  pitch  is  regulated  by  a  coating  of  wax  on 
the  key-plates.  Some  drumsticks  are  I'orktd  to  strike 
two  i)lates  at  once.  Occasionally,  several  iiersons  join 
in  executing  an  air  ui)on  the  instrument,  or  two  marim- 
bas are  })layed  in  pei'iect  accord  with  some  song.  'J'heir 
usual  di'um  is  called  te^Kiiidlxn,  described  by  (Jage  as  a 
smooth  hollow  trunk  with  two  or  three  clefts  on  the 
upper  side  and  holes  at  the  ends.  It  is  l)eaten  with  two 
t^ticks.  and  produces  a  dull  heavy  sound.  Other  drums 
covered  with  wild  goat  skin,  tortoise-shells,  pipes,  small 
liells.  and  rattles,  are  chielly  used  at  dances.  The  Lacaii- 
<lones  possess  a,  kind  ol"  mandolin,  a  double-necked,  trun- 
cated cone,  with  one  string,  made  to  pass  lour  times 
over  the  liridge;  also  a  clarionet-like  instrument  named 
<-1ih'hniijii\  their  drum  is  called  tepaunhna)<te.  A  dance 
is  generally  a  grand  alVair  with  the  native,  comliining  as 
it  does  dress  with  dramatic  and  .saltatory  exhibitions. 
At  the  ^«'o//^"/Mlance.  in  (ihiatemala,  from  twenty  to  forty 
persons  dressed  in  white  clothes  richly  embroidered, 
and   bedecked   with  gaudy  bands,  colored  feathersi  in 


m '!!  I 


■fMii 


*  iiV 


Vol.  I.    45 


roo 


■VVILD  TRIBES  OF  CEXTRAL  A:\rF,UI('\. 


p\t  fi'niiu's  fastciiod  on  tlic  Lack,  fancifiil  liclincts  toppctj 
^vitll  leathers,  and  feathei-s,  airain.  on  their  le^s,  in  toriii 
()^^villl:s.  The  conthu'tor  stands  in  th(!  centre  heating 
time  on  tlie  tepunahaz,  Avhile  the  (hmeers  ciivle  loinid 
liim.  one  1 1)1  lowing'  the  other,  sometimes  straight,  some- 
times tnrning  hull-\vay,  at  other  times  fnlly  ronnd.  and 
hendinii'  the  hody  to  tlio  ^roinid.  all  the  time  shoiitini: 
till"  lame  ofsome  hero.  '^I'his  continues  lor  scNcral  hours. 
1   is  often  roi)eated  in  one  house  after  anothei'.      In 


iin( 


niotiiei'  dance 


tl 


K 


■J 


d 


(IISUUISO 


tl 


leniselves 


\vitl 


I    skins  ol 


diil'erent  animals,  acting  up  to  the  chai'acter  assumed. 
and  running  in  and  out  of  the  circle  formed  round  the 
nnisicians.  striking,  shrieking,  and  hotly  pursuing  some 
jiai'ticular  performer.  There  are  also  several  dances  like 
those  of  the  Mexicans,  in  \vhicli  men  dress  i  women's 
clothes  and  other  disunises.  'i'he  Xicaraunan  dances 
v.u y  hut  little  from  the  uhove.  Several  hundred  people 
Avill  gather  in  some  well-cleared  spot,  their  ai'uis  and 
leiis  ornamented  with  striniis  of  shells,  their  heads  with 
ieathers,  and  with  lluis  in  theii"  hands.  The  leader, 
walking  Itackwards,  connnences  some  movements  to  he 
imitated  hy  the  dancers,  who  lollow  in  threi's  and  fouis. 
tnrniuLi'  round,  interminglinti'.  and  aiiain  unitin<:.  The 
nnisicians  heat  drums  and  sinii'  sonus  to  which  the  leader 
I'esjionds.  the  dancers  taking  nj)  the  refrain  in  their  turn, 
and  shaking  their  calahash  rattles.  After  a  while  they 
])ass  I'ound  each  other  and  j)crform  the  most  curious 
antics  and  urimaces,  crvinir,  lauiihim!'.  ])osturinii'.  actim: 
lame,  hlind,  and  .so  on.  Drinking  is  insi'parahle  from 
these  reunions,  and  they  do  not  usually  hreak  nji  until 
Jill  have  attained  the  climax  of  their  wishes — hecom- 
ing  heli)lessly  druid\.  The  })rincipal  drinks  are.  atole 
made  from  maize,  hut  which  assumes  diiVerent  prefixes, 
jiccordinir'  to  the  additional  iimredients  used,  as  kt(jU)li\ 
jorodto/c.  etc.;  pultpie.  chietly  used  in  the  highlands;  and. 
not  least,  cldcJin,  made  from  maize  and  various  fruits 
and  roots,  fermented  with  honey  or  sugar-cane  juice. 
(jage  states  tluit  tohacco-leaves  and  toads  were  added  t(» 
increase  the  Uavor.     The  Xicaraunans  make  their  favorite 


CUSTOMS  IX  GUATEMALA  AND  NICAKAGUA. 


707 


drink  from  a  wild  ivd  chorrv.  It  takes  scvonil  wooks 
to  pivi):ire  tlii'so  rKjuors,  l)ut  bv  the  pciieroiis  uiil  ol' 
IViomls  the  stoi'k  is  often  consumed  at  one  caroiisa 


1  ir, 


1-1 


OS, 


noi'ant  and  o|)[)resst'd  as  thev  are.  superstition  is 
naturally  stronif  amoim"  them,  tlu;  evil  eye.  ominous  im- 
])ort  of  animals  and  the  like  heiiin'  firmly  believed  in. 
Xicara'-uans  nave  as  a  reason  for  sueakinn'  in  wliis- 
]H'rs  at  niiiht.  that  loud  talkini:'  attracts  mos(|iiit 
The  (^)iiicln's.  of  Istliixacan.  amouLi'  others,  believe  in 
certain  evil  and  certain  uood  (la\s.  and  arrange  tlii'ir 
nndertakiuiis  accord ini:ly.  When  ineetinii'  a  straniicr. 
tlii'V  jireseiit  the  forehead  to  be  toiieheil.  thinkiiiu'  that 
a  beneficial  ])o\ver  is  imj)arted  to  them  by  this  means. 
They  still  adhere  to  tlu'ir  sorceri'rs,  wiio  are  called  in 
upon  all  im[)ortant  occasions,  to  |)redict  the  future,  exor- 
cise evil  s[)irits  and   the  like,  with   the  aid    of  \arioiis 


ococtionsand  incantations. 


The( 


lion 


tal 


es  have  diviners 


mIio,  with  the  aid  of  druus.  taken  after  a  fast,  fall  into 
a  trance,  duriiiii'  which  they  pro[)hesy.  They  Ibriii  a 
.sort  of  uiiild,  and  live  alone  in  the  mountains  with  a 
few  j)U[)ils.  who  supijort  them  in  return  for  the  instruc- 
tion received.  .Vlthouiih  idolatry  pro[)er  is  abolisheil, 
lie    ancient    practices   .still    live.    I)lended  with    their 


son 


C'hristian  worship,  and  it  is  said   that  tribes  inhabitiiii:' 


tl 


le  r(>mote  nit)iintain  rcLiions  s 


till 


cet. 


m  secret. 


)olH 


us  IS  ap[)arentiy  inciine( 


itb 


p  ui 


tl 


)  their  o 


Id  rit 


es 


to  I 


)ehe\i' 


that 


the  soniis  he  heard  the  natives  chant  every  morning' and 
evening'  may  be  the  relic  of  some  ancient  reli,i:ioiis  cere- 
mony. The  It/as  hold  deer  sacred,  and  these  animals 
were  consetpieiitly  ([uite  lamiliar  with  man,  before  tlu^ 
con(|uerors  subdued  the  country.  The  Lacamloiies  are 
said  to  have  been  the  last  who  publicly  worshiped  in  their 

\>'l!a,ys  X'lr  S'in;\i/,  jip  fl^n,  I?)"''):  .\„ili'ir,,/'i,  ]n  Xnvfirro'.o,  Cr,},  ,h. 
\"i'('lis.  tniii.  iii..  |i.  Il'i;  i'lil.iis.  M  xi'jiii .  pii.  :i7'.i  •>il.  !_()  il:  Itnlh'us  iixd 
.Unid-S'  rrnl,  \'ni/.  '/.wi/o./i'iyK. .  p.  .|.S;  /•'/•()i'//(/',s '■(■;,/..!,,/./■..  1 1],.  TM  M -.  Ihiii,,ii; 
Xiud'  W'i'lt,  ji]!.  iJiMi,  ;{1'J;  \'iilii(zitflii,  ill  Siinli'r's  I'lul.  Am' r..  \\.  W''<~ :  .Imir- 
ri-i'  l[iit.  <hi.ll.,  in).  IIT-'.I;  I'liriitl,  I'lu/niia,  turn,  i.,  pp.  ss-',);  Arrifirila, 
('r'in'yit  Si'r'ilic(i,  ]>.  Ill:  Linl,  Xitrns  Orliis.  p.  I{'Jl>-'i:  I'luihUi,  in  t'dl.  Funin'r, 
Nov.  It.  lMi!2.  'Lis  [ndiciis  lie  fiiuuMit  pus.'  II'lli/,  yii;iniiiU'(.  p.  Ifil.  '  llir 
Hcwdhiiliclu's  (Ictraiikc  ist  Wusscr.'  l/nssil,  Mi.i\  limil..  p.  IMI.  'Jc  ii'ii 
elitcli  In  ([il'a  FIdi'is.  pi'lld;\lit  Ic  ('(iiirs  di'  liioii  VciViii,' ■,  drs  clinMiis  t'X('(.-Ut  'S 
uvec  jiisttssL'.'  Monk't,   ^ <■•</' tjf,  tola,  ii,,  pp,  i2-i,  J25,  t'lui.  i.,  p,  I'JO. 


70S 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


ti'mplc,  Jiiid  Aviioso  prii'sts  sioi-iricc'd  iiniiiiiils  to  idols. 
IJv  tlio  side  of  the  toinpU'  stood  two  other  liir-jv  hiiild- 
iiigs  used  as  nu'el'mii-hoiises,  one  lor  men,  tlie  other  lor 
women.  Doizs  and  tame  i)an'ots  formed  part  of  their 
domestic!  estahlishment.  The  native  is  very  taciturn 
hefore  stranp'rs.  hut  on  payini;'  a  visit  to  I'riends  lie  will 
deliver  louLi'  haranii'ues  lull  of  repetition.  It  is  almo-t 
im[)()ssihle  to  ohtain  a  direct  answer  from  him  to  any 
([uestion.  Another  peculiarity  with  many  is  to  hoard 
moni'y  at  the  e.\j)ense  of  bodily  comfort.      It  is  hiu'ied 


m  some  secrt 


i  pi 


ace 


anc 


I  the 


owner  dies  wi 


ithout 


even 


carinu'  to  inform  his  kin  of  the  wherealujuts  of  his 
treasures.  I'he  favorite  occupation  of  the  people  is 
to  act  as  porters,  and  Guatemala  certainly  possesses 
the  most  excellent  carriers,  who  are  trained  for  the 
l)usiness  from  an  early  age.  ^fhey  nsually  go  in  Mies, 
headed  hy  a  chiel".  all  armed  with  Ion  ,  stalfs  and  water- 
])roof  palm-leaf  mats,  and  travel  from  twenty  to  thirty 
miles  a  day.  for  days  in  succession,  without  sullering  any 
inconvenience.  The  weight  varies  from  one  Imndi'ed 
to  two  hundrt'd  and  fifty  pounds,  according  to  road  and 
distance,  and  is  carried  oiT  the  hack.  su[)poi'ted  ])y  strii[)s 
]iassed  over  the  forehead  and  shoulders.  They  are  very 
moderate  in  eating,  and  never  drink  cold  water  if  they 
van  avoid  it;  when  tired,  they  stretch  themselves  at 
full  length  on  the  ground,  and  are  si)eedily  reiVeshed. 
A\'omen  are  also  accustomed  to  carry  hiirdeiis,  and  may 
frequently  he  seen  taking  several  idled  pitchers  to  mar- 
ket in  lU'ts  suspended  from  their  forehead  and  shoulder 
Water  they  usually  bring  in  jars  balanced  on  the  head. 


17 


Th 


all- 


le  ruling  diseases  are  small-[)ox.  winch  makes  yearly 
havoc;  dysentery,  wdiich  is  also  not  unconnnon  in  the 


"  The  TiiiPiindijii  rhiof  reri'lvod  mo  with  '  tlm  oiiiMciii  of  friiudsliip 
(\vhi<'li  is  ii  Iciif  of  the  f;in-piilin).'  Ponklli.  in  Cal.  Funin'r.  Nov.  11.  iscj. 
Sco  7Vi/(/).s/.//'.s'  Mllhl.  pp.  ;Jt)t-r);  \'(ll<ii.-l.  MrxJi/iU,  Jip.  4()7-.S;  h\riihi(l\  ill  lyml. 
(ho'i.  tSor.,  jour.,  viA.  \i.,  ]).  Ill;  Tliiinnii'l.  Miw'ihi,  p.  '.V,)\\  Jimrrus  Hist. 
<fui(t.,  p.  r.)7;  /•'),,^■•,s■  fint.  ADh'f.,  ]).  12'2;  Dultfun  a.il  MDut-Sirrdt,  !''<//. 
Ir.iolo'i'uiio',  pp.  IS -I);  Sfhi'r:i:r.  Dk  huUnai)-  von  fslliinicdn,  ]>]>,  7- 1-"):  lliifli- 
anlt,  Xir-ir't'iii'i.  pp.  KKi,  •i.'Jt;  VdhmnvUi,  in  Sqn'vr's  ('ml.  ,-l);irc.,  i>p. 
B'ii;-7;  .\tor>lfl,  I'oi/H'f ,  torn,  i.,  p.  '20(),  toiii.  ii.,  ])p.  ;j«,  101-2,101,  rJ7; 
Jioyk's  Uid<:,  vul.  i.,  pp,  2'JJ-l,  vol  ii.,  pi).  U-12,  lb, 


MEDICAL  PRACTICE. 


709 


lii,!ilil:in(ls  (liirin;^  tlio  smnincr;  and  l('])i'osy.  manifcstcfl 
l)_v  wounds  and  orii[)tions,  and  eausi'il  hv  liltli,  iiiunoral 
lial)its.  and  had  food.  In  sonic  parts  of  XiiMrajiua.  tin; 
latter  disi'asi'  hi-caks  out  in  liornv  cxcrcsi  jiiccs.  similar 
in  appearance  to  the  tips  of  cow-hoi-ns.  illieuniatisni 
and  chest  diseases  are  rare,  in  spite  ol"  their  rt)iii'.li  lile. 
Su[)erstitioiis  practices  and  enijiii'ieal  I'ecipes  trniisiuitted 
from  their  ancestors  are  the  ri'inedies  resoi-ted  to.  Ih)t 
Ijatliini:'  is  the  favorite  treatment.  Thev  are  skilU'id  at 
hlood-lettiiiLi'.  making'  wvy  small  punctures,  and  apply- 
ing' a  jiinch  of  salt  to  them  after  tiu^  o])eration  is  ended. 
C'auteri/,in,Li'  wounds  to  prewnt  intlanimation  is  not  un- 
comii'on,  and  does  not  atfect  tiie  patient  much.  The 
l)rinci[)al  remeilv  ol'  the  Chorotejians  consists  of  a  decoc- 
tion from  \arious  liei'I)s  injected  hv  means  of  a  tiihe. 
Some  trihes  of  the  lii,L:hlands  call  in  sorcei'ers  U)  j<nead 
and  suck  the  suiferint:'  part.  .Vfter  ])erformin,L:'  a  Nariety 
of  antics  and  lirimaci's,  the  wise  man  j)roduces  a  hlack 
■suhstance  from  the  mouth,  wliich  he  ainiounces  as  the 
oai'.se  of  the  sickness;  the  friends  of  the  j)alient  take 
this  matter  and  trample  it  to  pieces  amidst  noisy  denion- 
tstrations." 

Their  dead  are  washed,  and  dressed   in  a   fr<'sh  suit; 
frii'uds  then  assemble  to  e\[)ress  their  regard  and  sorro\s- 


)y  l)urnin,i;'  copa 


1  and 


)eriornun'j,'  a  wilu  dance  rouut 


d  tl 


('ori)se,  w 


hich  is  buried  with  all   its  belonviimi^ 


as  wt 


11 


as  fo!)d  I'or  sustenance  on  the  loni:'  journey.     The  lt/a> 


inhaJiitim:  the  islamls  in  the  lake  I'eten. 


are  san 


Itol 


ia\e 


thrown  theii'  dead  into  the  lake,  i'or  want  of  room. 


The  charac^ter  of  the  Guatemalans  exhibits  a  nunibei- 


oi  excel ic 


nt  traits.     They  luue   alwa\: 


'I'U  a  Livntl 


•■^  At  Mas,i\ 


Till'  (ItMtii-r.iti 


Ji>,!/h-s  ir>'l< 


r,    vol.    II 


1).  HI. 


.\llr  ( 


nniouL,'  cliililrni   i 


t-.l 


IC     (XCCSSIVC 


llird 


■r   lii  r  l-';iinili'     li:.ll'  ii   (in  :iiHsi  r^t 


iiiii'fsiuiilcs  .\iiss(liiii   mill  ii.iiiii  ntlich  ilir   Kii 


nil  r.  iiii  ( '< 


liiaurr.     liattiii    tlicki>,    iiiif''isi'li\V(illi-iic     l>:iu('lic, 


'iii'lcrdii'ien,  jip.  I'.U.  ll 


-I;   Mnrihl,    1 '..//.(.;. .  tl 


ill  Ml  irh  lUhl 
1  I'V  \ilcca-riiiils. 
in.  ii.-'lip.  10'.)   10, 


r'»-/. 


.{'!■<  Aim  i-'iht.  tuiu.  i  ,  yyi 


III.  ]).  .'UN;  l'iii/(ll.  /i'i'/i/"i(/,  ill  .1/ 


;{i.".  r,;  //w.sm/.  .1/. 


'/.'.(/. 


Mi 


Kir,  ill  L'liiil.  '/ill./, 
.  li)-li.' 

n:.  I  ,r„ 


,1.. 


Vol.  xi. 


1' 


111;  .S''/,i 


I  .i.lrnk 

I'l' 


...  4;»; 
:iii-j.  iiris; 


I  r,  /'/'    Imli'iiii  r  i.'iiii 


inifiiii,  1111 


I'J  Sr'r 


ii,,  [t.  UK;    i'J'Ad,  .Uuti'^'.'.c,  i>.  iuS. 


fslliii-'iiytn,  pp.   11-12;  .U'nhl,    Vi'j'i'j'',   toiu. 


710 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AlIEUKA. 


I'iico,  and  easily  led  l)v  k'mdnoss.  hut  coiitiii'ics  of  oppres- 
sion liave  thrown  omt  thoiu  a  timid,  hioodin^'  spirit, 
I'ar  from  warlike,  they  have  ne\-ertheless  pioved  Iheni- 


■;elves  ellieient  soldiers  durinn'  the  late  ci\  il  war: 


Tl 


leir 


lionesty  and  laithlulness  to  a  trnst  or  enpauenient  is  uni- 
versally admitted,  and  e\-ei-y  traveler  heai's  witni'ss  to 
their  hospitality  and  ohliiiing  disposition.  Although 
taciturn  hel'ore  stranucrs.  whom  the\-  natui'alK'  distrust, 


thi'v  are  uiute  voluhie  and   merrv  amouL:   thenisel\t's 

•  1  »/  ' 


('s[)e(;ia 


llv  tl 


le  women: 


th 


•tl 


leu-  nurtn,  nowcNcr,  wan 


ts  th 


rini;'  of  true  ha[)[)iness.  Looking  at  the  darker  side, 
it  is  found  that  drunkeiniess  stands  j)re"niinent.  and 
if  the  native  is  not  oftener  drunk,  it  is  heeause  the 
means  for  carousing  are  wanting.  Surrounded  hy  a 
hountifid  nature,  he  is  naturally  la/y  and  improvident, 
whole  days  hcing  passed  in  dreamy  inaction,  without  a 
symptom  of  ennui,  lie  is  ohstinate,  and  clings  to  ani;ient 
customs,  yet  he  will  not  dispute  with  you.  hut  tacitly 
l"orms  his  own  o[)inion.  Taught  to  he  humhle.  he  does 
not  possess  nmch  manliness,  hiis  a  certain  cunning,  will 
v.i'cp  at  tritles.  and  is  a[)t  to  he  vindictive,  especially  it' 


h 


us  ^lealousy   is  iu'oi 


ised.      The  hiuhlanders  form  an  e\- 


ce[)tion  to  tlu'se  general  characteristic's  in  main  ic.-pecrts. 
The  purer  air  of  the  mountain  has  infusi-d  in  them  a 
certain  inde[)en(lent  energy,  and  industrw  .\or  are  the 
women  to  l»e  classed  as  la/y,  for  theii"  })osition  is  rather 
that  of  slaves  than  of  wives,  yet  they  nvv  \i\acious  and 
not  devoid  of  coipietry.  hut  of  undis[)utctl  modest  v. 
Afany  of  the  remoti'r  trihes  are  hrave.  and  the  Manchi's, 
for  instance,  ht'hasi'd  lately  in  so  spirited  a  manner  as 
to    compel    the  governnu-nt  to  treat    with    them 


Tl 


le 


It/as  ai'e  said  to  ha,\e  heen  warlike  and  ryuv\.  hut  tlu'ir 
neiiihhors   the  Lacandones  are  not  so   lei'ociou 


s  as  siu)- 


.1' 
})osed.     The  (^)uich('s  hear  a -high  character  for  iudus- 

Uy,  and    intelligence,  while  those  of  KaMnal   excel   in 

truthfidness.    honesty,   and    morality.      The   \'era    Paz 

trihes  are    less    active    and    industrious  tliiui    those    of 

the    plateau;    this    aj»plies    es[)ecially    to    the    eastern 

nations    who    are  also    more   stupid  than   the  western. 


THE  MOSCiUITOS. 


rii 


Tlio  Siilviiilor  ])(M)j)li'  iiiv  uoti'd  ior  tlu'ii'  i)]il(';:in;itic 
ti'iu[)t'niim'iit.  Mini  the  pi'ovokcnl  straiiLicr  \\li<»  sci'ks 
to  liiii'i'v  them,  is  lucrclv  liiii^iuMl  at:  otliciwisc  they, 
us  \v«'ll  MS  the  N'u'MrMuiiMiis.  Mi'i'  moi'i'  docile  Mini  imlus- 
ti'ioiis  tliMii  liic  ( iiiMlciuaJMiis.  Idit  iilso  iiioi'c  Mi|ii'i'stitioiis. 
S'luT/cr  thinks  that  tlicv  liave  all  the  iiicrnialiou  t'or 
becMJiiiin,::  rohhcrs.  I)iit  wMiit  the  oiuTj^y.  The  A/trc  reiii- 
iiauts  ill  .\i('arti,t:iiM  mtc  particiilai'ly  patient  and  tlirilty. 
hilt  exti'i'inely  shy  and  hroodint:'.  The  ('hontales.  on 
the  other  hand,  are  said  to  ha\e  been  a  sa\a;;c  and  de- 
haseil  race,  whil  *he  Choliitecs  were  l)ra\e  ami  cruel 
l)iit  suhject  to  petticoat  I'nle.  Opinions  concerning:' the 
iiitelli.Lience  ol'  the  nati\'es  and  their  ])rospcct  ot"  ad- 
vancement are  varied,  soiiu' ailinniiii:' that  they  are  dull 
and  spiritless.  iiica[)ahle  of  inakini:'  any  pro,L:i'ess.  while 
others  assign  tlu'ni  u  hii:'h  charactei'  and  intelli^Lii'iice, 
uhich.  i)ro[)erl}-  dirocteil,  would  gise  them  a  [nomiiient 
position.-" 


The   ^^()S(aIT'•>.   the  second  division  of  the    Central 


At 


iiencan  jiTonj).    are 


at  tl 


le  present   day  composed  in 


part  ol"  an  incoiii.;rnoiis  mixture  ol'  Carih  colonists  and 
nepii'o  im[)oi'tations.  and  in  part  of  a  piirenati\('  element. 
Owinii  to  tlu'  independent  si)irit  of  the  tribes  aloim'  the 
central  chain  of  mountains,  which  siicces>l"iill\-  resisted 


2"  '  Ti:i  somin(i  lies  ])(  iiics  (St  (lone  liiniti'o  coiniiu'  rtWr  dcs  jduissanccs;  ils 
111' i'rs-<(Ul(  111  iii  bs  mil  s  ni  1>'S  uiitri-;  avrc  licaucimii  dc  vivaciti'.'  M^rihl, 
\'ni/,i.i'\  t.Hu.  i.,  pp.  -J  io  7,  I'.ti;,  tiiiii.  ii.,  pp.  in|,  i:!:!.  \'M,  •iim,  2o:!. 
'  Wlicn  arniiscil,  liowcvi  ]■.  tii^'V  arc  liiTrc,  enicl,  aliil  iiiiplacaliliv  .  .  .slnvwil 
.  .  .  .ci'iu'4iii'4  si-rvilit  y  aiiil  Iav  <'umiiii.L;.  .  .  .I'Xti'cuii'  traclialiliii;  ss.'  (  ii'ii;'>t 
(''■lit.  Aiii' r..  pp.  \l'.i.  ■  .\Ii  laiiclinly  ...silent  .  .  .piisillaiiiiunu-,  .,  timid.' 
I)iii>ii's  lin'il-  iii'ilii.  p.  'JTs.  •  Iinp(rturl)aliility  of  tliv  Xcjrtli  Aim  i  ic  iii  Indian, 
li;it  arc  a  j^iiitliT  and  less  w.irliki,'  raci'.'  Fouh's  I'ml.  Ani'i-..  pp.  |i>l  --). 
Xifara,L;uatis  •  arr  siiiLtiilifly  dnrili'aihl  industrious  .  ..  imt  waililu  lull  I'lMVc' 
S'/iilrr's  Xic'ira  iii'(,  p.  'JUS.  1' u' I'lirllur  ivfcrciicc!  coiKaTiiinL!  tliisc  piopKi 
s.'i'  S'j'iirr's  ('flit.  Aiii'i'..  \i.  'I'hi:  llnlnir,  Xirnrdiinn.  ji]).  7'.i  s|;  .linifrns' 
nut.  h'liiit.,  lip.  l'.i7-S;  /i'r  '//,  Xi'iirii'inn.  pp.  Id!),  ll'ill:  I'lii/ill.  L'ti/i/rirt.  in 
Aiii'iriiiiic  I  '  nlr'ili .  pp.  7il,  l:i.")  il;  'I"  h'iiil.  in  /</..  jip.  l-p7  S;  I'n.^si  i/,  Mixii/ih^ 
ji.  171:  lliii/!i''s  U'rh'.  v.il.  i.,  pri'f,,  ji.  xiv.,  and  p.  7");  i/i'ii's  .\- n-  Sumi/, 
li]i.  ;ni-l-2'.  :):!:!:  I'nln!.^,  M..fU,iii;  y\i.  -Jtis-i), -277, 'iss.  2'.i;),  ■!:{ ';  Dnllfus  (w^l 
)f<itd->i  i-i-iil.  \''ii/.  !•'■■, ilii'/iijiir,  pp.  -17-'.),  I)'.);  Orii'ili),  ll'ist.  (nil.,  tola,  iv.,  p.  li-l; 
llrrrrn.  Ilisl.  'ini .,  dec.  iii.,  lib.  iv.,  cap.  vii.;  Sfir  r:i  r,  W'lmli  niinii'ii,  m>. 
.')  i,  (11.  l--)"),  |iil--):  l>iiiihiji'.'i  Ciiil.  Aimr.,  \t\).  ■211,  :!:i7 -S.  The  Lacaiiilums 
are  very  lacouie,  sober,  tciupurato  and  striet.  I'onklH,  ini'id.  Fitriiitr,}\uv. 
7,  1S«2. 


712 


WILD  TUrnES  OF  CENTIl.VL  AMKIilCA. 


till'  atti'inpts  ol"  SiKiiiiiirds  to  ju'iictriiti'  the  territory,  iiiul 
to  tln'  iinliciiltliy  cliiiiiitc  ol' tin-  coast,  this  coiiiitry.  uitli 
tiic  ('xci'ptioii  ol'  tilt'  iiortlii'i'ii  |)!irt  ol"  iJoiKliiriis.  lias  as 
yvt  I'scapcd  siilijcctioii  to  the  wliilc  rai-c.  Tlii'  coiiiitiT. 
iisiik'  Iroiii  tilt.'  sca-sliorc.  jiosscsscs  many  attractivi; 
i'l'atiircs.  The  transverse  ranges,  radiatiiiu'  fioiii  the 
l)i'iiiei]tal  <'liain,  Ibriii  a  .series  of  terniees  \vhicli  i^raijiially 
lessen  in  elevation,  until  they  disappear  in  a  low  eoast 
re,uioii.  rn'tween  thein  inniiiiieraMe  rivers,  led  hy  the 
moisture-laden  sea-winds,  now  nishiiii:  hoisteroiisly  from 
lieavilv  wcxhUmI  heii-hts.  now  shiuuishK'  weiidiiii:'  their 
^vay  tlirou;^h  luxuriant  prairie-land.  How  Ihrouj^li  a  rej:ion 
of  most  pU'asini;'  variety,  and  at  last  empty  into  vast 
lagoons  horderiiiLi'  the  ocean.  The  ahori'/ines  still  form 
the  greater  part  ol"  the  po[>ulation.  and  are  composed  of 
a  larp.e  numher  of  trihes  which,  while  practicini:  ajiri- 
cultnre  to  a  limited  extent,  siihsist  chielly  on  natural 
fruits  and  on  the  [)rodu(,'ts  of  the  chase.  Ilxceptin,::  the 
small  trihes  of  the  I'astern  Mosiiuito  country-,  Mr  Scpiier, 
who  has  ,t:i\en  much  ])atient  research  to  their  lan- 
^uatics,  includes  the  natives  of  this  sul)-di\  ision  amon""' 
the  Lenca  i'amily,  at  the  head  of  which  stand  the  (t'lui- 
jlqtteros  in  western  lloiuluras,  e.-ssentially  an  a,^ricultural 
peo[)le.  lO.ist  of  these  are  the  Aicikjiks.  and  I'oijdx, 
names  j:iven  to  a  collection  of  closely  related  trihes, 
some  of  which  have  heen.  hroULiht  under  the  suhjugat- 


iiiu'  nnluences 


of  tl 


le  missionarx' 


itl 


itiiers.  wiuie  otiier.s 


^till  k 


tl 


\eei)  tlieir  ancle 


nt  cu-'toms  intact.     The  .s' 


I'fd^  on 


I)lack    Iviver  are   iiuluded     )V   .some  writers  with    the 


J 


oyas. 


outli  and  we-t  o'"  these  are  the  J/os''os.  and  in 


the  western  part  of  the  .M()s(iuito  coast,  the  Waithnis^ 
who  still  cherish  a  tradition  of  their  emijzration  from 
the  north-west.  Kast  of  the  latter  live  the  '/o//-/v/s  and 
Cook !'((!<.  who  extend  to  IMewlields.  and  siieak  dialects 
varyiii;^'  little  from  the  W'oolwa  tonuiie.  hut  stand  lower 
in  the  scale  of  humanity.  I>ell  states  that  the  Towka.s 
are  merely  a  hranch  of  the  Suioox.  w  ho  haw  mau\-  points 
in  ('ommon  with  the  I'oyas,  tliou;zh  dilferinji'  from  them 
in  laniiuaiie.      Anioim'  other  ahoriuines   ma\'   he  men- 


MOSQUITO  NATIONS. 


718 


tloiU'd   tllO    Alhiihi'iiiii!^,     Tiilinii!*,   I'liiiiin/i  Ids,  Jiii'ii.-i,    T'lOft, 
(iiinltiK.  Ilvlis,  Mi)lih'tin,  anil  tlic  liiintii.>  oil  tin-  iUculiclds 


lii'ioori;    (»!'   soWTiil    otiici's    tlit>    iiaiiU's  ;i 


re 


itlii'i'    lost 


oi'  iiiiknowii.  I'ollnwiui:'  the  coast  soiitliwiiid  we  iiirct 
tliu  Ci/rilis,  ii  .sti'oiin'.  liardv.  I)iit  cnnU'  i-acc  at  [iri'st'iit, 
of  varied  iK'.Lii'o  adiiiixtiirc.  chicllv  descrinl('(i  IVoiii  the 
tiii'ludrut  iiati\cs  of  Sail  NiccMtc  island,  wlioiii  the  lln::- 
lish  transporti'il  in  IT'."!  to  the  island  of  Uoataii.  wlK'nco 
tlicy  were  liroiiiiht  over  to  Honduras.  Tlio  (\iiil)s.  who 
liavt'  within  a  lew  drcadi's  spri-ad  from  a  small  colony 
over  the  whole  northern  coast.  driviiiLiother  nations  into 


th 


10  inti'i'ior  and  southward,  appear  to  ne  siipcrsediiii;" 
tii(^  alM)rii:ines,  now  last  disappeariiii;'  under  the  anni- 
liilatinii'  ell'ect  of  drink  and  disease.  South  ol'  the 
Oarihs  round  caiie    (iracias  i'l    hios  are  the  Si/m/i 


Mn 


los.  or 


<liiit()^  pro[)er.  said  to  ha\'e  spriiiiL:'  h'oin  the  union  ol 
na,ti\'e  woiiii'ii  with  neuro  slaves  wreekeil  on  the  coast 
diirini;'  the  se\-enteenth  century.  Owin,:.;'  to  their  jz'eo- 
«irai)hical  [lositioii  they  wi-re  hroii^ht  in  contact  with  th(} 
buccaneers,  and  placed  in  a  position  to  .uiain  ascendancy 
o\er  other  trihes  IVoiii   the   ToNas  southward,  hut  werii 


at  tl 


le   sal 


lie    time  inoculated    with   the  deiiradinij,'  victvs 


ai 


id  ilisorders  which 


are  now  so  ra[ndly  hriirjin,: 


DO 


lit 


their  extinction,  lllated  hy  their  position  as  masters  of 
the  coast,  they  assumed  the  proud  title  of  ll'/.7//^/s.  or 
iii"n.  in  which  conceit  they  have  heeii  imitated  \)\  tho 
siilijecteil  trihes.  which  af(>  liradually  ado[itiii^  the  ."^amho 
tonji'iie.  Adiaceiit  to  tlu'in  are  the  T'lnn'jIiiSy  ii  not  very 
nniiierons  oilshout  of  Smoos  and  Sanihu? 


21 


21  Tho  iiiiiui'  iliisquito  is  j,'iii(  r;illy  supposid  to  hi  vo  urisi  ii  finin  tlio 
nuuici-oiiM  iiiiim|iiit.i  iiis.'cts  tl)  lir  fipiiiiil  ill  tilt'  CDiiuiiy;  otlr  rs  tliiiik  that  tlio 
siliiiU  isl  iiid-i  ort'  tlif  cii  ists,  '•  wliji'li  lie  as  tliick  as  iiii)si|iiiti>is."  may  iiavo 
caused  till'  u|iiiillatioii;  while  a  tiiiid  niiiiiidii  is  that  the  name  isa  e.MiMi>ti'iii 
of  nil  uhiiri^iiial  term,  ami  to  siili^tantiate  this  ojiiiiiiiii  it  is  sai.l  liiat  liiu 
iiuHvi's  u  ill  tlieiii-ielves  distinctly  Msskitos.  .1/ is7''/',,;,n,,/.  I!<r'i-lil.  \i\>.  IM, 
1S)-2I.  i'lie  Caril)  name  is  [iroiioiiiieed  ••  Kh  iiilieis  "  on  tie- c  i.ist.  .!/(.•- 
(/A- /o/''s  /'/•'(//•.•.•>■<)/'  .l,;).;,'i(vt,  vol.  i..  ])|).  770.  77").  '11  exi^ti'  (le/  eiix  di  S 
liiiiLjiies  tres  dift''i'eiites,  ft  nous  avous  I'einariiui'  i[u'm  eeiit  lieiies  de  distaneo 

ii;!    ll'J    S.'    comprellllelit    Jlliis    les    uus  les    ailtres.'     Viriili'l'l-n,    I'r  III.  I'd//,  il'i 

yl'irc(./>  IV-;/)  (ee.'.  ().  K).  See  further;  .s7'/i(r.s  .Vf'ii-'Oi'"',  p.  III!;  .S'/'u'' /''.s 
Xii'.imina,  vol.  ii.,  p.  .'iOS:  lil..  ('•■id.  Aiii"r..  pp. -JIL-JII  7,  -rflU;  lialnii\ 
yi  ■antii'iii.  ]).  77;  .Tun- rut'  IIUI.  (tiuil..  p.  ;U<i;  li'it'iinln.  in  /..ee/.  ii,;,n.  .^■■<\, 
Joai'.,  vol.  lii.,  p.  2'M;  /■'  ',  iu  Id.,  vol.  \\.\.ii,,  pp.  :ijS-'J;  lixid's  W'dLiui, 


U 


'■     i 


711 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CEXTRA.L  AMEllICA. 


Iv!U!i^-inixtiires  in  certain  lociilites  have  almost  ()l)lit- 
eratod  aboriginal  types,  which  are  [)ortra\x'il  asol'inediiim 
stature,  regular  ibnn,  and  varying  in  color  IVoni  light 
hrown  to  dark  coppery.  The  peo[)le  about  cape  (iracia.s 
i'l  Diosare  represented  by  the  first  voNagers  to  have;  been 
nearly  as  dark  as  negroes.  The  lace  is  rather  Hat  and 
oval,  the  head  smaller  tiian  among  Europeans;  forehead 
liigh  and  cheek-bones  not  very  prominent;  hair  long, 
straight,  (ioarse,  and  black;  beard  scanty;  nose  very 
small,  thin,  and  usually  afpiiline  among  tlie  coast  peo 
j)le.  but  larger  and  broader  toward  the  interior.  The 
iris  of  the  eve  is  u,enerallv  bhick.  l)ut  oi'ten  verues 
toward  brown;  mouth  broad,  with  thin  lips  and  regular 
teeth.  The  women  present  a  full  bust  and  alxlomen; 
they  are  called  pretty,  but  early  mari-iages  soon  make 
them  old.  It  is  suspected  that  iuiant  nun-der  has 
something  to  do  with  the  rarity  of  deformed  })eople. 
The  Towkas  and  llamas  present  the  fniest  pure-blooded 
tv[)e.  the  former  being  very  fair,  while  the  latter  are 
large,  athletic,  and  stern-looking.  'I'he  Poyas  are  cop- 
per-colored, short,  but  nnisculai',  broad-faced,  with  largo 
forehead,  bent  nose,  and  small,  mild  eyes.  The  Toon- 
glas  are  duskier;  the  Smoos  a[)|)roach  the  I'air  Towkas 
in  hue.  though  they  have  a  ilatter  head,  .iccompanied 
by  a  stolid  look.  The  darkest  of  all  aie  the  W'oolwas, 
whose   color   seems   a   mixture    of  vellow   ochre    and 


Indi 


I    ui 


k.    r 


roceedni 


li 


to    Honduras,    we    mt'et    the 


Caribs.  whose  varied  admixture  ol'  negi'o  blood  sep- 
arates them  into  yellow  and  black  Caribs.  The  ibrmer 
are  distinguished  by  a  somewhat  ruddy  hue.  with  a 
hooked  nose;  while  his  duskier  brother  is  talK'r.  hardier, 
and  longer-lived;  with  a  nose  inclining  to  atpiiline. 
Children  are  prettier  as  they  ap[)roach  the  negro  type. 
The  hair  varies  in  curl  and  gloss  acciording  to  piu'ity 
of  blood.  The  Mos(|uitos  proper  are  moi'<^  uniform  in 
a[)pearaucej    and    buccaneers    have    no    doubt    assisted 


V 


12:1.    201 --2. 
I'P- 


Wijiiifii^i.  (U'liij.  '(.  Slut.,  ]) 


!|: 


:n.l.  :U7  .",();  //, 


(/";'s' Ill's  Ifithlnr'is.  p.  -Jlfl;   li  ii/lr's  Hide,  vol.  i.,  p|).  xii-xiii.,  2iJJ,  2S7;  iiluLrs, 
MUldaiiui-iLa,  i>i>.  iTJ-60,  287-8. 


MOSQUITO  PHYSIQUE  AND  DRESS. 


ri5 


ill  l)ringin;;'  out  iiumy  of  the  characteristics  tliat  have 
obtaiiUMl  Ibr  lh(!  Sambo  race  the  leadiiiii  p(;sition  on 
the  coast.  'I'licy  are  all  well-l)iiilt,  raw-boned,  nimble, 
and  of  a  dull,  ilark,  co[)i)er  color.  The  lace  is  o\al.  with 
a  coai'se.  lustful  e\[)ression.  the  hair  rou,!:h.  wa\  \ .  and 
black.  e\('s  !)riLiht  and  remarkablv  stroni: :  women  i)rett\', 
Avith  lariie  e\es.  an<l  small  feet  and  ankles." 

A  [)iece  of  cloth  fastened  at  the  waist  in  a  twist  or  by 
a  cord,  and  I'eaching  to  the  knee,  constitutes  the  native 
male  costume  in  these  parts,  that  of  the  women  bcin,:^ 
somewhat  shorter.  This  cloth  is  either  of  cotton,  some- 
times woven  with  down,  or  of  fibres  IVom  the  inner  bark 
of  the  caoutchouc  tree,  beaten  on  stones  till  they  become 
soft,  and  is  often  lar^e  enough  to  serve  for  a  coxfrini:'  at 
nijiht.  Some  are  ([uite  fanciful  in  coloi'and  dcsij^n.  and 
formerly  tliey  were  painted.  Those  ol  tlie  \\'oolwi'.s  ar(^ 
usually  si.v  ieet  loni:'  by  thi'ee  broad,  strijied  blue  and 
yellow:  tlu-y  arepas.sed  between  the  legs  and  fastened  at 
the  waist  by  a  thonji'.  The  Xica([nes,  on  the  contrary, 
wear  the  cloth  sera[)e- fashion,  by  passinu,'  the  head 
thi'oirjih  a  slit  in  the  centre,  and  tviu'-'  the  folds  round 
the  waist.  I'^ncu  this  scanty  covering  is  ol'ten  reduced 
to  the  smallest  api'on.  and  is  dispensed  Avith  altoLietlu  r 
in   some   j)arts,    for    modei'u   travelers  speak  of  nati\es 


in   a  naked 


■^tate 


W 


omen    occasionall\-  wear  a    smal 


s(|uare  clotli.  having  an  o[)ening  ibr  tbe  head,  one  [»ai't 
of  which  covers  the  breast  the  other  tlii'  i>ack.  In 
some    parts   chiefs    aie  distinguished    by  a  cotton  cap, 


2-'T)io  l),i(kMikiio{'li.'"  tvcton  nidit,  «!■■  I'i'i  aiulcrii  aiiifiikimisiliin 
Stiiiuiiirii,  aiillMliiiM  licivor.  .  .starke  ( )liiTliii)'.'.'  .l/-i.s/y/i/7'././/'i/,  liiiilJ.  |i|i. 
l:U  (1.  .')'.l.  7(1,  I'.l.  ('(lusiilt  itls<i:  Siiiin.'s  (•,,,/.  .!„,./■.,  pp.  TAK  •S>\.  '<■>':  n; 
If'tss'i.  M:.f.  d'lii..  in).  ;i'vS-'.l;  /•'/■i,'/»/.  ,l.s  AiH-ril.'i,  toiii.  i..  \>\i.  il'.iT  S; 
\'iiriili'i'ii  II,  I'liiii.  \'''i/.  ilr  Aiif  riiiii  I'l'.-//""),  pp.  lO-l.  'I'll!'  ]'U\-f  l.vpi'  Ikih 
'  srli'irliti'.  i^ril'.i,  vi\  si'liw.ir/.i' llaiir  mill  I'l'iiiriv  Lipprii.'  Sir.r-i,  Miiiiliiiin  ril.u, 
])]).  7!.  177.  is.i.  ■is7  s;    y,,ii„.fs  X'lrniliir,  pp.  •^c.  'js  '.(,  72,  7"i,  !'■>.  s->.  ,s7, 

rr'iil'i's   IliJ.     r..//..   p.  2^(1:    //■//.   ill    /',•'/</.   '•■"■J.  Snr,,    ./.,</,■.,    veil,   xwii., 

pi..  2'ii'.-'.l;  /''■//(  'M  /  Srnniiiii'a  .t>'>iriii(i^,  ii|>.  'lis.  :i.i.'i.  |n:t:  ('■>h>ii.  //('.-'.  Mm!- 
rtnt'\  in  llii-'i'i.  /r<.vAi/';  ( /-(/■(s,  tiiMi.  i,.  p.  |iil;  ll'inl's  Wo'il,  mi.  )i)>.  IJ7.'i'.lS, 
;U7;  Slrnii'iiiriii/^'  MiS'i'i'iln  Sh'HV.  p.  ;!'J!».  'I'll.- iiiitivcs  uf  Cuiii  isl.nnl  .'in  'nf 
a  (lark  ('')]ip('r-cii!()iii',  hhirlv  ilair,  full  ruiuiil  I'lici's,  wiiiU  hl.iik  I'lyi's,  ilnji- 
Eyi'-lirow-;  U:iii.;iii.;  ovir  tiiiii'  l\V(,'s,  lnw  Fnrihr.i  Is,  slimi  tiiii''<  N  .scs.  imt 
LiV'li.  liiit  tlitii^d;  full  Lips,  mid  short  (.'hiiiM.'  JJaiini'C'''ti  rt'///iys,  vol.  i., 
pp.  31-2,  7-S. 


riG 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


and  a  long  si  'ovelesH  r()l)o.  open  in  fi   iit  and  often  nicely 


ornamen 


ted 


in 


oth 


ler  places  men 


of 


ik 


raniv  uear 


turl 


)aiis 


decorate('  witli  plumes  .and  feathers,  and  dress  in  skins 
of  eagles,  tillers,  and  other  animals:  tiiese  are  also  used 
by  the  common  peoi)le  on  festive  occasions.  The  Smoos" 
liead-dress  is  especially  pretty,  with  its  (.'iiihroidery  and 
feather-work.  Ordinarily  the  lonu'  loose  hair  is  deemed 
.'^ullicieiit  to  protect  the  head,  and  is  kept  sleek  and  shin- 
ing l)y  ])alm-oil.  which  they  .say  furthers  its  growth. 
The  women  have  longer  hair  tlian  the  men,  and  often 
dress  it  in  rinulets.  seldom  in  a  knot  or  wreath.     Tli(> 


l)eo[ 


le  of 


rtl 


nortUern 


Hond 


uras  wear 


a  lock  hanuiiii:  over 


the  forehead;  some  highland  chieftains,  on  the  contrary, 
;^Iiiive  the  front  of  the  head,  but  allow  the  back  hair  to 
grow  long,  while  the  Toyas  part  theirs  in  the  middle. 
kee[)ing  it  in  position  with  a  band.  That  of  the  religicjus 
men  reaches  to  the  waist,  and  generally  falls  in  braids 
])ehind.  In  nn>urning,  both  sides  of  the  liead  are  shaved, 
a  bushy  conii)  being  left  along  the  middle.  I'or- 
merly  all  hiiir  except  that  on  the  head,  even  eyelirows 
and  lashes,  was  pulled  out,  because  it  was  thought  fit  lor 
animals  oidy  to  have  hair  on  the  body.  All  go  liare- 
iooted,  and  it  is  onl}'  where  the  native  has  to  traMl 
ox'er  a  rough  roa.l  that  he  puts  on  )i/jiiiri'f/(if.'<,  or  sandals 

lasteiied   bv  thonii's 


f)f  bark. 


wood,  or  skin,  w 


hicl 


I  are 


round  the  foot.  W  hatevr  is  wanting  in  actual  dress. 
however,  is  made  up  by  ])aint  and  ornaments,  of  which 
both  sexes  are  eipially  ibnd.  The  face  and  ujiiu'r  part 
of  the  1)ody  are  either  unifoi'nily  dauix'd  oxcror  tattooeil 
with  rays,  i'ancirul  lines,  and  designs  representing  animals 
and  the  like,  chielly  in  red  and  hlark.  Taste  is  not 
wanting  in  this  ailormnent.  for  the  tint  is  often  delicate, 
and  the  black  circles  round  the  eyrs  indicate  that  they 
nnderstand  elVect.  increasing  as  they  do  the  lustre  of  tiu' 
orbs.  Msiiueinelin  states  that  when  \isitov'^  were  ex- 
])ected,  the  men  combed  the  hair,  and  smeared  the  face 
with  an  ointment  of  oil  and  black  powder,  the  women 
using  a  red  ailmixture.  Tattooing  ligures  on  the  hody 
l)y  cauterization,  as  seen  I)}'  Coliimhus  on  the  Mostpiito 


MOSQUITO  HEAD-FL.VTTEN'IXG.  717 

Coast,  is  .still  practiced  in  certain  ]iarts  of  the  interior. 
A horiuinal  M()S(|uitos  also  iierforated  eai's.  lips,  and 
cheeks,  to  liold  pendants  of  fisli-))ones  and  ,u;reen  stones; 
the  holes  in  the  ears  being  as  Itirge  as  eggs.  The  natives  of 
Corn  island  not  only  carried  large  pieces  of  wood  in  the 
ears,  but  gradually  eidarged  the  hole  in  the  lower  lip; 
at  filU'en  years  of  aiic  the  wood  was  removed  and  a  tor- 
toise-shell  inserted.  Women  woiv  a  tiiiht  bandaue  round 
the  ankle  to  increase  the  size  of  their  calves.  Strings 
of  tastefully  ai'ranged  beads,  bones,  shells,  and  stones, 
and  gaily  colored  bandages,  were  worn  round  the  neck 
and  wrist;  the  women  adorning  the  legs  iuid  aid\les  in 
a  similar  manner,  and  also  using  fi'athers  and  (lowers. 
Certain  interior  tribes,  as  the  Smoos.  esteem  ii  round 
forehead  as  a  reproach,  and  hence  the  head  is  llattened, 
the  elVect  of  which  woidd  be  more  noticeable,  were  it 
not  for  the  thick  bushy  hair.  This  head-llattening 
fashion  hei-e  ap])ears  lor  the  first  time  since  we  left  the 
Columl)ian  grou[);  we  shall  see  it  once  again  lurther 
south,  and  that  is  all.  The  process  here  is  essentially 
similar  to  that  of  tlie  C\)lumbians.  AVhen  the  infant  is 
a  month  old.  it  is  tied  to  a  ])oard.  and  a  flat  ])iece  of 
wood,  kept  fu'm  by  bands,  is  })laced  upon  the  forehead. 
The  child  remains  in  this  painful  j)osition  for  several 
iiioDihs,  the  pressure  increasing  as  the  head  grows.-' 

Tuvns  there  are  none,  except  in  certain  parts;  seldom 
•■(•  b")t'e  than  four  or  five  houses  stand  in  a  group;  the 
ioi  tbtv  being  ;'hang<'d  at  intervals  for  sanitai'y  or  super- 
■<tiii  >:  >  ['urposes.      A  few  upright  posts  pliuiteil   in  par- 


allel 


lines,  or  ni  a,  cncle.  i 


uid 


occasionalh'   iiiterwo\'en 


with  cane  or  leaves,  support  what  may  l)e  called  the  hut 


2:i  //i, •/'.)•((.  Hist,  (lid.,  (Ice.  iv.,  lil).  i.,  c;\\i.  vi..  lib.  viii.,  mi),  iii.,  v.;  l\s- 
(jneiiiiTui,  Xii  -llnimrn,  jip.  loH-l;  Si/nir,  in  Iliirjiir'.-i  l/'.'/-.  vul.  xix.,  ]>.  fUl; 
Jit.,  ill  .\iiiiri!lis  .\iiiiiilis  iti>i\'ni/..  lMr)S,  tdiii.  fix.,  p.  l:U;  M'irliii'.-<  lint.  Col., 
V(.!.  ii.,  i>.  II-.';  rhti  ami  Nu'/zKni/t's  Duttiwi.-^,  pp.  -Jls-:)!!;  -Jsd,  liuM,  Jd.'i, 
415:  .M'lr'iri'iinr's  I'rmirrss  ni'  Ainrr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  77'J;  Itmnjiii r's  \'iii/iiii)'s.  vol. 
).,  p|i.  11.  :!J:  /;./n/'s'  n'nU.iiii.  pj).  127,  2r,'.i-G,  -Jim;  Mnsijinlnliinil.  JinU-l,!.  jij). 
I't>-17,  l:til-7;  IMt.  in  Lunil.  (iiuij.  Sm-.,  .hmr.,  vol.  \xxii.,  jii). 'jr)tU(;ii; 
LoHHii's  ynrniltri ,  \)ii.  IJ,  2(1,  'J'J,  It-',  7'2,  77.  >^.'t,  122,  i:!'!.  '  Alcuiii  vsntii) 
fovtc  ciuiiiciniili'  <'oiii"i|iicn('.  clio  vsiiimo  iidi,  Iuiil'Iu'  siiio  iil  lulico,  (>  siii/,i 
jimnchi'.  l'(irtiiiii)  li'  linici'ia,  c  il  coipo  Inuoviili  ili  lauoii  uiuitSL'Li,  futti  cul 
fuoc'o.'  i'lAoinljo,  Ui-it.  i/i./  Aininiruijlh,  pp.  -lUU-fi. 


718 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTKAL  AMERICA. 


proper.  mIiIcIi  is  a  sharply  slopinir.  wcll-tliiiteiiod  palm- 
k'al"  roof  with  projoctiii;^'  eaws,  roachiii":;  to  within  tinve 
or  Tour  i'ec't  oi"  tho  tiroiiiul.  Thci'o  is  usually  hut  oui> 
apai'tuuMjt,  the  tloor  of  Avhich  is  often  coated  with  clay, 
and  niiscd  a  little  to  avoid  dampness.  In  the  center  is 
the  fireplace,  surr(jnnde(l  hy  household  wai'e  and  cack- 
lini:'  hens,  and  all  round  may  ))e  seen  luuinnocks  and  nets 
susi)ende(l  from  the  ))!Viuboo  rafters.  Some  sleep  on  a 
irame-work  of  hamhoo  ;)laced  upon  posts.  ^rhehettei-Cii>^s 
of  houses  con;  iii  partition?  for  the  several  families  occu- 
pying'it.  and  SI  .  field -i  enclosed  hy  stalk  fences.  A 
village  with  main  le  interior  trii)es  consists  of  oiu'  lai'iie 
huildint:'.  often  one  liundred  feet  lon<i'  hv  thirtv  feet  wide. 
The  front  and  end  of  tin  se  structures  are  open.  i)ut  the 
hack  is  partitioned  olf  iiito  small  cU)sets  with  the  hark  of 
the  cal)ha^i:e-[)ahns.  each  serving  as  a  l)eilroom  for  a  mar- 
ried couple,  or  for  unmarried  women.  A  ])latform  inune- 
diately  under  the  roof  is  used  as  a  8leepin,<i-i»lace  for  the 
hoys,  and  an  apartment  at  the  end  of  the  hut  is  set  ajiart 
for  women  about  to  he  confined.  Some  of  the  (iuaji(|ue- 
ro  villaiics  contain  over  a  hundred  su])stantial  huts  of 
mud.  or  of  cane  plastei'ed  over  and  whitewashed.  The 
Tooniilas  and  Cookras,  erect  temporary  sheds  near  the 
streams,  durinii:  tho  summer,  hut  seek  more  secure  huts 
in  t!ie  winter.     Carib  dwelliniis  are  the  neatest  of  all ; 


ill 


th 


some  are  of  cane,  others  of  frame-work  iilied  witli  wnu 
Cockburn  relates  that,  dui'inu'  his  journey  throujih  Hon- 
duras, he  came  across  a  hridue  made  of  a  net-work  of 
cane,  which  was  sus})ended  between  trees  so  that  the 
centre  hunu'  forty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  stream. 
Jle  found  it  wry  old  and  shaky,  and  concluded  that  it 
belonged  to  the  remote  past."* 

Kedundaiit  nature  here  leaves  man   so  little  to    d(». 
as  scarcely  to  allbrd    an  opportunity   for  development. 


.'>(riii)ij(')rrtt/^'  .l/osv/ioVo  .^^/mrf,  p.  ^31 :  Pi'fifhrl'sC'iiil.  Ai 


p.  IH.");  Si/ii'Hr'x 


Ciitl.  Am  i\.  ))   (JC'ii:  /,/.,  ill  lliiriHi'fi  Muti..  vol.  xix..  ]>.  (ii:i;   /r/.,  ill  .V- 


ils  ilx  \'<>i/..  1S.")S,  tuiii   v\k..  [).  l:il;    r 


ii,   V>r>:  r 


■  IS 


!■'  imiiin  s 


lloti 


Hll'l  S 


vtin\  J)]!.  l:t.  77,  W 


iml:^ 


l)|i.  2711.  -Jltrt, -tl')-*!;  nil, in  l."Hfl.  ' 
.l<ifir..\;d.  \\\u..i)\>.-2'<n~\>\  llxnls  W'ail.iiK.  pp.  'i'.i:!  I,  ;Uh-',(:  J/m, 
I'lliiiiil.  llnrlit.  pp.  -Jii,  i;t7-'J;  S'n-crg,  MilkluiiieriUt,  pp.  Hw,  17.'^;  Cochhi 
Juuriiij,  pp.  'I'i,  oH-l, 


FOOD  IN  IIONDUllAS. 


riD 


The  pooplo  of  iiortlioni  Hoiidiiras,  according  to  TTcrrorn, 
clcai'i'il  till'  groiind  uitli  stone  axes,  and  turned  the  sod 
])y  main  strength  uitli  a  forked  pole  or  with  shar))  wooden 
si)ades,  and  hv  this  means  secureil  two  or  three  \ields  e\  ery 
year;   hut  tlie  pi-esent  occn|)ants  scarcely  take  so  nuieh 


trouhk'.      i)n  marr\  inu,',  the  me 


n  ])re[)are  a 


<mall  Held 


for  a  lew  heds  of  yams,  heans.  cassa\a.  and  s(|uasli.  some 
])e[)[)er.  and  pine-apjik's.  )n>sides  twenty  to  thiity  plan- 
tain and  co('();i-init  trees,  leaving  their  wives  to  give  it 
such  I'urthei"  care  as  may  be  reipiired.  Where  mai/e  is 
cultivated  it  is  eii'>er  st)wn  two  or  three  gi'ains  in  holes 
two  feet  ai>  ut,  or  broadcast  over  freshlv  cleai'e(l  wood- 
land  a  little  before  the  rainy  season.  The  i'oyas  are 
the  only  people  who  cultivate  res[)L'ctable  i'arms.  Fish- 
ing is  the  fa\oi'ite  occupation  of  the  coast  i  ibes.  and 
their  de.Kterity  Avitli  the  spear  and  harpoon  is  <|uite  re- 


inai 


kabk 


Tl 


le    proiH'i'   time   l()r  catching   tin 


laru' 


vv 


species  of  fish,  such  as  the  tar[)om  and  })alpa.  is  at  night, 
when  a  ilet't  of  })itpans,  each  with  a  pitch-pine  toicli  in 
the  bow.  may  be  si'en  on  the  lagoon  inti'rmingling  in 
])ictures( pie  confusion.  One  or  two  paddlers  pro[)el  the 
boivt.  another  holds  the  torch,  while  the  hai'iuxiin'cr  stands 
at  the  bow  with  a  ii;ilsh)-(/iiK((,  or  stalV,  having  a  loosidy 
litting,  barbed  harjioon  at  one  end,  and  a  jtieci'  of  light 
wood  at  the  otlu'r.  A.  shoi't  line  attached  to  the  harpoon, 
passes  along  the  stall",  and  is  rolled  round  this  tloat  for 
convenience.  The  glare  of  the  torch  attracts  the  fish 
and  enables  the  bowuian  to  spy  his  prey,  which  is  imme- 
diately transfixed   by  the  iiar[)oon.      Away  it  darts,  but 


the  tk)at  retards  its  piogre 


aiK 


points  out  Its  when" 


.^boiits  to  the  lioatmeii,  who  again  seize  the  line,  and 
drag  it  to  the  sli.)re.  Occasionally  the  tarj)om  is  taken 
ill  strong:  nets,  the  meshes  of  which  re(piire  to  be  six 
in(!hes  sipiare  in  order  to  I'litaiigle  it.  Manatees  or  sea- 
rows  are  caught  in  the  early  morning,  and  to  gi-t  w  ithin 
^itrikinu"  distance  of  the  warv  animal,  it  is  necessar\  to 
deck  the  canoe  with  bushes  and  leaves,  giving  it  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  lloating  tree.  The  line  attachetl  to  the 
liarpoo)!  is  in  this  case  payed  out  from  the  canoe,  which 


720 


WILD  TllIDES  OF  CENTHAL  AlIEllICA. 


is  ofton  tmiled  l)v  i\w.  nianiitoe  in  a  lively  inaniicr.  Tt 
p'lioi'jilly  takes  sovei-al  harpoons  as  well  ;is  liuioes  to  kill 
it.  Smaller  liar[)()ous.  without  harh.  with  merely  ((iiad- 
ranji'ular  points  an  inch  and  a  hall"  long  and  nearly  as 
wide,  are:  used  for  catchinu'  turtles  so  that  the  shell  may 
not  ho  daniaged.  As  the  eanoe  approaches,  tln^  tui'tle 
slides  under  the  watej':  the  hownian  signali/es  the  oars- 
man how  to  steer,  and  when  the  tiu'tle  I'isi's  to  hreathe, 
it  is  speared, dragged  into  the  canoes,  and  jjlaced  on  its 
hack.  Some  lishei'inen  will  jum[»  into  the  water  after 
the  animal,  and  hring  it  up  in  their  hands,  hut  this 
ieat  is  attended  with  danger,  from  hites  and  sharj) 
coral.  T'"')  hawk-hill  turtle  is  set  i'ree  after  the  shell 
has  ])een  stri[)i)ed  of  its  scales,  hut  the  green  species 
is  eaten,  and  its  eggs,  which  are  esteemed  a  dainty, 
are  sought  for  ui  the  sand  hy  ])oking  sus[)ected  places 
with  !i  stick.  Smaller  hsh  are  s[)eared  with  the  shtiiorl,', 
a  iong  i)ole  with  a  /i\ed  point.  'fhe  river  peo[)le 
take  less  pleasure  in  fishing,  and  resort  thereto  oidy 
as  driven  hy  necessity.  Weirs  of  hi'anches  and  clay 
are  constructed,  with  a  small  outlet  in  the  middle, 
where  men  ar(>  stationed  to  catch  the  ])assing  fish 
with  nets  and  s[)ears.  The  Poyas  em[)l()y  a  still  surer 
method.  The  water  is  heaten  with  sticks  lor  some  dis- 
tance ahove  the  weir,  so  as  to  drive  the  (ish  together;  a 
quantity  of  juice  extracted  from  a,  wild  vine  called 
jtcq/diic.  which  has  a  stupelying  elfect,  is  thrown  into  the 
water,  and  the  men  have  mei'el\"  to  select  the  hest  look- 
inu'.  the  smaller  ones  heiuii;  aUowed  to  iloat  awav  and 
recover  in  the  unadulterated  waters  helow.  The  preserv- 
ing offish  is  the  work  of  women,  who  cut  them  in  slices, — - 
sometimes  ru!)l)ing  them  with  salt. — and  place  the  pieces 
on  a  iramework  of  cane  over  the  (ire  to  he  smoke-dried; 
after  which  they  areex[)o,sed  to  the  sun  for  a  day  or  two. 
Part  of  the  (ish  is  cooked,  or  haked  in  oil.  and  eaten  at 
once.  If  we  except  the  Smoos  and  Xica((ues.  who  fol- 
low game  with  true  precision  and  patience,  the  usual 
mode  of  hunting  is  as  primitive  as  weir-fishing.  ,V 
numher  of  men  assemhle  and  set  lire  to  the  grass,  whicb 


MOSQUITO  COOKEUY. 


ilrivo.s  tlio  torrifiod  iiiiiinals  into  a  f'ornor,  wlicvo  tlicy 
iiw  sliot  or  sti'uclv  «l()\vii.  or  tho  gaiiu'  is  cutrajjiu'd  in 
lioics  jKirtly  fillod  with  wattT.     The  wild  lioii'.  the  tapii-. 
and  dcrr  supply  most  of  tlio  moat,  which  is  cinvd  in  the 
same  way  as  lish:  some  ciittinji'  the  meat  in  sti'ips.  and 
cnirinii"  it  on  t\w  (incnnK  ov  grate  of"  sticks,  while  others 
preler  the  harhetnie  method  which  is  to  smoke-dry  the 
whole  animal.      Certain  old  writers  state  that  human 
ilesh  was  eaten,  hut  this  is  discredited  hy  others,  who 
think  that  the  error  arose  from  seein<i'  tlu>  natives  least 
on    monkeys,  which,  skinned,  liave  much  the  apjiear- 
ance  of    humans.     The  statement  of  their  eatini:-  raw 
fish  may  also  he  wrong,  lor  the  natives  of  the  present 
da\'  aie  verv  careful  ahout  thoi'oughlv  cookini:  their  I'ooil, 
and  even  a\()id  fruit  not  fully  ri[K'n(  1.     A  well-known 
articli!  of  food   is  the  Cai'ih  hread.  a  sort  of  wliiti^  hard 
hiscuit  made   iVom  cassava  or  mandioc  roots,  which  are 
skinned,  washeil,  and  grated  on  Ji  hoard   set  with  sharj) 
stones.      The  pulp    is  rinsed    in   water   to  extract    the 
jKiisoiious  juice,  and  when  it  is  snlliciently  whitened  hy 
this  means,  the  water  is  cari'lully  pressed  out.  and  the 
.suhstan.'e    set   to    dry    in    the    sun.     The  sifted     Hour 
is    made    into    large    round    thin    cakes,    which,    after 
heing    exposed    fo    the    sun    for    a    while,    ai'e    slowly 
haked  over  the  fi;e.      The  Poyas  make  large  rolls,  which 
are  wi'apped  in  leaves  and   haked  in  the  ashes.      These 
soon    hecome    sour,  and   are    then  eaten  with   a   I'elisli. 
Othi'rs  grind  cassa\;i  or  maize  on  the  nictate,  and  hake 
tortillas.     A  gruel  is  also  made  t)f  the  Hour,  ami  eatt'U 
with  salt  and  chile,  or  .'^yru[).     One  of  tln'ir  dainties  is 
A'"sA/'/r.  the  name  given  to  j)lantains   ke[)t  in   lea\es  till 
])uti'i'l,   and   eaten    hoiled.      Scalding   hot   cacao   mixed 
with  chile  is  the  favorite  stiniidant.  of  which  lari^c  (piau- 
tities  are  imhihed.  until  the  perspiration  starts  iVeui  e\ery 
])ore.      Cacao-fruit  is  also  eaten  I'oasted.      Xotwithstand- 
ing  the  ri(;hness  of  the  soil   and  the  variety  of  its  pro- 
ductions, the  natives  are  accused  of  resoi'ting  to  inse(!ts 
for  food,  and  of  eating  theii*  own   vermin.     The  coa.-r, 
people  lia\e  the  greater  selection,   but  trust  mostly  lo 


Vol.  I. 


id 


722  WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTllAL  AMERICA. 

fisliiiiLi'.  wliilo  the  interior  trilies  after  imturul  products 
(le[)eii(l  u\Hm  the  chase.      The  Cook i-as  subsist  ehielly  on 


th 


le  cahhaLie-piilin 


Sainho  </\r 


Is  1 


uive  ti  iiecMiluu 


jinc 


y 


ihv  eating  chiircoiil  and  sand,  helievinj;'  that  their  eliarni? 
are  iinpi'oved  thereby.  \o  reji'nlarit\'  is  oh.served  in 
eatini:'.  hut  food  is  taken  at  any  hotn-,  and  ^ith  voracity; 
nor  will  they  take  the  trcjuhle  to  procure  more,  until  tlie 
uhole  stock  is  consumed,  and  huuficr  drives  them  from 
their  hammocks.  The  I'oyasand  (luajifpieros  seem  to  he 
the  only  tribes  uho  have  any  idea  ol"  providing  lor  the 
future;  the  latter  laying  up  a  connnon  reserve."'' 

I''ri'(|uent  hathiim'  is  the  rule,  vet  the  Samhos.  who 
ha\e  a  better  opi)ortunit\'  foi-  this,  perliajis,  than  otlu  r 
tribes,  are  desci'ibed  as  diity  in  their  surroundings,  and, 
uhen  warmed  l)y  motion,  emit  a  disagreeable  odor, 
arising  iVom  the  use  of  ointments  and  powders.  The 
]*oyas,  Xicaipies,  Secos.  and  especially  the  Caribs  are, 
on  the  contrary,  very  cleanly  in  their  habits.-'' 

The  bow  and  arrow  figures  as  the  chief  weapon  of 
the  Mos(|uitos,  the  former  being  usually  oi'  iron-wood, 
spanned  with  twisted  mahoe-hark,  and  often  six  tiet  in 
length;  tlu;  latter  of  reed  or  wood,  hardi'ned  in  lire, 
and  pointed  with  hard  wood,  Hint,  fish-bones,  or  teeth, 
'^riiey  not  only  handle  the  bow  well,  hut  some  are  ex- 
pert in  the  art  of  defense.  ^I'o  attain  this  dextei'ity, 
childi'en  are  taught  to  turn  aside,  with  a  stick,  the  blunt 
darts  thrown   iit  them,  and   in   time  thev  become  sulli- 


cientl\-  t'xiicrt  to  wan 


1  olf 


u'rows  in  the  same  manner, 


They  also  light  with  cane  lances  about  nine  ieet  long, 
■with  oblong  diamond  points,  javelins,  clubs,  and  heavy 
sharp -pointed  swords  made  t)f  a  poisonous  wood,  a 
.splinter    from   which    causes  first  madness    and    then 


"''  If  rirrii,  Ifnil.  Gen.,  doc.  iv..  lib.  viii.,  rap.  iii-v.:  ^f(l(•'|^v<  i/av's  /'coi/jy.vs 
of  Aii'cr.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  77i-5:  >'/"/';■,  in  Jlnrjin's  .!/«;/.,  vol.  xix..  p.  (il:!; 
.  Ydiiii  I's  X'lrrtitirr,  i\\),  14.  IS,  21,  CI,  71-7.  il'l,  Its,  W,;' llnnrs  WiiiLnx.  ]ip. 
1110-11.  V.V2  C,  ±)--'iXi,  ;!-J0;  Sinrs.  M!lt<  Ixiiifiil.a,  jip.  75 C,  H7,  l(;s-74. 
Tho  Wodlwas  had  lisli  'which  hud  hecii  shot  with  iirniws.'  rim  iintl  Sn- 
vmnn's  Dfiltih'is,  pp.  403,248-50,  3i.0-l,  407,  412-lU;  Duwjna-'s  Wi/jmi's,  \o\. 

i.,  pp.  ;»-i:(,  :r.-7. 

i!i'  lldi/'i'a  /,';■/(',  vol.  i.,  pi-(f.,  p.   IS;   YoHHi/s  Xitmd'ive,  jip.  70,  'JD,  i'M; 
Torqiteimtda,  Jlutuirq,  Iml.,  toiii.  i.,  p.  U35. 


MOS(iUITO  WEAPONS  AND  WAR. 


723 


death.  The  milkj  juice  of  tlie  ninir/nnilla-trce  is  used 
to  poison  arrows  ami  darts.  IMowpiin'S,  >vln)se  li,i:lit 
arrows  siuelv  iiiid  silonth'  l)riii<r  down  liirds  at  a  liimdrrd 
Ic'C't  and  over,  are  in  jireat  favor  witii  llie  voiitli.  Armor 
is  made  of  plaited  reeds  eoveivd  with  ti^er-skins.  and 
ornamented  with  leatiiers;  besides  wiiich.  tlie  noitliern 
^h)S(|uitos  employ  a  ln'east[)late  of  twisted  cotton,  like 
that  of  the  Mexicans,  ^h)s(|nito  women  are  said  to  bo 
as  j^ood  archers  as  the  nien."^ 

Altoi'iiiinal  wars  were  contiiniallv  wiiucd  in  lh)ndn- 
riis  withont  am-  other  ohiect  than  to  a\c'n<:e  the  dciith 
ol' an  ancestor,  or  to  retaliate  on  those  who  had  carried 
away  I'riends  into  .slavery.  Nei^hhoring'  trilies.  how- 
e\(r,  aiii'ced  to  a  truce  at  cei'tain  times,  to  allow  tho 
intcrchiiii^e  of  uoods.  Previous  to  starting  on  an  ex- 
jH'dition.  turkeys,  dogs,  and  even  human  heings  were 
^>acriliced  to  intluence  the  gods;  Mood  was  drawn  IVoni 
tongue  and  ears,  and  dreams  cari'lully  noted,  and  their 
import  determined.  Amhassadois  wcie  sent  to  challenge 
the  enem\"  to  a  nitchetl  battle,  and.  if  the\  weiv  not  re- 
^pondedto.  thecoiMitry  was  ravaged.  \\  hen  prisoners  were 
taken  they  were  usually  held  as  slascs.  after  having  the 
nose  cut  olf.  forty  thousand  nu'n  sometimes  com|)()sed 
an  e.\i)i'dition.  opi'i'ating  without  chief  or  order,  devising 
ambu.-hes  and  stratagems  as  it  suited  them,  and  accdu- 
panied  by  wouien  to  act  as  porters.  ^hK-cpiito  warriors 
bhu  Iseu  the  face,  and  place  themselves  under  the  t(  m- 
])orary  command  of  the  bravest  and  most  experienced. 
The  coast  people  ari'  liold  and  unyielding,  and  usually 
kill  their  ])risoni'rs.  \\  hen  the  Saud.os  confederate  with 
their  neighboi's.  they  expect  their  allies  to  pay  lor  iriend.s 
lost  in  battle.-'"* 


*'  Of  till' jn'oiilo  rif  Liis  Pci-tiis  isliUKls  it  is!  said:  'Aeii't  oii'lt  viiii  Imcr 
gewecr  ceil  liav-tandl,  scliictcli  lint  nciii  1mii)l;1i.'  KsfjUi  iiii-Hk,  Xii-l!ui,ri  rn, 
1)|).  71,  l.-)0.  Also  sec:  I'oldii.  Hifil.  Ahiiirniili'.  in  Jliirrin,  Ili.slaridilitris, 
tniii.  1..  p.  10,"(;  Ili'Vi-' I'll,  l/isl.  (Int..  (lee.  iii..  lil).  ix.,  cup.  x.,  iiinl  di c.  iv., 
nil.  viii  .  call,  iii.;  llniniiUr's  \'<u/'iiiis,  vol.  i.,  j  p.  7-8;  IJani's  W'liU.ini,  jip. 
K{).  1-J.s. 

ss  llirrcrit,  Jl'isl.  ilmi..  dec.  iv.,  lib.  viii.,  piiji.  iii.;  A>y/i"'//i('//»,  '/jc-lldnnrs, 
p.  \\\'.\\  liiniqiUr's  \'nj/iiii<s.  vol.  i  ,  p.  h;  InUijioilt:,  lalmi,  torn,  x.,  j).  -lOG; 
L^trHiitiitcni/ti'  Jlufiiuitij  .S/n/ct,  p,  u31. 


7:i4  WILD  TIUBES  OF  CENTRAL  AJIEKICA. 

Domestic  ntonsils  in  tho  liomos  of  the  M()8(|iiitos  coii- 
pist  of  stoiK'H  lor  grindinj:'  •iViiiii  and  roots,  clav  |)ots  inul 
])Iat('M  I'or  cookinji'  purposes,  and  uonrds,  calahashcs.  and 
iK'ts  lor  liolding  iood  and  li(juids.  ^I'lio  st«)no  liatclii-t. 
Avliicli  is  fast  Ixroming  a  relic,  is  ten  incites  lonu',  i'our 
broad,  and  three  thick,  sharp  at  both  ends,  uith  a 
groove  to  hold  the  handle  which  is  liiMnlv  twisted  round 
its  centi'e.  Besides  the  ini])leinents  ah'eady  rei'erred  to 
nnder  lishinji  and  weapons,  tnay  he  mentioned  the  lasso, 
in  the  use  of  which  they  are  very  expert,  and  the  jKifn- 
'p('(\  a  pretty  water-tight  basket  that  the  (^u'ibs  j)lait  of 
reeds.  The  men  usuallj'  sleep  in  hannnocks.  or  on  mats 
spread  on  the  ground  near  the  lire,  with  a  stick  lor  a 
pillow,  while  the  women  prefer  a  platform  of  cane  raisi-d 
a  few  feet  from  the  ground,  and  covered  with  a  mat  or 
a  skin.-'' 

Fibres  of  mahoe  and  ule  ])ark,  })isang-leave.s  and  silk- 
grass  furnish  material  for  ropes,  nets,  mats,  and  coarse 
fabrics.  Most  of  the  Mosquitos  grow  a  little  cotton, 
whicii  the  women  spin  on  a  rude  wheel,  like  that  of  the 
(luatemalans,  and  weave  on  a  IVame  loom  into  strong 
and  neat  cloths.  The  favorite  ])lue  color  for  dy(>ing  is 
obtained  from  the  jiqinUte  plant;  the  yellow  iroiu  the 
(U'hUilt  tree.  Tottery  is  a  very  ancient  art  among  them, 
as  may  be  seen  from  the  fine  specimens  discovered  in 
the  graves  and  ruins  of  Honduras.  Their  red  cooking- 
pots  are  very  light  but  strong,  and  the  water-jars,  which 
are  only  slightly  biu'iit  to  permit  percolation,  show  con- 
siderable taste  in  design.^" 

Nowhere  do  we  find  more  daring  and  expert  boat- 
men than  the  Moscpiitos.  who  will  venture  out  \\\v.m  the 
roughest  sea  in  a  boat  barely  large  enough  to  hold  a  man 

s^  '  irmiiiiocks,  iiiiulc  (if  11  Sort  nf  Ktislics.'  C/x  l.tiKrH's  Jouvini/,  ]>j).  (',4, 
2'i.  '  lil  iilmoliiuliv  vii  ji:ili).  ()  Yiiii  pii'(lr:i;  los  cofifs  son  ccstillds,  nfnirailns 
<'n  cuti'os  lie  vt'imilds  '  llirrvni,  //i.s/.  Ont.,  lU'c.  iv.,  lil).  viii.,  vti}}.  v.  C'oii- 
Milt  n\^o:  Yoiou/'s  Xfirriilive,  iip.  70-7;  rknnjiirr's  Vrnjd'jva,  vol.  i.,  ]).  ^•"); 
S'luier'n  Vent.  Annr.,  p.  tUiO;  McsqidloliiiHl,  Jkrirht,  pp.  100,  IKi,  12H,  KiS, 
173. 

■M  sii-r^.  mtt'liimrnhri,  p.  107;  BdnVs  IT'n'Av)';,  pp.  127,  20.S-0.  '  Aiif 
irj»('nil  cine  Ziil)i'witiiiiL,'  (of  skins)  vcrstohcn  sich  die  ludiiiuor  iiii'lit.'  Mus- 
ijiutclniil.  Iliillit.  \i\).  r.lil.  14s.  'They  iiiiiki'  Vw'^e  J.irs  hin',  oiin  of  wliiili 
will  h  )kl  ti'U  Gullous,  iiiul  not  woiyli  one  I'onud.'  Cockburii's  Journii/,i).  a3. 


BOATS  AND  riSIiKiaiCS. 


nnd  a  Ijov.  If  tlic  lioiit  ciiii.-i/c  it  is  iit  oiiro  ri^liti'd, 
))MiI(.'(l  out.  ami  tlio  vovaiii'  rcMimnl.  iiiid  h'Moim  is  iiiiy 
part  of  the  car^o  lost.  The  ilanj,  or  oidinaiv  sia-Iioat 
is  a  lioUowi'd-oiit  tivc.  ol'tcii  t\V(nt\-li\c>  to  \\\'\\  t'crt  loiiu, 
ioiir  to  six  widr.  and  l()iir  to  lisc  {Wv\k  roiiiid-hotlonird. 
l>iio_\aiit,  and  wiiii  ,i:()od  liandlin;^'  sali-.  Tlic  hcst  an; 
inadt'  In  the  u[)-ri\('r  trila's,  csjicciallN  tlio  Towkas.  wiio 
pr(.'l)ai'e  tiicni  rou^iildv  \s\{\\  axe  and  liro,  and  sell  tluni 
to  lilt'  coast  pi'ople  to  lie  linislicd  aecordinin'  to  lancv. 
AlU'r  tlic  dii^-ont  lias  ln'cn  trininicd,  it  is  olttn  >(  akcd 
in  water  lor  u  tinic.  so  that  the  sides  niav  he  .stretched 
and  secnred  uilh  knies.  The  y>//y.////.  A\hich  is  \\>n\  on 
ri\ers  and  lauoons.  dill'ers  IVom  the  dorv  in  hein;:'  tlat- 
liottoined.  \\\{\\  hroad  and  "iraihialh"  ronndt'd  ends,  and 
ol'  k'ss  deiith  and  ^vidth.  Cedar  is  eiiiellv  used  lor  ))it- 
l)ans  on  account  ol'  its  lightness,  and  the  stroniier  nialiou- 
jinv  for  doi'ies:  hut  the  latter  are.  however,  soon  injui'cd 
\)y  worms  if  kept  in  the  water,  t^niall  hoats  are  pro- 
pelled  \)\  a  single  hroad-hladed  paddle;  sails  also  are 


enii)lo\e(l  wi 


Ih 


th  tl 
(1 


le  vi'idn  or  Keeleil  canoe. 


npoon  and  canoi'  arc  the  hasis  of  the  Mos(jnito's 


wealth,  for  with  tlu  ni  he  ohtains  his  food  and  the  tortoise 
shell,  the  i)rinci|)al  article  of  traliic.  4'he  season  lor 
catching'  hawk-hill  turtles  is  iVoni  April  to  Auiinst.  when 
lleets  of  canoes,  each  manned  hv  ahout  twehe  men.  pio- 
ceed  to  dilVerent  parts  of  the  coast,  as  far  .M)uth  as('jui'i- 
(pu',  and  hrini:'  home  ten  thousand  pounds  of  shell  on  an 
averaiie.  (Jreen  turtles,  which  are  caujiht  near  reels, 
also  lind  a  "iooil  maiket  in  lUi'wIields  and  elsewheie. 
All  keej)  hous.  the  Carihs  more  than  others;  maiiv  po>' 
sess  cattle  and  horses,  w 


hid 


I  are 


all 


owei 


1   t 


o   I'un 


d 


th 


t)ver  the  prairies,  the  horses  heinu'  lassoed  whenever 
re(piired  for  ridiiiLi'.  Their  manner  of  hrt'akinu  them  is 
uni(pie.  One  man  leads  the  horse  with  the  kis>o  into 
water,  to  a  depth  of  three  or  four  I'eet,  when  another 

■"  Yiiunii's  Xiirral'iri',  jp.  1 1,  10,  70,  ](!(•-! :  MiirVin's  Wist  lixl'us.  vol.  i  .  i  ]'>. 
].').■)-();  hiiiiqihr's  \'<ij/i(i,(fi.  vol.  i..  ]  ]).  I!."),  S").  •  J)(i'  'I  iilicniM-  trie  tli  i  llnj.'- 
laiulfi'  litftit  (lie  stitikshii  J>auiiist;iiiiii;f.  dcnii  die  llaliiiiii  r  si<li  zii  Aiifc  l- 
ti-;unL;  ilinr  giiis.sttii  Wusssnfiiliizcugt'  litdiiluu.'  Monjuili'Uinil,  l.tr'nhl,  H'. 
IM,  7o,  U7. 


m 


■'■  "Si 


720 


WILD  TRIllES  OF  rEXTUAL  AlIEKICA. 


jiuiips  111)011  Ills  hack,  and  n'spoiuls  to  l»iickiii<i's  and  !<kit- 
tisline'ss  with  hlosvs  on  the  licud,  until  in  ahoiit  liall'  iiii 
hour  the  exhaustnl  animal  snrrcndcrs.  A  liiK'  ol"  h:ni\- 
lihrc  MTVcs  lor  ivins.  and  a  i'vw  jihiiti'd  palni-hiiNcs  I'oi' 
^addlt,'.  I'rewrvation  of  wcaHli  is  httlc  th()ii;:ht  of.  lor 
«'attK>  are  most  recklessly  slaii}:hteri'd  at  leasts  and  lur 
oll'ences,  and  IVnit-trees,  as  well  as  other  projiertN  aic, 
as  a  I'ule,  destroyed  on  the  death  1)1'  the  owner.  (^Miite 
a  trade  is  carried  on  in  these  parts,  the  iidjind  trilcs 
l)rin«iinj;"  rongh  canoes,  calahashes,  skins,  cloth,  lioiiey, 
and  cacao  to  the  coast  people,  and  i'eceivin;i  theidor  tur- 
tles, salt,  Knjilish  I'ancy  and  iisel'id  aiticles;  while  nuiny 
of  the  latter  nndertake  k'nj:thy  coast  trii)s  to  disjiose  of 
the  hartered  ])rodiice,  as  well  as  tlu'ir  own.  The  \\  an- 
kees  deal  heavily  in  hlshlrc,  or  (U'coniposed  plantains. 
while  sarsaparilla  and  honey  are  the  staple  articles  of 
the  Secos  and  Poyas.  A  mixture  of  shriwdness  nu(' 
simplicity  characterizes  their  dealiniis.  A  party  wishii 
to  dispose  of  hides,  lor  instance,  lirst  pi'oduces  thi'  woim 
ones,  which  are  thrown  aside  hy  the  huyei-  until  llio.-e 
(»f  the  standard  (piality  are  hrought  out;  a  suui  is  tin  n 
olfered  for  the  whole,  which  is  ofti'u  unhesitatin,!ily  ac- 
cepted hy  the  native  who  is  too  da/./led  hy  the  Jipparcntly 
high  price  to  consider  the  ainount  of  produce  gixcu  for 
it.  ^  ery  little  value  is  placed  upon  lahor.  lor  canoes, 
which  have  taken  a  considerahle  time  ro  picjiiu'e.  lue 
often  hartered  for  a  mere  trille.  The  people  of  lloialu- 
ras  have  alwavs  a  stock  of  cloth  and  hone\-  to  pa\  t;ixcs 
with,  and  set  a  high  value  on  colored  feathers  ohtaiiud 
from  Yucatec  coast  traders,  who  take  cacao  liir  rt'turu 
cargoes.'" 

Although  versatile  enough  in  luandicrafts,  their  men- 
tal faculties  are  exceedingly  crude.  With  tlu'  aid  oi" 
lingei's  and  toes  the  Samho  is  ahle  to  count  to  twcuty, 
hut  anything  Iteyond  that  confuses  him.     Time  is  vvvk- 


^2  Tlio  Mosqiiitns  Imvo  'liftlo  frndo  r\('r]it  in  toHdisf-slifUs  inul  Mirn]  ii 
rillii.'  Sijiiii  r's  I'nit.    \iii(  r.,  ]>.   (i"'.l.     (  oiii|iiin'    lUnd'a  ]\'(iil,ii(i,  p.  IU7:   /</ 


ill   Lnllil.  < 

]..   ;i:{7;     )- 


"'"<;. 


,/- 


XXXll. 


L'c,  iv.,  lib.  vi 


iiiiii/'n    XnmiHii',    ]  )).    K'l.  S:i.  iSli--' 


"ij;  Sirniiit  icui/^'    Mnsijuild  >/m 


!!!.  ]•:(;:     // 


lint     I, 


lip 


.1/.. 


lUvluuil,  J,ti}<l(t,  ip.  lis,  171  -1,  1 


1)0, 


MOSQIMTO  CALKXDAi:  AND  AKT. 


727 


othmI  hy  /y//'.s'.  oi-  moons,  tliirti'ciiol' wliicli  iiiiikc  a  miiiily 
or  year.  \\  lu'ii  iiskcd  to  \'\\  tlic  datr  of  jin  «'\tiit,  lio 
■\vill  say  that  it  occiirrc*!  so  many  sleeps  of  iikkhis  a,i:o; 
l)iit  when  the  time  exceeds  a  year  oi-  two.  the  answt  i-  is 
given  in  the  rather  indelinite  term  of  '"  many,  many 
Aears;"'  eonsiMinentlN'  he  is  nnahle  to  tell  his  aiie. 

•  1  • 


KU'i'.s  ol  eosmolo«iy  are  e(inaily  vaj:n 


tl 


MIS. 


«tar; 


lis 

WW 


lield  to  he  filouinji'  stones.  The  people  ol"  Ijoiidnrascall 
the  year  iohii',  and  divide  it  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
^lexicans.  h\'  whom  the  s\stem  lias,  no  donht.  heen  in- 


trod 


need 


'I'l 


jev  reckon  tnne  h\-  so  man\  nitilits  or  twi- 


lights, not  by  days,  and  deternnne  the  iiom-  hy  tiie 
lieight  of  the  snn.  Tiie  song-laniinage  t)l' the  .Mos(piitos 
dillei's  greatly  Irom  that  einj)loyed  in  conversation,  a 
(jnaint  old-time  st\le  being  apparenth'  preserved  in  their- 
lyrics.'' 

The  art  of  extracting  and  melting  gold  has  long  lieen 
known  to  them,  hnt,  although  the>  wear  a  lew  orna- 
ments of  this  metal,  they  do  not  seem  to  \m/.v  it   \ery 


liijihb 


At  the  time  of  (V)ckhiirn's  \isit  to  lloiidnra? 


dams  were  nsed  in  nnning.  and  instruments  ol  cane  to 
hift  the  gold.  The  mode  emi)loyed  by  the  Toyas  to 
.separate  gold  from  sand  is  the  one  known  in  California 
as  panning,  and  is  thus  descrihed  h_\'  Stpiier:  "Scoojting 
np  some  of  the  sand  in  his  bowl,  and  then  lilling  it  with 
water,  he  whirled  it  rapidly,  so  that  a  feathi'iy  stream 
of  mingled  sand  and  water  Hew  constantly  over  its  edge. 
lie  contimied  this  operation  nntil  the  sand  was  nearly 
exhaiisti'd.  and  then  Idled  the  bowl  again.  After  repeat- 
ing this  proci'ss  se\'eral    times,    he   grew   more  cain 


I'nl. 


]>alanciiig  the  bowl  skillfully,  and  stop[iing  occasionally 
to  i)ick  out  the  pebbles.  .  .  .after  the  process  was  loin- 
plete.  the  I'oxer  showed  me  a  little  deiiosit  of  uold.   in 


m 


^^  Tlic  ^r(is(|nit{is  '  (livisiiiriit  I'.inm'p  on  IS  inois  do  20  jouis,  ct  '\\<  apiiil- 
luii'iit  IcH  iJKjis  liiiihir.'  Mdi'li -llriiii.  7'/vc?s  <l(  In  (iinij.,  u\u.  \i.,  p.  172. 
'l)it  kDiiciisc  ri'i'i'ljciicii  by  di'  Matii.  dai  r  van  sy  vvltitii  viair  <i  ii  jacr 
rtcckriicii.'  h'^ijiniiii  I'm.  /.i' -lliinrrrs.  \i.  152.  '  Fiir  die  Jii  ncliiii.ii;^  di  r  .laliK! 
existiit  kfiiic  Acra.  Daln-i'  wiiss  Xiciiiund  sciii  .Mtir.'  M<'siii'if"iiiiiil.  I'n  r'lvlit, 
rii.  I  12.  2(17  s.  Sii' alsd  l.diiis  Willi, :  (I,  ])|i.  21-l-r»;  i'vauija  }\iarid'ai,  \). 
70;   Iln-niv,  ili^t.  (Jul,  dt-f.  iv.,  lib,  viii.,  cip.  vi. 


illijii 


r2s 


AVII.D  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


grains,  at  tlie  ])()tt()ui  of  tlic  calaba.'^li."  Tlio  pold  dust 
})ass('.s  into  the  hands  of  the  white  trader. '* 

The  M()S(juitos  proper  are  rnled  hy  a  hei'editary  kinu'. 
ulio  claims  sovereignty  over  tiie  interior  trihes  of  the 
.Mosipiito  Coast,  Avhieli.  in  nia)i\'  eases,  is  merely  noiui- 
nah  I)etoi'e  the  I*hi<ilisli  made  their  inlhienee  I'elt.  this 
monarch,  uho,  in  these  latter  degenerate  days,  does  not 
])o.ssess  many  })rerogatives,  seems  to  have  had  hnt  a  small 
extent  of  territory,  i'or  among  the  earlier  travelers  some 
assert  that  the  inhahitants  of  this  coast  lived  nnder  a 
repnhlican  rule.  Avhile  otheis  ohserved  no  foi"m  of  go\- 
ei'nment.  ILich  Aillaiie  or  connnunitv  has  it  i)riiic;n;d 
man,  or  jndge,  selected  from  the  eldest  and  ablest,  who 
settles  miiior  grievjin.oes.  referi'ing  v.eightii'r  matters  to 
the  king,  and  sni)erintends  the  eontrihntion  of  ennoes. 
t  )rtoise-shells,  and  produce  for  the  sup[)ort  of  tho  mon- 
arch iuul  chief;; — I'or  I'egnktr  taxes  ai'c  not  collected. 
Among  (he  I'oyas,  the  old  men.  'svho  are  highly  re- 
specti'd  hy  theii*  juniors,  assemble  every  excning  to 
delihei'ate  upon  the  duties  of  the  following  tlAv:  all 
memhers  of  the  trihe  take  part  in  the  vork.  and  >liare 
alii<e  in  the  results.  According  to  Young,  the  AIos- 
([uitos  had  ;m  oliicer.  in  whom  was  vested  cei'tain 
authoi"ify.  The  Carihs  are  also  rnled  hy  elders,  dig- 
nilied  hy  tlie  title  of  cai>tains.  '^I'heir  laws  iwv  in  some 
respects  hars'i:  for  instance,  a  woman  who  hax  had  in- 
tercourse with  a  man  of  another  rai-e  is  whipped  slowly 


to   death 
tl 


amhos    are    less  i)ai 


le 


dt 


Kimterer  Oemu'  mereiv  nnnt'tc'i  ni  a  <'ow 


I'ticul; 
let. 


w  m  this  matter, 


,! 


a' 


If  tl 

decision  of  a  chief  he  not  s.'itisfactiM'v.  the  ct;ntestants 
resort  to  trial  hy  combat.  I'he  Xicaciues  live  in  com- 
munities of  from  seventy  to  <  ue  hundred  jicrsons  ruleil 
by  chiefs  elected  I'or  life.  The  insignia  of  a  judge  or 
ruler  in  llondui'as  are  a  white  stall",  often  claliorately 
ornamented  with  a  '!,()lden  head  and  tassels.     J'V)rmei'l\' 


:ii  ll'ir'l'.i  If'n'A'iiff,  pp.  292-3;  Ctrhhiiri'x  Jmirt.di.  p.  "7:  Hnninrn.  Ilisl. 
Ti)il.,  fill  (i:!.  Till'  ii;itiv('.-;  of  IIi'Mlniiis  hud  ']i((liu;(is  dc  Ticviii.  Ilaiii  iil.i 
Cdlfiilr,  cnii  la  (pial  so  ftindo  t-l  Ml'I.iI.'  Colon,  Hist.  Alinirui.ti:,  in  Jldil'i, 
i/i.s^l/■(l((/f//■I^•,  tulil.  i,,  p.    lUl. 


GOVEKXilENT,  SL.VVEllY,  TOLYGAMY. 

OMcli  town  or  province  was  rnlcd  hy  an  hereditary  caciciue, 
Avlio  adininistered  jnstice  with  lour  nohU's  as  connselors. 
1'heft  was  [)unished  hy  conliseation  of  ])ro[ierty.  and  in 
graver  eases  the  ears  and  hands  of  the  enl[)rit  were 
cut  oiV;  the  adulterer  caught  in  the  act  had  his  ear-rings 
i'orcihly  tt»rn  out;  then  he  was  wliipped  hy  the  i-ei.itivi 
of  the  injured,  and  depi'ived  of  hi,-'  possessions.  The 
woman  went  free  on  the  supposition  that  she,  as  the 
weaker  jiarty,   was  not  responsihU'.''"' 

One  [)rinei[)al  object  of  war  among  the  ancient  nations 
of  liondui'as  was  to  make  sla\-es.  hut  tiie  .\'()S(piito 
Coast  was  free  from  this  scourge,  according  to  all 
accounts;"' 

Polycauiy  obtains,  some  men  ha\ing  >ix  wi\-es  each, 
and  till'  king  yet  moi'e.  'flu-  lirst  wife,  nho  i\y  a  I'ule, 
is  betrothed  iVom  early  inlancy.  is  mistress  connnand- 
ing:  her  marriage  is  attended  with  festivities,  ami  later 
additions  to  the  harem  are  subject  to  her.  The  custom 
is  to  marry  early,  (»ften  bi'fore  })nberty,  and  it  is  not  un- 
usual to  see  a  girl  of  thirteen  with  an  oll'spring  in  her 
arms;  but  the  ma.rriage  tie  is  not  very  l»inding.  for  tla^ 
wife  may  be  discarded  or  sold  at  will,  on  the  slightest 
pretence.  es[)ecially  if  children  do  not  follow  the 
union.  The  interior  tribes,  which  aiv  less  gi\cn  to  plu- 
rality <'f  wi\es,  i)ear  a  [)retty  good  charactci'  foi'  ii'male 
chastity.  The  caciipie  of  ancient  llonduiMs  married 
among  his  own  class.  On  behalf  of  a  sui 
Aiouslv    enuati'ed.    an    old    man    was    disi)! 


pr 


'sents  to  the  father  of  the  chost'n  i^irl.   1 


lie  made  a  lonij;  hiiranuue  on  the  ancestr\  a 


^'  Unrn-a.  IIi.<t.  <! 


IfC.   IV. 


lil 


Jhlu 
Aim 

21)7- 


mini  /■ 

lU.  /: 

p.  1 


vol.  i. 


ir 


1(1111.  X..    [1 


I'P 


).   Vlll.,   fil]).   V. 

1(1-11;  /■;.• 


I II. 


( ',ii-l.  I, 
illii,   Zi 


III.  I, 


I  hit.    Mil 


/■'/•'-' '.I /■>■  I  nil.  Am 
-Sliiiil.    1). 


1' 

1  p.  ■2- 


I! 


inl' 


li 


vol.     xix.,     )i.    till;     /'/.,    ill     \i,iirillis    Aumll'S   ilis    I"//.     1 '^• 

lltl;    l'iii(i(;/s   Xdri'iilifi.   ]i|).  71,  HS;   Mnsiiiiiliiliiiiil,   llcriclil, 


Btt'licn  iiiitrr 


'iifii  K:i/ik(ii,   (lir   ilii'c  Ai.fiilin 


Wilchi'ii  si''  iiiilndiiiut  ui  liorclitii.'    1 


(|\  'IS 


Jill,  i; 


,'U  I'Ull 


kiatiscli.'   Ilii:.-<rl,  Ml. 


It. 


V 


liSS.  li'.MI.      M(is(|uitii  •  col 


the  priists.  till'  liiwvcis  :ii.(l  the  jii(lj.'fs.  .  .  .tln'  l%iiig  is  a  ih 
lioniiijriistti'--  Sjimi.  Amir.,  nuI.  i.,  ji.  J7I. 


'i'i  'i'vriiimnuda,  Muiui 


:-/.,  tt. 


1' 


•Mr, 


730 


■WILD  TR115i:s  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


of  the    vontli.     If  this   proved    satislactorv,  tlio  pros 


eiits  wore   aeco 


pte.1, 


pn 


JllK 


1    BiU'diaiiiiliii  iolU)\ve(l.     Xc   t 


laorninji'  tlie  bride  was  closely  Avi'npiK'd  in  a  jiorueously 
l);iinted  cloth,  and,  seated  u\)on  the  shoulder  of  a  miin, 
uas  convexcd  t»j  the  hrideurooni,  a  mniiber  of  iViends 
uccotnpanyini;"  her,  dancini:'  and  sinuinji"  along  the  rond. 
driiddnu'  out  of  every  I'ividet.   and    i'eastinti'  at  ever\- 


stoppnj,iLi'- place. 


0 


n  ar 


ri\al,   she  was  received   bv  the 


female  iriemls  of  the  groom,  and  subjected  to  a  cleaning 
and  ]»erfmning  pi'(;cess,  lasting  three  da\s.  during  which 
the  friends  of  the  two  i'amilies  held  a  urand  feast  to 
celebrate  the  aj)[)roaching  union.  She  was  then  deliv- 
ered to  the  husband,  who  kei)t  her  three  nights  iit  his 
lionie.  and  then  proceeded  lv>  the  house  of  his  fither-in- 
law,  where  the  couple  remained  three  other  nights,  td'ter 
which  they  returned  to  their  own  jioiise  and  renewed 
festivities.  These  were  the  ceremonies  attending  the  niar- 
riaue  of  nobles  Old  \'.  An  old  woman  acted  as  niesseniicr 
for  connnon  swains,  and  brought  a  present  of  cacao  to 
the  bride's  parents,  which  was  consumed  at  the  pre- 
liminary feast,  ^i'he  girl  was  then  delivered  to  the  old 
woman,  together  with  a  return  present  of  cacao  to  serve 
ibr  two  feasts,  one  taking  place  at  the  house  of  the 
bridegroom,  the  other  at  the  bride's.  Relationship  Avas 
no  im[)ediment  to  marriage,  and  widows  were  I'cceivetl 
among  the  wives  of  the  late  hus])and"s  I)rothcr.  Im- 
Morality  ruled,    and    the  most  lascivious  ])erf()rmau( 


cs 


1 


irevailed  at  their  festivah 


On  the  islands  in  tb 


gtdf  ol"  llondui'as  and  on  tlie  lu'lize  coast,  the  suitor  had 
to  undergo  a  prelinnnary  examination  by  the  ])roi)()S(Ml 
father-in-law  as  to  his  ability  to  perform  the  duties  of 
husband:  if  satisfactory,  a  bow  and  arrow  were  handed 
him.  and   he  at  once   presented  himself  b(>fore  the  ob- 


.lect 


Ol 


liVect 


ion    with    a    uarland  of   lea\' 


am 


llowers.    which    slm  j)laced  u])on  her   head    in.iead    of 


th 
u 


le  wreath  alwa\s  worn   hv  a  viriiin. 


rieiKls 


tl 


lerc' 


poll  met  at  the  home  of  the  bride  to  discuss  the 
pros[)ects  of  the  couple,  and  to  witness  the  act  of  giving 
her  to  the  bridegroom,  partaking,  meanwhile,  of  some 


MOSQUITO  MAKKIAGE  CUSTOMS. 


731 


cliooring  liquid.  The  next  dnv  tlio  l)ri(lo  nppoared  1)C- 
fore  tlie  mother,  and  toiv  oil'  lior  fiarltuul  with  nuich 
lameiitiition.  Among  the  Sanil)os  the  l)etroth<>d  siiitoi" 
nmst  liive  presents  of  food  and  other  articles  to  the 
l)arents  of  his  intended,  as  payment  for  their  caie  of 
lier  nntil  she  attains  the  marriaueahle  aiie.  when  he 
comes  to  claim  lier.  t^honld  the  i)arents  then  reliise  to 
give  up  the  girl,  they  are  Ijound  to  refund  the  \u\uv  of 
the  presents  twice  or  thrice  told.  The  usual  ])ri('i'  paid 
for  a  wife  is  a  cow  or  its  e<iuivalent.  which  is  also 
exacted  from  any  man  infringing  on  the  marital  right, 
Avhile  the  female  for  such  olVence  is  mei'ely  hciten. 
Es([uemelin  adds  that  when  tlu'  young  man  came  to 
claim  his  hride,  he  was  ([uestioued  as  to  his  ability  to 
make  nets  and  arrows,  and  if  all  went  well,  the  daughter 
was  suunnoned  to  bring  a  calabash  of  wine.  Avhich  the 
three  drained  between  them  in  to];en  of  the  new  rela- 
tionship. The  widow  was  bound  to  supply  the  grave 
of  hei'  husband  with  provisions  for  a  yeai'.  after  which 
sh(^  took  up  the  bones  and  CiU'ried  them  with  her  for 
another  year,  at  last  placing  them  u[)on  the  roof  of  her 
house,  and  then  oidy  was  ^he  allowed  to  mat'ry  again. 
'I'heCarib  nmst  provide  a  separate  house  and  field  for 
each  of  his  wives,  where  she  not  only  supports  her- 
self, hei'  children,  and  her  husband,  but  can.  if  she 
})lcases.  accumulate  property.  '\[\v  husband  is  expected 
to  s])cnd  his  time  ecpially  between  his  wives,  but  not  to 
assist  in  ]"'oviding  necessities  alter  the  marriaiic  day ; 
should  iiis  help  he  rtMpiired.  the  wife  nmst  pay  liini  tlu? 
customary  I'ate  of  wages.  The  sexcral  wives  cenipete 
jcidously  with  each  otlii'r  to  provide  the  bt'st  lor  ibcir 
husband,  and  are  comparatixcly  well-beha\-ed.  owing. 
j)crhaiis.  to  tlie  si'Nci'e  puni.-bnieiit  of  infidelirN.  Anmiig 
the  SuKMc-'  wi\i'S()fone  husband  Lieiierally  li\ c  togetiiei'. 
each  wib-  bi'ingin^'  her  share  to  make  up  li«  v  lord's 
dinnei'.  Widows  ai'c  the  ])roperty  of  the  relatJNcs  of 
the  husl>and.  to  whom  "widow-money"  must  be  )iaid 
befoi'c  they  ari'  allowed  to  niai'ry  again.  The  method 
of  coui'tship  among  the  W'oolwas  is  to    place  a   deers 


"III 


'-'"' 


732 


^VILD  TRIBES  OF  CEN'TKAL  AMEIICA. 


cjircjiss  ,nii(l  smio  fMV>v(K)(l  at  the  dooi' of  the  iiitciidod; 
il"  ac('('[)li'(l.  iiianiii_i:v  oiiMics.  liach  \\\i\'  has  usually 
ii  separate  cstuhlislinu'iit.  TIk'  Towkas.  Avlio  arc  iii(ii(! 
iiK'linnl  to  inonouaiiiy,  liaxe  an  i  lit  crest  iiijj;  iiiarria^o 
cereiiiouy,  of  ^\lli('ll  Squicr  ^iscs  a  loii^'  account.  On 
tiio  betrothal  of  children  a,  coi'respondiiig  cotton  hand 
is  (jistciu'd  uhovc  the  clhow  or  helow  the  knee  of 
each,  ^riiese  hands  are  selected  hy  the  old  men  so 
as  to  ))e  distinct  iVoiii  others  in  color.  Jind  are  re- 
newed when  worn  out.  They  also  wear  necklaces  to 
which  Ji  shell  or  head  is  added  every  year,  and  when  tlio 
hoy  has  ten  i'.ddcd  to  his  striiij:'.  he  is  ctdled  imtliiixiil.  or 
ten.  siiinilyinu.'  liuU'ii  man;  when  the  twentieth  and  (iiial 
shell  is  added,  he  is  considcreil  ;i  lull  man.  and  is  called 


(ilK  nicaniiiL:'  tweiitx' 


\^  1 


lis  intciuU'd  has  h\"  this  time 


iittained  her  fifteenth  year,  jircparations  are  at  once  made 
lor  the  marriaLio.  A  uenerul  lioli(la\'  is  taken  li\  the 
villagers,  who  clear  from  urass  a  circular  itiece  of  i^round, 
which  is  dclined  liy  ;i  rinii  of  stones,  and  trampled  smooth  ; 
a  little  hilt  is  then  erected  in  the  'eiitre  ha\  iiiu,  a  ,-mall 
openin;.:'  at  the  top.  and  another  at  the  side  faciiiLi  the 
east.  \\  ithin  the  hut.  the  entrance  of  which  is  coxcidl 
Avith  a  mat.  is  a  liea[)  of  copal-twiiis.  and  without,  at  the 
edL><'  of  till'  circle,  a  canoe  filK'd  with  palm-wine  is 
placed,  havinii'  a  la,r,Lie  pile  of  white  calahashes  hy  its 
side.  At  no(»n  the  villa,L:ers  proceed  to  the  home  ot"  liie 
hrideuroom.  who  is  addressed  in  turn  hy  the  old  men; 
they  then  start  with  the  youth  for  the  house  of  the  hride 
where  the  youni;'  man  seats  himself  hefo re  the  closed  en- 
trance on  a  l)iindle  of  presents  intended   for  the  hride. 


lie 


fatl 


ler  raps 


at  tl 


le  door  w 


liich 


•tl 


1   is  iuirri\'  oiieiK( 


d   I 


IV 


an  old  woman  who  asks  his  hiisiiiess.  hut  tlu'  reply  does 
not  st'cm  satisfactory,  for  the  door  is  slammed  in  his 
face.  The  old  men  try  their  juiwerof  jiersuasion  with  the 
sai 
thei 


lie   result,   and  at   last  determine  to  call  Ornh 


l.>    U) 


r  aid 


.M 


nsic  liatii  charms  I  tlu>  door  is  seen  to  open, 


and  a  female  peeps  timidly  out:   louder  swells  the  music 
and  the  hride.Liroom  hasti'iis  to  unroll  his  Imnille  contain- 
ing heads  aiul  other  articles.     'J'he  door  opens  wuler  and 


MOSQUITO  conn'siirp. 


783 


) 


wider  us  each  prosoiit  is  liiiiidi'd  in  hy  tlio  fatlior.  until 
it  is  ontii'oly  thrown  back,  i-cvcalinir  the  hridi:  arravcd 
in  iicr  ])ivttiest.  seated  on  a  ericUerv.  in  the  remotest 
corner.  While  all  are  absorbed  in  exaniininii'  the  pres- 
ents, the  lirideiirooni  dashes  in,  shoulders  the  <:ii'l  like 
a  sack,  and  trots  oil'  ibr  the  mystic  circle.  Aviiich.  urucd 
on  l)y  the  frantic  cries  of  the  women,  he  ivtiches  belbre 
the  crowd  can  rescue  her.  The  females,  who  camiot 
])ass  the  ring,  stand  outside  jiivinii;  vent  to  their  despair- 
ing shrieks,  while  the  men  s([uat  within  the  circle  in 
r(jws,  ficing  outward.  The  old  men  alone  remain  stand- 
ing, and  one  of  them  hands  a  lighted  stick  to  the  couple 
inside  the  hut.  with  a  shoi't  si)eech.  Soon  an  ai'omatic 
smoke  curls  n[)  from  the  copal  i)ile.  whereat  the  women 
gi'ow  silent,  but  when  it  sul)sides.  a  sudden  gayety  takes 
possi'ssion  of  them,  and  the  uuisic  is  again  heard.  The 
reason  for  this  is  that  the  bridegroom,  if  he  has  any  ob- 
jections to  the  girl,  may  exiud  her  while  the  gum  is 
))urning.  but  if  it  burns  out  ((iiietly,  the  groom  is  sup- 
])osed  to  be  satisfied  and  the  nuirriage  com[)lete.  '^fhe 
women  now  pass  fdled  calabashes  to  the  men.  who  soon 


xM'ome 


exi^ited  and   start  a  di 


mce  w 


bid 


1  nicreases  in 


wildness  with  each  additional  cn[).  and  does  iiot  end  till 
most  of  tluMU  have  bitten  the  dust.  Al'tei-  dark  the 
crowd  proceeds  with  lighted  torclu^s  to  the  hut.  which  is 
torn  down,  disclosing  the  mari'ied  pair  sitting  ileunu'ely 
The  husband  shoulders  his  new  baggage 
ted  to  his  houu'.     The  followinu'  da\'  ever\- 


SKlC   l)V   SUU 


d 


ind  IS  eseoi 


body  presents  a  gift  of  some  kind,  so  as  to  ])lace  the 
couple  on  an  ecpial  ibotlug  with  the  rest  of  the  villagers. '' 
The  position  of  a  wife  is  not  an  cnvial)!!' one.  as  the  care 
of  the  household,  the  farm,  and  all  hard  and  (b'grading 
work  fall  to  lier  share,  while  her  liege  lord  spends  most 
of  his  time  in  idliniz'.     \\  lieu  about  to  be  coniined.  she 


7)'<  ((•'/','<•    11' (//.•i 


Strati'ii  inii/^ 


Mn 


th 


•  I".    ///^^   <irll.,   liilU.    iii   .   )).   'ill'i 


1))>.   127,   l-2!)-:!ii,   CO-i  11,  2;i('.,  '2l:?.  2')'.)  liiO,  ;i21 
Shoiv,   lip.    ;i:i2.   JiliU;     /•';■<«'"/'>■   '.,</.    Aimr.,   p.    1. 


Ill)  SI, I 


Till  \  miivrv  hut  din'  Wife,  with  wlr.n 


till.lcith 


lavutrs  thilii.'    D'l 


iijiiir's  \'iiijfi'ivs,  Veil,  i..  p.  II.  'Docli 
hrsit/,<ii  ill  di'i'  'J'lmt  ilic  lutisti  ii  .M:iiiii(i'  iiuv  cin  Wcili.'  Miisijiiil'il'iiiil,  l!i  ridit, 
pp,  111-11,  l:)J-'J;  S'.il'.nar  1/  Olnrli,  Hist,  (.'ohq.  Mcx.,  toiu,  ii.,  p,  312. 


...d^ 


734 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTR.VL  AMEPJCA. 


proceeds  to  a  hut  erected  for  this  purpose  in  tlie  for(>st,  a 
short  distance  IVoni  the  viHatie.  wliere  she  ivniains  iVoiu  a 
Aveek  to  two  months,  accordinji'  to  the  (uistoni  of  the  trihc, 
attemk'd  ))y  female  friends  who  supply  all  her  wants, 
since  she  is  not  allowed  to  handle  food  herself.  No  one 
nuist  pass  to  the  windward  of  the  hut.  hecause  an  ohstriic- 
tion  of  the  air  miuht  cause  the  death  of  the  mother  jind 
child,  and  for  thus  oilcndinti'  the  guilty  party  nuist  pay 
the  dani!i,i:es.  In  such  seclusic^n  it  is  easy  to  dispose  of 
<leforined  children,  and  it  is  helieved  that  this  is  done  to 
avoid  the  disiii-ace  of  a  nickname,  which  miiiht  otherwise 
attach  to  the  family.  At  the  e\[)iration  of  the  period  of 
])uri(ication.  the  mother  returns  to  the  villaiiccai'ryint:'  tlic; 
infant  tied  to  her  hack  in  a  cloth.  The  villai;'e  witch 
has  in  the  meantime  fastened  round  its  neck,  a  /n'lr  or 
charm,  consisting;'  of  a  hag  of  small  seeds  with  which  to 
pay  old  (Miaron  for  ferriage  across  the  river,  in  case  of 
an  earl V  death,  ^fhe  child  is  suckled  forahout  two  \ears; 
yucca-root  pap  also  forms  a  great  ])art  of  its  food  in  some 
})arts,  hut  otherwise  it  receives  little  care.  The  mother 
delivers  herself,  cutting  the  navel-string  with  her  own 
liand;  she  also  washes  the  infant's  clothes,  for  it 
is  helieved  that  the  child  will  die  ii'  this  is  done 
])y  anotlu'r;  after  washing  herself  and  suckling  the  child 
slu'  returns  to  the  vilhiLH'.  Formerlv  all  children  horn 
within  the  year  were  taken  to  the  temple  hy  the  ])arents, 
wrapped  in  a  net  and  painted  cloth,  and  laid  to  sleep 
under  a  cake  made  of  honey  and  iguana-llesh.  Notice 
was  taken  of  dreams,  and  if  the  child  ajtpeared  well  and 
happy.  tlu\\'  augured  I'iches  and  long  life  i'or  it.  if  weak 
and  sorrowl'ul,  it  would  he  ])oor  and  unfortunati';  if  no 
dreams occuiM'cd.  it  hetokeued  an  eaily  death.  Acting  on 
this  superstition.  ])arents  often  hecame  careless  ahout  the 
lutiire  of  their  children,  and  suiVered  them  to  grow  up 
w  itliout  atti'ution.  L'l'lests  wei'e  not  allowed  to  many, 
and  the  care  and  education  of  the  sons  of  nrominent  men 


bel 

(pK 

wh 

Tu, 

rou 

he 

clii 

mo 

olV 

hi( 

wh 

ha.^ 

hel 


were  entrusted  to  them, 


U8 


3^  EsqiiPiiitliu  vt'liitcs  thiit  tlii>  natives  on  tlio  In  liz(^  cnnst  aiul  iuljiioeiit 
isLiU'ls   ciirriL'd   tho  iiLW-boiii   iufiint  to  the  tiiii]ik',   wliuiv  it   was  jilactil 


MOSQriTO  DIVEllSIONS.  TA'} 

Drinking  is  the  chief  aiuusemeiit,  and  to  heoomo 
hel[)lesslv  diiiuk  is  the  sum  of  till  enjoviuent.  I''ri'- 
qiieiit  si/i/rrxns  or  feasts  ui'e  held,  liistiug  foi'  days,  jit 
which  large  immhers  assist  to  drain  the  eanoefid  of 
Tujuor  [)re[)ared  for  the  occasion.  (Occasionally  sur- 
ronndiiiiA'  villauers  are  invited,  and  a  drinkint:-l)ont  is 
held,  lirst  in  one  house  and  then  in  another,  until  the 
climax  is  i-eached  in  a  dehaiich  hv  hoth  sexes  of  the 
most  revolting  character.  (Quarrels  are  generally  i)ut 
oil"  for  these  occasions,  hut.  as  the  wives  have  careiully 
hidden  all  weapons,  recourse  is  had  tt)  the  (ist.  with 
whii'h  the  eonil)atants  exchange  1)1onvs  in  turn  until  one 
has  had  enoutih.  These  trials  of  endurance  are  alst) 
held  in  sport;  the  Snioo  or  W'oolwa.  lor  instance,  who 
wishes  to  be  held  most  woithy  of  the  fair  sex,  en- 
gages in  a  ii)iii(i  or  striking-match  with  a  rival,  each  one 
l)resenting  his  l)ent  back  to  the  othei'  in  turn,  until  the 
bravt'st  stands  declared.  Death  is  not  unfre(inently  the 
result  of  such  trials.  Even  l)o\s,  (^arried  away  l)y  enui- 
latioii.  hold  lighted  sticks  to  each  other's  skin.  In 
early  times  the  jK'ople  of  Honduras  held  regular  festi- 
vals at  the  beginning  of  each  month,  at  the  time  of 
electing  oHicers.  at  hai'vest  time,  and  three  other  grand 
celebrations  during  the  year,  for  whit'h  much  food  and 
drink  were  pre[)ared.  ,\s  the  wine  took  ell'ect.  the  \y,\v- 
ticipauts  were  seized  with  a  desire  to  move  to  theexhil- 
araiing  sound  of  drinu.  Ilute.  and  j'attle.  and  a  simpU; 
dance  was  organized.  That  of  the  Carib  is  merely  a 
forwai'd    and   bacl^ward    moM'inent   of  hands   and   feet, 

companied  l)y  a  pt-cidiai'   intonation  of  voice,  and   at 


tl 


leir  XI' 


■:h 


i/i'iorx, 


or  festivals  in  connuemoration  of  the  ( 


le- 


parted,   they  stalk  in  a  circle,  one  following  the  other. 


nii1;c(l  ill  11  hole  IiHihI  with  aslios,  (-XDoscd  to  tlu'  \\\h\  licusts,  iiiul  left  tlun 


itilll 


ic  tv,- 


.f 


siiiiii'iuniii 


il  was  nolii'id  in  the  :l;^ll 


Ihisl 


to  ihi'  i-iiilil  who  was  taiii'ht  tootlVrit  iiicuusi'  unci  to  iiiv, 


iri-amc  I  a:iill 


/■.-/: 


PI..  f!4-ll,   14'.).      'I  he  1.,'cliiti 


A  iillVciiou  for  a  woman. 


J<l..  PI  I 


il-.i.    ( 


Jiuifid  as  a  ] 


oniiia 


IV  //'• 


for 
of  of 
Jlist.  t 


iiotictlon. 

consiaui-y 

1(  ■ 


II  II.,  (Ic'( 


iv..  lil>.  i..  (Mp.  vi.,  lib.  viii.,  caj).  iii.-vi.;   Yiihihi's  X'trrKlirc,  ]i\>.  7li,  To,  l'j:t, 


\2'>:  ll'U,  in  Lotvl.  flnti).  Soc.,  Jn 


vol.  xxxii. 


ami  S 


JIJ).     ".^Ol.    ■.,")!:- 


/' 


.Sc    IIIHlHI   S 


DoUiiiija,  pp.  2111,  ;ii(;-S:    Tiir>i>tiiiiiiilii.  .lA 


■'/• 


lii'l..  toll 


I).  'Mo;  Ddnpork,  Rvisen,  toni.  x.,  ii.  4(11);  Crowe's  Cent.  Annr.,  pp.  41),  245-7. 


i  i 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  A^IERICA. 


and  sin;j.'lng  in  a  loud  and  nncoiitli  tone,  1'lioir  pas  t^vul 
is  li\c'Her,  IiowoviT,  the  port'onner  ski})[)iii,Li'  up  and 
down,  hondinu'  tlio  body  in  dilVorent  wa\s.  and  niakin.i; 

t  .  ft,  ft.  I 

the  most  ^I'otcscpio  movements.  'I'licy  aiv  not  satislicd 
Avith  a  nu'i'o  driidviiiLi-lmut  at  tlioir  ri'unions,  hut  s[)rt'iid 
a  u'ood  tal)k',  to  which  jiiirsts  olton  hring  their  uwn 
rK[uor.  Tiie  Towkas  and  others  prefer  the  eircle  dance, 
walkin,::'  at  a  slow,  swiniiing  pace,  heatinji'  their  knuckles 
against  emjjtied  calabashes,  and  joining  in  a  velVain.  at 
the  end  ot'  which  thev  strike  their  cups  one  against 
another's.  At  each  additional  potation,  the  walk  is  in- 
creased in  speed,  until  it  assumes  a  trot  and  ends  in  a 
uallon.  tiie  calabashes  rattlintr  in  accordance.  Tiie 
Sambi)  dance  is  like  a  minuet,  in  which  the  })erl'ormers 
advance  and  reix'de.  makiuii'  straniic  gesticulations.    'J'he 


women  have  also  a  dance  amon 


g  tl 


lemselves 


lor 


tl 


lev 


are  not  allowed  to  join  with  the  men, — in  which  they 
I'orm  a  ring,  holding  each  other  round  the  waist  with 
the  left  hand,  bending,  wriggling,  shaking  calabash  rat- 
tles, and  singing  until  exhausted.     Dramatic  rejjresenta- 


tions    usually   acc(ani)any    these    s 

*■  1.  »/ 


idtatorv    exhibitions. 


wherein  t\\o  yarious  phases  of  a  lover's  trials,  comical 
sketches,  or  battles  are  depicted.  The  })eople  of  Hondu- 
ras are  I'ond  of  disiiuisinir  themselves  with  I'eather  tufts. 


an( 


1  sk 


\ins  ol  annnal>i.  who-^e  actions  and  cries  they  imi 


tate.  The  faxorite  entertainment  of  the  Sambos  is  to 
put  on  a  head-dress  of  thin  strips  of  wood  })ainted  in 
various  colors  to  represent  the  beak  of  a  swonl-iish. 
fasten  a  collar  of  wi)od  I'ound  the  neck,  i'rom  which  a 
number  ol'  ])alm-U'aves  are  suspended,  and   to  daub  the 


lac 


e   ri't  I 


hlacU,   and    M'llow 


wo  men  tlius  ailoi 


rued 


advance  toward  one  another  and  ])eiid  the  lish-head  in 
salute.  keei)iiiLi'  time  with  a  rattle  and  sinuini:',  "•shoyel- 
noseil  sbarlss.  giandinotherl  after  which  they  slide  oiV 
erab-like.  making  the  most  ludicrous  gestures  imagin- 
able. This  fun  exhaiiste(h  Iresh  mena[)[)ear.  introducing 
new  movements,  and  then  the  sjjectators  join  in  a  'walk 


arouiK 


1."   I!. 


)urishiim'   white  sticks    in 


tl 


leir 


haiKb 


and 


I 


repeating  the  abo\e-iiientioned  refrain  in  a  peculiar  buz- 


GUAJIQUERO  DANCE. 


787 


zm^  tone  produced   by  placino;  in  the  mouth  a  small 
tube  covered  uith  the  membrane  of  a  mit.'"''' 

The  (juaj'niueros  in  an  interesting!;  performance  de- 
scribed by  S(iuier,  de})ict  incidents  i'rom  their  history. 
A  s(juare  i)iece  of  ground  havin,n'  a  tree  in  the  centre  is 
marked  olf,  and  two  [)oles  adorned  with  feathci's  are 
ereiited  in  opposite  corners,  one  bearing  the  head  of  a 
deer,  the  other  that  of  a  tiger.  A  dull,  monotonous 
music  is  heard,  and  two  [)arties  of  youth,  fanta>tically 
dressed  up  and  painted,  move  up  to  the  sipiai'c  in  a  slow, 
but  not  ungraceful  dance,  and  station  themselves  round 
the  poles  that  bear  their  respective  insignia.  A  man, 
8too[)ing  as  if  bent  with  age,  stai'ts  out  ii'om  the  deers, 
dances  rounil  the  ground,  trjing  to  arouse  the  mirtii  of 
the  spectators  with  his  gi'otescpie  movements.  The 
ti^,ers  also  dispatch  a  man,  who  does  his  best  to  e.\(!el 
the  other  one  in  contortions  and  grimaces.  A  iter  a 
while  they  meet,  and  connnence  a  discussion  which  ends 
in  open  rupture,  the  rising  passions  being  well  delineated. 
The  two  men  who  represent  ambassadors  then  return  to 
their  party  with  an  account  of  the  mission,  the  result  of 
which  is  a  general  excitement,  both  factious  starting 
out,  dancing  backwards  and  ibrwards,  up  and  down  the 
square,  until  they  meet  under  the  tree,  in  the  centre. 
The  leader  of  eacli  then  steps  out  and  recites  the  ulorie.s 
and  prowess  of  his  ti'ibe.  amidst  the  ap[)lause  of  his  own 
men,  and  the  disai)[)ro\id  of  the  others.  As  soon  as 
they  are  worked  u[)  to  tiie  requisite  pitch  of  ii'ritation, 
the  dialogue  ceases,  the  nuisic  strikes  u|).  and  a  mimic 
combat  ensues,  in  which  the  armies  advance  and  re- 
treat, close  and  separate,  using  short  canes  Ibr  weapons. 
At  last  the  tigers  lose  their  st;uidard  and  take  to  tlight, 
whereat  the  victors  execute  a  dance  of  triumph;  l)ut 
finding  how  dearly  the  victory  has  been  b(jught.  their 

33  Ifrrnra,  Hist.  Oen.,  <loe.  iv.,  lib.  viii.,  cap.  iii.,  vi.;  7)''//,  in  Laud.  <itoii. 
Soc,,  Jdiir.,  Vol.  xxxii.,  p.  '.io.j-O.  The  Wndlwas  'liibcii  fj;c\vis>('  .Tahrcsfcsto 
l)tn  wt'k'bcn  wider  ciii  Fri'iiulcr  nodi  Wcilur  luul  Kinder  ties  eij^mi!  Stiini- 
nics  /uiii'lassen  werden.  Bi^i  diescii  Festeii  fi'ihren  sie  niit  jiinti  in  (ie.selirei 
ilire  T.-iiize  iiiif,  "  wuhei  ihiuu  ilir  Gott  Gesellseli;ift  kistet."  '  I'nuUd,  Aas 
AiiKjfika,  toiu.  i.,  ]ip.  107-8. 

Vol.   T.     47 


■   ^M 


i 


."ills 

i ! 


738 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


joy  is  turned  into  sorrow,  and  tliey  Ix-nd  tlicii-  licad 
U[)()H  the  knees,  hreakinn  out  in  loud  lament.  In  a  lew 
moiiients  one  of  them  starts  up  and  l)egins  a  pane.uvric  on 
the  fallen  hraAo,  which  is  ibllowed  b}'  a  mimie  sacu'itico 


and  oilier  ceremonies. 


Tl 


le  vaiK 


juished 


lire  now  seen  to 


ai)l)i'oach  with  downcast  eyes,  hringinii'  tribute,  which 
tluy  lay  at  the  feet  of  the  \ictors,  who  receixt'  it  with 
imperious  bearin,^'.  TIu.'  music  at  these  entertainments 
is  not  of  a  very  inspiring  nature;  drums,  consisting  of  a 
set'tiou  of  hollow  tree  covered  uith  skin,  which  are  gene- 
rally beaten  with  the  hand,  and  Mutes  of  bamboo  with 
four  sto[)s  on  which  eight  notes  are  played  with  dillerent 
degrees  of  s[)eed  for  variety,  being  the  usual  instruments. 
The  (iiiaji(iuerosalso  use  the  c/iirhn(f)j<i,U\o  ilutes  joined 


m  one  mouthpiece;    tlio  .sy/v//,/ 


th 


or 


r 


ni  s  nine;  a  loiu 


calabash  with  a  narrow  o[)ening  at  the  small  end.  into 
Avhich  the  performer  blows  suddenly,  at  intervals,  to 
mark  time;  and  a  sort  of  di'um  consisting  of  a  large 
earthen  jar,  over  the  mouth  of  which  a  dressed  skin  is 
tightly  stretched.  To  the  centre  of  the  skin,  and  passing 
through  ail  opening  in  the  l)ottom,  is  attaclu'd  a  string 
which  the  perl'ormer  pulls,  the  I'ebound  of  the  uu'mbrane 
proilucing  a  very  lugul)rioiis  sound.  In  western  llon- 
duias  the  so-called  strum-strum  is  much  used.  This  is 
a  lai'gt'  gourd  cut  in  the  middle,  and  covered  with  a  thin 
board  having  strings  attached.  The  tnarinihii,  and  the 
jews-liarj)  which  has  been  introduced  by  the  tradei.  are, 
liowever.  the  favorite  instruments  ibr  a  (piiet  reunion, 
and  the  few  tunes  known  to  them  are  played  thereon  with 
admirable  skill  and  taste.  Songs  always  accompany  their 
(lances  and  are  \isually  im|)rom[)tu  compositions  on  (suit- 
able subje(!ts,  gotten  up  for  the  occasion  by  the  favoritt; 
singei's  of  the  village,  and  rendered  in  a  sol't.  but  mono- 
tonous and  })laintivetone.  They  have  no  national  melo- 
dies, but  on  the  receipt  of  an viiood  or  bad  message,  their 
I'eeliugs  generally  find  vent  in  a  ditty  embodying  tlio 
news.  Talking  is  a  passion  with  them,  and  as  soon  as  a 
piece  of  news  is  received  at  a  village,  two  or  three  younger 
men  will  start  with  their  women  and  children  for  the 


EEVERAC.ES  OF  IIOXDUIIAS. 


7;;o 


next  liJimlct.  mIumv  it  is  (IIscussimI  for  hours  ])y  tlic  ;is- 
scnibli'd  jM)[)iil;iti()ii.  who  in  thcii-  turn  disjiutch  u  iiicsscn- 


.ror 


to  tl 


le  next  viIImlic.  am 


I  tl 


HIS 


•rt'iK 


I  (1 


It'  news  ovvv 


tho  whole  (.'oiintrv  in  a  xvvy  sliort  tiiiu-.  In  story-tell- 
ing, tho.so  wlio  (!oncoet  the  bigiivst  lies  receive  tlie  most 
apjjlansc.  Orcotn'sc.  the  \)\\n'  nuist  he  smoked  on  tli(>se 
occasions,  ])nt  as  their  own  tohai'co  has  heconie  too  mild 
lor  them,  recourse  is  had  to  tlie  vilest  desci'iption  of 
American  leaf.  When  this  is  wantinu',  the  smoke-dried 
leaves  of  the  trumpet  and  papah-tree  are  used  hy  men  as 
well  as  women.  The  I'avorite  di'ink  is  niixJila.  prepared 
ehielly  from  cassava- roots;  l)ut  others  from  hananas.  pine- 


apples, and  other 


Iruit." 


are 


Iso    use( 


1.     A  mil 


uiH'r  o 


f 


young  women  provided  with  good  teeth,  untiring  jaws, 
and  a  large  su[)ply  of  salivsi.  are  emi)loye(l  to  chew 
about  half  of  the  l)oiled  and  peeled  roots  re(iuisite  to  mal 


KO 


a  canoeful  of  liipior.  the  remainder  being  ci'iished  in  a 
mortiU'.  This  delectable  compound  is  stii'red  with  cold 
wati-r,  and  allowed  to  ferment  lor  a  day  or  two,  when  it 

and  tastes  ^ery  strong  and 
led  in  warm  watei-,   and  then 


assumes  a  creamy  ai)i)earance 


SOUl", 


rianti 


uns  are  kneai 


allowed  to  stand  for  a  few  days  till  the  mixture  ferments, 
or  the  fruit  is  left  in  the  water  in  small  pieces,  and  the 
kneading  [)erformed  in  the  cup  prexious  to  di-iid\ing.  A 
fermented  drink  from  jjowdered  cacao  and  indigenous 
sugar-cane  juice  is  called  nhunj.  and  yy'.s'.so  is  the  name 
given  to  another  made  from  ernshed  lime-rinds,  niai/.e 
and  honey;  in  eai'ly  times  meail  was  a  iavoi'ite  drink  in 
llondm'as.  The  cocoa-nut  ])ahn  yields  monthly  a  large 
cpiiuitity  of  Tupior  known  as  cdvui-n.  The  tip  of  tho 
undevelo[)e(l  shoots  ai'e  (Mit  olV.  and  the  brani'h  bent  down 
80  as  to  idlow  the   iluid   to  drip   into  a  calabash   jilaced 


])eneath.      It.- 
th 


seei  I 


water  u'lve  the  acclnot 


when  crushea 

40 


and 


I    steeped   in   hot 


■•I'  Sipiier.  in  /Aac/i.  c's  M<i;i..  vol.  Nix.,  pp.  COIJ-O.  nirj;  Sinrs,  MilUhimcnhn, 
p]i  171-2.  174  ll:  Murliii's  il'is/  IihI'hs.  vol.  i.,  ji  l').");  J.nrl.  .\iii-iis  Orl.is.  ]). 
337;  Urifi'i's  1114.  \'ni/..  pp.  22:!-.");  htnujiiir's  \'ni/ii,i-s,  vol.  i.,  |p.  in.  1-7; 
Jliinl's  \Vii!l.;m,  jip.  2u.")-',).  221  Ml,  2;!2-;i,  2;i;);  M.^s^iuiUihihil.  Iln-ichl.  pi  .  in^, 
ltl-2,  14r,-7,  I'.Ml,  2(U  2.  2(17:  Cnnrr's  Cnit.  A)iiir.,]^.  217:  I'hu  <ii,il  Sec 
Viann's  Dullinijx,  pp.  3U(J,  lUo;  I'uun'j's  Sarnd'a' ,  pp.  oO-li,  72,  77-S,  12."),  132- 


no 


WILD  THIDES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERIf'.V. 


Xo  namo  for  a  .sMi)r('inc  good  sj)lrit  is  fomul  in  the 
VfK'ahiilary  of  the  Mos(iuitos;  all  tlu'ir  aiipcals  aic  ad- 
dressed to  Wulaslia.  the  devil,  the  cause  of  all  misfor- 
tiiiies  and  contrarieties  that  happen.  The  inteicessois 
uith  this  dread  heinji;  are  the  sukim*.  or  soi'ceri'sses.  i^i-n- 
(Tidly  dirty,  malicious  old  hags,  who  are  ap[)ioa<'lH'd  willi 
gifts  hy  the  trenilding  upplicant,  and  hesonght  to  use 
their  })o\ver  to  avert  impending  evils.  They  are  siip- 
])()sed  to  ho  in  ])artnership  with  their  devil,  for  whom 
they  always  exact  the  half  of  the  fee  hefore  entering 
upon  any  exorcising  or  divination.  These  witches  exer- 
cise a  greater  jujwer  over  the  peojile  than  the  chief — a 
power  which  is  sustained  hy  the  exhihition  of  certain 
tri(  ks,  such  as  allowing  poisonous  snid<es  to  hite  them, 
and  handling  fire,  which  they  have  leained  irom  j)re- 
decessors  during  their  long  preparation  for  the  ollice, 
passed  amidst  exposure  and  fasts  in  the  solitude  of  tho 
wilderness.  The  people  of  lIoiK^'U'as  had  also  evil  sor- 
cerers who  [K)ssessed  the  power  of  transforming  men  into 
wild  heasts.  and  were  nuich  feared  and  hated  {iccord- 
ingly;  hut  their  priests  or  hermits  wht)  live  in  com- 
munion with  mati'riali/ed  gods,  in  small,  elevated  huts, 
apart  from  the  villages,  enjoyed  the  res[)ect  of  all,  and 
their  advice  was  applied  for  on  ever}-  matter  of  imjjort- 
ance.  Xone  hut  the  princii)al  men  could  a])proach  them 
without  the  necessarv  offering  of  n>nize  and  fowl,  and 
they  humhly  knelt  ))eforo  them  to  receive  their  oracular 
answer.  Preparatory  to  important  undertakings,  dogs, 
cocks,  and  even  men  were  sacrificed  to  ohtain  the  fa\<ir 
of  their  idols,  and  hlood  was  drawn  from  tongue,  irs, 
and  other  memhers  of  the  hod  v.  Thev  thon'l  ;♦  nl^e- 
wise  necessary  to  their  welfare  to  have  muj'  i' guar- 

dian spirits,  whose  life  hecame  so  hound  up  ith  tin  ir 
own  that  the  death  of  one  involved  that  of  the  ot^er. 
The  manner  of  obtaining  this  guardian  was  to  proceed 
to  some  secluded  spot  and  oiler  up  a  sacrifice:  with  the 

5;  Esqwmdin,  Zft-BoovorH,  \>\\  150-1.  The  iintivea  of  Hondnrns  liejit  sninll 
liinls  which  'could  talk  iiitillit^'iUly,  mid  whistle  iiud  sing  aduiirubly.'  f.-cA;- 
harn''s  Journey,  pp.  o:i-3,  Hi,  7U-2/«s  'JJ. 


M()S(iLriU  II  SIOMS. 


Ul 


beast  or  Mill  wliicli  llu'rciipon  iijipciiriMl.  in  dcciim  or  in 
v»'iilit\.  !i  con^iiu't  for  lilt'  was  iiiiulc,  liv  drawiiiL:'  lijoixl 
iVom  \iiiioiis  parts  ol"  tlic  lio'h.  Caiilts  and  W  oolwas 
assciiilili'  at  coi'tain  [icriods  cnci'v  vcar.  to  jtroiiitiatc  coii- 
trolliiiji'  f'pii'its  with  rcrcmonics  transmitted  IVom  tlu'ir 
iord'atlifi's.  A  vai'ictv  ol'  ghosts,  as  Lcwii'c.  the  spirit 
of  the  water,  are  sn[i|)osed  to  jilav  their  pranks  at  ni,uht, 
and    it   is  dillieidt   to   induce  anxone   to  lea\e  the  hut 


alter  dark,   unless  m  eompany 


'11 


le 


■lief 


in  (ireani.s 


is  so  lirndx'  rooted  that  their  very  course  of  life  is  in- 
iluenceil  1;  it.  l']\'er_v  dream  has  a  direct  or  indirect 
ineaninu':  thus,  a  hi'oki-n  calahash  hetokeiis  loss  ol"  wile; 
a  hroken  dish,  the  death  of  a  mothei'.  Anions  otlu".' 
suiterstitions.  it  was  helievcd  that  the  li,uhtin}:  of  an  owl 
niton   the   house-to[i  windd    he   I'ollowi'd  h_v  the  (U'ath   of 


an  inmate ;  when  thunder  roared,  cotton-seed  was  hurm 


d 


hrol 


\eu   e 


'\h 


an( 


I    d 


eer-hones   wei'e  carefidlv   jire 


.served  lest  the  chickens  or  the  deer  should  die  oi"  disap- 


1 


)ear 


A 


ware  o 


f  th 


10  peculiar  iniliience  o 


111 


)f  tl 


u'  moon  on 


man  and  matter,  they  are  careful  not  to  sleei)  in  its 
<:lare.  nor  to  lish  when  it  i.s  up,  and  malio,i:any-cutters 
ahstain  from  lelling  trees  at  certain  periods  lor  fear  tho 
wood  may  spoil.  They  are  wonderfully  jiood  path- 
finders, and  will  pass  throudi  the  densest  forest  without 
puiding  marks;  as  swimmers  they  are  not  to  he  sur- 
pas.sed.  Their  mode  of  greeting  a  friend  is  wvy  v\\\\- 
sive.  according  to  Danipier.  One  will  throw  himself  at 
the  feet  of  another,  who  liel[)s  him  up.  emhraces  him, 
and  falls  down  in  his  turn  to  he  assisted  up  and  com- 
i'orted  with  ji  pressure.  Cockhurii  says  that  tlu'  Hon- 
duras peojtle  hend  one  knee  to  tho  ground  and  chq)  their 
hands  in  token  of  farewell. ^^ 


Thoir  li 


iti 


lif( 


d  fruit  and  fish  dii't.  with  11 


lioir  licentious  lile.  and  iruit  and  lisii  diet,  witli  lim- 
itod  nso  of  salt,  havo  loft  thoir  constitution  very  su>ci'[.- 

•"  Ucrrrra.  Hist.  Om..  dco.  iv.,  lili.  \iii.,  cay),  iv-vi.;  ('iirl,h)irh's  Jtinvmii, 
j)[).  Itl'i,  l")  (i;  l)iniijiii  r'x  ri'V'('/'S,  vol.  i.,  ji]).  H-i),  Sd;  Mns(jii!liiliiiiil,  lli  r'lifit, 
JI]).  112-:!;  M<irti„\i  l!nt.  (''•!..' \i>\.  ii..  \>.  41.'5;  ll'inl\<  W'aU.ini,  jip.  •2.s  .',:>, 
'Ju't-l:!,  'J")(I  S,  'J7:i  I.  Sivci's  was  tluniiiht  iiusscsstil  of  tln'ilrvil,  ,inil  ciuc- 
f iiily  sIhihiiimI,  btciiusc  Lo  iiiiituttcl  tiiu  ciowiiiy  of  ii  cock,  it'ii  / s,  Mitti  laim  /  i« 
/i,((,  p,  ITS, 


-ii'l 


742 


^VILD  TllIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMEPJCA. 


iil)lo  to  opiclomics  as  well  as  otlior  diseases.  The  most 
coinniou  disorder.s  are  aftections  of  the  bowels,  sucli  as 
tlvseiitery  and  diarrhoea,  but  chills,  rheunuitisin.  coii- 
Mmi[)tioii,  and  )*ic-asles  are  not  unfreciuent.  Cliildi'eii 
Miller  nuich  from  "worms,  and  their  abdomen  is  some- 
times enormously  swollen.  A  very  i)ainful,  though 
not  daniierous  e3e-disease  termed  unhibWan  is  preva- 
lent; and  the  burrowing  of  the  tick  in  the  skin  causes 
Avouiuls  and  inllannnation  if  the  ily  be  not  speedily  le- 
mo\ed;  the  cJuyoe,  or  sand-ilea,  attacks  the  feet  in  the 
same  manner.  Hut  small-pox  and  leprosy  are  the  great- 
est scourges  of  this  country,  tlie  ibrmer  havinu'  here  as 
elsewhere  in  America  connnitted  enormous  ravages 
among  the  population.  Le[)rosy — that  living  death 
lelk'cting  the  sins  of  former  generations,  so  capricious 
in  the  selection  of  its  victims,  taking  the  parent,  yet 
leaving  the  cliild  intact,  or  seizing  upon  the  olVspring 
Avithout  touching  its  mother — may  certaiidy  be  less  de- 
!-tructive,  but  it  is  nevertheless  fearful  in  its  effect:  half 
of  the  natives  of  the  Ah)s(iuito  country  being  more  or 
less  marked  by  it.  either  in  the  sha[)e  of  Avhite  or  Hvid 
spots,  or  red,  white,  and  scabbed  hiilpis.  All  sickjiess 
and  allliction  is  su[)posed  to  be  the  work  of  the  evil 
spirit  who  has  taken  possession  of  the  allected  part;  su- 
kias  nmst,  therefore,  be  called  in  to  Uf^a  their  incanta- 
tions and  herbs  against  the  enemy.  The  witch  appears 
with  her  face  painted  in  hideons  devices,  and  begins 
(»l)erations  by  })lacing  some  herl)s  beneath  the  })illow  of 
the  patient,  blowing  smoke  ovr  him,  rubbing  the 
l)ody  with  the  liiiads,  .and  nnittering  strange  words.  If 
this  is  not  effective,  a  decoction  is  made  from  the  herl)s, 
to  be  used  as  a  drink  or  fomentation,  and  the  patient  is 
ienced  in  with  painted  sticks,  with  strict  orders  to  let 
no  one  approach;  the  witch  herself  bringing  the  i()od  to 
the  patient,  whistling  a  plaintive  strain  and  nnittering 
o\er  the  invalid  for  some  time  to  chase  awav  the  evil. 
Xo  pregnant  woman,  or  pi'i-son  who  has  lately  buried  a 
frit-nd,  nmst  come  near  the  house  durii.g  the  illness,  nor 
must  any  one  pu  s  to  the  windward  of  it,  lest  the  sick 


MOSQUITO  MEDICAL  TllE.VT.MENT. 


74.3 


bo  deprived  of  ))reiitli;  any  presumed  l)reach  of  tliese 
injiiiu'tioii.s  leaving  i\  sale  lo()[)liole  ior  tlie  sorceress,  in 
case  Ikh"  remedies  fail.  During  epidemics,  the  sukias 
consult  together  and  note  their  dreams,  to  ascei'tain  tiio 
natiU-e  anfl  disposition  of  the  s[»irit.  After  muttering 
incantations  all  night,  and  invoking  all  soi-ts  of  terrihlo 
monsters,  they  plant  small  painted  sticks,  mounted  hy 
grotesijue  figures,  to  the  windward  of  tlu;  village,  and 
announce  the  expulsion  of  the  evil.  Should  the  scoiu'go 
continue,  it  is  supposed  that  the  sjjirits  areohstimite.  :ind 
the  })eople  ii'Uiove  to  other  pai'ts,  burning  the  \illagv. 
The  instructions  of  the  sukia  are  always  scrupulously 
followed,  and  the  cretlulous  native  may  be  s<'<'n  lying  on 
the  heacli  for  days,  exposed  to  all  v.eathers,  smeared 
Avith  blood  and  waiting  for  restoration  from  ills.  Scari- 
fications are  nnich  resorted  to,  and  fever  patients  throw 
themselves  into  cold  water,  where  they  remain  luitil 
dead  or  until  the  fever  leaves  them,  in  Honduras,  on 
the  other  hand,  the  patient  is  taken  out  of  the  water 
after  a  short  innnersion,  and  r(»lled  to  and  fro  l)efoie  a 
fire,  until  half  dead  with  fatigue,  when  he  was  k'ft  to 
be  restored  by  sleep;  l)lood  is  let  IVom  the  tliighs.  legs, 
and  shoidders;  vomiting  is  promoted  by  certain  herbs; 
vermin  are  administered  for  jaundice.  In  sickness  a 
rigid  diet  is  obserxcd,  the  patient  subsisting  chielly  on 
iguana  broth.  Snake-biies  are  cured  by  chewing  the 
guaco-root,  and  poulticing  the  wound  therewitii;  the 
Caribs  api)ly  an  oil  obtained  from  the  head  of  the  tom- 
my-gofl'  as  an  antidote  for  its  bite.  ilerrera  states 
that  the  comfoi't  of  a  sick  j'erson  wa-  but  little  regarded; 
l)read  and  (h"iid<  wei'e  jjkiced  near  the  patii'Ut's  bead, 
and  if  strong  enough  t(>  i)artake  thereof,  well  and  uood, 
but  if  not  he  might  die;  nobody  took  iuiy  notice  of 
liim  after  this.  The  Mos(piitos  arc;  not  entirely  de\()i(l 
of  aiTection.  but  their  grief  seems  to  be  reserved  for  the 


dend.  not  the  dyinj. 

■•-  Ifevri'rn,  Hist.  (Icn.,  ilic.  iv.,  lil 
Ci-'iin's  ('nit.  Aniir.,  ])jT.  "21")  7;    )'' 
./)''//.    in    hnnil.  <rf(>ii.  Sill'.,  Jniif..  Yc 


).  vr.i.,  ('Ill 


.1< 


lil 


).  I. 


iiitiil . 


1>1).  '>:i  '2<) 


vol,  XXXll 


Jicri:lit,  pp.  132,  US-51;  VJun/'f  W'tihim,  pp.  'JIIJ  1. 


pji.  Lrdt,   2i;u-l; 


'Jx.   T.t,  «:i; 
laiinilnlintil, 


7i4 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENXnAL  AMEKICA. 


The  corpse  is  wrapped  in  a  clotli  and  placed  in  one 
liair  of  a  piti)an  whieli  has  ])een  cut  in  two;  iViends 
asseiiiljle  i'or  the  funeral  and  di'own  their  grief  in  nuish- 
la,  the  women  giving  vent  to  their  sorinw  l)y  dashing 
themselves  on  the  ground  nntil  covered  with  hlood,  and 
inllieting  other  tortures,  occasional!}'  even  committing 
suicide.  As  it  is  sui)posed  that  the  evil  spirit  seeks  to 
ohtain  possession  of  the  hody,  nmsicians  are  called  in  to 
lull  it  io  slee[),  while  pre[)arations  are  made  for  its  re- 


moval; nil  at    once    four    naked    me 


n,    w 


ho  1 


lave   (lis 


guised  themselves  with  jmint.  so  Jis  not  to  he  recognized 
and  [>iniished  hy  Wnlaslia.  rush  out  Irom  a,  neighhoring 
hut,  and,  seizing  the  ro[)e  attached  to  the  canoe,  drag 
it  into  the  woods,  followi'd  hy  the  nnisic  and  the  crowd. 
Here  the  pitjian  is  lowered  into  the  gra\e  witli  how, 
arrovV.  s[K'ar,  paddle,  and  other  iiuplements  to  serve  the 
departed  in  the  land  heyond  ;  then  the  othei"  half  of  tiie 
hoat  is  [ilaced  over  the  body.  A  rude  hut  is  constructed 
over  the  grave,  serving  as  a  receptacle  for  the  I'hoice  food, 
drink,  and  other  articles  })la{vd  tliere  Iroui  tiuie  to  time 
hy  relatives.  The  water  that  disa[)pears  IVoui  the  [)orous 
jars  is  thought  to  have  heen  diunk  hy  the  deceaseth  and 
if  the  food  is  nibbled  by  birds  it  is  held  t<^  be  a  good 
sign.  On  returning  from  the  graAe  the  pro[)erty  of  the 
deceased  is  destroyed,  the  cocoa-palms  being  cut  (U)wn, 
and  all  who  have  taken  i)art  in  the  funeral  undergo 
a  lustration  in  the  river.  Relatives  cut  olV  the  bail',  the 
men  k-aving  a  I'idge  along  the  middle  from  the  na[)e 
of  the  iKH'k  to  the  forehead;  widows,  according  to  some 
old  writers,  ai'ter  su[)[)lying  the  gi'ave  with  Ibod  for 
a,  year,  take  up  the  bones,  and  carry  tlieiu  on  the 
back  in  the  daytime.  sle(>i)iiig  with  them  at  night,  for 
another  year,  after  which  they  are  placed  at  the  d(u»r, 
or  u[)oii  the  house-t()i».      Ou   the  anniversary  of  death, 


fi'ieuds  of  the   deceased   hold    a   least  called   srr/ 


roe, 


at 


which    huge   ((uantities   of  li(pior  are    drained    to    his 


nuMuory.  ^ipuer,  who  witnessed  the  ceremonies  on  nn 
Oi'Ciision  of  this  kind,  says  that  males  and  females  wtM'e 
dressed  in   I'lc  cloaks   fantaslically  j)a,inted    Ijlack   and 


CHARACTER  OF  THE  MOftQUITOS. 


715 


wlilto,  ^vhilc  their  faces  were  correspond iiiLilv  streaked 
■Nvitli  red  and  yellow,  and  tliey  peribrnied  a  slow  walk- 
aronnd.  the  immediate  relatives  [yrosti'ating  themselves 
at  intervals,  callinu'  loudlv  noon  the  dead,  juid  tearim^ 
the  ground  with  their  hands.  At  no  other  time  is'the 
de[)arted  rel'erred  to,  the  very  mention  of  his  name  Iteing 
su[)erstitiously  avoided.  Some  trihes  extend  a  thread 
from  the  house  of  death  to  the  grave,  cari'ying  it  in  a 
straight  line  over  every  oljstaele.  Froehel  states  that 
among  the  Woolwas  all  pro[)erty  of  the  deceased  is 
huried  with  him,  and  that  both  husband  and  wife  cut 
the  hair  and  burn  the  hut  on  the  death  of  either,  plac- 
ing a  gruel  of  maize  upon  the  grave  for  a  certain  time.^' 
Hospitality,  a  gentle  and  obliging  disposition,  faith- 
fulness in  the  i'uUilliiii:'  of  eniiauements,  lionest\-  and 
docility,  balanced  by  an  inaptness  to  make  any  a\ail  of 
natural  benehts,  and  a  su[)ineness  in  matters  of  veracity 
and  judgment,  by  reason  of  which  they  fall  into  many 
excesses,  especially  in  drink,  characterize  both  Mosipiitos 
and  Caribs.  The  a[)athy  and  slowness  of  the  unadid- 
terated  aboriginal  aiv.  however,  in  striking  contrast  to  the 
vivacious  and  Impressible  natureof  the  Caribs,  whose  ver- 
satility evidences  a  I'ather  higher  intelligence,  which  is 
aiia in  overshadowed  bvan  inordinate  vanit\'.  based  cbiellv 
upon  their  greater  strength  and  stature.  l>oth  j)ossess  a 
certain  industry,  the  one  being  more  })lodding.  the  other 
more  energetic  though  less  ))atient;  this  trait  is  also 
noticeable  in  their  pastimes,  where  the  native  is  far  less 
exuberant  and  noisy  than  his  darker  neighbor.  With 
regard  to  the  elVect  of  negro  admixture  on  character, 
comparisons  may  I)e  niaile  among  the  Caribs  themselves, 
when  it  will  be  found  that  the  black  race  is  nuich  mt)re 


■1^  Till'  (li';i(l  'art'  sc'\v(  il  np  in  ii  mat,  ainl  luit  laiil  in  tin  ir  L'lavi  li  iiutli- 
vays,  lull  iiiiii,L,'lit  on  tluir  fi .  t  with  tluir  faces  dirt  dly  to  tin-  last.'  Aimr., 
>/)'//(.  N ///.,  ji.  4(1.  '  J'^in  ai.iliii  r  Ki  lii^iuns^i  ln-aiicli  (1(  r  iiltrii  MuM[iiitin 
war,  (lass  sic  hiy  (1(  in 'I'mlt' t  iiiis  Hausvatris  alli'  Mine  litdicntin  n.il  ilmi 
lic'^^'rulieii.'  D'hi'i'iirli',  It'iy.Di.  tiini.  \,,  p.  -lOS.  Ildnl's  WuiLini,  pp.  C'"^  "it, 
iii'i-il;  M'iixiiiiUnliiKil,  11' rirlit.  ])\t.  Kill,  li:!-i;  I'l»i  uml  Simi'mii's  li"tlnr,s.  \<\k 
U  "-S;  /,v//,  in  l.iiiiil.  h'riiii.  Sni\,  Jiiiir.,  vol.  xxxii..  p.  2">.";  Frdnl.  .Ih.s-  Aiup- 
ril.'i.  toni.  i..  \^.  lii?;  Ihrnni.  IliM.  Ihh.,  die.  iv,,  l:li.  viii,,  i.Mp.  v-vi.; 
EaqMiiiilin,  Zii-liOoi\ri>,  ii>.  152-3. 


740 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


niercuriiil  and  voluMiiont  tlian  tlio  purer  typo,  and  pos- 
ticsses  jiivator  vi)lnl)ilih-.  Tlie  sincre  di,<cii)line  kopt  up, 
and  the  disposition,  ainonj:;  the  uoinen  at  least,  to  ]»ro- 
vide  for  the  morrow,  aii.mirs  uell  lor  their  future.  'I'he 
bravery  and  love  of  freedom  which  so  long  kept  the 
S})anisli  invaders  at  hay  both  on  the  western  and  north- 
ern borders  and  on  the  coast  was  subsecpiently  subdued, 
instance  the  mild  dis[K)sition  of  the  independent  Xi- 
(N'Kjues,  Poyas,  and  Secos,  who  are  now  inclined  i-ather 
to  [)eacel"ul  diploniai;y  than  to  "warlike  demonstrations; 
yet  the  Caribs  manifested  considerable  spirit  during  a 
late  conflict  witli  the  Honduras  go\ernment,  and  i)roved 
theuiselves  eiricient  soldiers.  The  characttM-  given  to  the 
nations  of  this  subdivision  by  ancient  Avi'iters.  contains 
many  nnenvia])le  (pialities.  lor  not  only  are  tluy  de- 
.scribed  as  la/y,  vicious,  lying,  inconstant,  but  as  cruel, 
Aoid  of  aiVection   and  of  less  inteirmence  tban  the  Mex- 


icans; nevertheles.s  thev  ai'e  obedient, 


pe 


ici'ahic 


blc 


aiK 


I 


(piiet.  The  oidy  cbaracteristic  we  have  concei'uing  the 
Albatuius  is  tbat  they  were  savage,  and  until  of  liitc 
the  J\amas  bore  tlie  same  character.  Among  tbe  in- 
dustrious Towkas  we  find  that  gentle  melancholy 
whi(!li  cbaracteri/es  some  of  the  (inatemalans;  while 
their  brothers,  tbe  Snioos,  have  the  reitutation  of  being 
a  very  simple  peo^jle  whom  the  neighboi's  take  delight 
in  iui[)osin,i;  upon,  yet  tbeir  women  are  said  to  b(>  more 
ingenious  tlum  the  Sambo  women,  rroceedinu'  to  the 
Toonglas  and  Sambos,  we  ol)serve  a  i)reponderance  of 
])ad  (|ualities,  attributable,  no  doubt,  to  their  intercourse 
witli  bucciineers  and  tradei's.  ]\\  most  writers  the\  are 
chaiacteri/ed  as  a  lazy,  druid\en.  debauched,  audacious 
race,  givi-n  to  thieving;  capricious,  quarrelsome,  treacher- 
ous and  exacting  amoim'  themselves,  thouiih  obliLiiuii'  to 
strangei's,  their  oidy  redeeming  traits  being  lK)s])it;dity, 


'hiellv  exhibited 


and  a  certani  nnpulsiveness  wlncli  is  c 

in  grief,  and  indicates  somethii^g  good  at  heart.     Their 

want  of  ener<rv,  which  deters  them  alike  IVom  household 


work  and  the  commission  of  trveat  crimes,  \\\\\  not 


V 


Vent  them  from  undertaking;  weariscme  vovaires  to  dis- 


THE  ISTinilANS. 


74.7 


poso  of  more  trillos;  mid  tlieir  suporstitioiis  fears  and 
puerility  uiidei"  alHiction,  are  entirely  lost  when  lacing 
the  ragiii,;:;  surf  or  hungry  shark.  Other  Avriters  take  ad- 
vantaiie  of  this  trait  to  show  that  they  are  hi:zh-s[)irited 
enough  to  carry  anytiiinii'  throu,i:h  when  once  ai'oused, 
and  iidd  that  they  have  proved  themselves  faithful  to 
their  masters,  are  docile  and  intelligent,  abhorring  to 
appear  mean  and  et)wardly.^* 

The  Isthmians,  l)y  -whicli  name  I  designate  all  tlie 
nations  occupying  the  territory  lying  hetween  the  San 
Juan  River  and  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Nicaragua 
on  the  north,  and  the  gulf  of  Urah;i.  or  Dai'ien.  and  the 
]\i\er  Atrato  on  the  south,  present  several  i)ecidiarities 
when  compared  with  the  othei*  nations  of  Central  Amer- 


ica.    'I'he  inhabitants  of  these  regions 


lue  a 


hai'd' 


an( 


I 


active  race,  jealous  of  their  inde[)endencc  and  excr  hos- 
tile to  those  who  atteujpt  to  penetrate  their  country. 
Their  resoluteness  in  e.vcduding  all  I'oreigners  is  mate- 
rially strengtlu'ned  hy  the  rugged  and  malarious  nature 
of  the  countiy.  by  its  deep  ravines,  its  miasmatic  swamj)s, 
its  abrupt  heights,  its  rapid  streams,    its  tangled   undi'r- 


urowlh.   and  (h'Uselv  wooded  district.- 


Tl 


le  an*  o 


f  tl 


lO 


table-lands  and  valleys  is  hot  and  moist,  the  soil  e.xceed- 
hvAv  i'ertile.    but  the  interior  and  mountainous  locali- 


tie; 


lave  a  nnldei"  and  more  temperate  chniate  with 


)Ut 


little  variation  except  that  of  the  dry  and  wet  seasons. 
In  the  lowlands  of  Panama,  the  swampy  nature  of  the 
Hurfai'e.  with  the  great  luuniditx-  ol'tlie  atmosphei'e.  pro- 
duces a  luxui'iant  Negetation.  and  the  conse(p!cnt  (pian- 
tity  of  decomposed  vegetable  matter  under  the  iulhicuce 
of  a,  vertical  sun.  engendi'i's  a  miasma  deadly  to  the  nu- 
acclimated.     The  I'icli  and  marsh\-  nature  of  tin;  soil. 


4'  TLi 


ir.si.  a. 


(\v 


in 


lii. 

in 


u.,  cap.   Ill  .  V. 


/...,../. 


(il:i)l.    S-. 


(loc.  111.,  III).  VIII..  nip.  vu.,  ilif.  IV 


..  HI. 


".I  ■ 


A. 


aim 


:s-  s2. 


il)).   VI. 


.s7,  rj-J.  i;i:f;  1,1  II, 


vol.  xx\ii.,  pp.  'J.")!!  '2,  2.")7  S;  llnnl's    W'liil.ini, 


j.p.  2i.").  :U7.  ;i21;  M-^siiitil<il(in,l.  lUrhld,  |.p.  i;)r).  lli'.Mii,  1 1 1 -•"..  ii:;(; 


V  ti/.< 


.1/.. 


(■/'*  ^li< 


V 


'M;  J'lii/.lt,  L 


li.inA 


iii'i'ii/iii' '  II' 


tVllli 


iinifi'- 


1' 


I 


a 


HDil  S,iiii'(iiii's  liiittiii'is,  ]>p.  '2IS-'.t,  'll'J,  '.lUS-'.i;  IIdi/Ii'.i  Uhli .  \ii[.  ...  jii'rl. 
ji;).  i:t,  IS;  Mnit'.it,  i'd/ii./i-,  toiii.  ii,,  pp.  21'i,  2^('.»,  ;jil2;  (.  rum's  (>  nl.  Atn' r. 
pp.  VJ,  21  J. 


748 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTIlAL  AMERICA. 


liowovor.  sends  forth  iinmonso  palm-trcos.  in  tliolimnclio.s 
orwliieli  the  natives  huild  their  houses,  thus  ohtaininu; 
a  j)urer  air  and  greater  safety  from  the  numerous  uild 
animals  and  chmgeriai-;  re[)tiles  that  infest  that  region. 
A  great  [untion  of  the  territory  i,^  rioh  in  minerals  which 
were  once  i)roduced  hy  the  natives  in  great  (juantities, 
hut  which,  unfortunately,  were  the  loadstone  that  drew 
u})on  them  the  ruthless  Spani.sh  [)lunderers. 

In  the  northern  part  of  Costa  Jlica  along  the  head 
Avaters  of  the  Hio  Frio  the  (jiiat/iso.'^,  or  J'rdnzds,  are  lo- 
cated. Mr  Scpiier  is  inclined  to  think  they  are  of  the 
same  stock  as  the  Xahuas.  Some  sti'iking  physical 
peculiaritii's  ohserved  among  them  have  given  rise  to 
various  surmises  and  startling  ccjnclusions  regarding 
their  origin.  Dwelling  in  the  western  jtart  of  the  state 
are  the  Tcrndxis  and  the  (JIkukjkoik'S,  fierce  and  har- 
harous  nations,  at  constant  enmity  with  theii'  neigh- 
hors.  In  the  south-east  and  extending  to  the  hordi-rs 
of  Chiriipu'  dwell  the  yJ/Z'^^/^rr/^rv/.s  composed  of  a  numlier 
of  diilerent  trihes  and  declared  hy  some  to  Ite  allied  in 
i'a,ee  with  the  (iuatusos.  Ik'sides  these  are  the  /Inricas. 
Torrcstjiics,  7hr(ti^,  and  others.^'  In  the  mountains  of 
(Miiri(iui  are  the  VnUenU's^  ko  called  l)y  theyj)aniards  from 
their  heroic  resistance  to  the  invaders.  Many  of  the 
warlike  nations  who  occu[)ied  the  country  at  the  time  of 
the  discovery  derived  their  names  from  the  cacitpies 
that  governed  them.  The  peoi)le  wlio  dwell  along  the 
shore  of  the  Carihhean  Sea.  l)etween  Tortohello  and 
rrah;i.  a)id  occupy  the  l.imones.  Sasardi,  and  Finos 
islands  are  supposed  to  he  a  hranch  of  the  once  powerful 

I'l  TIk^  Ouiitnsns  'arc  sail!  to  ho  of  very  fair  coinplcxion,  a  statement 
which  lias  caiisi'il  the  aiiiicllation  of  Indins  hitiui'iis.  or  lin-ihisns — the  latter 
11  uiu'  lieiu;^'  tliatof  all  animal  of  redihsh-hrowiieolour,  and  iutiauhal  to  ilrsi;4- 
nate  the  colour  of  their  hair.'  /•'/'(» '"7'.s  (V,,;.  Aiiiir..]>.'2i;  IiL,  .l".s  Aiinr.^ 
tiim.  i.,  p.  'Jll.  Sj'c  ikiiiL;  of  Sir  Francis  ])rake's  miitiiic(  IS  aiul  their  es(  ajio 
from  Esiiarsa  northwaril,  h(>  says:  'It  is  b  liev(d  by  many  in  Costa  Kiwi 
that  the  white  Indians  of  the  Kio  I'rio,  called  I'ranzos,  or  Ciuatiisos.  .  .  are 
ihe  descendants  of  these  EiiLjlislimen.'  /io///i's  It'nio,  \n\.  ii.,  iip.  '211),  27.  and 
Vol.  i..  pref.,  pii,  XX  xxii.  'Talamanca  cont  lins  ■_•!  ditl'er.  lit  tiilns  of  In- 
dians; besides  wliicli  there  are  si'veral  nei^hblllll■ill^' nations,  as  the  (  lian- 
K  Idles,  divided  into thiiieeii  tribes;  the  ')'c;;abas  the  Torresiiues,  I'riiianias, 
an  I  (' ivei-aras.'  .hiirnis'  Hist,  dnat.,  j).  ;!7l!;  Sii'ti  r's  I'ail.  Auirr..  ]>.  113; 
Jlaasil,  J/e.i'.  Uiutt.,  p,  -luT;  Ton^iuin'ida,  Mi^wirij.  Ind.,  torn,  i.,  pp.  331-3. 


Pa 

tpu 

of 

th 

Jis 

vie 

of 

Ya 

lik 

coi 

tin 


ISTHMIAN  NATIONS. 


M9 


Diirieii  nations  wlio  to  the  present  day  remain  uneon- 
([uered.  Their  province  is  sitnated  on  the;  western  sliore 
of  the  gnlfot' l'ra))ii,  and  their  town  was  oriiiinally  ni'ar 
tlic  month  of  tlie  River  Atrato.  The  town  and  the  river 
us  wi'il  as  the  province  were  called  hy  the  natives  |)a- 
rien.  This  town  was  con(iuered  in  iolO  l)y  a  little  hand 
of  shipwrecked  Spaniards  under  the  ]>a(^hiller  Knciso. 
A'asco  Xufie/,  de  I'lalhoa,  Francisco  l*i/arro.  and  men  of 
like  metal  were  there,  and  this  was  the  first  successful 
conijuest  and  settlement  on  Tierra  Firnie.  Whence,  as 
the  conquests  of  the  Spaniards  widened,  the  name  Daricn 
VMS  at  k'ngth  applied  to  the  .greater  part  of  the  Istlunus. 
Still  i'urther  westward  were  the  once  powerful  pi'ovince 
of  Ciinrn,  and  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  of  Panama,  dis- 
covered in  1515  hy  Tello  de  (luzman.  This  was  a 
famous  fishing-station,  the  word  Pananiii  signifyini;'  in 
the  native  tonjaue  a  place  where  many  fish  are  taken. 
Alonii'  the  western  shore  of  the  hay  of  l*anam;i  dwelt 
.several  inde[)en(lent  and  warlike  nations,  those  of  ^^'^^v^ 
Piivl)^,  hWorld,  hesidcs  many  others  who  waued  con- 
tinual  war  airainst  eac^h  other  with  the  ohject  of  in- 
creasiuii'  their  territories  and  adding  lustre  to  their 
jiames.^" 

Sliiilit  differences  only  are  ohservahle  in  the  Isthmian 
physi([ue.  The  j)eople  are  generally  well-huilt,  nuiscular, 
and  of  average  height,  although  old  authorities,  such  as 
llerrera,  Andagoya.  and  (Honiara,  descrihe  a  trihe,  whom 

•"' '  Thn  iiuliiins  who  iit  iinsciit  iiihiilnt  tlic  Tstlimus  nro  scattored  ovt  r 
Bocas  del  TdI'o,  the  luivtht  111  ijcji'tiiiiis  uf  Vfrai,'ii,is,  thr  iioitli-ciisti'm  slmri'S 
of  I'Hiiaiua  ami  ahnnst  thf  wIkiK'  uf  Darii'ii,  and  consist  |)iiiici|>ally  cif  fmir 
triln-s,  the  Savaiici-ics,  the  San  lilas  Indians,  the  IJayaims,  and  the  Clinlos.* 
»S'('7/('(ii/('.s  \'i>i/.  II'  I'llil.  \(i\.  i.,  !'■  'tlT.  '  At  till' time  of  till' ciiiicincst  (if  l)aricii, 
till'  coiiiitry  was  covcrt'd  with  imiiifroiis  and  wiU-pi'Oplcd  villagis.  'I'lu'  iii- 
lialiitints  l)oloii!;i'il  to  the  ('arril)lpi(:  race,  dividcil  into  trilns,  the  priiici|ial 
l)ini;'4  till'  M-iiiiliii:4hrs('.  ('hiii'iinaiiiU'si',  I)arii'ns,  I'liiias.  Anacliacunas,  Ac. 
Oil  tilc  casti'Vli  slioi'r  of  thr(Tiilf  of  L'l'.itia  dwi'lt  tin-  iniiiiinsr  but  now  iicar.y 
t'Xtirminatril  tiiht'  of  thi'  ( 'aimans. — only  a  frwnniiiaiits  of  tin'  jicrsi'ciitioiis 
of  till' Spaniards,  liaviii'.,' taken  i'i'fii;^'<'  in  the  Chot'o  .Mountains,  wlnTf  tiny 
iiri'  still  found  .  .  Thu  D.iriiiis,  as  well  as  the  Anachaciiiias.  li  ive  eillni' 
totally  disai^peai'i'd  or  liei'U  .ihsorb 'd  in  other  tribes.'  I'ni/dl,  in  /.(itnl.  ii'H-i. 
Son.,  .four.,  vol.  x\xviii.,  pp.  "Jl  -'2;  FiL-lloi/,  in  Id.,  vol.  xx.,  pp.  l(i;{-t;  Hi. 
{;'(•/^',  in  .V^)i(i"'.'/'.s  .bti't/M  i/i's'  I'ly.,  IS.")!,  toiu.  cxlvii.,  p.  IP;  llnbinnn.xw  .V. 
Y.  I'mlari).  (jtli  D.'eeiu..  ISii'l;  Anliiujl't.  in  Xm-drnt",  '.'•'/.  i/"  I'la/'s,  toiii. 
iii.,  p.  4  I'l;  .U !'■  ji-  i/^ir'n  /'/■•/r/n'.s.-i  d/  Antir..  vol.  i.,  p.  K^:t;  Bnif^svur  ik 
Bourijounj,   I'opol  !'«/»,  iiitrud.,  p.  ccii.    Set)  Tribal  BouudtiriLS. 


750 


■WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


tlioy  locate  noar  Esoorla  and  ()narooas.  as  l)cin*r  vorv 
tall — V(M'ital)le  giants.  Women,  as  a  rule,  iuv  small  and 
of  delicate  proportions,  but  after  attaining  a  certain  aij^c, 
incline  to  obesitv.  I'be  momitain  ti'ibes  are  generallv 
fsboi'ter  in  stature,  Avith  more  pleasing  features  tban  the 


coast-dweller; 


A  notable  diiVerenci;  between  the   Isth- 


mians and  the  other  aboritiines  of  the  I'acilic  States,  is 
the  short,  rather  ilat  nosi'.  in  contradistinction  to  the 
almost  universal  aquiline  cast.  In  color  they  are  ol'  a 
medium  bron/.e  tint,  varving  according  U)  localities,  tlu* 
mountain  tribes  bein"'  tlic^  darker.     IMack.  straight,  and 


verv  abundant   coarse    hair,  black   or  dark   eve; 


ai 


id 


excellent  teeth  predominate.*^  In  Costa  Ixica.  on  the 
]{io  Fi'io,  is  the  IVeijuently  s[)oken  ofbut  never  accurately 
described  nation — the  (riuifusf)^ — whoih  somewhat  myth- 
ical accrounts  tlescri''.'  as  oi'  lair  com[)lexions.  with  light 
hair  and  blue  eyes.  Likewise  Albinos  are  spoken  ol"  by 
"Wafer,  who  relates  having  seen  people  "milk  white, 
lighter   than  the  colour  of  any   Kuroiieaiis.   and  much 


like  that  of  a  white   horse 


Furtl 


lermore 


it    I 


s  sai( 


I 


that  their  bodies  were  covered  with  a  milk-wliite  down, 
which  added  to  the  wliiteness  of  tlieir  skin;  hair  and 
evebrows  white,  and  cncs  obloiiu'.  with  the  coi'iiers  iioint- 
iiig  downwards.  During  daylight  they  Avere  weak- 
sighti'd,  restive,  and  lacking  energy,  but  after  sundown, 
their  cheerfidness.  activity,  and  eyesight  returned — tlui 
latter  being  apparently  as  good  as  that  of  other  people."* 

<"  SiiviUiovics,  '  i\  fmo  athlctio  rac(>.'  f^rotixinh'.^  !'(///.  Iht-'iUl.  vol.  i.,  ]i.  D'S, 
'TiflU'ii  Ids  cascos  dr  la  ciilict^a  ^rucssiis. '  Oiialu.  IH>I,  'iiu..  tdiu.  iii..  p. 
l^iM.  '  The  Cliocils  aiv  not  tall  iiov  niuarkahlc  in  a))ii(avan(c,  lint  always 
liiiik  well  fi)iiilitii)nc(l.'  Mii-hhr'n  hitrirn.  i)Ai'>.  '  Son  ape  rsoiiailos.'  l>'irUa, 
'I'ritlrii  I'Ji'hu.,  toui.  ii..  fill,  ■"id;  Hdiiiiirn.  ll'isi.  hid.,  in].  77,  s7;  ><//V((/;/i''s  Dar'nn 
Siirri'i/s.  pp.  1(1.  'M't;  ('nlaii.  llisf.  Ahiiiritiiic,  in  Jlnrrin,  HislnriiiiloiiK,  tdm.  i., 
p.  1()7;  I'lii/iU,  in  l.'itul.  tltiKj.  Sue..  .Iimr.,  Vdl.  xxxviii..  \)\<.  ',t'>-~\  I'llir  Mar- 
t'/r.  ilfc.  viii..  lib.  vi;  'risVin/'/ic's  Ixiihu.  ]i.  l.")5;  i  'iifl,liiiri('s  .laiirn'  i/.  p.  •j:!."i; 
J>'.\i'ifi/.  I.' Aiih'r'iiiKi',  toni.  ii..  p.  '.IS;  U7/i//(/vi/i'.s  ('(iinf  nml  Smlilh.  p.  ;i(„"); 
Jl'triii'ciiiir's  I'l'di/rrss  iif  Aiiiir..  vol,  i..  p,  fS2'{;  /•'/■"//s/iio/i's  Wnrl'l  in  Mininliirc, 
p.  "J").  '  .Uirniaiia  Pasipialdc  .Xnilai^oya.  amr  visto  ali,'nniis  Ian  LtiMndcs.  ipio 
li)-i  otros  liiinihi-cs  I'l'au  cnaiios  con  I'llos.  y  (pic  ti'nian  biiinas  caras,  y  cufr- 
piis.'  Il'rrrrii,  Hist.  <!i'ii,,  dec.  ii.,  lili.  iii..  <'ap.  vi.;  Amhi'ioi/ii.  in  .Xdrnrnl'', 
('•il.  il  I'lV/i/cs,  toni.  iii.,  p.  412;  Hit'f's  S'l'n'  Suvri'ii.  p.  171;  Ihiriin,  lii/m.-e 
of  I  III'  S, -Ills'  Sillli'iiivid.  pp.  ()'.)-7(l;  ('iilli)i's  I)iirii'ii,  ])p.  (i.").  t',7 . 

!■*  (riilfo  l)ulc('.  '  .Miidica^  sunt  statura',  bmi'  ccmipositis  nii  ndnis.  niori- 
Ir.s  lilandis  ct  nmi  invcniistis.'  l.ml.  Xums  Orhis.  ]).  :\2'.K  'It  is  a  ntii- 
verdiil  bulicf  ulouy  the  Atlautic  coast,  from  JJelizo  to  Aspunv.til,  tliat  tliu  Frio 


DKESS  OF  THE  ISTHMIANS. 


51 


Cotton  textures  and  the  l)ark  of  u  eertaiii  ti'ce.  lieati'ii 
in  a  wet  state  initil  soil  and  pliant,  were  tlie  materials 
used  \)y  the  Isthmians  to  cover  their  naUedni'ss.  if.  in- 
deed, they  covered  it  at  all.  Where  cotton  was  used,  as 
in  |)arts  of  (\)sta  Kica.  the  costume  was  sinn)l\'  a  suiall 
strij)  of  cloth  which  hoth  men  and  woukmi  wound  round 
the  loius  or.  as  on  the  islands  in  the  "iulf  oi"  Xiroya,  the 
women  passed  it  hetween  the  lejis.  and  I'astened  it  to  a 
string  i-ound  the  waist.  These  latter  ornamented  their 
scanty  raiment  })rettily  with  various  designs  painted  in 
colors,  and  also  with  seeds  and  shells.  Near  the  ha\'  of 
Ih'rradura  the  men  woi'e  a  kind  of  mantle  coveriu;:'  the 
whole  I'ront  and  hack  of  the  wearer,  made  of  the  al)o\i'- 
mentioned  hark,  in  the  centre  of  which  was  a  hole 
thi'ou;^h  which  the  head  passed.  The  wouien  of  this 
locality  only  wrap  themselves  in  a  piece  oi'  hark,  with- 
out takinji'  the  trouble  to  fashion  a  mantle  of  it.  "i  et 
more  simple  was  the  dress  of  the  men  near  Cartauo;  a 
few  cotton  strings  wouiwl  round  the  foreskin  of  their 
A'iiile  memher.  suHiced  them.^'  Near  Fanamii  and  Da- 
rien,  the  cacicpies  only  wore  long  cotton  mantles  thrown 


dd 


over  the  slioulder  and   reaclnmi  nc 


arly  to  the  feet,  the 
conmion  [)eoi)le  going  naked,  oidy  I'ucasing  their  pri\y 
l)arts  in  a  kind  of  funnel  uiade  of  gold,  silver,  shell,  or 
))Muihoo.  accordiug  to  the  wealth  of  the  weaivr.  and 
whicli  was  held   in  place  l)y   a  string  fastencvl  to  twi) 


trilir  1i   vi>  wliito  ooiii]ilp\iriiis,  fniv  li:iir.  anil  'jxoy  oyo^i.'   Tuvih's  llhh 


u   -.M. 


1 

JS)I1.    tolii,  ( 


nni. 


il.S     \ 


I'll/.,  PI'.  Kil-7, 


•li.,  pp.  t\,  J-;  I<l.,  ill   Jllsl.  M'lj. 


p.  i'>; 


tani 


■1''  '  I'll  liiiciubrc)  ^'I'licrativii  tracii  atado   ]inr  el   caiiiillci.  liiiijii'ii'ldlc  i  iitrar 


(J  ad'  ntlii.  niic  ,1  aluUMos  im 


hil. 


,  p:iri 


t 


il   ai'iiia   MHO 


aiL;'iuiill  alli  rcviicltci 


(Ir'iiilii,    Hist.  ( 


lir.)-'.  1.    il',).     S.M-  a\^o:  r 

Srh.  , 


r/.: 


ii(l\ 


./. 


('(isl'l  Itii'it.  ]ip.  T).")? -'•';   />n///<''s  Hull  ,  Vi 


'//.     PI' 


la  iilaiini 

iftl.,   tl'lll.  iii..    ]ip 

tijiii  I'  ifn> 


lsi-;t.  iss;    ir< 


iz  ilr  IJall 


CDl'tl 


miii'rrc 


clltf  (lilt 


hall, 


■V 


il.    i;<  fi  i-riii''tii  \' 


ulaiia  fii  ciirrds.  silio  ciali  sciini'i 


ilumnra.    Hist.    liuL.    U>\.   H2,   Ci;,  i<l .     V 


f^clililms  ijs  marcs  iiudo-i  ]ifiiitiis,  fn'iiiiuas  iicio  al)  iiinliiliio^'ussaiiiiiiii 


tict 


IS  maltitia  irpcrt  run 


t.'    !'<!■ 


Mil  rill  I 


<li 


li 


).    I.,    Illsci    Ul  I 


lill 


iv.,  di'c.  vii,,  HI).  X.,  dec.  viii.,  lili.  vi..  viii.:  Qiiii:t'i,i'i,  \"iiliis  ih  K-ihu'hIi 
(litl'init  1. )). ;):  Wn/ir'n  Xiir  I'm,/.,  jij),  :!7,  s7.  I(»2.  platr,  i:!J  t,  i:iS4s,  i,i,ii( 
M'///'('".  ill  Misri'lliiiifil  ('iirhisn.  vol.  iii.,  p.  -llS;    U'arliintnii'tt   iMliini.  ]).  J!.;".- 


Ailnini 
4 1  J:   //■■ 


■II,  (ill.  ill'   r/Ki/rs'.   tdiii.  iii.,  |i.  '2(i;    AihIhiji-ijh,  in  /'/..  pp.  3i'7-)S,  11'?, 
i-rirn.  Ilisl.  inn..  dec.  ii..  lib.  iii.,  caii.  v..  vi..  iiud  dtf.  iv.,  liL.  i.,  Lap, 


MichUr's  JJurkh,  jip.  13,  00-0,  60. 


^VILD  TRIIJES  OF  CENTIUL  AMEUICA. 


liok's  ill  tlio  sides  wliicli  >viis  passed  loiind  tlie  ^vaist. 
AVoincii  in  the  same  loealities  wore  (;utt()U  petticoats 
reacliinj;  to  the  knees,  or.  if  ladies  of  «jiiality,  to  tiie 
ankles.  Near  the  {inH'ol'  Xicoya,  women  wore  the  \ou'^ 
liair  parted  in  the  middle  IVom  the  iVont  to  the  hack  of 
the  head,  and  plaited  into  two  hi-aids  which  hung  down 
on  eithei-  side  over  tiie  eais.  The  men  tied  the  iiair  up 
in  a  still'  (jiieue  with  a  cot  on  hand,  which  was  at  times 
arranged  so  as  to  rise  straight  over  the  crown  of  the 
lieail.  Xecklaces  of  colored  heads  or  of  tigers  teeth 
were  worn  as  orniiments.  ]iike  manv  nations  of  the 
Hyperborean  group,  the  Chorotegans  of  Nicoya  pierced 
the  lower  li[)  and  inserted  a  round  [)iece  of  hone.  Their 
arms  they  painted  with  a  mixture  of  their  own  blood 
and  chai'coal.  In  portions  of  Veragua  and  JJehetrias 
even  the  liuniel  or  cotton  sti'ings  were  omitted,  and  the 
(jrugures,  Mandingos.  ami  many  others  on  the  J'acilic 
seaboard,  like  the  peojjle  of  Veragua.  went  entirely  na- 
ked, the  chiefs  oidy  wearing  long  mantles.  All  of  tFie 
Isthmians  were  fond  of  ornaments;  among  those  which 
(leser\e  special  notice  is  the  nose-i)endant.  This  was  a 
crescent-shaped  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  of  various  sizes 
for  dillerent  occasions,  those  used  on  holidays  hanging 
down  so  as  to  cover  the  mouth,  while  those  for  ordinary 
Uf<e  oidy  reached  the  ujjjjcr  lip.  Besides  the  iioso-pend- 
ant  wei-e  ear-rings  and  a  munber  of  lu-avy  necklaces  of 
gold,  silver,  tiger's  teeth,  colored  seeds,  shells,  and  coral, 
according  to  the  wealth  of  the  wearer.  I'nder  their 
breasts  the  richer  women  also  wore  gold  bars  as  a  sup- 
port, which  were  held  up  In'  strings  passed  over  the 
shoulders.  (fiuiiiJiio^.  or  figures  of  animals  made  of  gold, 
were  worn  around  the  neck  by  the  men  on  the  coast  of 
A\>ragua,  Chii-iqui,  and  Uraba;  others  again  wore  on 
their  heads  fillets  or  crowns  of  gold  or  of  the  claws  of 
wild  beasts,  or  of  feathers.  Thus  did  these  naked  sav- 
ages (k'corate  themselves,  often  to  the  extent  of  several 
pounds  weight.  Women  considered  it  a  mark  of  beauty 
to  have  thick  Icii's.  and  to  that  end  wore  baiidaues 
round    them.      Another   Hyperborean   custom   is  hero 


ISTHMIAN  liODY-PAIXTINO. 


7.-3 


mot  with — tlio  anoiiitinji'  of  tlit'  body  with  oil  —which 
ill  tiii'sc  tn)[>i('s  is  oxtnu^tcd  iVoiii  tlu'  hl.rd  or  sicil  of  the 
ani()(/o,  jind  ovt-r  whicli  they  spi'inkh'il  down  and  leath- 
ers. Painting  tlie  body  was  everywhere  practii't'd.  and 
was  ('arried  to  a  j^ivat  extent,  the  dilVerent  colors  and 
lignres  employed  each  having  its  peculiar  signilicance. 
On  going  to  war,  paint  was  nsed  more  fu clx'  than  at 
othci'  times,  and  the  greater  the  warrior  the  thicker  the 
j)aint.  Among  the  men  of  Ciieha  painting  had  a  donhle 
ohject;  it  served  as  an  ornament  to  the  person,  and  also 
as  a  mark  of  distiiu^tion  of  rank.  'IMie  chief,  when  he 
iidierited  or  attaineil  his  title,  made  choice  of  a  certain 
device,  which  became  that  of  all  his  honse.  Freemen 
wore  i)ainted  from  the  month  downward,  and  on  the 
ju'ins  and  chest,  while  slaves  were  oidy  painted  or  tat- 
tooed from  the  mouth  upward.  All  the  lords.  ser\it(ir-!, 
and  vassals  who  wei'o  freemen,  wci'o  painted  in  exactly 
the  same  manner.  If  the  son  of  a  chief  adopted  tlie 
ancestral  totem,  he  could  not  afterward  change  it  on 
eomiiiLi'  into  his  inheritance,  ])ut  if  durinn'  his  father's 
life-time  he  declined  to  use  thi^  distinctive  badge  of  his 
house,  he  could,  when  he  became  chief,  choose  any  new 
device  he  might  fancy.  A  son  who  did  not  adopt  his 
father's  totem  was  always  hateful  to  him  during  his 
lifetime.  The  natives  on  the  northern  coast  of  ( 'liii'icpu' 
painted  the  body  in  wa\v  lines.  I'roni  the  shoulders  to 
the  heels;  through  the  cai'tilage  of  the  nose  the\-  stuck  a 
])orcn[)ine-(prdl.  and  in  tlu'  chin  the  tooth  of  a  wild 
))ea,st.  The  women  had  holes  made  in  their  cheeks 
through  which  they  stuck  little  bunches  of  I'eatliers; 
they  also  wore  tigers  claws  in  their  ears.  At  San  IJlas, 
some  of  the  men  [jainted  themselves  in  black  streaks, 
and  the  women  in  red.  At  Porto  Helo,  the  kinii'  was 
painted  l)lack  and  all  his  subjects  red.  The  nati\('s  of 
Ivscoria  tattooed  breast  and  arms;  the  women  of  Darien 
across  the  bridge  of  the  nose  from  one  cheelv  to  the 
othei';  they  also  blacken  their  teeth.  Others  have 
ligures  of  birds,  animals,  or  trees  ])ainted  ull  o\cr  the 
body,    according  to   fancy;  their  fa\orite    colors    being 

Vol.  I.     48 


754 


WILD  TIIIIIES  OF  CENTRAL  AMr.HICV. 


l)lii('k.  red,  iiiid  vi'llow,  which  arc  hi'nl  on  with  pencils 
ii)ii(h'  oCwdDil,  cliL'Wcd  at  the  end  till  they  hecoine  sol't.'" 
All  the  Isthmians  pull  nnt  the  hair  iVoni  e\«'.\  ]>art  ol" 
the  holy  e.\i'e[)t  the  head,  and  nih  thenisehcs  with 
lieilfs.  which  prevent  its  I'mtlier  {irowth.  Uoth  sexes 
\mdr  tJKMnsidves  on  thi'  len;^lh  of  the  hair,  and  most  of 
tliem  allow  it  to  <:row  to  its  fidl  length  i\\u\  hani;'  loose 
over  their  shonlders,  ))nt  keep  it  cut  on  the  I'oreheail  as 
low  as  the  eyehrows.  The  men  of  Cariai  and  some 
jtai'ts  of  Chiricpu'.  hind  it  with  lilletsanil  wind  it  in  rolls 
roinid  the  head,  fastenin;^'  it  with  a  comh  made  of  tiu^ 
heai't  of  the  palm-tree;  others  wear  round  their  head  a 
hand  made  of  hark  or  certain  lihres  of  plants,  and  at 
festi\als  they  often  wear  hiuh  caps,  made  from  theiiaudy 
feathei's  of  parrots.  At  Tanela  mai'i'ied  women  cut  their 
hair  short.  It  appeal's  that  head-ilattenin^'  a,:.:ain  ('ro[)s 
out  in  these  ])art>.  lias  Casas  states  that  infants  had 
their  heads  placed  Itetweeii  two  pads,  one  in  iVont  and 
another  hrhind.  in  order  to  increase  tiie  leniith  of  the 
head  and  width  of  the  forehead.'' 

In  ( 'osta  Kica  man\'  of  the  natives  li\'e  in  small  huts 
huiit  of  plaited  rushes.  In  the  year  l")l").  l)i(\L:o  ( Juti- 
orri'/,,   u()\eriior  of  Xueva  ('artai^o,   iu  Costa   Kica,  at- 


riis  I'  (iir.is  iiL^uii-i  (ic  ri'lirvc,  iiniti  d,'  oii:  ii'ki:  (|ni'  por  in  inciius  jcs-iiha  (;icii- 
t<M*  (;iii(|iii'iit  I  ('  luni  (li)S(;ic'iitiis  jicssos  una  l>;in't.i  drstiis  .  .  .l)ist(pscui'iic(ilt  h 
j^'riiiiilr^  SI'  liMi;i'ii  uiiiis  cniiti  (^'iciis  blaiicas  dr  muclias  in  iiicras,  i'  iitiiis  culd- 
r  III  IS.  i'  (itras  nc'L;ras,  ('■  (iti'as  nimailas,  i'  cafiutirus  dc  Id  nicsnid:  ('■  haCj'cu 
1)1' icali'fi'S  111  i]ui'  coll  cstas  qiiriitas  liU'Zi'lau  ntrai-',  ('•  (ilivi'tas  (It-  mo  (|ilf  si! 
liuiiru  ell  las  iiiurii'cas  y  ciii'lma  (U;  los  toliillos  ('  il"l)aXi>  dc  lis  vmlillas  jmr 
f4  iiiili-iM:  ell  rs|)r(;ial  las  iiin^i'iTS   .  .  .Trai'ii  assiiiiisiuo  (^Mi^'illos  dr  oio  ni  las 


^     iiiiii   vii.  \'ii    .    -»| 'I   (^'lil  I   las  111  11  L^l'l'l 'S      ...    I  iinii  nHTtiiii'   r^im  '  .^iii  v  1 1  n '.-i  \i'     .'i\' 

oiTJas.  (■  lior.'iil.iiisi'  lis  iiari(;rs  liccliii  iiii  a;..;il.i,'cni  fiit'i'  l.is  vcniaiias,  i 
f,'  III  d  •  alli  solno  ol  labio  alto  citro  (;ai'(jillu.'  Ora'do,  Hist.  (Iin.,  torn,  ii 
1.(1.  l:iS. 


Trai'ii  assiiiiisiuo  (^'ai^'idos  dr  oio  en  las 

fi'  l.is  vcniaiias,  r  cucl- 

ii.,  lip. 


Ji.    liiS. 

■''  riii'ir  liiir  '  Uii'.v  wear  usually  down  to  tin'  iniddlr  of  tlip  l):ick,  or  lower, 
aiiL!in'4  loosr  at  its  i:ull  lin.\'ili  .  .  .All  otliii'  Haiv,  <Nciiit  that  of  iliiir  I'.yc^ 
rows  and  l\vi.-lids,  they  cradii' ite.'  Wiifir's  Xi  w  I'"//.,  p}'.  l^l-  •!;  d'ls- 
•riir's    Itiir'i'  II.    p.    IJj.");    .Miinjrtijor's  I'ruunss  oj'  Atncr.,   \}.    824;  Jj'Ac'Ui/, 

Am,'  rii  till'      fiiln      i        i»     !m 


h 

lir 

//'•/•»''.>■    Ii'iri'  II.    p.    . , .. 
L'A}ucriiiiu,  tuiu.  i.,  p.  yy 


DWEi.UNCis  OS  rrir.  istiimis. 


738 


tempted    to  explore    tliiit    territory.       Arriviivj:   nt    tlie 
province  of  Stieic  ii[>oii  ii  river  of  tliiit  luiiiie  at  ii  point 
Honie    twelve    k'iiiiUes   distant    iVoni    tlie    Noitli    Sea.    Iio 
came  to  a  villam',  and  tliei'e  occupied  a  lionsc  helonuini^ 
to  tliecliiel'ol' the  district.      The  old  .Milanese  ehroniclei', 
(lirolanio    IJen/.oni,   who    accompanied    the   expedition, 
descrihin;.''    the    dweUinjj;    of    the    eaci(|iie.   says    it    was 
^Iiapt'd  like   an  (\iig  and  was   lorty-liM'   paces  in   lentith 
and  nine  in  breath.      The  sides  were  of  reeds  and   the 
ro)!"  of   [)ahn-leaves    all   interlaced   and   well  execnted. 
Thei'e   were    hut   few   other  houses    in   the   \illa,t:('   and 
those  of  infei'ior  charai^tei-.      I'adre  Zepeda.  a  Jesuit,  w  ho 
in    IT')!)  lived   amonu'  the  (Jnatusos  lor  sevei'al  months, 
speaking'  of  their  towns  and   izai'dens.  says  that   when 
the   rains  connnenci'.  they  coiistiMict    small  huts  in  t'a^ 
trci'«;.  where   they   live  .safe   from   the  danji'er  of  Hoods.'"'' 
I  nlikt'  most  other  nations,  the  Isthmia.ns  do  not  huild 
their  \illajies  in  s(piares,  hut  genei'ally  foi'ni  lonii;  streets, 
keepin.;;  the  houst-s  woil  ajjai't  iVoui  each  other,  prohalily 
as  a  pi'ecaution  a,i:ainst  contlaLirations.     ( )n  many  parts  ot' 
the  coast  of  Darien  and  on  the  pulf  of  I'rahil.  thi'  villa<:('s 
are  built  inthe  watei'.     Othersare  on  the  banksof  ri\'ers, 
ami   many  ol'  them  ai'e  spacious  and  consti'ucted    with 
fii'eat    skill  and  attention   to  details.       The   supportini;' 
j)i)sts  of  the  roof  an^  liU'Lic  bamboos  or  [)alm-trei's.     Three 
or  four  of  these  are  driven  into  the  jiround  at  etpial  dis- 
tances. proj)ortione(l   accordinu-  t(»  the  intended  length  of 
tlie  house,  and  across  the  toj)  is  laid  the  ridge-pole:  on 
each    side    a,  numbei'  of  shorti'r    posts  are   sind\,    iVom 
whieii   loiii^'  rafters  are  laid  to  the  ridL:'e-j)()le;  the  whole 
is  then  coM'i'ed  with    palm-leaves,   both   roof  and   sides. 
Oilier  houses  are  plastered  inside  and  outsidi' with  nmd, 
ami   these  have  a,  lloorinii  ol"  open   bamboo  work,  i-aised 
.si.x  Ol"  ei,L:lit  feet  IVom  the  jiround.      The  dwellings  are 
divided   into  two  or  more  rooms.  haviu;j  no  doors  to  the 
ontiunuos,  wliicli  are  reached  \)y  ladders.     Sometimes  the 

s^  U:i:'>ni,  Illsf.  Mtnlo  Xnoro,  fol.SC);  Sfjiili^r.  in  .Vi^nv/fcs  .l?i»f//rs'  dru 
Vol/.  Is'iii,  toni.  cli..  ]i.  1):  l-'ruc'irl.  Ans  Aiinr.,  tmn.  i.,  ji.  210;  JiL,  Cent. 
Am  I  ,  i>.  .U;    Wiii/Kcr  iinil  .'ivh  r:iu\  ('usit  JUki,  p.  '2'>'.L 


A 


756 


•WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


house  'n  huilt  without  walls,  in  which  case  the  roof 
(loscoj'.i.s  to  below  the  level  of  the  tloor,  and  the  struc- 
ture is  k'<'t  open  {.t  both  ends,  havinjji;  the  a[)pearan('e  of 
an  elevated  nlatfonn.  The  ^avanerics  and  some  othei-s 
on  the  coast  of  Veragua  l)uild  circular  or  i)yrauiid;d 
dwellings,  by  driving  strong  posts  into  the  ground 
sloping  toward  each  other,  so  as  to  unite  in  a  ])oint 
Avhere  they  are  strongly  Iwund  with  withes  or  vims, 
across  which  are  tied  small  sticks,  some  peeled,  others 
with  the  bark  on.  or  blackened,  thereby  ])roducing  a 
j)leasiug  etl'ect.  The  walls  inside  are  lined  with  reeds 
])enutifully  interwoven.  Tiie  u])[)er  jiortion  of  the  sti'uc- 
ture  is  thatched  on  the  outside  with  straw  and  on  the 
ajK'X  is  placi>d  an  ornament  of  baked  day.  \n  the  centie 
of  the  dwelling  is  a  spac^ious  apai-tuient,  and  round  tl)(» 
walls  are  small  rooms  in  which  dilVerent  families  leside.'' 
J'lacli  village  has  a  public,  town.,  or  council  house,  or 
ibi't,  one  hundred  or  more  feet  in  length,  constru(;ted  in 
tlie  siune  maimer  as  the  dwellings,  but  with  no  interior 
])artitions;  in  the  walls  are  loop-holes  for  tlie  discharge 
of  arrows.  There  is  an  entrance  at  each  end,  and  thick 
doors,  made  of  split  ])ahn-tree  and  bamboo  strongly 
l)ound  together  with  withes,  are  kept  in  readiness  to  shut 
out  theeneuiy.  The  doors  are  kept  in  position  by  strong 
posts  set  in  tlie  ground  l>ehind  them.  In  the  pro\ince 
of  V'eranua,  tlie\"  build  stronu'  wooden  fences  or  ])alisades 
round  some  of  the  villages,  to  {)r()tect  them  from  attac^ks 
of  enemies  and  wild  beasts.  l)uring  the  expedition  of 
(Jaspar  de  Kspinosa  in  1517,  Diego  de  Abite/,.  wlio  in- 
vaded the  pi'ON  ince  of  a  caci(pie  named  T  J>ra1)a.  some 
distance  south-west  i'voni  I'anauiii,  found  tl  e  inhabitants 


'^  rnijiU,  in  Lovd.  Giori.  Sor..,  Jour.,  Vdl.  xxxviii.,  p.  S'  '■;  Sei'tnnnn's  Vol/. 
Jlirnhl,  vol.  i.,  pp.  lU'.'.  :{2l-2;  I'iiii  ami  S'iiuiiuk's  hutthnif  p.  ir>l;  Miililir's 
/>(/'ic.',  p.  81;  Wii/ii-'k  .\i'ir  I''//.,  ])p.  ir.'  .V2;  I'nrUni.n'n  .loiiri'i  t/,  pp.  2;M 
5.  Oil  the  hiinks  of  the  Rio  (iiaiidc.  tlir  Spiiiiiiinls  iiiiilcr  .loli.in  dc  Tiivini 
fiiiliid  '  luufhas  jiohl  ^'ioncs  cii  liiirl)iiro;is  d  ciisiis  iiuiy  altus,  ffdms  i' urma- 
(l,is  sohro  posti'S  (Ic  p;ilinas  iic|,'ias  foiti'ssimas  i' {piiissi  in(\i>iiu;iia1ilis' .  .  .  . 
'  I  lay  otra  niaiicva  ilc  liuh  oh  o  (Msas  cii  Nata  rciloiiilns.  coiun  iiiios  cliaiiitclcs 
limy  altos.'  (h'ifdii.  Hist.  I  iiii.,  tiiui.  iii..  pp. .')(),  IIJI.H,  pi.  '  |ji  otfas  luuclias 
partis  hacian  siis  casas  di'  liiadi'fa  y  dc  paja  di' l.i  forma  di'  una  caiiipaiia. 
I'^stas  (rail  iiiiiy  ultas  y  hiu\' capaci's  que  iiioi'ab.iii  I'li  cada  uuii  do  uUu^5  dlf  z  ^ 
iiia.-i  wa'iuo.'j.'  Xu.s  L'aMd,  Uibt,  ^IpoUnjclicu,  M-'>.,  cip.  -M. 


ISTIDIIAN  EDIFICES. 


757 


protoctoil  In-  stroiijx  fortiHrntioiis.  Their  forts  nrc  1)nilt 
with  iiuich  skiU.  The  gnmuil  is  (Irst  ciicIosimI  h\-  :i  (h>i'p 
Irciich,  u[)()ii  the  iiiiuT  hank  of  which  trees  are  |>ianieil, 
and  the  iiitei'stices  lilled  ii[)  witli  lojzs  and  I'ocks.  In 
many  i)arts  of  tlie  coniitrv  the  iuhal)itants  were  lonnd 
li  .in:i'  in  the  tops  oi'  tri'es  like  hirds.  htyin;^'  sticks  aci'o-^s 
IVoni  one  hranch  to  another,  and  huildinii'  their  hciisi's 
ii[)on  them.  In  l')12,  Vasco  Xnfie/,  de  lialhoa  f-ur\'eyeil 
scN'eral  channels  at  the  month  oi'  the  River  Atralo  in 
([iiest  of  gold  and   plnnder.      The   sin'ronndin,2'  country 


A\ 


as  low  and  marsh\-.    hut   the  soil  sent  I'oi'th    ininu'n 


se 


]>alm-trees.  in  the  hranches  of  which  the  nati\cs  l)!iilt 
their  honses.  Vasco  Xnfiez.  enterini:'  an  alllnenl  of  the 
]{io  Xeiiro.  discovi'red  a  lio'Lie  tree-top  villaizc.  the  nanu^ 
of  whose  rnler  was  Ahie'ha.  'fhe  houses  were  di\ide(l 
into  sevi'ral  apartments,  each  ol'  a  size  sullicieiit  to  accom- 
modate several  liunilii's.  Tlu'y  ueiv  hiiilt  of  uood  and 
willows,  and  were  so  jtliahle  and  yei  ,  >  stron,:^'.  that  tlie 
swayinu,' to  and  fro  of  the  hi-anches.  to  \vhich  the  elastic, 
tenement  yieldeil.  did  not  in  the  least  interfei'e  with  the 
safety  of  the  <)ccu[)ants.  Ladders,  made  of  a  single 
laruf  hamhoo  sj)lit  in  two.  were  nsed  in  niaking'  the 
ascent  and  descent.      These  were  drawn  np  at  niiilit.   or 


in  case  of 


th 


invasion  of  an  enemv.      On  the  coa^t   ol 


W'ranna  ( 'cliiiuhus  discovered  similai' dwellinL;^.  and  he 
Hays  that  he  could  not  account  i'oi-  the  custom,  nnless  it 
was  thro:igh  i'ear  ol'  ^irrilfnis  which  ahoinid  in  that  coini- 
try,  or  of  enennes.  each  trihe  heir..':  iit  war  with  vwry 
other  trihe  alonji;  the  coast.  The  true  cause,  liowcvcr, 
of  tiieir  taking'  to  trees  for  places  of  resideiu  (\  is  to 
place  themsehes  heyond  the  ri'ach  of  sudden  and  vio- 
lent lloods.  which  are  causeil  by  the  swelliiiji  of  streams 
jiftei'  storms  in  the  mountains.  an<l  also  in  ordei'  to  he 
out  of  the  reach  of  I'cptiles  and    wild   heists    in    which 


that 


countr\'  ahou 


nd.> 


Some  of   the    Isthmians  huilt 


•'"'  '  II  il'iiroii    iiiiich'is   jiiidiliis  Cfroiulos.   cnli  puli  iiqiKs  di'  iu:nliTa.'    //•■ 


rcrn,  IliM.  <iiii.,  (!<■(•.  lii..  lil>.  iv..  cap.  ix.,  ili c  i.,  lili.  i\.,  caii 


Kill 


lo  ]• 


ill  ciiiia  (Ic  ''li  alli.ri.'     /A 


///W.     M'.ndn      ,V' 


I'iO,     Si'i' alno:   Irrin  I'x  ('iiliiiiiiiis.  \<i\.  iii..  p.  1' 


(li;  ti'iiiiiii'ii. 


111-^1. 


■rn,    f,,l. 
,1.,    ful. 


73;  Colon,  Hist,  Alinlj'uidu.iu  Barcia,  Uist'iihnlnrcfi,  tola,  i.,  p.   luS. 


I! 


X 


vns 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTKAL  AJIEFJCA. 


larLTo  cnclo.siu-es  for  tlie  chiefs,  wliich  early  contempo- 
rary writers  call  the  king'.s  psilace.  ^'a.sco  Nufiez  de 
])alhoa.  on  his  march  through  the  ])roviiice  of  Coma<ire, 
situnted  on  tlie  northern  coast  of  Darien  ahout  thirty 
leagues  from  the  uulf  of  I  rah:i.  relates  that  he  visite(l 
the  dwelling  or  palace  of  the  caci([iie  Comaure.  which 
he  descrihes  as  iollows:  It  was  one  luuidred  ;iiid  (ifty 
hy  eighty  paces  in  dimension,  constructed  upon  hen\y 
])osts.  which  stood  within  a  stone  wall.  The  upper 
part  of  the  l)uildiiig  was  heautifidly  finished  with  tiin- 
hers.  interlaced  in  such  a  miuuier  as  to  strike  the  he- 
holder  with  ama'/ement.  The  huilding  contained  various 
apartments — -chaml)ers.  pantry,  and  wiue-ccdlar.  In  one 
very  large  apartment  were  sacreilly  k(>pt  the  i-emains  of 
the  king  s  ancestors  an"air_'>'d  roinid   the  walls." 


le  (  osta  nicans  live  chiell\'  h\-  liuutinL;'  an 


Ih 


.1  fisl 


inu 


and  mau\  < 


>f  tl 


lein  cii 


Itivat 


e  mai/<\  Deans 


? 


ni(t 


ananas; 


the  Talamancas.  especially,  are  agriculturists.  Accord- 
ing to  l''a,ther  Zepeda.  and  others  who  penetrateil  soin(» 
distance  into  tlie  country  oi'  the  Ouatusos,  the\  had 
large  fields  under  cultivation.  Salt  is  seldom  usvd  hy 
any  of  these  trihes.  and  none  of  them  evei'  <  at  dogs,  as 
they  keep  them  f«)r  hunting  ])urposes.  Their  chief  game 
is  wild  hogs  anil  (N-er,  hut  they  are  not  very  jinrticular 
as  to  their  animal  diet    for  the\'  I'at  whatevei-  thev  can 


itcl 


eaten.   iiK 


hid 


nil:   r»'|>iiles 


•til< 


Tl 


itar  mot 


le  of 


cooking   lish 


rendi'M  them  exe^it-ilinglv  ]):datahle.  which  is  hy  roast- 
ing ihem  wrapj)ed  in  i)lantaiii-le  ives.  liaiianas  an* 
u.-ually  ])ulled  when  green.  ;ind  huried  in  sand  to  ripen.'"' 
Maiu'   of  the    other    Isthmians    are   airiculturi-^ts,    ami 


of  ('(iiii:i!,'i'r's  ]inliici'  it  is  siii'l,   '  Iji>n|..;itU'liii»''i>  liniw-nsi  |i:issnTiin 


tuiii  ()iiiii(|iiauiiitii.  liititi 

riiit:  liujui  ,iril>as  ct   |iaMiiiiciiti 


111  wvyo  ]ii  liiiiu  (Kti<_iiitii,  111  iiaciio  (liiiuiiu  r,i- 
rtc   1  xiiiiiii   Ial»  >r.iUs.'    f'-^li'r  Murli/r,  dri 


ii.,  lib.  iii.     Cniiipaii' fiutlitr:  Mniilinms,  .Mian'  W'v  ichi,  [>}<  (11  .'i.  ,s7;   l>i 


( 'lull 


\eiie  ]\\ll,  pi.  71    2,  ilH;   Ihirhii.  !>:■'(•  .v.e  iif  thv  Sf4s 
Sijiiicr,   in    Aoin.v/Zc.s  Anmili'^  ili-t   '".'/■.    l'^"'*».   t"Mi 


,1,1. 


M 


.1. 
.'/■  V 


V 


•f. 


2it,22l  5;    M 


]))).    Xll.,     XXltl. 


I  hiss,  I.   M.J    >i»,it 


I 


11  ■   /.'...,./■ 
'      I.  'iirii 


anx'i'  nil' 


mils 


/  Sriirrtir.  I'lislo  li'i'-n,  yi<.^>'t<  '.i.     ()ii(li'» 


cniiu'ii  I'lS  iiiiliiis  (11  (stas  islas  iiiucli  ih  vciiul 


(jilc  Ins  liay  III  f^i'aiul  ssiiua  caiitiiliil. 


Has  in  iiicras. 


oos.i  v.va 


lllilclins   !■    hilill  'S 


iiialii/.,  ('  fi's  ill  s  Tiiii'  I. 
•ailos.    !■   ta'rtiii'ti    sa-  ■• 


dfxii 


)l.  111). 


oincr  piir  siii;ia  unc  si'ti.'  Orhhi,  JJist,  ', 


(•  iHT  r.im, 

i'   (il     ilivrr- 

r  iilll'^'imil 

,  loin,  in  , 


FOOD  OF  THE  ISriIMIANS. 


7r;9 


•i'l'ow  coiisidonihle  quantities  of  inai/o.  plantaiiis.  cacao, 
j)iiin('nt().  and  cocoa-iuits;  their  means  of  suhsistenee  are 
further  hiruelv  sup[)leinente(l  1)V  pune  and  li>h.  A 
staple  article  of  iitod  anionn'  the  coast  trihes  is  turtle,  of 


il)le  article  ot   u»oH  among  the  coast  tin 
'dell   the\'   cauture   hu'u'e   numbers.       M 


()ul<e\ 


dl 


Ulord 


lem  a   favorite    mea 


I'luauas.    \()un<i'  a  I 


1. 

ator: 


and 


1   the\'  are  esneciallv  idnd  of 


aiK 


I    tl 


n 

leir   e"Lis. 


i'Vom  tlu! 


vucca  as  well  as  corn  they  make,  a,  iiood  (juality  ot"  ln'ead. 
'fhe  Doraches  and   (lUaimiesof  \'era,iiua  sulisist  mainly 

'iiii.r.  somewhat  I'esem- 
])\\u'j:  dates,  which  toasted,  'uakes  an  a,urecal)le  and 
wholesome  food.  ^h)st  of  their  dishes  are  highly  s(  a- 
soned  with   pimieiito.  a  kind  ot"  pe])[)er  produced   hy  ;i 


on  wild  roots  and  a  fruit  called  /ti.rl^ 


small  shrul)  which  is  very  al)undant  on  1  lerra  r  nine. 
'I'he  toocan  hird  lives  chietly  on  the  herry.  which  it  dis- 
charjj.es  t"rom  the  stomach  almost  immediately  al"ter  -wal- 
lowing' it;  the  natives  prefer  it  thus,  as  its  hitlernos  is 
partly  ahsorhed  by  the  hird.  it  is  said  that  the  ( 'a- 
I'lhs  ate  human  tlesh  whenr\t'r  they  had  an  op[)ortunity. 
Ilerreia  says  that  some  of  the  Isthmians  purchased 
shives.  wiiom  they  sold  to  the  Carihs  for  l"ood.  and  the 
inhahitants  of  I'aria  supplied  hoys  to  the  nativt's  ot'Tu- 


hraJ 


)a  loi- 


tl 


le  same 


tl 


P' 


irpose. 


The\'  cookeil  the  tlesh   of 


ii'ir    enemies,    and    ate    it  seasoned  witli    salt   ;ind   aji 


(riule)."'  \\  hen  a,  piece  of  urouiid  is  to  he  jilanteil.  a 
numher  ol"  the  villagers  collect  and  cut  down  the  hiii^h- 
wood  on  a  selected  sjtot;  the  seed  is  then  scattereil  ;imon 


tl 


le    wooM 


as  it  n( 


t  li 


In  due  time  the  Lirain.  w  hicii    i,- 


well  sheltered  iVom  the  sun  \>y  the  hranches.  spriiiLis  up 
and  o\'ertoi)s  them,  and  when  (it  t"or  har\('sting  tlu'  ears 
are  gatheri'd.  Alter  this,  the  luideiwooil  and  coiai- 
.stalks  are   set  on    lire,  and   tlu;  ground  c(jntiuues  to  hi; 

•''"  '  llaniio   la   iiiMi'u'i'ir  ]iiirti' ill  qiustiv  pustii'i'a  )irr   co^jtiiiiir  i!i  iiiaiiL;i:ir 


(■artic  liiiiuana   c  ijilainl  i   inaiij^'lauaiin  <li'  j^'li   SjiaL;mi>ili,   v' 
chi'   liiMisaiiaui)  di   ciltai-'  ni',    tciiii'inlo   iiiicnra  clu'   inl  im' 


fat'i'sscrd   i[Htllo  cariii   i['    'In.'   daiiiio.'    />. 


lii-l.    .1/ 


mil  ili  ciiliiii) 
iKiii  j,'li 

■in,      fnj. 


,/.,       .\, 


4!t.     On  till 


st   'tlii'vln'   in'ili' ijially  ni'iiii   lisli.  ])Iaiitaiiis,  mnl   liaiialias, 


\\]t\\  eiiliaii  I'lii'ii  ainl  u  Uii 


'ill.      (iiuiiia 


ri'    (■„/,, 


il   of 
.Vi/i 


/■/■;</' 


;i-  .>■  Ifdin  i> 


ill  /•/..  tiiiu.   iii..  pp.  :!<14  "i:  Aridii,    liirr..   ti 


/•(■/'•,    ''i>/.    lie     ri'/'/rs,   tmil     i  .   |i 


pp.  l:>. 


I'l' 


iliimbv.    Hid.   Aiiiiiiirit'ilh 


pp.  2U--J. 


P 


ui.  v..  p. 
412;     lA 


Ih 


irii'H, 


U' 


,\'i;/i  ihin  Sacra- 


760 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CEN'TIUL  AMERICA. 


used  for  ajxrioultural  purposes,  (u  huntinji"  doer  find 
wild  s\\  iiR',  dogs  are  used  to  drive  tliein  out  of  tlie  dense 
forest ;  at  other  times  tliey  set  fire  to  a  [)art  of  the  woods, 
and  as  the  animals  try  to  escape,  they  kill  tiiem  with 
sjK'ars  iind  arrows.  Jiirds  are  killed  with  a  i)low-i)ii)e. 
A\'ii"n  lishing  they  use  nets  made  ol'mahoe-liark  or  silk- 
grass,  and  in  phices  where  rocks  prevent  their  using  a 
net,  they  catch  them  with  their  hands  or  shoot  them 
Avith  .(vrows.     Fisiiing  hy  toreldight  with  spears  is  Ire- 

le   Savanerics    ])oison  ijools  with 


<pientl\    })ractice( 


1.     Th 


P' 


)inided   leaves  of  the   l)arl)asc(),   and   thus  ohtain  fish 


without  nui(;h  hil)or.  I'^or  duck-hunting  tiny  also  em- 
ploy the  ol'ten-descrihed  trick  of  placing  a  cahihiish  tin 
the  head,  and  in  this  manner  ap[)roach  the  game,  'fhe 
len  of  Cueha  are  celehriited  for  makiiiL-'  pure  white  salt 


n 


from  sea  water — an  article  nnich  used  in  this  locality. 
In  the  same  j)rovince  a  kind  of  connnunism  obtained  ;  all 
provisions  were  delivered  to  the  chief,  who  distrihuted 
to  each  his  share.  Part  of  the  connnunity  were  em- 
})loved  as  agriculturists,  and  part  us  hunters  and   (i>her- 


nu  n. 


At  h 
»f  1 


ds  tl 


1  h 


us  meals  tlio  cacupie  was  served   nv  women, 

th  h 


.some  oi  ins  prnuMiial  men  eatnig  with  inni.' 

In  their  })ei'sonal   hahits  the  Jsthmians  are  cleanly 
thev  l)athe  <:(Mierall\'  twice  a  dav  and  sometimes  ol'tener 


hut 


commonh'  at   sunrise  and  sunset.     The  interior  of 


their  dwellings  has  a   neat  a})i)earance,  and  order  and 
cleanliness  prevail  in  all  their  domestit;  ai-rauLiements.'-' 


1 
l)Ows    and    arrows,   long  spears,   javelins.  Hint-edged 


cliih 


:ni( 


I    hi 


ow-pipes 


pip 


are 


tl 


le  weapons   used   in 


tl 


lese 


1 


)arts.     Tlui   hows  are   heautil'uUv   made,    those   of  the 


^'^  '  Tdf'rn  (los  v  trcs  vozos  al  iino  in:ii/..  v  iior  csto  no  lo  cimraiiciMn.'  (r'o- 


V.    llisl.    liiil.,    ^)1.   82,    SS. 


'111,'in   iiiii(  III! 


1^1 


lil.   ■ 


c.ios  liui'l'CdS    cm. 


•1 


iiiiililii;()  111   (spiim/ii 


llr 


K 


lie  viliiulos, 


v(,  IliM.  a 


.1. 


y 


Aiti'i;i"!/'i,  ill  .ViirrnTWc 


!■  '1-  t'lirtlur  details  sci'  .Mirlilir'n  Jhirh  ii,  ])]>.  (l"i.  'iS,   81 


,/.    ./r    1 


III 

vol.  i..  i)[).  ;ii 


w. 


1' 


"1; 


;ti:);  /'././• 


,1  0,(/7» 


IK'I'S,     tlllll. 


rli/r,    di' 


n.   4  .;i,  -ioT;   MitidiiiiKx 


]).  7'.l;  Si'iiiKdiii'.i  I'll//.  Ilmtlil, 


lil> 


(h-i  i/ii,   ll'isl.    H 


tdiii.  iii..  1)1).   lit--;},   I'M,   IX);   Ma/ic's  3'i((.'  To//-,  ri).  88,  101,  1(10-7,  liU- 


IIKI,  l.")J-r>,   17(1-7. 


MU-l,}c 


Dm 


nfit,  |i.  (d;  '  III 


tniubfc,  assi  los   iiidios  como  las  iiidias 


iiir)ii'i/.  ]i, 


'iliC. 


li'UiMi  lior  cos- 


h.iliar  tics  o  <|Uatro  vii;t 


il 


dia,   por  cstar  liiniiins  i'   pui'nuu  dii,'eu  (juc  iksicausau  lu  lavuisi.'.'  Uckilij, 
Hist,  'ltd.,  toiii.  iii.,  [>[>.  I.'t5-(i, 


WEAPONS  OF  THE  ISTHMIANS. 


761 


Costa  Ricans  l)oiiig  aLoiit  scvi'ii  ll'ct  loiiir.  of  a  daik- 
coloivd,  wvy  liard  wood,  with  tlio  string  ol"  wi'll-t\viste<l 
silk-grass.  Ari'ows  are  of  tlu-  same  wood,  vcrv  long,  and 
l)oiiited  with  a  porcii[)ine-([nill  <»i'  fish-hone.  The  hows 
and  arrows  ef  tlios(>  farther  r-onth  are  niucli  shortei'.  and 
of  hlaek  palm-wood,  as  are  also  their  laiiees  and  jaxclins. 
The  arrows  an;  pointed  with  Hint  or  fish-hi>ne.  or  ai'e 
hardened  in  the  fire  and  harhed ;  tlie  shaft  is  of  reed 
having  a  ])ieee  of  hard  wood  eight  or  ten  inelu^'^  in  length 
insertetl  in  the  end.  The  inhabitants  of  Coil);!  iiiid  some 
of  the  tribes  on  tiu>  western  shore  of  the  gull'  ol"  rialni, 
do  not  nse  i)ows  and  arrows.  In  this  respect.  ,^o  far  as  1 
have  ohsei'ved.  they  form  an  exception:  as  among  tlic 
almost  innnmerahle  tribes  sitncded  between  tlie  gull"  of 
rrabii  and  the  Arctic  Ocean  I  know  of  none  othei's 
wheiv  bows  and  arrows  are  not  nsed.  These  i)eo|)le  in 
hattle  employ  a  long  wooden  sword,  and  wooden  spears, 
the  ends  of  which  ari'  hai'dened  in  the  fire  and  tipjuMl 
with  bone;  they  also  make  nst>  of  slings  and  darts. 
Their  javelins  ure  thrown  with  nnu^h  fore  and  dexterity 
hy  means  of  a  stic^k  slightly  grooved  to  hold  the  pro- 
jectile. It  is  called  t'slorica  and  is  h<'ld  between  tlu^ 
thumb  and  two  lingers,  there  being  a,  small  loop  on  tlie 
side,  near  the  centre,  in  which  the  foi'edngi'r  is  placed; 
the  dart  is  cast  straight  from  the  slmuldcr.  while  tla; 
projectoi-  is  retained  in  the  hand.  1  ha\'e  noticed  a 
somewhat  similar  conVri\ance  employed  by  the  Aleutian 
Islanders.'"  TIk'  bl()w-))ipe  which  is  used  witli  much 
efVect.  is  about  six  *>r  se\en  feet  long,  and  the  darts  sliot 
from  it  are  made  of   Mucaw-wood,  ver\'   thin   willi   ;iu 

''"  111  f'ucvii,  •  iiii  soil  fl(<hcriis,  t'  jiclfiiii  coll  nuiPiiims  t'  cini  l,int;iis  lia  ii<,'iis 
y  coll  Minis  (|!U'  iiiruj.in,  rouio  a.uilos  cdii  csti'iri.as  (ijiH'  smi  lii  itn  iiiiiiu  ni 
<lc  aviciitiis  lie  iiiios  liiisliiin  s  hiiii  laliiiulos  '  "I'li'/o,  Hist.  <iiii.,  tuiii.  iii  , 
I'll.  l~~.  12'.».  'Sunt  iiutviii  ipsiiniiii  .'iriiia,  imii  iirciis,  inni  sii^'itla  uiiic- 
liata-.  uti  ImhiTr  iiiili;_;i'iias  illns  tiaiis  siiitiiu  orii  utiilcs  (lixi)iiiis.  (niiiiiiiin 
lii  .-•rtitit  lit  iilurimi.iii,  ciisibiis  ohlniinis,  i|U(>s  iiiacaii.is  ipsi  a|  [n  1  ant, 
li;^i*.  is  I  mil  11.  (|iii.(.  fcrniin  ni>ii  assc(Hiiiiiliii':  ft  luifustis  siiililms  aiit  '  r— .  is 
<•  ^pidilMls,  iiiwsjliljiis  ttiiiii  ail  iiraliiim  iituntiir.'  /'•/■/•  Marh/r,  ilcf.  ii.,  lili. 
iai.,  also,  «l<-c.  iv.,  lii).  X..  (liT.  \ .,  111).  i\.  ('um|iarc'  fiutlur,  Jlrrnni.  lI'iM  lint., 
tic',  i.v  lil>.  i\.,  cM|i.  vi..  111).  \..  ca;i.  i.:  An  lii'inii'i.  in  S'lrnrrit',  i'ul.  ,le 
I'l  (i/*-s;  tmii,  i-ii.,  ]1.  in:);  I'tiiT'is,  in  /'/..  t  en.  i..  n.  'iH.");  I'lirl/mru's  .hnirni'if, 
p.  •,i:iV  W  .k'li'l.  f/.\iii''rii/iii  \  p.  '.IS;  0/;>'  I'unHmn,  pp.  77-S;  I'nyilt,  ill  L'Jiiti, 
Uuoji.  ^^o^^,  •fiiiir.,  vol.  .\xvviii.,  [ip.  1)5,  US. 


(  I 


'  ^ii 


7(;j 


WILD  'LllIlSES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


oxpco.liiiiily  sharp  point,  iiotcliod.  so  f1i;it  whon  an 
object  is  struck  it  breaks  oil'  iiiiil  it  is  iiliuost  iiii[K)ssil)k; 
to  cxtriict  the  broken  point;  others  ai'e  ]U)isonc(i  so  that 
a  siiiiht  wound  causes  deatli  in  a  sliort  time.  One  end 
is  wriii)pL'(l  with  a  httlo  cotton,  until  it  lits  the  tube 
which  is  placed  to  tlu^  mouth  and  the  (hirt  blown  out. 
It  is  (piite  elVective  I'or  a  distance  of  one  hundred  vai'ds. 
DilVerent    varieties  of  ])()ison  have   been   described    by 


writers  and  travelers 


II 


errera  sue 


aks  of 


one  which  ho 


says  was  made  with  certain  grey  roots  found  alouii'  the 
coast,  which  were  burnt  in  earthen  jjipkins  and  mixed 
with  a  species  of  poisonous  black  ant;  to  thiscouipositioii 
were  added  larue  s[)iders,  some  haii'v  caterpillars,  the 
wiuLis  of  a  bat.  and  the  head  and  tail  ol"  sea-fith  called 
fti'-iirliio,  very  venomous,  besides  toads,  the  tails  of  snakes, 
and  man/.auilhis.  All  these  injiredients  weiv  set  over  a 
tire  in  an  open  lieltl  and  well  boiled  in  pots  by  a  slave  till 
they  were  reduced  to  a  prop^u'  consistency.  Tlie  unfor- 
tunate slave  wh;)  attends  to  the  bailinij;  almost  invariably 
ille-*  from  thi'  fum;>s.  Ani)'dier  [);)isouous  composition  is 
sp  )ken  of  as  having  been  m;i  le  of  fourteen  dilferent  in- 
gretlients  and  anotlu'r  of  twenty-four,  one  that  kills  in 
three  da\s.  another  in  five,  and  another  later,  and  when 


one   w 


as   eiuploNi'd   it  was    stated   that  sometii 


nes    the 

wounded  lixcd  as  many  days  as  the  poison  had  been  made. 
The  nati\('s  said  that  lire.  sea.  water,  and  contineucN'  were 
tl 


le  an 


tidot 


t's  aii'auis 


t   tl 


th 


le    venom,  others   aihi'ujei 


dli 


that 

the  duuLi'  of  the  woimded  person  taken  in  \n\\s  or  other- 
Peter  Martvr  ^\  rites  that  tii<>  poison 


wi<e  was  a  cure 


was  made  b\    old  women  skilled   in  th 


't.  wl 


V 


lo  were 


shut  u[)  for  two  days  in  a  house  where  they  boiUvl  the 
iuLii'edieuts;  if  at  the  ex[)iratiou  of  the  time,  the  uomen 
wt're  fouuil  in  szood  health  instead  of  heini:'  Italf  th^ad, 
they  weic  piuiishe(l  and  the  ointment  was  thrown  awav. 
("a[)tain  ('ochrane  in  \\\s  Jaiinni/  in  (  I'/nnihid.  sa\s  that 
they  obtain  the  poison  from  a  small  fro^'  called  tlie  /•'■hh 
(/('  rci/i'iio.  Tlu'se  IVo,l:s  ai'e  kejit  in  a,  hollow  cane  and 
regularly  [\'d.  \\  hen  recpiii'ed  for  use.  the\'  take  one 
and  [KISS  a  })i)inted  stick  down  its  throat  ami  out  at  one 


I 


WEAPONS,  AUMOR,  AND  WAKS. 


rc3 


of  its  l«>,irs.  Tlio  pain  1)rin,i:s  to  the  ]),ick  of  tlio  toad  a 
wliiti'  troth,  which  is  a  deadly  poison  and  in  it  the  (hu'ts 
arc   luhlu'd;    below   the    IVoth   a  acUow  oils'   matter   is 


I'ou 


nd    wliK' 


li    IS  caret  idly  scrajx 


d  oir. 


as   it   i." 


also   a 


l)o\vi'rl'nl  poison,  but  not  so  lastin<;'  as  the  first  snbstanc(\ 
which  \vill  retain  its  deadl\'  pro[)erties  for  a  year  svhilc 
the  yellow  niatttT  looses  its  sti'enj^lh  after  five  oi*  six 
months.''^  The  javelins  nsed  by  the  Caribs  wei'e  not 
made  pointed  but  scjuare  at  the  end,  they  also  lia\ c  \ cry 
loni;'  pikes  and  heavy  chibs.  AVhen  l)artoloin('  liiu'tado 
in  lolG  visited  the  island  of  ( 'anbaco  lie  relates  that  th(> 
caci()ue  ])resented  him  with   a  uolden  ai'inoi-  \ahied  at 


one  tnousand  castellanos 


At  the  island  of  Cabo  se\-eii 
leaiiues  distant,  the  warriors  woi'e  ;i  thick  matted  armoi- 
of  cotton  impervions  to  arro\vs;  they  were  armcil  with 


})iKes  and  ni  tlien-  marcli  wei'e  accompanied  witli  drums, 
conchs.  and  lifes.''- 

Wars  arise  chietly  from  the  jealousies  and  ambition 
of  rival  chieftains.  IJattles  are  frerpH'nt  and  saniiuinary. 
often  lasting;  for  manv  da\s.  and  are  foutiht  with  tena- 


•"'  'Tho  )iip(;  was  niailo  of  two  ]  i(  oi  s  of  rood,  ench  forniinc;  n  lialf  circli'; 
tliPRf  Ix'iii;,'  )]la('((l  t'ii,'(thcr  left  :i  s]ii. ill  hole,  just  lai'u'e  ciiouj,'!!  for  tlic  i.d- 
liiissiou  of  th','  ai'i'iw  .  .The  aii'"\vs  an-  almiU  i  in'ht  iiii-lns  Iiuil;  .  tli(  |HUiit 
very  sliar[>.  aiul  cut  lilic  a  curksciiw  f.u-  :;ii  iiidi  up  .  Tliis  is  inlli  d  in  tin" 
jiiiisou  .  .  .'i'lii'  arrow  will  fly  out'  liuml'.itl  y.inls.  and  is  c  itain  diath  to  man 
oi'  animal  wounded  liy  it;  no  i-urc  as  yi  t  liuviuj,'  been  dixovnid.  A  tiL;ir, 
when  l;it.  funs  ten  or  a  do/rn  yanls.  stau';i  rs.  lircona's  sick,  nialdics  in  f'lur 
or  live  minntis.  A  li'vd  is  killed  as  with  a  hullit.  and  tlic  arrow  and  w.  undcil 
part  of  the  tlcsh  licint,'  cut  out,  the  rcmai'idi  r  is  i  ati  n  without  dau'ji  r.' 
C'lrlirdiic  a  Jniirn'il  in  ( 'itUmih'm.  vol.  ii.,  \l\^.  A'  't-1 .  '  'I'h.it  jvoyson  kilh  th  hiui 
that  is  wiumdcd.  but  not  su<ldcnly  .  S\'ho-,o  is  wouiidcil,  Hues  a  misi  i.ibic 
and  sti'ict  life  after  that,  for  he  must  alistaine  freni  many  thines.'  I'.Ur 
Murliir.  dec.  viii..  lib.  viii.  '  Sdiue  w.iorali  I  corova )  and  jioisoned  arrows 
that  I  Mlitaincd  from  ihc  Imlians  of  thi'  iuteriiu-  were  ]Udeurid  ly  lie  mi 
from  Clioco  .  tluir  deidly  effect  is  almost  instaiitan<  ous  '  (  k'Ii.'s  /Ih- 
rhii.  i>,  117.  'Me  inquired  of  ail  tiie  Indians,  both  men  and  boys.  :;t  (  ,.li  do- 
nia  iiay  and  at  San  lllas  for  the  "eurari"  lU'  ■■urari"  [loison  .  liny  I  r.  lU,  lit 
US    what    thi'V   Vepresented  to    be   tile   li'inii-'iili  y,i\^,in  It  turih  d    I'Ut  I'  Ik- 

uothin;,' but  tlu- jui<e  iif  the  niaiiZiinillo  del  |ilaya.  So,  if  this  i-,  llii  ir  ehii  f 
poison,  and  is  the  same  as  the  'eurari."'  it  is  not  so  much  t"  lie  ilri  ailed.' 
,S,'h'r'i(l'ii's  Ifiri'ii  .S-oTr -/,v,  ii|i,  Hill  7.  See  further,  Fih.-Uxij,  \\\  l.'iml.  'i'""/. 
.S'.,"'  .  JiHir..  vol.  XX.,  \>.  mi;    //.  ciT/ir,    //;.«,'.  (;  h.,  dec,  i,,  lib.  vii,,  ciiii,  xvi,; 

.l/T-/f/'/''s   /Ao/.e,  Ji.  77;    />i/////ie /''.S    I  o(/i|.;..s',  \o!.  i..   )i.    II. 

••■-'.  Ic' )■■<'/'(,  .V.  liniiiHilit,  ]i.  li;  li'iliiiirn,  lli.^l.  Intl.,  f  |  K>i;  I'ld'/l,  ' 'r/r/(.'.s', 
pt  i  .  |i.  17.  'Trai.-i'  <\-  o^««•J^■t  s  feclios  de  alj^'odoir  (|U'  h  »  lle.i.ibili  i'  uba- 
.\  d.  Ill  d>  la-  es;iald  .  .1  *»,  «"  les  He^raban  a  I. is  |-o,lil|;i  ^  i'  deude  ibilXo.  e  liW 
II.  1^  f.lsl  I    losei..li>.    e  t.m    J-'lUCSOS    eiiUlo    Ul|    eii|    ||OU    ll-l'IIIUil     Hon    tall 

tifttiii  v'liU'Uuu  boilfsta  uo  losiJitsu.'  i'adnv^  Cvl,  pvv,  iivAiti\HH,  ii..  !'■  010, 


7(it 


WILD  TRI15ES  OF  CKNTKAL  AMEUICA. 


cioiis  couriini'.  Tliroiiulioiit  Diiricn  it  is  custoinnrv  to 
])liU'o  wiitiiu'l.s  at  ni;iht  in  tlii'  liiiilicst  lioiiscs  ol'  tlif 
towns,  to  keep  watch  and  |iivo  warninji'  of  the  approiicli 
of  an  enemy.  At  the  connnencement  of  a  canipaiiiii, 
eliiels  and  eajjtains  e\j)erieneed  in  war  are  nominated 
hy  the  head  ol'  the  tril)e.  to  lead  the  men  in  hattle  and 
conduct  the  operations;  they  wear  certain  insij^nia.  so 
as  to  he  distinunished  from  the  rest  of  the  men.  loftv 
jthnnes  on  the  head,  and  a  (piantity  of  uohU-n  oina- 
nunts  and  jewels,  hesiih's  v.hich  the\'  are  ])ainted  in  a 
diiVei'cnt  style.  All.  howevei'.  adorn  themselves  when 
p)inL:  to  hattle.  with  a  pi'ofusion  of  necklaces,  hracelets, 
and  golden  coi'selets.  The  men  are  cheered  on  to  hattle 
and  enconi'am'd  dm'infj;  the  (iLiht  hy  the  hlowinu  of  large 
shells  and  the  heatinir  ol'  drums.  in  the  j)ro\ince  of 
Cueha.  women  accomjiany  the  men.  Ii>:iitini:'  hy  their 
side  and  sometimes  e\en  leadinji'  the  \!ni.  '1'Ih'  action 
is  oonnneiK^ed  with  the  slinks  and  estoricas.  hut  they 
soon  meet  Jit  close  quarters,  when  the  lu'avy  wooden 
swords  and  iavelins  are  hroiiuht  into  use.  (.'ertain  rules 
juid  military  rejiulations  are  ohserxed  wherehy  thi'  hra\e 
are  rewarded,  and  olfenders  against  nnlitary  disci[)rnie 
])unishe(l.  Xol)ilit\'  is  conferrt'd  on  him  who  is  wounded 
in  war.  and  he  is  further  rewarded  with  lands,  with 
some  distinguished  woman,  and  with  military  connnand; 
lie  is  deemed  more  illustrious  than  others,  and  the  sou 
of  such  a  I'ather,  I'ollowing  the  prol'i'ssion  of  arms,  may 
iidicrit  all  the  father's  honors.  He  who  disohiys  the 
orders   of  his  chief  in    hattle  is  denrived  of  his  arms. 


'P 


struck  with  them,  and  dri\en  from  the  settlement.      All 
hooty   is   the    pro[)erty  of  him  who   captured   it.      The 


1' 


•isoner  is  the  slave  of  the  ciintor;  he  is  hranded  on  the 


I'ace  and  one  of  his  I'roi it  teeth  knocked  out.    The  Car 

W 


Her 


howe^■er.    used    to  kill   and  e;i*"   their  [irisoner,- 
mentions  that  upon   some  occasions,    he  who  had   killed 


an  enem\-  cu 


t  oir 


his  own  hair  as  a  di^tin-juisluni:'  mar 


of  ti'iuniph.   and  ])ainted    hiins(>lf  hlack.   continuing  so 
painted  until  the  (irst  new  moon.' ' 

'''•'  '  Cuuiulo  ibiin  ;'i  lii  ''Ucn-iv  lU'valian  udi-uiius  du  luci  cu  liis  culiczas  v  uuiis 


ISTinilAN  DISHES  AND  DirLEMEXTS. 


TCf) 


Tlio  Lsthmiiiiis  slct'p  in  liainiiiocks,  ol'ton  bcautiriilly 
made,  iuul  siisju'iKk'd  hotwta'ii  two  ti'ivs  or  upright  })osts. 
Owiiiu;  to  tlio  matcriiil  ol'  which  they  aiv  coiiiposcMl  they 
are  exceed iiiiily  cool  and  well  ada[)ted  to  the  climate, 
(loiirds,  calal)ashes,  and  cocoa-nut  shells  ai'e  employed 
i'or  water-howls  and  drinkinji-cnps.  Their  othei-  house- 
hold utensils  consist  of  earthen  jai's.  Hint  knives,  f^tone 
hatchets  and  hoxes  inu'eniously  made  of  palm-leaves, 
and  covered  with  deer  or  other  skins.  Drums  ol"  dilVer- 
ent  sizes,  some  very  larue.  others  small,  a-e  made  of  the 
liollow  trunk  ol'a  tree  coveivd  at  theendswith  deei's  hide, 
^riiose  of  the  larLiVst  size  are  ke[)t  ftt  the  chief's  residence 
or  at  the  town-house,  llainmocks  are  made  ol'  finely 
vvo\en  cloth,  or  more  lVe(piently  of  plaited  urass  of 
various  colors  and  curiously  ornamented.  Wooden  mor- 
tars, made  irom  the  knotty  part  of  a  tree,  are  used  to 
pound  yucca,  iVom  which  they  make  their  (Missava.  The 
metate  or  i-uhhinu-stone  is  also  in  use  ainonji:  them. 
Tluy  have  nets  of  dilferent  kinds  lor  hoth  lishuig  and 
huntinji;.  At  nidit,  as  a  li^ht  I'or  their  dwellinjis  tluy 
use  torches  made  from  jvalm-wood  dii)[)ed  in  oil  and 
heeswax.  'J'he  lords  and  principal  men  of  the  provinces 
of  Parien  and  Traha  are  reputed  to  have  drunk  IVom 
iioldcn  cups  of  rich  and  heautiful  workmanship.  Teter 
^lartyr  gives  an  account  of  golden  trumpets  and  a  great 
number  of  hells  fomul  hy  the  Spaniards  in  a  town  situ- 
ated on  the  Uivt'r  l)al)aiha  (.Vtrato).  The  hells  wt're 
used  at  ceremonies  and  iestivals,  giving  forth  a  sweet 
and  pleasant  sound;  the  tongues  or  clappers  wci'e  hcau- 
tifulh'  made,  of  lish-hones.  In  another  part  of  the 
country,  on  the  gulf  of  I  rahii,  says  I'etei'  Martyr,  as 
rendered  hy  the  ancient  translator:   ''Tliey  Ibunde  also  a 


IKitiiias  irriindcs  en  Ins  jii'dios  y  liriicclctcs  y  otriis  joyas  (•u  otrfis  hii,'arcs  il(  1 
(■ilci'iii).'  Jjis  I'lisitu,  Hist.  Ajiiit'nirl'ii'd.  MS,  ca]).  Ixv.,  ccxliv.  '  VA  luiiclo  i  n 
1,\  LjiiiMM  I'S  liiilalu'n,  y  i^'n/.a  t]o  ^raiulcs  fraii(|il>'/as.'  (imiKini,  ll'tsl.  Iml..  Ui\. 
HS,  '  A  Ills  ([nc  j>ni'(U>ii  mat  ir  iiialaii,  i'  a  Ins  qw  iirciidcii  Ids  liimau  ('•  so 
sil'vii  (Icllos  por  (Si'laviis.'  Oriidit,  Jlist.  llr)>.,  ti)Ui.  iii.,  (ip.  IJl*.  I'ifi.  Sn 
furtLcr;    QninJniKi,    \'hl'is    Esj>iiri<>Uti    ( liiilhnitj,    p.    8;   /A, 


// 


lil 


).   111. 


I]),   v.:  Aii'ht'ii'iin,  in  .V' 


r/c,  (■../.   ./r 


tiiin.  iii. 


l',)'.i,  K);!,  AVI:  I'l.kr  Martyr,  duu.  iii.,  lib.  iv..  doc.  viii.,  lib.  viii.,    Il'd/t/'s 


'.'/■-  V 


i:i:) 


TOO 


WILD  TllIBES  or  CKNTKAL  AMElilCA. 


^ivjit  iniiltitiulf  of  slut's.  iuii(U' of  tilt'  silko  or  oolton  of 
the  ^ossiitiiijiiK'  tivc:  likewise  diueis  kiudes  ol'  vessi'ls 
uiul  look's  made  ol'wood,  iind  inaiiv  of  earth:  also  iiiaiiv 
brest  plates  of  gold,  and  ouches  wrought  after  their  man- 


ner 


'M 


Thev  manufacture  strong  cords  from  the  bark  of  the 
mahoe-tive.  which  is  taken  oil"  in  long  strijjs,  beaten  with 
sticks,  cleaned,  and  then  twisted.  A  (iner  description 
of  thread  is  made  iVom  a  species  of  pita,  of  which  the 
leaves  undergo  a  somewhat  similar  process  in  ])rej)ara- 
tion  as  llax.  being  .steeped  in  water  for  several  davs.  then 
dried  in  the  sun  and  afterwards  beaten,  producing  line 
sillvv  threads,  from  which  their  hanunocks  and  linei" 
kinds  of  nets  for  catching  small  lish  are  made,  l-'rom 
the  same  plant  thev  maki;  excellent  baskets  and  mat- 
ting; the  materials  are  first  dved  in  diilerent  colors, 
prettily  mixed  and  woven  together  .^o  closely  as  to  hold 
water.  Thi'y  are  of  a  sol't  textui'e  and  exceedingly  du- 
rabk'.  The  Dorachos  are  famed  for  the  manufacture  of 
pottery,  water-bottjes,  and  other  hou.sehold  utensils,  ele- 
gantly shaped  and  prettily  painte(l.  ( 'otton  cloths  are 
wovi'U  by  women,  and  considei'ing  tlie  rude  and  simple 
im[)lements  they  work  w  ith,  the  lineness  of  texture  and 
blending  of  colors  present  a  marvel  ol'  skill  and  [)atience. 
'I'lie  process  of  Avea\ing  is  thus  desi-iibed  by  Waler: 
'"The  Wouu'ii  make  a  KoUer  of  Wood,  about  threi'  I'oot 
long,  turning  easily  al)out  betwi-en  two  Posts.  About 
this  tlu'v  i)laci'  Strings  of  (\)tton.  of  •)  or  I  yards  long, 
at  most,  but  oftncr  less,  according  to  the  use  the  (Moth 
is  to  be  i)ut  to,  whether  ibi-  a  llanmiock.  or  to  tie  about 
tlicii'  Waists, 
them  in  their 


or  for  (lowns.    or 


for   I 


)!ai»ki'ts  to  cover 


lb 


unmo( 


ks.  as  tlie\'  lie  in   them   in   their 


lire.  1..    lib.   vii.,    cap.    x\i..    lib.   ix..    c 
IV  11.,   HI),  ii,,    cii]).  i.;   I'd  r    Mirli/r,   drc.  ii..  lili.   i.,   dci'.  vii.,  lib.  x.; 
'i  r's  Darkii,  pp.  (JG,  77;  M'jj'i',  X'lrU  fkin  Sa-nuif  ntn.  pp.  21-'2. 


i..  (l.iv  ii.,  lib 
Mkhl' 


ISTHMIAN  JIOATS  AM)  NAVKiATIoN'. 


7G7 


Hon- 


:os;   w 


llid 


I    il  re 


ill  th 


tli('\  liii\(>   for  Cloth 


And  tlicv  lu'vor  wi-iivc  ii  ijiccc  of  ("ottou  with   a  dcsiua 
to  cut  it,  hut  of  II  si/A'  that  .shall  just  scrvr  Tor  the  i)artic- 


uiar  use 


Tlu'  Thrrads  thus  couiinL-'  IVoiu  the  Kollcrai 


the  Warp;  and  I'or  the  Wdi)!".  {\\vy  twist  ( 'ottoii  -  varn 
uhout  il  suiall  piece  ol"  JA/r^/zr-wodd.  uotch'd  at  each  end  ; 
And  takiuir  U[)  every  other  Thread  ol"  the  \\  aip  with  the 
l'''iu,:j.i'rs  ol"  out'  Hand,  they  put  the  Wool"  throu,uh  with 
the  otlier  Hand,  luid  receive  it  out  on  the  otlu'r  ^idc: 
and  to  make  the  Threads  ol'  the  WOol"  lie  clo.<e  in  thi^ 
(Moth.  the\'  strike  tluMU  at  e\ery  turn  with  a  louu' and 
thin  piece  of  .IA/r///r-\voo(l  like  a  Kidt'r.  which  lies  across 


bet 


WH'eii  the  'i'hreads  of  the  W'ari)  I'or  that  i)iu'i»<»s( 


Tl 


le  canoes  and  I'al'ts  of  the  Istluuians  are  aduurahh' 


ai 


la[)ted    to    the  na\i,Li!ition   of  their    I'iNcrs  and    i:ull> 


an( 


I   th 


le   uu'U  who  nianauc  tliciu  are  .skillfu 


1  boat 


Mien. 


Tl 


le   canoi's   varv    in  si/.e:  some   are  duu'  out   from  the 


sin.^le  trunk  of  a  tree,  othei's  are  constructed  of  hark. 
'I'he  lari-est  are  thirt\-(lve   I'eet    in   leniith    h\-    three   in 


dth 


reatltu.and  arecapaoleol  carrynii:' many  persi)ns.  hesides 


a  considerable   amount  of  carLH 


Tl 


ie\'  arc   so    li 


ditb 


l)uilt  that  little  dilliculty  is  "xpi-rienced  in  passiuLi'  them 
over  ohstructions,  and  those  of  smaller  si/c  are  oflen  car- 
rie  1  on  the  lieail.  They  draw  ver_\  little  watei-.  and  are 
])roj)eJle  I  with  paddles  by  two  persons,  one  in  the  stern, 


the  ()■  lier  Ml  the  now. 


W 


len  [la-isiULiONcr  rapids,  paianca- 


or 


poles,  are  Uf<iH\.  witii  crotchets  attache(l.  which  ans\ver 


the  pur|)ose  of  a  hoat-hoo!<:   in   iayim;'  hold  of  th 


'lani 


or  o\  erhaULiin'j,'    hranches   ol   trees,  wlieri 


ne    dei)!n    o 


water  pre\'ents  the  [)ok'  reachin,:;'  t 
ai 

similar  to  cork-wood 


le  hottom. 
'e   maile    from   an   ex-ceedimiK'   liuiit    and    sol 


he  raits 
timher 


I.' I' I.  ,v. 


Itrhl 


V 


Tl 


3-lS;  S, 


nee  or  four  Iolis  are  hound  to- 


l).<ll!,i;is.  |,.  ■_',!;  r„c/,7„ 


',/■.    1' 


'.12  \.   1  ;() 


It 


■l'l'ili_;  111   (1 


\'''f/.  llrnihi,  V..1,  i.,  p.  :;j(i;  /' 

.h'lirn  //,  I  [I,  I7--  '■'>.  2\'-'i    I ;    ll'i 


Vi-'sscls. 
il  I 


111'  nciitiv  and  siiiutiiiii 


1111(|UI    (■.-irlllrll    I'l  lu-s 
j;r  ici  fullv  fiii'incd  of  cliiv 


■llio 
.S.  V- 


eral  l)i-ar  risciiihlalii't' 


nif'iHinucil  that  the  natives  (if  the  Isfh 


tl)  Jliinian,  (Irccian,  and  I'.trnsi-iiU  j:i 


ijii;s  now  niaUe  tlnir  rude  cji'tliiu 


l)r.  :\I(  nitt 


itrnsils   (pf  a   prculiai-  Mack   iii:  th,  wliirli    eivc  s    thciii    the    iiii|icaranc'f    of 


//;,-/.   .1/. 


('/..    vol.    IV. 


17ii 


hi  \. 


r.-iLfUa   ■  VI  II'  s.,l)iinas  .'randi-s  i 


lo 


nl.uodon,  lallr.•lda^.  di'  Uiuy  sotiirs  hdmris;  otras  jiiiitadas  niiiy  siitihiii  iiti-  ii 


Cololc'S  cull  piucfles.'   Vuliin,  in  .Vwriic/'c/t,  i.'uL  dv   \'vi 


turn.  1.,  p.  o(J8. 


v3»  ^  -0.    ^^^  , 


'%.'^. 


'!)> 


.^r' 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


!.0 


I.I 


1.25 


n 


2.5 


Ui 


IIIM 

1^    1110 


1.8 


lA  III  1.6 


V 


VI 


■>, 


^: 


^^^V 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


iV 


% 


■1>^ 


:\ 


\ 


'^^ 


I 


&/ 
^ 


768 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA, 


gethor  witli  ropes  and  across  tlicm  arc  laid  smaller  tim- 
bers of  the  same  wood,  fastened  down  with  hard  wooden 
pegs  that  are  easily  driven  through.  Th^  rafts  are  chiell y 
employed  for  fishing  or  crossing  large  rivers.  C^inoes 
are,  however,  quite  as  frequently  used  for  fishing  pur- 


m 


lK)ses. 

The  native  products  are  gold,  pearls,  tortoise-shell, 
ivory-nuts,  cjicao,  caoutchouc,  corozo-nuts,  cocoa-nuts, 
dried  venison,  lard,  and  deer-skins;  these  are  olt'ered  in 
consideralde  quantities  to  foreigners,  and  in  exchange 
they  receive  salt  and  ironware,  besides  various  trinkets 
and  such  domestic  utensils  as  they  are  in  need  of.  The 
value  of  the  pearls  was  lessened  on  account  of  their 
practice  of  throwing  oysters  into  tiie  fire  in  order  to 
open  them,  which  partially  destroyed  their  lustre.  The 
natives  of  the  coast  carry  into  the  interior  dried  fish  and 
salt,  which  they  barter  for  gold  dust  and  other  i)roducts. 
At  Pueblo  Xucvo  sarsaparilla  forms  a  principal  article 
of  trade.  The  native  traders  are  very  shrewd,  and  as 
a  rule  practice  fair  dealing.  On  his  march  through  the 
country.  Vnsco  Xunez  de  Balboa  found  the  people  in 
possession  of  large  (piantitiesof  gold,  jewelry,  and  pearls. 
Ever\  where  along  his  route  he  received  presents  ot  gold ; 
indeed,  in  some  places  he  found  this  metal  in  greater 
abundance  than  food."^ 

The  streams  of  this  region  arc  sulyect  to  fref[ucnt 
swellings,  caused  by  heavy  rains.     After  the  subsiding 


66  •  En  cstas  islfis  do  Chnrfi  o  Pooosi  no  tionen  canons,  siuo  biilsns' ...  .In 
the  Province  of  Cnclm  '  ticncn  ciiiions  pccnu'fiiis,  tiiiubicn  lits  usau  grandra 
.'.  .hay  caiioa  (jiii'  lU'va  (;in(iut'iitii  o  sesscuta  hoiiilirt's  i'  mas.'  Orinlo,  lli.'-t. 
^'(•)).,  tmii.  iii.,  i)|).  IIU,  IT)',).  Sfoalso:  Mirhhr's  Ihiriin,  \)\k -iS,  (tli-7;  U'dfeiH 
New  1'"//..  p.  itli;  MoiitmiHn,  Xhitirc  Wicnkl,  j).  07;  and  Daiijicr,  Xme  U'tit, 
p.  7.");  riti/di,  in  Loud.  (iwij.  Sue.,  Jonr.,  vol.  xxxviii.,  p.  'M;  Awstn,  X. 
GmiKiild,  p.  4H. 

«7  ilDiiiitrii,  Hist.  Imh,  fol.  74,  88;  lUilhoit,  in  Xavarrete,  f'oh  ih  Vidijai, 
torn.  iii..  pp.  Hii-");  I'dcv  Murli/r,  dt'c  viii,,  lib.  vi.;  Jfcnrra,  Hist,  flcn.,  doc. 
i.,  lib.  vii.,  va\K  xvi.,  lib.  x.,  caji.  iii.;  lUirhrr's  Vnydni',  vol.  i.,  \t.  iioti; 
Sel/rid  ii's  Darkii  NioTc/y.s,  jjp.  10-11;  J'lti/ill,  in  Lond.  livmi.  Sov..,  Jaiir.,  vol. 
xxxviii.,  )).  !t'.t;  (Hs'iorif'x  Jhiri'ti,  j).  151;  Olin'  I'ltwund.  p.  77:  Cnlli'ii's  J)a- 
rien,  pp.  (W-G.  '  (Jnai.d  >  los  indios  no  ticntn  t?u<'iTu,  todo  hu  exfiric^'io  os 
tr.ietar  ('•  trocar  qtiaiito  tionen  unos  con  otros ....  tinos  llevan  sal,  otros  nialiiz, 
otro-i  niant.is,  otms  li;unacas,  otros  alpxbm  liilado  ii  ])or  liilar,  oti'os  ja'sc.i- 
dos  saladus;  otros  llt'Vim  oi'o.'  Ockdo.  Hist.  Uiu.,  tuni.  iii.,  p.  14;),  torn,  ii., 
I).  34U. 


ARTS  AND  GOVERNMENT. 


769 


of  tliese  floods,  the  iiiitivcs  procure  gold  from  the  river- 
heds;  they  also  burn  the  grasH  in  the  niountjiin.s  and 
pick  up  the  metal  left  exjjosed  on  the  surface  in  large 
quantities.  In  the  district  of  Yeragua  and  in  Darien 
they  have  workers  in  gold,  crucibles  (or  melting  metals, 
and  implements  of  silversmiths.  They  understand  the 
allo>  ing  of  gold,  from  which  they  make  vases  and  many 
kinds  of  ornaments  in  the  sha|)e  of  1)1  rds  and  dift'erent 
varieties  of  animals.  The  relics  which  from  time  t) 
time  have  Ijeen  e.xhumed  in  Chiri(|ui  and  other  parts  of 
the  Isthnuis,  prove  that  the  natives  had  an  excellent 
knowledge  of  the  art  of  working  and  also  of  sculpturing 
in  gold  and  stone.  Painting  and  glazing  on  jars  and 
other  descriptions  of  pjttery  was  an  art  in  which  the 
men  of  Chiri(pu'  were  famous.*"'*^  The  Isthmians  ^wssessed 
only  a  very  slight  knowledge  of  the  computation  of  time. 
They  calculate  the  hour  of  the  day  by  the  height 
of  the  sun  in  the  heavens,  and  have  no  division  of  tiuje 
into  years,  months,  or  weeks.  Their  enumeration  is 
limited  to  twenty,  and  beyond  that  they  count  by  twen- 
ties to  one  hundred;  their  knowledge  of  numbers  does 
not  go  further."" 

In  the  provinces  of  Cueba,  Comagre,  and  other  parts 
of  Darien  the  eldest  son  succeeded  to  the  government 
upon  the  death  of  his  father.  As  sot)n  as  the  funeral 
ceremonies  were  over,  the  heir  received  the  congratula- 
tions of  the  attendant  nobles,  the  highest  and  most  aged 
of  whom  conducted  him  to  a  duuniu'r  and  laid  him  in  a 
hanuuock.  His  subjects  then  came  to  ofi'er  their  sub- 
mission acc()m[)anied  with  presents,  which  consisted  of 
large  stores  of  edibles  and  fruits  of  every  kind.     They 


•''*  '  Esto  cacique  Davaivp  ticnc  griind  fundicioii  dc  oro  on  su  cnsn;  ticiio 
ciont  lioiiihi'cs  ii  111  coiitina  ([lU'  liilmm  ovd.'  liitVimt,  \a  \'itfnrriti\  Col.  di', 
r/'f'/cs,  tola,  iii.,  ]t\).  ;t(>-l-5.  '  ILiy  {^'nindis  iiiiiicvuH  de  colirr;  liiiclms  do 
ellii,  otnis  CDsas  liilirndas.  fiindid  is.  sold  id  is  liulic,  y  fraL;nas  con  tcido  s:; 
ap.iri'jit  dc  iilatcro  y  los  crisolcs.'  ''n/'O,  in  /</.,  torn.  i..  p.  ;t(W.  In  I'aiiaiii.i, 
'jjrunlcs  l.iit  dladorcs,  yPiutorcs.'  Dinht,  7'i  a//vi  /■,'■/<>•.,  foin.  ii.,  fol.  ")(». 
(!i>inj)arc  further:  llnzunt.  Hist.  Mntvlit  Xnoni.  fol.  HH;  Ifii-f'  rn.  Hist.  Hi'n., 
dec.  ii.,  lilt,  ii.,  cap.  x.;  I'ini  ami  Sei'iiumn's  Ihitlinis,  pp.  "i'.t-^O;  J'lkr  Mar- 
tyr, dec.  iii.,  lib.  iv.;  lihlirtU'K  Isthinia,  p.  ;J7. 

«'■•  W'li/i'r'a  .Vcm  Vni/.,   pp.  ITH-Sfl:  l.nssaii.   Jour,  du   \'<'>J.,  p.  -10;  I'uydt, 
ill  Loud,  (iio'i.  Sor.,  Jour.,  Vol.  xxxviii.,  \t.  'J'J. 
Vol.  I.    lU 


770 


AVILD  TPJBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


greeted  him  with  triumphal  songs  in  which  they  re- 
counted the  deeds  of  his  ancestors,  as  well  as  those  of 
other  lords  of  the  land,  telling  him  who  were  his  friends 
and  who  his  enemies.  Much  wine  was  consumed  and 
tile  rejoicing  ii.sted  several  days.  Afterwards  amhassa- 
dors  were  dispatched  to  inform  all  the  neighboring 
cacicjues  of  the  new  accession,  desiring  their  gxHwl  will 
and  IVieniisliip  for  the  future.  In  the  j)rovince  ol'  Pana- 
ma u[x)n  the  death  of  the  lord,  the  eldest  ))rother  suc- 
ceeded him,  and  if  there  were  no  brothers  the  succession 
went  to  a  nephew  by  the  sister's  side.  The  ciiiefs  iield  un- 
d!'^[)uted  authority  over  their  people  and  were  implicitly 
obeyed.  They  received  no  tribute  but  required  pergonal 
service  for  house-building,  hunting,  fishing,  or  tilling 
the  ground;  men  so  emi)loyed  were  fed  and  maintained 
by  the  chief.  In  Cueba  the  reigning  lord  was  called 
qwhl,  in  other  parts  he  was  called  tilxi.  The  highest  in 
rank  after  the  tllxi  had  the  title  <>f  j>v?ros,  who  commanded 
certain  districts  of  the  country.  Pir<n'<iijh)K.  wer»;  nobles 
who  had  lu'come  famous  in  war.  Subject  to  the  sacos 
were  the  cdhnis  who  enjoyed  certain  lands  and  privi- 
leges not  accorded  to  the  couunon  people.  Any  one 
wounded  in  battle,  when  fighting  in  presence  of  the  tilxf, 
was  made  a  caljra  and  his  wife  l)ecame  an  cxpara  or 
princi[)al  woman.  A  constable  could  not  arrest  or  kill 
a  cabia;  this  could  Im^  done  only  by  the  tiba;  once 
struck  by  the  tiba,  however,  any  i)erson  might  kill  him, 
for  no  sooner  was  he  wounded  by  his  chief  than  his 
title  and  rank  dropped  from  him.  Constables  were 
apiH)inted  whose  duty  it  was  to  arrest  offenders  and 
execute  judgment  on  the  guilty.  Justice  was  a(hiiiuis- 
tered  witliout  form  by  the  chief  in  [hm'soii  who  decided 
all  controversies.  The  cases  must  be  stated  truthl'uUy, 
as  the  penalty  for  false  testimony  was  death.  There 
was  no  a[)|)eal  from  the  decision  of  the  chief.  Theft 
was  punishal)le  with  death  and  anyone  catching  a  thief 
in  ilagrante  delicto,  might  cut  oft'  the  oftender's  hands 
and  hang  them  to  his  neck.  Murder  was  also  i)unished 
by  death;  the  penalty  for  adultery  was  desith  to  lK)th 


PUNISHMENTS  AND  SLAVERY. 


771 


parties.  In  Darion,  ho  wlio  dofloured  a  virj:in  had  a 
brier  tiirust  up  hi.s  virile  member,  whieh  generally 
caused  death.  The  Tacts  had  to  be  proved  on  oath,  the 
Ibrm  of  taking  which  was  to  swear  by  their  tooth.  As 
1  have  said,  a  constable  could  not  arrest  or  kill  a  noble; 
consequently  if  one  committed  a  critne  punishable  with 
death,  the  chief  nnist  kill  him  with  hi.-  own  baud,  and 
notice  was  jiiven  to  all  the  peo[)le  by  beating  the  largo 
war  drum  so  that  they  should  assemble  and  witness  tho 
execution.  The  chief  then  in  presence  of  the  nndtitudo 
recited  the  olfence,  and  the  culi)rit  a'iknowledged  the 
justice  of  tho  sentence.  This  duty  fullilled,  the  chief 
struck  the  culprit  two  or  three  blows  on  tho  head  with 
a  macana  until  ho  fell,  and  if  he  was  not  killed,  any 
one.  of  the  spectators  gave  him  the  Hnishing  stroke. 
Criminals  who  were  executed  were  denied  the  right  of 
burial.  The  Caribs  had  no  chiefs,  every  man  obeyed 
the  dictates  of  his  own  passions,  uin'ostrained  by  either 
government  or  laws.'" 

Slavery  was  in  force  among  the  various  nations  in- 
habiting the  Istluuus,  and  every  principal  man  r<  tained 
a  number  of  prisoners  as  bondsmen;  they  were  called 
ptfos,  and.  as  1  have  already  mentioned,  were  bianded 
or  tattooed  with  the  particular  mark  of  the  owner  on  the 
face  or  arm,  or  ha«l  one  of  their  Iront  ti-eth  extracted. 
When  traveling,  the  slaves  had  to  carry  their  lord's 
elVects,  and  a  do/en  or  more  weiv  detailed  to  cai'ry  his 
litter  or  hauunock.  which  was  slung  on  a,  pole  and  borno 
on  the  shoulders  of  two  men  at  a  time,  wiio  were  relieved 
at  intervals  by  two  others,  the  change  being  made  witbout 


■"•  '  Bosiui  Ids  pies  nl  lii.jn,  o  sdhriuo,  que  hcrcila,  ostjiiKli)  en  liv  c  :ma;  quo 
viile  t  lUlu  eoiiio  jiiruiiiciito,  y  cDniimcioii.'  (luiiiiiru.  his!.  Iml..  fdl.  l.").")-(1, 
MS,  'To(l')s  teiiiaii  h;is  lli'ii's,  y  Sefiorcs,  I'l  iiuicii  iplicdrciiiii.'  Tmi/ic  hkiiIh, 
M'lii'ini.  Inil.,  tolii.ii.,  ji.  ;IK1.  'Los  liijos  In  n  cliiuaii  a  Ins  jiadn  s.  sii  iido 
iiiiiil  IS  fii  la  i)riiiei[)al  iiiiij,'i'r  . .  .  Lus  Caziqnes  y  st  noics  i  ran  iiiiiy  teiiiilos  y 
ob.'iL'L'id  )s.'  //('/•(■./•(,  Ilisl.  ili'n.,  (li'i!.  i.,  lib.  vii.,  cap.  xvi.,  dt'c.  iv.,  lili.  i., 
cii.  X.  S.'i)  alsi>,  '>/-;  i/),  l[M.  'r'vi..  toiu.  iii.,  pp.  I'ilt-M,  Hi,  l")i> -7;  V  (i'h- 
liwi,  \"i(la.-<ili'  l-Jsj)iirinlis.  (U'llhiut.)  p.'J;  Aiiil'i'iiii/'i.  in  \  irnrnle,  Cnl.ih  Vin  ex, 
toin.  iii.,  p.  it'J'.t;  \\'iffr'!<  .Win  Vtn/..  p.  \>\'.\\  Ihiji^ivr,  Si'nn  W'vll.  j).  7i;  W'al- 
Idcr,  ill  Misiilioita  turinsa,  vol.  iii.,  p.  41H;  I'lii/ill,  in  l.'nnl.  Uimj.  Sue, 
Jour.,  vol.  xxxviii.,  p.  'J7;  FunueirH  \i>yii<ji\  pp.  Illl-'J;  Scljvhlijii's  D'lvkn 
Hurciys,  p,  2U. 


772 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


Btopping.  On  his  march  across  the  Isthmus  in  1513, 
Vasco  Nunez  found  some  nt'iiro  slaves  bclonn'inir  to  the 
cacique  of  Quarecas,  but  the  owner  could  give  no  ini'or- 
niation  relative  to  them,  except  tliat  there  were  more  of 
that  color  near  the  phicc,  with  whom  they  were  con- 
timially  at  war.'' 

C^ici(|ues  and  lords  married  as  many  wives  as  they 
plensed.  The  marriage  of  tiie  first  wife  was  celebrated 
with  a  great  banquet,  at  the  close  of  which  the  bride 
was  handed  over  to  her  husband.  Subsequent  wives 
were  not  married  with  ceremonies  or  rejoicings,  but  t(H)k 
the  phice  of  concubines,  ami  were  subject  to  the  orders 
of  the  first  wife.  The  number  of  wives  was  limited 
only  by  the  wealth  of  the  lord.  Vasco  Xufiez  took  pris- 
oner the  cacique  Tumananiii  with  all  his  family,  among 
which  were  eighty  wives.  The  children  of  the  first  wife 
were  legitimate,  while  those  of  others  were  bastards  and 
could  not  inherit.  Marriage  was  not  contracted  with 
strangers  or  people  si)eaking  a  tlifVerent  language,  and 
the  tiba  and  lords  oidy  married  with  the  daughters  of 
noble  blood.  Divorces  were  brought  alunit  by  muttial 
consent  and  for  slight  causes,  and  sometimes  w  ives  were 
exchanged.  If  a  woman  was  barren,  they  promptly 
agreed  ujxm  a  separation,  which  took  place  when  the 
woman  had  her  menstrual  period,  in  order  that  there 
might  1k}  no  suspicion  of  pregnancy.  When  a  maiden 
reached  the  age  of  pu))erty,  she  was  kept  shut  up.  some- 
times for  a  iKM'iod  of  two  years.  In  some  parts  of  Da- 
rien,  when  a  contract  of  mari'iage  was  made,  all  the 
neighbors  brought  presents  of  maize  or  fruits,  and  laid 
them  at  the  door  of  the  bride" s  father;  when  the  ofler- 
ings  were  all  made,  each  one  of  the  company  was  given 
a  calabash  of  liquor;  then  followed  speeches  and  dancing, 
and  the  bridegroom's  father  presented  his  son  to  the 
hride,  and  joined  their  hands;  after  which  the  bride 
was  returned  to  her  father,  who  kept  her  shut  up  in  a 
house  with  him  for  seven  days.     During  that  time  all 

71  Ovirdo,  Hist.  Gen.,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  8,  12fi,  129;  Gownra,  Hist.  Iml.,  fol. 
77;  Monluiuui,  Nieuicc  W'eenkI,  p,  00;  Dai>pcr,  Xeue  Wdt,  p.  74. 


FAMILY  11ELATI0X9  OF  THE  ISTHMIANS. 


773 


the  friiMuls  iissistcil  in  cleiiriiii;  a  |)liintjiti()M  and  ])uil(l- 
iiij;  ii  liouso  lor  tlie  coiiplo,  while  the  woiiu'n  and  chil- 
dren planted  the  groiind.  The  seven  days  liaviiij^ 
elapsed,  another  ineri'Mnakinj;'  took  i)lace.  at  which  much 
rn|Uor  was  drunk.  The  hridejii-oom  took  the  precaution 
to  put  away  all  weapons  whi<!h  were  hun<;  to  the  ridjic- 
p;)le  ol'  his  house,  in  order  to  i)revent  any  serious  liuht- 
iui!;  durin;.;;  their  drunken  oriiies,  which  lasted  several 
days,  or  until  all  the  liipior  was  consumed,  ll'a  man  had 
several  wives,  he  often  kept  each  one  in  a  separate 
house,  though  sometimes  thi'}'  all  lived  toiicthei';  a 
woman  who  was  pregnant  always  occupied  a  house  to 
hersi'll'.'"  Women  are  easily  deliveivd,  and  the  young 
infant  is  tied  to  a  hoard  on  its  hack  or  hetweu  two 
pillows,  and  is  kept  so  conlined  until  jihle  to  walk,  the 
hoard  heing  removed  only  to  wash  the  child.  Male 
children  are  eaily  accustomed  to  the  use  of  weaiK)ns,  and 
when  able  to  carry  u  few  provisions  ibr  themselves,  they 
accompany  their  fathers  on  hunting  exi)editions.  (iirls 
are  hrouuht  ui)  to  household  duties,  cookinjr,  weavinj:;. 


an( 


1  si)inning.      Prostitution    was    not   inf 


unous;  nob 


lo 


ladies  held  asama.\im,  that  it  was  plebeian  to  deny  any- 
thing asked  of  them,  and  they  gave  themselves  u[>  to 


any   i)erson 


that 


wooei 


1   tl 


lein,   wi 


llin-1 


y,  es[)ecnilly   to 


l»rinci[)al  men.  This  tendency  to  licentiousness  carried 
with  it  e.Ktremes  in  the  use  of  abortives  whereby  to 
avoid  the  consequence  of  illicit  pleasures,  as  widl  that 
they  might  not  be  de[)rived  of  them,  as  to  keep  their 
breasts  from  softening;  for,  said  the\,  old  women  should 
hear  children,  not  young  ones,  who  have  to  anuise  them- 
selves.    Sodomy  was  practiced  by  the  nations  of  Cueba, 


'^  Piii/'ll,  in  Liml.  d^'hi.  Soc,  Jmir.,  vol.  xxxviii.,  ]>.  '.*S;  }f(ir(iriiiiir'.i 
Pmiriss  iij'  .\iiiiT.,  pp.  H2.'! -">.  S2'.<;  J.  is  Ciisas,  llisl.  Aimln  ift'irii,  MS.,  cap. 
t'cxliv.  '  Ciisaiiiiiisi'  coll  liij;iS(U'  siis  licrmiiiiiis:  y  Ins  si  ruircH  iciiiiiM  iiiiiilius 
imii^'i'i't's.*  11 1' r rem,  Hisl.  irin.,  di'c.  i.,  lib.  vii.,  cup.  xvi..(lt('.  iv.,  lib.  i.,  ciip. 
X.  'I)i'  liis  muticrt's  j)riiicipiil('s  di'  sns  piulris,  y  hcniiiiiiuH  o  liij.is  ^,'ii;irilai» 
41K'  lilt  liis  toiiicii  jior  iim;,'i'i'fs,  poniHf  Id  tii'iu'ii  piT  iiialo.'  .Iic/'d/",'/''.  in 
i\iiritrrilr,  f<,l.  ilv  VUi[ies,  torn,  iii  ,  iip.  4tl-'-l>.  Of  wives:  'Tiny  may  liaiu; 
as  many  as  tlii'v  plcasi',  (  cxcrptiii','  tlu'ii'  kitulrcd,  iiiiil  allii'S)  viilrssc  tlicy  Iik 
widilowi's.  . .  .ill  some  ])liic'f  it  wiiMnw  mairvfth  tlic  liiMih'V  nf  Inr  foriin'r 
Imsbiiiil,  or  his  kinsman,  fspi'cially  if  Lt'u  left  any  cLiMicu.'  I'dvi'  Murli/r, 
dec.  vii.,  lib.  X  ,  doc.  viii.,  hb.  viii. 


774 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


Carota,  and  other  places.  The  caciques  and  soirio  of 
the  head  men  kept  harems  of  youths,  who,  as  soon  as 
destined  to  tlie  unclean  office,  were  dressed  as  women, 
did  women's  work  aljout  tlie  house,  and  were  exempt 
iVoiu  war  and  its  fatigues.  They  went  by  the  name  of 
a(in(n/0(is,  and  were  liated  and  detested  by  the  women.'' 
Tlieir  i)ublic  anmsements  were  called  areiton.  a  species 
of  dance  very  nearly  resembling  .some  in  the  northern 
])rovinces  of  Spain.  They  took  place  upon  occasions  of 
a  marriage  or  birth,  or  when  they  were  about  to  go  forth 
on  a  hunting  expedition,  or  at  the  time  of  harvest. 
One  led  tiie  singing,  stepping  to  the  measure,  and  the 
rest  followed,  imitating  the  leader.  Others  again  en- 
gaged in  feats  of  arms  and  sham  battles,  while  singei's 
and  improvisatori  related  the  deeds  of  their  ancestors 
and  historical  events  of  the  nation.  The  men  indulged 
iVeely  in  fermented  liquors  and  wines,  the  drinking  and 
dancing  lasting  many  hoiu's  and  sometimes  whole  days, 
until  drunk  and  exhausted  they  fell  to  the  ground. 
Actors  in  appropriate  costumes  counterfeited  the  various 
pursuits  of  fishing,  hunting,  and  agriculture,  while  oth- 
ers, in  the  guise  of  jesters  and  fools,  assisted  in  enliven- 
ing the  scene.  Their  principal  musical  instruments 
were  drums  and  small  wliistles  made  of  reeds;  tbey  had 
also  javelins  with  holes  pierced  in  them  near  the  end, 
so  that  when  cast  into  the  air  a  loud  whistling  noise  was 
])ro(luced."*  They  have  va  ious  kinds  of  wines  and 
liquors  both  sweet  and  sour.     One  is  obtained  from  a 

7'  The  women  '  observe  their  HnshaiK^s  with  a  profound  Respect  nnd  Duty 
upon  iill  occasions;  iiuil  on  tlie  other  side  their  Husliimils  .ire  very  1>"Mu1  and 
lovini^  to  them.  I  never  knew  an  Indian  heat  his  Wife,  or  ^'ive  her  any  hard 
Words.  .  .  .They  seem  very  fond  of  their  ChiUh'en,  both  Fathers  and  Mothers.' 
M'lt'ir's  .V'lP  l''>//.,  pp-  l'")l)-()().  '  Tienen  nianrehias  pubUeas  dt^nii^'cres,  y 
nun  de  hombres  en  muehos  cabos.'  Ginudrd.  Ilisl.  IikI.,  fol.  H7.  Sec  alsd: 
Oriilo,  Hid.  (fen.,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  18,  20,  13U-4;  ^^uintunll,  \"uliiti  (/«'  Kspiulotis, 
(/i((/'«)a),  pp.  !>  10. 

"  '  Pipes,  or  tluites  of  sundry  j»iopes,  of  tiw  bones  of  Deere,  and  canes  of 
the  riuer.  They  make  also  little  ])ruinmes  or  Taliers  beantilied  with  diners 
picttu'es,  they  forme  and  frame  them  also  of  t»oin'des,  and  of  an  hoUowe  jjitce 
of  timber  (.greater  than  a  mannes  anne.'  /'Wee  .\[irti/r,  dee.  viii..  lib.  viii. 
See  also:  Oriilo.  Hist.  Uni.,  totn.  iii.,  pp.  127,  l.'Jil.  I:t7.  l."i(>;  <li»iiiiV(i.  Hi.-it. 
Int..  fol.  SS;  Dtrh'ii.  J')i-/i-iii-e  of  Itr  S -nts'  Si'llli'iii'i)!.  jip.  72  ;1:  Mti-ijrvuDr'a 
i'/vi/rc.sN  iif  :\ii'v..  lip.  S2'».  Ml:  Warliartou'a  Durhn,  j).  ;J21;  Lna  Cusan, 
Hint.  Apoli>j<Jtica,  MS.,  cap.  ccxliii. 


INTOXICATING  LIQUORS. 


spi'cies  of  pjilin-tive,  l)y  tiippiiijj:  the  trunk  near  the  toj), 
and  inserting  a  loaf  intu  the  cut.  Tlie  Tupior  drawn  olF 
soon  ferinentn,  and  in  two  or  three  days  is  (it  to  drink; 
or  it  is  hoiled  with  water  and  mixed  vitii  s[)i('es. 
Another  kind  called  chichii  is  made  from  maize;  a  (pian- 
titv  of  tiie  i!;rain  is  soaked  in  water,  then  taken  out  and 


left  to 


it,  wh 


it  is  h 


d  and  nlaeed 


h 


•msL'u 

vessel  tilled  with  water,  where  it  is  all*)wed  to  jvmain 
nntil  it  hegins  to  tnrn  sonr.  A  nnml)er  of  old  women 
then  collect  and  chew  some  of  the  grain,  which  they 
spit  ont  into  largo  gonrds  nntil  they  have  a  sullicient 
quantity;  this,  as  scK)n  as  it  ferments,  is  a«lded  to  the 
water  in  the  vessel,  and  in  a  short  time  the  w  hole  under- 
goes fermentation.  When  the  Tupjor  is  done  working  it 
is  drawn  oft*  from  the  sediment,  and  a  strongly  intoxi- 
cating Tupior  is  thus  produced,  which  is  their  favorite 
beverage.  They  have  another  method  of  making  cliicha, 
by  boiling  the  sprouted  grain  in  water  till  the  (piantity 
is  considerably  reduced;  it  is  then  removed  from  the 
fire  and  left  to  settle  and  cool.  In  two  days  it  becomes 
clear  and  fit  to  drink,  but  after  five  or  six  days  it  I)egins 
to  acidify  so  that  only  a  moderate  quantity  is  made  at 
a  time.  Difterent  varieties  of  wines  and  li(piors  are 
made  from  dates,  bananas,  pineapples,  and  other  fruits, 
and  we  are  told  that  the  first  Spanish  explorers  of  the 
country  found  large  quantities  of  fermented  Tupiors 
buried  beneath  the  ground  under  their  house-tree,  be- 
cause if  stored  in  their  houses  the  Tupior  became  tml)id 
from  constant  .agitation.  The  cellar  of  the  king  Coma- 
gre  is  described  as  l)eing  filled  with  great  vessels  of 
earth  and  wood,  containing  wine  .ind  cider.  IVter  Mar- 
tyr, in  his  account  of  the  visit  of  \!isco  Xufie/.  and  his 
company  to  the  king,  says  '"they  drunke  wines  of  sun- 
dry tastes  both  white  and  black."  Tobacco  is  nuich 
nsed  by  the  Isthmians;  the  natives  of  Costa  Kica  roll 
the  leaf  up  in  the  form  of  a  cigar,  and  tie  it  with  grass 
threads;  they  inhale  the  smoke,  and.  retaining  it  for  a 
short  time,  pass  it  out  through  the  mouth  and  nostiils. 
The  cigar  used  by  the  natives  of  the  isthnms  of  Panama 


770 


WILD  TKIIJES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


is  niiicli  lurjior.  Mr  Wufor  thus  (U'scrilK's  their  maiincr 
of  iii:ilviM<.5  uiul  smokinj^  it:  ''  Layiiiji  two  or  throe  J^euve.s 
u[Hm  one  unotlier,  tliey  roll  up  all  together  side-ways 
into  II  long  Roll,  yet  leiiving  n  little  hollow,  liound  this 
they  roll  other  Leaves  one  after  another,  in  the  same 
manner  hut  close  and  hard,  till  the  Roll  he  as  hig  as  ones 
Wrist,  and  two  or  three  Feet  in  length.  Their  way  of 
Smoaking  when  they  are  in  Company  together  is  thus: 
A  Boy  lights  one  end  of  a  Roll  and  hums  it  to  a  Coal, 
wetting  the  part  next  it  to  keep  it  from  wasting  too  fast. 
The  End  so  lighted  he  puts  into  his  Mouth,  and  blows 
the  Sinoak  through  the  whole  length  of  the  Iloll  into 
the  Face  of  every  one  of  the  Company  or  Coun(^il.  tho' 
there  he  2  or  800  of  them.     Then  they,  sitting  in  their 


usual    I'ostm'e    u 


pon 


Forms,    make,  with  their  Hands 


held  hollow  together,  a  kind  of  Funnel  round  their 
Mouths  and  Xoses.  Into  this  they  receive  the  Smoak 
as  'tis  hlown  upon  them,  snufling  it  up  greedily  and 
strongly  as  long  as  ever  they  are  able  to  hold  their 
Ri-eath,  and  seeming  to  bless  themselves,  .is  it  were,  witii 
the  Refreshment  it  gives  them."  After  eating  heartily, 
more  es[)ecially  after  sup[)er,  they  burn  certain  gums 
and  herbs  and  fumigate  themselves  to  produce  sleep.'' 
The  Isthmians  are  good  walkers,  their  tread  (inn,  but 
light  and  soft  as  a  cat,  and  they  are  exceedingly  active 
in  all  their  movementsi  When  traveling  they  are 
guided  1)V  the  sun,  or  ascertain  their  course  1)V  observ- 
ing the  bark  of  the  trees;  the  bark  on  the  south  side 
l)eing  always  the  thickest.  AVhen  fatigued  by  travel 
they  scarify  their  legs  with  a  sharpened  reed  or  snakes' 
teeth.     They  are  very  expert  swimmers  and  the  dwell- 

Ti  In  ConniRro,  'vinos  Wiincos  j'  tintos,  hocliosdeniiiyz,  y  niyzcsdc  fruta«, 
y  (If  oicrtii  fspt'cic  de  pitliuu,  y  <li'  otias  cosus:  los  (Miiilcs  vinos  loiuiitii  los  Cas- 
te linos  (jiiimdo  los  IxMiiiin.'  Ilcrnrd.  Jlist.  Uni.,  dec.  i.,  lil>.  i.x.,  dip.  ii. 
'  Tenia  villi b()d<'Ha  con  ninuhasfnbasy  tin  ijiisllenasde  vino,  htchod  jjiano,  y 
friita,  bianco,  tinto,  dulcc,  y  iij,'n'to  dc  datilos,  y  arn>i)f.'  UmiKint,  Hint.  /»(/., 
fol.  73.  '  Hiician  dt>  iiiai/.  vino  bianco  i  tinto  .  .  Es  de  nini  bncn  sabor  ann- 
(lue  conio  unos  vinos  l)ruscos  ode  (,'asciifii.'  L>is  Corns,  Hist,  hid.,  .MS.,  torn, 
ii.,  cap.  xxvi.  Sec  also:  OrUdo,  Hist.  (Ivii.,  toni.  iii.,  i)p.  lIi()-7,  14!-'2;  toni. 
iv.,  i)p.  U(i-7;  M'lnt'inas,  Xteuwt  IVeirdd,  pp.  (il,  'IHo;  IhipiH'r.  S'me  Welt.  pj). 
71,  ;J21;  Wiifer'n  AV(o  C.*//-,  pp.  «7,  l()2-:{,  l.jJ-5,  IGt,  l(;'J-7iJ;  raijdl,  iu 
Lond.  (Jeoij.  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxviii.,  p.  'JG. 


ISTHMIAN  SOIICEUEUS. 


777 


QVH  on  tho  coast  pass  niiicli  of  llii-ir  tlino  in  tlio  water. 
In  salutation  they  tiu'ii  tiicir  hacks  to  oai-ii  otluT.  Xo 
one  will  a(rc'|»t  u  jiift  from  a  strjuigur  unk'ss  with  the 
(.'s|K'(rial  jK'rniission  of  the  chief.'" 

They  helicvc  larjicly  in  s[)irits  ami  divinations,  and 
have  sorcerers  called  pldces  who  arc  held  in  imich  r*'- 
s|)ect  and  awe.  The  places  |)rofess  to  have  the  |)o»ver 
of  foretelling  the  futin-e  and  raising  spirits.  When 
putting  in  practice  their  arts  they  retire  to  a  solitary 
])lace,  or  shut  themselves  n[)  in  a  house,  wjieic,  with 
loud  cries  and  unearthly  soiuids  they  pretend  to  consult 
tjje  oracle,  lioys  destined  to  he  places  are  taken  at  the 
age  often  or  twelve  years  to  he  instructed  in  the  ollice; 
they  are  sele(;ted  i'or  the  natural  inclination  or  the 
])eculiar  a|)titude  and  intc^lligent'e  which  they  display 
lor  the  service.  Those  so  chosen  are  confined  in  a  soli- 
tary i)lace  where  they  dwell  in  company  witii  their  in- 
structors. For  two  years  they  are  suhjected  to  severe 
disci[)line,  they  nnist  not  eat  llesh  nor  anything  having 
life,  hut  live  solely  on  vegetahles,  drink  oidy  water,  and 
not  indulge  in  sexual  intercourse.  During  the  pro))ation- 
ary  term  neither  parents  nor  friends  are  permitted  to 
see  them;  at  night  only  are  they  visited  h}'  professional 
masters,  who  instruct  them  in  the  mysteries  of  the 
necromantic  arts.  In  the  province  of  Cueha  masters  in 
these  arts  are  called  tequliids.  It  is  asserted  of  the  places 
that  they  could  foretell  an  ecli[)se  of  the  moon  three 
months  hefore  the  time.  The  people  were  nmch  trouhled 
with  witches,  who  were  sni)i)ost'd  to  hold  converse  with 
evil  si)irits,  and  intlicted  many  ills  es[)ecially  upon  chil- 
dren." 


"C  '  Qnnnilo  habliin  viio  con  otro,  se  ponon  cIt  rspnldas.'  Cfhni,  Ifisl. 
AlDiiranle,  in  Jktrc'iU,  Jiiitorkulunti,  iuin.  I.,  p.  Ill;  Wafer's  S' f  ley.,  jip. 
177-!). 

Ti  (roiiKim,  Hist,  huh,  fol.  2.");  Piltr  Mttrtijr,  drc.  vii.,  lib.  x.,  ilic.  viii., 
lil).  viii.;  M'afir's  .V((c  t'"//.,  jij).  ;i7-!);  lliirira,  llixt.  Hin.,  dec.  ii.,  lih.  iii., 
oai).  v.;  Selfridji's  Ihiv'uu  Sumijx.  ]ij>.  10-11;  !'';/'(,  //(>/.  liisruh.  Aihk-..  ]i. 
14.").  '  Di'ste  iioiiibrt!  tt'ipiiiiii  av  h:\^^^'  iniiclm  (lifcrtii{;ia;  porquc  a  «|iial(iiiit'i!k 
(jncs  mas  h;il)il  J' cxiierto  en  alj,'nn  arte,  ...lo  Uamaii  tc(jniiia,  tjiir  (|iiici() 
(li'(;ir  lo  incsino  (pic  niacstrd:  por  iiiancra  que  al  qncs  mafstro  ilc  ias  rcj^pcu- 
sii)iR's  »■  iiit  lij,'t'iic-ias  con  tl  (li.ililo,  llriinaiilc  tc(piiiia  en  aiind  arti'.  ]i(Hqno 
aquestc  tul  ts  ul  que  udmiuistra  kus  ,viloliitriiis  c  (,-urimuuius  6  saciili<,ius,  y  el 


778 


"NVir.n  Tnmi:^  of  cta'TRal  amkuica. 


Tho  Istlnniuns  arc  a  licaltlifiil  and  l(m<;-liv<Ml  rare. 
Till' ills  most  ('(HiimoM  to  tlit'in  n.v  li'viTs  and  vfiu  r.'al 
discasi'.  'rill'  lattiT,  an  Ovii-do  alliriiis.  >vaM  iiitrodiuvd 
into  MiirojH'  IVoin  Ilavti,  or  Mspariola,  wIuti'  it  was  i)ri'v- 
uli'iit  as  wi'll  as  tliroiijiliout  Tii-rra  Kirmi'.  This  is  a  sid)- 
ji'i't  that  has  jiivcii  rise  to  iiuirh  ooiiti'iitioii  amoiij; 
uiithurs,  Imt  the  halaiice  of  testiinoiiy  soi'iiis  to  indii-ato 
that  till' vi'iu'ival  disease  in  Miirope  was  not  of  Aiiieriean 
orijiin.  althoiijih  the  disease  prohahly  existed  in  Angelica 
hefore  the  eoiiiinj;'  of  l''im'<»peans.  The  remedies  eir- 
j)loyed  hy  the  Isthmians  for  the  complaint  were  (/ini- 
yitcfiu  wood,  and  other  medieinjd  herhs  known  to 
them.  They  are  nmeh  troiihled  with  a  minute  s^u'cies 
of  tick-liee  that  cover  their  limhs  in  ^i\'at  umnhers, 
i'rom  which  they  cndeaAor  to  five  themselves  hy  Jijiply- 
jnji  hnrnin<i  stniw.  Another  insect,  more  serious  in  its 
conse(|uences  and  i)enet rating  in  its  attacks,  is  the  c/h'i/oc, 
or  j)i(/i'X  jteiit'trdns;  it  hurrows  umler  the  skin,  ^vhere  it 
lays  its  egjis.  and  if  not  extracted  will  in  time  increase 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  I'lidaiiLier  the  loss  of  the  limh. 
The  natixes  remove  it  with  any  shari)-}K)inted  instru- 
ment. The3are  liahle  to  he  bitten  hy  venomous  snakes, 
which  are  lumicrous  in  the  countrv  am  fre(iuentlv  cause 
death.  Whenever  one  is  bitten  by  such  a  reptile,  the 
PulVerer  inunediately  ties  al)ove  the  wounded  ])art  a 
ligature  made  from  plants  well  known  to  the  natives, 
and  which  they  usually  carry  with  them ;  this  enables 
him  to  reach  a  village,  where  he  })rocures  assistance,  and 
by  means  of  herbal  applications  is  often  cured.  Some 
of  them  are  sulyect  to  a  skin  disease  somewhat  similar 
in  its  appearance  to  ringworm;  it  spreads  over  the  whole 
body  until  eventually  the  skin  |H'els  oft*.  Those  who  are 
thus  alllicted  are  called  cdrdtas.  These  jn'ople  are  gen- 
erally very  hanh-  and  strong,  with  grejit  powers  of  en- 
durance.    The  places,  as   medicine-men,  consult  their 

que  h  i1)liv  con  f>l  iliiiblo.'  Orkilo,  Iliit.  Gvn.,  torn.  n\.,  it.  I'll.  'Triiiim  o 
liiil)i  I  I'litrt'  cstiis  gi'litos niios  siiccnl.itcs  (jut'  lliiniiibali  en  sii  klii^'iiiv  ''I'liirlms" 
limy  t'spci'fDS  «,'n  el  iirto  lu'ii^'icii,  t  iiiti)  (inc  so  rc^vi'stin  cii  ellos  el  Diiilmlii  y 
hiihliibii  ))()!•  hiKM  lie  t'lloH  iiiuchiis  fiilsciliiiles,  couqut!  lubteuiti  cttutivos.'  Las 
Cittius,  Hint.  ApoltKjdlat,  J/iS'.,  cup.  ccxlv. 


MKDICAL  rUArTICE. 


779 


onu'lcs  for  llic  hciicfit  of  all  those  who  ivijuiro  their 
wvviccs.  The  Huckinjr  «'iii'('  ohtiiiiis  in  thi'se  parts  as 
veil  as  nortlnvunl.  WIhmi  HUimnoiU'tl  to  atteinl  a  pa- 
tient, if  the  pain  >k  A'  se  is  slijiht,  the  niedicine-nian 
takes  s(»ine  lierhs  in  )iis  niouth,  an(l  appljin<r  his  lips  to 
the  part  alVeete«l,  pretejids  to  snek  ont  tia^  disortjer;  siid- 
denlv  he  rushes  outside  with  (iheeks  extended,  and  feiiiiis 
to  spit  out  soniethin<r,  einsin^  and  inipreeatin*;  at  the 
same  time;  he  then  assin'es  his  patient  that  lie  has 
«lVeeted  a  ein'e  hv  extracting;  the  eaiise  of  thi  |  ain. 
Wln'n  the  siekness  is  of  a  more  serious  nature,  nioie 
elahorate  enchantments  are  enacted,  endinj;  in  the  prac- 
titionei-  suckinii;  it  out  from  tlu'  sick  person'  oody,  not, 
howevei"  "iMiout  undergoing  infmito  trouhle,  lahor.  and 
contoi'tions.  till  at  last  the  piaee  thiusts  a  snt  II  sli«'k 
iU,.\i\  his  own  throat,  which  causes  lim  toNomit,  and  so 
he  casts  up  that  which  he  pretends  to  have  drawn  out 
from  the  sull'erer.  Should  his  conjurations  and  tricks 
not  i)rove  elVectual,  the  ])h\sician  hrings  to  his  aid  cer- 
tain la-rlis  and  dec(H'tions,  with  which  he  is  well 
uc(|uainted;  their  knowledge  of  medicine  is,  however, 
nion^  extensive  in  the  treatment  of  external  than  of 
internal  diseases.  The  com[)ensatioJi  given  to  the  piaco 
is  in  [)ro[)ortion  to  the  gravity  of  the  case,  and  the 
ahility  of  the*  individual  to  reward  him.  In  case^  of 
fevei",  hleeding  is  resorted  to;  their  mode  of  practicing 
phlehotoujy  is  [K'culiar  and  attended  with  much  ••.nu'.'ces- 
sai'v  suifering.  The  operator  sh(K>ts  a  small  anow  from 
a  how  into  various  jKirts  of  the  patient's  body  until  a 
vein  he  acc^identaily opened;  the  arrow  is  gauged  a  short 
<listance  froui  the  point  to  prevent  its  ])eneli'ating  too 
far.''*     Oviedo  tells  us  that  in  the  i)rovince  of  Cueha  the 


w  The  prifsts  '  foinuninonto  criin  s>ih  nu'dicoK,  <'  (•<mns^;i;in  iinichim  liiir- 
viis,  (If  (int.'  \ish1imii,  y  iriiii  aiivdiii'iuiliis  a  <liv(  .sun  infciiiicdadcs.'  ihi'do, 
Hist.  Ill II.,  toiM.  iii.,  i)p.  12().  i;!S-'.>,  Ml,  tiiiii.  i.,  j))).  .")(;  7.  '  Acim inline'  to 
the  diners  imtiirc,  (ir  (intditic  of  llic  discaso,  flicy  ctirc  tliciii  l.y  dim  rs  siijiir- 
Htitiiiiis,  mid  tin  y  lire  diiici'siy  rcw.irdcd.'  I'lU  r  .Murli/r,  df.  iii  ,  ciii).  viii, 
C(iiii]iiir(' fiiitlici';  <!'iniiirn,  llist.  /m/.,  fid.  8S;  J.utt  i'kshh.  Hist.  Apuli'iii'lir", 
J/'.,  <'ii|>.  ccxlv.;  Wiifrr's  .V- in  I'l///..  )>. '2S;  Srlfriihir's  lliiri'  n  ■'^nn-'  i/s.  \t.  li  ; 
I'm/ It,  ill  1,'Hiil.  ^/'(("/.  >'ac,,  Jifiu'.,  vt)l,  xxxviii.,  J).  Ui  ;  I'nrchns  Ids  rUiiriin(t;e, 
vol.  v.,  p.  «'j;j. 


780 


V.-ILD  TUICErs  OF  CENTKAL  AMEEICA. 


pructici'  of  siu'kin<:;  AViis  carried  on  to  u  fearful  extent, 
Jiml  uitli  (lire  ('onseciuenees,  Tlie  persons,  men  and 
Avonien.  wlio  indiiliied  in  the  liahit  were  called  1)V  tiie 
»r^[)aniard!s  clmjiddores.  Ti»e\'  belonged  to  a  class  of  sor- 
ceivrs,  and  the  historian  says  they  went  ahout  at  niiilit 
visitin"  cerhiin  of  the  inhabitants,  whoiii  they  sucked  I'or 
liours,  continuing;'  the  practice  from  day  to  day,  nntll 
Jinally  the  unfortunate  recipients  of  their  attentions  be- 
came so  thin  and  emaciated  that  tliey  often  died  froui 
exiijuistion.''-' 

Amonij;  certain  nations  of  Costa  l\ica  when  a  death 
occui's  the  l)ody  is  deposited  in  a  small  hut  constructed 
of  plaited  pahn-leavcs;  ftx)d,  drink,  as  well  as  the  w(>ap- 
ons  and  inijik'nients  that  ser\ed  the  del'unct  during'  hie 
are  placed  in  the  same  hut.  Here  the  body  is  presei'ved 
for  three  years,  and  niK)n  each  anniversary  of  the  death 
it  is  redressed  and  attended  to  amidst  certain  cereuio- 
nies.  At  the  end  of  the  third  year  it  is  taken  «)ut  and 
interred.  Amonj;'  other  tribes  in  the  same  district,  the 
corpse  after  death  is  coveri'd  with  leaves  and  suri'ounded 
■with  a  lariie  i)ile  of  wood  which  is  set  on  Hre,  tlie  friends 
dancin;;'  and  siimiu'j;  I'ound  the  llanies  until  all  is  con- 
sumed,  when  the  ashes  are  collected  and  buried  in  the 
ground.  In  Vei'agua  the  ]H»raclios  liad  two  kinds  of 
tombs,  one  for  the  ])rinci[)al  men  constructed  with  Hat 
stones  laid  together  w  ith  mnch  care,  and  in  which  Avere 
placed  costly  jars  and  urns  lilled  with  food  and  wines 


"9  '  Qui'ilamo  do  (l((;ir  quo  en  aqiiostii  liiiKHii  do  f'urva  hay  nnioli<is  iii- 
diiis  h('i'hi(j'('i'iis  ('  on  osjirc^'ial  uu  (^iorto  ^('ncvo  A^  nialos,  {\no  los  cluiiistiaiios 
oil  aiiuolla  ti'ira  llaniali  oliu|vadiii(s.  .  .  Ksti'S  ohu|)iiii  a  utros  liasia  (|iio  los 
si'caii  ('■  matin,  o  sin  oali'iitiua  alitmia  do  dia  on  dia  ijucou  \hh'o  so  ontlai|nos- 
<,on  tanto,  iiuu  s<>  los  inu'don  oontar  los  Imosos,  (jno  so  lospansi^cn  solamc  nto 
oabioitiis  con  ol  ouoro;  y  ol  viontro  so  los  rosuolvo  do  nianora  (|uol  ()nd)li^'() 
Iraon  jio^;ado  a  l)s  lonios  y  os;  inac^'o,  o  so  toinaii  do  aijiuUa  fdiiua  quo  i),n- 
t  in  a  la  niiortc",  sin  imliia  ni  oaino.  J'-sfos  oliuiiad  iros,  do  nociic,  sin  sir 
Kiiitidos,  Viin  a  lia(^'oi' nial  i)i>r  las  oisas  aj^onas:  o  jxiiun  la  Ixioa  on  ol  oni- 
b.i^i)  do  acjuol  (jno  oliiipan,  y  osf.ni  (  n  a(Hiol  »'Xoi\i<;i()  niia  I'l  dos  huras 
('i  lo  (jno  los  |!aros(^'o,  toiiirndo  «  n  aipiol  trahaxoal  |ia(^ii'nto.  sin  iino  soa  ]i(>(li_- 
!()•;(>  do  so  valor  ni  dot'ondor,  no  di  xando  du  snfiir  sii  dafio  ooii  sili nolo,  li 
oon"S(;('  ol  assi  ofondido,  o  voo  al  nidlioohor,  y  ann  los  lial>!an:  lo  (|i;al.  assi 
lo<  ([uc  lia(;in  csto  ni  il  conio  los  (|no  lo  |iados(^'i  n,  liaii  oonl'ossado  al;.!unos 
dollos;  i'  diiiii  ijuo^tos  olni])adoros  son  oriados  o  nalioiias  ilol  iiiyia,  y  (|iiol 
so  los  mand  I  assi  lia(;or.  y  el  tnyra  os,  oonio  osta  ilioho,  ol  diablo.'  (h-'uilii, 
JJiat.  O'i'ii.,  toiii,  iii.,  I'll.  lo'J-{J>l, 


ISTinilAN  GRAVES  AMD  IIOURNIXO. 


781 


for  tho  (load ;  tlioso  for  plol)ciiins  wore  inoroly  tronelios, 
in  Avliich  were  deposited  with  the  oc(Mipiint  some  gourds 
of  inaize  and  wine  and  the  place  filled  with  stones.     In 
some  parts  of  ranama  and  Darien  only  the  chiefs  and 
lords  received  funeral  rites.     Amonj!;  the  conunon  peoi)!e 
a  person  feeling  his  end  approaching  either  went  himself 
or  was  led  to  the  Avoods  hy  his  wife,  family,  and  friends, 
who,  supplying  him  with  some  cake  or  ears  of  coi'n  and 
a  gourd  of  water,  there  left  him  to  die  alone,  or  to  he 
assisted  by  wild  beasts.     Others  with  more  res[)ect  for 
their  dead,  buried  them  in  sepulchres  made  with  niches 
where  they  placed   mai/e  and   wine  and  renewed  tho 
same  annuallv.     With  some,  a  mother  d\ing  while  suck- 
ling  her  infant,  the  living  child  was  })laced  at  her  i)reast 
and  buried  with  her  in  order  that  in  her  future  state 
she  miuht  continue  to  nourish  it  with  her  milk.     In 
some  provinces   when    the    cacicpie    l)ecame    sick,   the 
priests  consulted  their  oracles  as  to  his  condition  and  if 
they  received  for  answer  that  the  illness  was  moital,  one 
half  of  his  jewelry  and  gold  was  cast  into  the  river  as  a 
sacrifice  to  the  god  they  reverenced,  in  the  belief  that 
he  would  u'uide  him  to  his  fmal  rest;  the  other  half  was 
buried  in   the  grave.      ^I'he  relatives  of  the   deceased 
shaved  the  head  as  a  sign  of  .nourning  and  all  his  weap- 
ons and  other  property  wei'e  consumed  by  fire  in  order 
that  nothing  should  remain  as  a  remembrance  of  him.     In 
Panauiii,  Xata,  and  some  other  districts,  Avhen  a  caciriue 
died,  those  of  his  concubines  that  loved  him  enough, 
those  that  he  loved  ardently  and   so  appointed,  as  well 
as  certain  servants,  killed  themselves  and  were  interred 
with  him.     This  thev  did  in  order  that  thev  niidit  Wi'lt 
npon  him  in  the  land  of  spirits.     They  held  the  belief 
that  those  who  did   not  accompany  him  then,  would, 
when  they   died    a  natural  death,  lose  the  })rivilege  of 
being  with  him  afterwards,  and  in  fact  that  their  souls 
would  die  with  them.     The  privilege  of  attending  on 
the  caci(pie  in  his  future  state  was  believed  to  be  only 
granted  to  those  who  were  in  his  service  during  his  life- 
time, hence  such  service  was  eagerly  sought  after  by 


782 


WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


natives  of  both  sexes,  who  made  every  exertion  to  be 
admitted  as  servants  in  liis  house.  At  the  time  of  the 
interment,  tliose  who  planted  corn  for  him  during  his 
lifetime  had  some  maize  and  an  implement  of  husban(h*y 
buried  with  them  in  order  that  they  might  commence 
planting  innnediately  on  arrival  in  tlie  other  world.  In 
Comagre  and  other  provinces  the  bodies  of  the  cacicpies 
were  embalmed  l)y  placing  them  on  a  cane  hurdle, 
hanging  them  up  by  cords,  or  placing  them  on  a  stoiK', 
or  log;  and  round  or  Ijelow  the  body  they  made  a  slow 
lire  of  herbs  at  such  a  distance  as  to  drv  it  giaduallv 
until  only  skin  and  bone  remained.  During  the  process 
of  embahning.  twelve  of  the  principal  men  sat  round  the 
l)ody,  dressed  in  black  mantles  which  covered  their  heads, 
letting  them  hang  down  to  their  feet;  at  intervals  one 
of  them  beat  a  drum  and  when  he  ceased  he  chiuited 
in  monotonous  tones,  the  others  responding.  Day  and 
night  the  twelve  kept  watch  and  never  left  the  body. 
AVhen  sufliciently  dried  it  was  dressed  and  adorned  with 
many  ornaments  of  gold,  jewels,  and  feathers,  and  sot 
up  in  an  apartment  of  the  j)alace  where  were  kept 
ranged  round  the  walls  the  remains  of  his  ancestors, 
each  one  in  his  place  and  in  regular  succession,  [n 
case  a  caci(pie  fell  in  battle  and  his  body  could  not  be 
recovered,  or  was  otherwise  lost,  the  place  he  would 
have  occupied  in  the  row  was  jdways  left  vacant. 
Among  other  tribes  the  body  after  being  dried  by  fue 
was  wrapped  in  several  folds  of  cloth,  put  in  a  ham- 
mock, and  placed  upon  a  platform  in  the  air  or  in 
a  room.  The  manner  in  which  the  wives,  attendants, 
and  servants  put  themselves  to  death  was,  with  s(tuie, 
by  poison;  in  such  case,  the  nudtitude  asseml»led  to 
chant  the  i)raises  of  their  dead  lord,  when  those  w  ho  were 
to  Ibllow  drank  poison  from  goui'ds.  and  droi)i>ed  dead 
instantly.  In  some  cases  they  first  killed  their  children. 
AVith  others  the  fimeral  obsecpiies  of  a  princi[)al  chief 
were  conducted  dilVerently.  They  prei)ared  a  larg(i 
grave  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  scpiare  and  nine  or  ten  leet 
deep;  round  the  sides  they   built  a  stone  bench  and 


FUNERAL  KITES  ON  THE  ESTILMUS. 


783 


covered  it  with  painted  cloth ;  in  tlie  middle  of  the  gnive 
they  [)liioed  jars  and  gourds  lillod  with  maize,  fruit,  arul 
Avines.  and  a  (quantity  of  liowers.  On  the  hench  was 
laid  the  dead  chief  dressed,  oinamented.  and  jewek-d, 
while  around  him  sat  his  wives  gaily  attired  with  ear- 
rings and  hracelets.  All  heing  |)re[)ared  the  assemhlcd 
multitude  raised  their  voices  in  songs  declaring  tlie 
hraveiy  and  prowess  of  the  deceased;  they  recounted  his 
liherality  and  many  virtues  and  highly  extolled  the 
alfection  of  his  faithful  wives  who  desired  to  acconipiuiy 
him.  The  singing  and  dancing  usually  lasted  two  days 
and  during  its  continuance  wine  was  freely  served  to  tlie 
})erf()rmers  and  also  to  the  women  who  weic  awaiting 
their  fate.  At  the  expiration  of  such  time  tlicy  became 
entirely  inebriated  and  in  a  senseless  condition,  wlu-n 
the  final  act  was  consunnnated  by  throwing  dead  and 
doDini'd  into  the  grave,  and  lilling  it  with  logs,  branches, 
and  earth.  The  spot  was  afterwards  held  in  sacred 
remembrance  and  a  grove  of  trees  planted  round  it. 
At  the  end  of  a  year  funeral  honors  wei'e  celel)i-ated  in 
memoiy  of  the  dead.  A  host  of  friends  and  relatives 
of  e([ual  rank  with  the  deceased  were  invited  to  partici- 
l)ate,  who  upon  the  day  a[)i)ointed  brought  quantities  of 
food  and  wine  such  as  he  whose  memory  they  honored 
delighted  in,  also  wea|)ons  with  which  he  used  to  light, 
all  of  which  were  placed  in  a  canoe  prei)ared  for  the 
])urpose;  in  it  was  also  de[)osited  an  eiligy  of  the  de- 
ceased. The  canoe  was  then  carried  on  men's  shoulders 
round  the  court  of  the  [)alace  or  house,  in  presence  of 
the  deceased,  if  he  was  euibalmed.  and  afterwards 
brought  out  to  the  centre  of  the  town  where  it  was 
burned  with  all  it  contained, — ^tlie  peo[)le  believing  that 
the  fumes  and  smoke  ascended  to  the  soul  of  the  dead 
and  was  pleasing  and  acce[)table  to  him.'"'     If  the  body 


s"  'Ay  nuichns,  quo  ])iensan,  que  no  ay  niiis  d*^  n-  :'Pr,  y  iiidrir:  y  a(iii('!- 
los  tail's  no  sc  ciititrraii  cciii  pan,  y  vino,  nicon  niii^'cris,  ni  niocos.  i,os(itii^ 
dccn  la  inniiortalidad  dil  alma,  sc  cntiirra;  si  son  Stfiori's,  con  oro,  arnias, 
pliunas,  si  no  lo  son,  con  may/,,  vino,  y  niaiitas.'  (innntrit,  llisl.  Ind.,  fol. 
'2")."!,  SS.  '  Huins  rc^'uli  iMintralt'  ini^'iissi  canicnim  ri'iii'iiunt  |ii  nsiihus 
rcpictani  cudaucribus,  gossanqiinis  funilms  a|iiitnsis.     Intciroj^ati  (piid  sibi 


784 


"WILD  TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


liad  been  interred  tlioy  opened  the  .sepulcliro;  all  tlio 
people  with  hair  disheveled  uttering  loud  lamenting 
cries  while  the  bones  were  Ijeing  collected,  and  these 
they  burned  all  except  the  hinder  \y,ivt  of  the  skull, 
which  was  taken  home  by  one  of  the  })rincipal  women 
and  preserved  by  her  as  a  sacred  relic. 

The  character  of  tlie  Costa  Ricans  has  ever  been  that 
of  a  tierce  and  savage  people,  prominent  in  which  cjual- 
ities  are  the  Guatusos  and  Buricas,  who  have  shown 
themselves  strongly  averse  to  intercourse  with  civiliza- 
tion. The  Talamancas  are  a  little  less  untameable, 
which  is  the  best,  or  perhaps  the  worst,  that  can  l)e  said. 
The  Terrabas,  also  a  cruel  and  warlike  nation,  are  nev- 
ertheless spoken  of  bv  Fi'av  Juan  Dominuo  Arricivita 
as  endowed  with  natural  docility.  The  natives  of  Boca 
del  'Who  are  barbarous  and  averse  to  change.  In  Chi- 
ricpu  they  are  brave  and  intelligent,  their  exceeding 
courage  havi}"ji;  obtiiined  for  them  the  name  of  ^7(Ue)lk'S 
or  liid'ios  J>f(iros  from  the  early  discoverers;  they  are 
also  noted  for  honesty  and  fair  dealing.  Tiie  same  war- 
like and  independent  spirit  and  fearlessness  of  death  i)re- 
vails  among  the  nations  of  A'eragua,  ranama,  and 
Darien.  The  iidiabitants  of  Panama  and  Cueba  are 
given  to  lecliery,  theft,  and  l\ing;  with  some  these  qual- 
ities are  fasiiionable;  others  hold  them  to  be  crimes. 
The  Mandingos  and  natives  of  k>an  Bias  are  an  inde- 
pendent and  industrious  people,  possessing  considerable 
intelligeiux',  and  are  of  a  docile  and  hospitable  disposi- 


uellet  pa  supcvstitio:  piirontiiin  osso  ot  nuovuni  .itiiuormnqno  C(inii>f,'ri  ro},'nl- 
e:i  ciiil.-iiiciM,  iiKiuimit.  l)v  (iiiil)iis  scrniiiidis  iimxiiiuim  fssi'  iijxiil  tus  curimii 
ft  ]iri)  ri',it,'iiiiic  t'.iiii  iiictatciii  h;il><ii  ricfiisciit :  \n-o  i'nins(|nc  j^imiIii  ii  dn, 
iiu'iitu  <'ni(jiii'  ciKluicii  iMii)()sitii,  aurii  j^i'iiimis(im>  supiTiiitcxta.'  I'tcr  ^.(t,^- 
ti/r,  (lee.  ii.,  lib.  iii.,  dec.  iii.,  lib.  iv.,  dec.  vii..  lili.  x.,  doc.  viii.,  lil?.  ix. 
'  Viciidi)  1 1  (•  lutid  id  t'  naincro  do  los  iiintu'tos,  so  coiiosct'  <jui'  taiitus  scnDrps 
ha  livid  I  cu  a([iii'l  ]'',stadi>,  i'  (in.'il  fiu'  liijo  del  otrn  o  lo  sub(;t'dii'>  en  el  scnorio 
He^und  la  (iidrii  sulx^'csivii  en  ([no  ostau  jiuostos.'  Oriiiln,  lli.it.  licit.,  toiii. 
iii.,  jip.  l")")  (i.  ll'i.  For  fiii'tlior  a<'i'(niiits  soo  Winiinr  iiikI  Srhi'rzcv,  ('nsln 
liini,  ji|>.  r)")U.  iVJit:  riic/i'iKcn'.s  flnnrin  i/,  \).  ls;i;  Si'ciinnm'.i  Voi/.  Jlivdhl,  veil. 
i.,  jip.JUt,  ;U('),  ;tl',l;  I'liii  <nitl  St'viiiiiiiii'.s  J>(ittiiiiis,  p.  lU);  Ifivrira,  IH<t.  (jcii., 
dec.  i.,  lili.  vii.,  oip.  xvi.,  lib.  ix.,  v  ip.  ii  ,  doo.  ii.,  lib.  iii.,  cNip.  v.,  doi;.  iv., 
lib.  i.,  cap.  xi.;  (^liitatKi,  \"nl<is  tie  Ksixi Ti'ilrs,  (lUilUtutJ  ]).l(l;  Auihiiinyii,  in 
Xnrarriii' ,  Cnl.  (/.  r;'(i/.s,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  -lOl-'i;  I'drii,  i'drt'tx,  )>t  i.,  jip.  l()r)-(i; 
A/ rs  r /,s((s,  I  list.  .1/1  )/.)|/i.'7i  •(/,  MS.,  cap.  coxlii.,  ccxlvii.;  I'un'ltas  Ills  J'U- 
ijrimes,  v(.)l.  v.,  p.  H'Jl. 


ISTHMIAN  CHARACTER. 


785 


tion.  The  inhabitants  of  Darien  are  kind,  open-hearted, 
and  ix'acealfle,  yet  have  always  been  resohite  in  oppos- 
ing all  interference  from  foreigners;  they  n,re  fond  of 
annisements  and  inclined  to  indolence;  the  latter  trait 
is  not,  however,  applicable  to  all,  a  noticeable  exception 
being  the  Cunas  and  Chocos  of  the  Atrato  Valley,  who 
are  of  a  gentle  natnre,  kind,  hospitable,  and  o})en- 
hearted  when  once  their  confidence  is  gained;  they  are 
likewise  industrious  and  patient,  and  M.  Lucien  de  I'uydt 
says  of  the  former:  '"Theft  is  altogether  unknown 
amongst  the  Cunas. "  Colonel  Alcedo,  speaking  of  their 
neighbors,  the  Idibacs,  calls  them  treacherous,  incon- 
stant, and  false.  In  the  interior  and  mountain  districts 
the  iidiabitants  are  more  fierce  than  those  from  tlie  coast; 
the  former  are  shy  and  retiring,  yet  given  to  hospitality. 
On  the  gulf  of  Uraba  the  people  are  warlike,  vainglori- 
ous, and  revengcful.'^^ 

Thus  from  the  icy  regions  of  the  north  to  the  hot  and 
humid  shores  of  Darien  1  have  followed  these  AV'ild 
Tribes  of  the  Pacific  States,  with  no  other  object  in 
view  than  faithfully  to  picture  them  according  to  the 
information  1  have  been  able  to  glean.  And  thus  I 
leave  them,  yet  not  Avithout  regret:  for  notwithstanding 
all  that  has  been  said  1  cainiot  but  feel  how  little  we 
know  of  them.  Of  their  mighty  unrecorded  })ast,  their 
interminable  intermixtures,  their  ages  of  wars  and  con- 
vi'Vsions.  their  inner  ^ife,  their  aspirations,  hopes,  and 


"' Tlip  Torrahiis  'nacioncs. . .  .las  rins  ln'avas  i'  indnniitas  di^  lodas 

Tndios  dotailis  de  iiatnr.d  docilidad  y  ^\n]/.nru  i\v  iH'ino-'Aniririld,  I  ri'niai 
,Siri!lii(i,\).  IK,  Spcakiiij^  of  the  native-^  of  I'aiiaiiia;  '  iiiny  dcuotos  del  tra- 
liajii,  y  I'lU'inii^iis  de  la  ociosidad.'  Diiidn,  'I'ldtro  Kclfs.,  toin.  ii..  j).  i>(>. 
Darien:  'Sou  iiicliiiados  ii  jiii^;os  y  hiiitos,  son  iimy  liara^'anes.'  h'dtiuirii, 
Jlist.  IniL,  f'll.  MS.  San  Hlas  triticH:  'Tlicy  are  very  iieaiialile  in  tin  ir  na- 
tures'...  .Clmeiiiias  and  N'avij^'undis:  'The  most  warlilie'  ..  Cea^t  tiilics, 
'from  fontaet  with  foreij,'ners.  are  very  docile  and  tvactahle' .  .  .  .'llii'  S.issal- 
dis:  '  As  a  whole,  this  tribe  are  eowardly,  hut  treacherous.'  Si'lfr'nliii's  iJur'nn 
t<urrii/s,  pp.  1(1-11,  ;i('i.  Compare  further,  Frorhvrs  ('ml.  A»i(r.,  p.  24:  Si/niir, 
in  Xouirllen  Aiiudks  ilis  Voy.,  IHr)(>.  toin.  cli.,  j).  fi;  llin/lr'n  Hiilc,  vol.  i.,  ])nf., 
J),  xii.;  Wdiiiii r  ami  Schcrzir,  ('<ist/i  Jtlcn.  p.  .')57;  Hid/v's  .\iin  ,'^iirrii/,  ]>.  .Iiiti; 
Mi(lilir\s  I)iiriiii,  \i.  2i\;  Alndo,  I>iic.,  torn,  ii.,  ji.-llil;  I'vijiU.  in  J.tiiil  Uiimj. 
Sor.,  .Iniir.,  vol.  xxxviii.,  j>.  '.Ml;  Mur'nrijor'n  rroijriKs  of  AiKir.,  p.  8.'0;  Vtts' 
ranaiiid,  j).  77;  ('ullen's  iJaiiin,  pp.  tio-O,  (JH-'J. 
Vol.  I.    50 


78G 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


foara,  how  little  do  we  know  of  all  this!  And  now  as 
the  eye  rests  upon  the  fair  domain  from  which  they 
have  been  so  ignobly  hurried,  (questions  like  these  arise: 
How  long  have  these  baskings  and  battlings  been  going 
on?  AVhat  purpose  did  these  ix?oples  serve?  Whence 
did  they  come  and  whither  have  they  gone? — questions 
unanswera]>le  until  Onniiscience  be  fathomed  and  the 
beginning  and  end  made  one. 


TBIBAL    BOUNDARIES. 

The  Wild  TmnKS  of  Centi!al  America,  the  last  Bronpal  division  of  this 
work,  extend  from  the  western  boundary  of  Guatemala,  south  and  ciistwiird, 
to  the  Rio  Atrato.  I  have  divided  the  group  into  three  subdivisions,  namely: 
the  Guutfi)iala»s,  the  ^f(>.1quUos,  and  the  Isthmlmis. 

The  Guatemalans,  for  the  i)urposes  of  this  delineation,  embrace  those 
nations  occupying  the  present  states  of  Guatemala,  Salvador,  and  poitions 
of  Nicaragua. 

The  Zarandones  are  a  wild  nation  inhabiting  the  Chammd  niountnins  on 
the  boundary  of  Guatemala  and  Chiapas.  '  Mountains  of  Chamma,  inhab- 
ited by  the  wild  Indians  of  Lacandon. . .  .a  distinction  ought  to  be  drawn 
between  the  Western  and  Eastern  Lacandtjnes.  All  the  country  lying  on  the 
W.,  between  the  bishopric  of  Ciudad  Real  and  the  X'rovinco  of  Vera  Paz, 
Avasonce  occupied  by  the  Western  Lacandones. . .  .The  country  of  the  Eastern 
Lacandones  may  be  ccmsidered  as  extending  from  the  mountains  of  ChiinnuH, 
a  day  and  a  half  from  Cobi'in,  along  the  borders  of  the  river  de  la  Tasion  to 
Pctt'n,  or  even  further.'  Esvohar,  in  Lond.  Geoij.  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  xi.,  pj).  93- 
4.  Ujion  tho  margin  of  the  Rio  de  la  Passion.  Juarros'  Hist,  (iitat.,  p. 
271.  '  Un  tribu  de  lliiyas  sauvages  appeles  Lacandons,  qui  habitent  nn  dis- 
trict immense  dans  le  centre  du  continent,  embrasse  toute  la  partie  oc-iden- 
tale  du  Peten;  erre  sur  les  bords  superieurs  de  I'lTsumasinta  et  le  pays  (pii  se 
trouve  an  sud  de  I'endroit  d'oii  j'i'cris.'  Galindo,  in  Antiq.  Mcx.,  tom.  i.,  div.  ii., 
p. 07.  '  The  vast  region  lying  between  Chiapa,  Tabasco,  Yucatan,  and  the  re- 
public of  Guatemala ...  is  still  occupied  bj'  a  considerable  body  of  Indians, 
tho  Lacandones  and  others.'  Squier,  in  Ilist.  M(Uj.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  C5.  '  The  vast 
region  (>nd)racing  not  less  than  from  8000  to  10,000  square  miles,  surround- 
ing the  upper  waters  of  the  river  Usumasinta,  in  which  exist  the  indomitable 
Lacandones.'  Id.,  p.  (!7.  'Mais  la  contree  qui  s't'teiidait  au  nord  de  Caha- 
bon,  siege  )irovisoire  des  Dominicains,  et  qui  coniprenait  le  pays  de  Dolores 
ft  celui  des  Itzas,  etait  encore  a  peupres  inconnue.  La  vivaient  les  C'holes, 
les  belliqueux  et  fi'roces  Mopans,  les  Lacandons  et  quelques  tribus  plus  ob- 
scures, dont  I'histoiro  a  neglige  les  noms.'  Morelel,  Voyaije,  tom.  ii.,  p. 
78,  tom.  i.,  p.  318.  'They  are  reducid  to-day  to  a  very  insignificant 
number,  living  on  and  near  Passion  river  and  its  tributaries.'  Iknvdt,  in 
.S);ii7/is(i»u'((ii  Hept.,  18(i7,  p.  i'lH.  '  In  the  north  of  Vera  Paz,  to  the  west  of 
Peten,   and  all  along  the  Usumacinta,  dwell  numerous  and  warlike  tribes, 


THE  MAMES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


787 


c;\llo(l    genfrilly  LaciiiKloncs.'    Itoi/Ic's  Pt'ide,  Vdl.  i.,  pref.,  p.  xvi.;  FuSM'tj, 
Mvx'xiHi',  p.  -171;  I'uneiilil,  Mi'm.  sulirc  lit  llazd  Inillijenn,  j).  I!t7. 

'I'he  Munvs  'oceni)ii'(l  the  cxistiiit^  ili-itrict  of  CTiiof,'iU't('niiiif,'o,  a  part  of 
Qnczali  iiiinj,'(),  iiiid  the  ))i()viiu'e  of  Soi  oiuisco,  unci  in  all  tluso  phuvs  the 
Mam  or  I'oconiaii  laiij,"ia^'e  is  vernaenlur.  It  is  u  circunistanco  not  ft 
littl(>  rcniarkalili',  that  this  iiliom  is  also  peculiar  to  j)lacos  very  distant 
from  the  country  of  tlu^  Mams:  viz.  in  Amatitan,  Mixco,  and  IVtapa.  in 
the  provinco  of  Sacntcjuipics;  Chalchuapa,  in  St.  Salvador;  Mita,  .Talai)a, 
and  Xihjtt'pcqne,  in  Chiiiuiniuhi.'  Jmirnni'  HIM.  Giud.,  p.  KID.  'ElManio 
o  Poconian  le  iisan  los  nianics  o  poconiaues,  quo  parcfcn  no  ser  mas 
que  dos  trilms  de  vina  niisnuv  nacion,  la  cual  forniaha  un  estado  pode- 
roso  en  Guatemala.  Se  extendi<5  por  el  distriti'i  do  Huehuetenan),'o,  en  lu  pro- 
vincia  de  este  nonibre,  y  por  parte  do  la  de  Quetzaltenanf,'o,  asi  como  por  el 
distrito  de  Soconusco  eu  Chiapas.  En  todos  estos  hif,'aresso  hahlalja  niamo 
o  pocoman,  lo  niisnio  que  en  Anuititlan,  Jlixco  y  I'etapa,  do  la  I'rovincia  do 
Zacatepec  o  Guatenmla;  en  Chalchuapa,  perteneciente  a  la  de  San  Salvador; 
y  en  Mita,  Jalapa  y  Jilolteiiec,  de  la  de  Chiquiniula.'  IMhi,  in  rhnchkl, 
Vitdilro.,  torn,  i.,  p.  HI.  '  Leur  capitale  etait  Guegut  tenango,  au  nord-est  do 
la  \ille  actuelle  de  Guatemala,  et  les  villes  de  Masacatan,  Cuilco,  Chiantla  et 
Istayuaeau  etaient  encluvees  dans  leur  territoire.'  Squiei;  in  KounlUs  An- 
naks  iks  Voy.,  1K.J7,  tom.  diii.,  p.  177.  '  A  I'ouest,  jusqu'aux  frontieres  de 
Chiapas,  sV'tendaient  les  il  mis,  proprcnient  dits  Mani-Yoc,  dans  leurs  his- 
toires,  partages  eu  plnsieurs  families  egalenient  puissautes  qui  gouvernaient 
souverainenieiit  cette  contree,  alors  designee  sous  le  nom  comniun  d'Otzoya 
(de  otzoy,  sortes  d'ecrevisses  d'or) :  c'l'taient  d'un  cote  les  Chnn-Zak-Yoc, 
qui  avaieut  pour  capitale  Qulaha,  que  son  opulence  et  son  etendue  avaient 
fait  s\n-nommer  Ninia-.Vmag  ou  la  Grande-Ville,  dite  dejiuis  Xelahun-(,»uit  h, 
ou  Xelahuh,  et  Quezaltenango;  les  Tzitzol,  dont  la  capitale  etait  jieut-etro 
ChinabaLul  ou  Huohuetenango,  les  Ganchebi  (see  note  below  under  Ganchi- 
bis)  et  les  IJamaq.  Ceux-ci,  dont  nous  avons  connu  les  descendants,  etaient 
seigneurs  d'Iztlahuacnn  (San-Miguel-Izthdinacan),  dont  le  platiau  est  encore 
aujiiurd'hui  parsenie  de  mine's  au  milieu  desquelles  s'eleve  rhumble  boiu- 
gade  de  ce  nom:  au  dessus  doniine,  a  uue  hauteur  formidable,  Xubiltenam 
(villeduS(mtHe) .  .  .  .Ganchebi,  ecrit  alternativenu>iit  Canclubiz,  Canchevezet 
Ganchebirse.  Kieu  u'lndiijue  d'uui'manirre  precise  oil  regnait  cette  fannlle: 
mais  il  se  pourrait  (jue  ce  fut  ."i  Zipacapan  ou  a  Chiviiin,  dont  les  minis 
existent  ii  trois  lieues  au  sud  dc  cette  derniero  locaiite;  la  I'tait  rancitn 
Oztoncalco.'  Ilrdssiurde  liourlKntni,  I'opol  Vuh,  introd.,  pp.  'JC)!-.").  'Ilabi- 
taban  el  Soconusco,  dcsde  tiempos  remotos,  y  era  un  pueblo  auti'icton;  los 
olmecas  (lue  Uegaron  de  la  parte  de  Mexico,  les  rednjeron  a  la  servicbnnbre, 
y  una  fracciou  de  los  vencidos  emigrri  hasta  Guatemala.'  Ormrn  ij  llrrvn, 
Ui'uijnit'ia,  p.  1(18.  The  Mauu'y,  Aehi,  Cuaahtenialteca,  Hutateca,  and  Cliiri- 
chota  'en  la  de  los  Suchitepeques  y  Cuaahtemala.'  ralnclo,  in  Pnclun,.  Cul. 
Dm-.  hitUL,  tom.  vi.,  p.  7.  Mame  'Parle  dans  les  localites  voisiui  s  dt>  Hue- 
buetenango.'  /ini.sscf/c  ik  liintrtiuunj,  MS.  Tr<i<ino,  tom.  ii.,  p.  viii.  '  Ou 
retrouve  encore  aujourd'hui  leurs  restes  jiarnii  les  ludiens  de  la  jrovinco 
de  Totouicapau,  aux  frontieres  de  Chiapas  et  des  Lacandons,  au  noid- 
oufcst  de  I'etat  de  Guatemala.     La  place  forte  de  Zakuleu  (c'est-a-dire,  Terre 


788 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


bliuipho,  nidi  u  propos  orthographii'  Rocoli'o),  dont  on  ntlmire  Ics  vnstos 
dt'bris  aupri'H  do  In  ville  de  Hui'hni'tpnango.  rcstii,  jusqn'ftii  temps  de  lii  con- 
quete  espiiguole,  1ft  cftpitale  dos  MeinH.  C'ette  race  iiviiit  vU'  nntc'rifiirenient 
lit  niiiitresso  do  lu  plus  grande  pnrtio  do  I'l'tut  do  Guiiti'mnlu.'  Jirasmur  de 
Jiourliinmj,  Hist.  Nut.  Civ.,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  119-20. 

Tlio  Pokoviams,  or  Pokonchis,  lived  in  the  district  of  Vera  Pftz  in  Guate- 
mala, 'sous  lo  nora  dTxab  et  de  Pokoniam,  une  i)ftrtio  dos  trei/.e  tribus  de 
Tccpan,  dont  la  capitalo  etait  la  grand©  cite  do  Nimpokoni,  etait  maitresse 
do  la  Verapaz  et  dos  provinces  situees  an  sud  du  Motagna  jusqu'a  Paliu  '  (2 
leagues  N.  W.  of  Rabinal).  Bra-iseur  de  Bourhouiy,  I'DpnlVuli,  introd.,  j).  2G4. 
lis  '  paraissent  avoir  oocnpi'  nno  grande  partie  des  provinces  guatenialienneH,' 
]}rnssenr  de  liourhounj,  HLst.  Nat.  Cif.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  84,  COfi.  'Toute  la  nve 
droito  du  Chixoy  (Lacanuon  ou  haut  Uzumaciuta),  depuis  CoIjuu  (eciit 
quolipiefois  Coljoan)  jusqu'au  flenvo  Motagiia,  les  moutagues  et  Ics  valleea 
do  Gagcoh  (Sau-Cristoval),  de  Taltic,  de  Rabinal  et  d'l'rran,  nne  partie 
des  d'parteiuents  actucls  de  Zacatc|)ec,  do  Guatrniala  et  de  riii([iiiniiilii, 
juscpi'au  pied  des  volcans  de  Hiinahpu  (volcans  d'Eau  et  do  Feu),  di'vinrent 
leur  proie.'  Id.,  pp.  121-2.  '  Le  pocomchi,  le  pokoniau,  lo  cakclii,  semi's 
d'Amatitau  a  Coban.'  Jirutisiur  de  Jiourhonnj,  MS.  Troimo,  torn,  ii.,  introd., 
p.  viii.  In  '  La  Verapaz,  la  poponchi,  caechi  y  colchi.'  P((/((cw,  in  Pacheco, 
Col.  Doc.  T)h  L,  torn.  vi.,p  .  7.  'La  lengua  pocomana  so  habla  en  Amatitan, 
Petapa,  San  Cbrisobal,  I'inula,  j'  Herniita  o  Llano  do  la  Cnlebra  de  Guate- 
mala.' Ilervds,  CaUUoijo,  torn,  i.,  p.  305.  'Ala  nacion  Poconcbi  pcrtene- 
con  lo3  lugareso  misiones  . .  .llamadas  Santa  Cruz,  San  Christobal,  Taktik, 
Tucuri'i,  y  Toniasii'i.'  lb. 

The  Qnirhiis  inhabit  the  centre  of  the  state  of  Guatemala.  '  Quiclic  then 
comprehended  the  lu-esent  districts  of  Quiche,  Totonieapan,  part  of  Quezul- 
tenango,  and  the  village  of  Rabinal;  in  all  these  places  the  Quich:'  language 
is  spoken.  For  this  reason,  it  may  be  inferred  with  much  i)ri)bability,  that 
the  greater  part  of  the  province  of  Sapotitlan,  or  Suchiltcpt'cpies,  was  a  cul- 
ony  of  the  Quichees,  as  the  same  idiom  is  made  use  of  nearly  throughout  the 
whole  of  it.'  Juarros'  Hist.  Gitat.,  p.  168.  'Los  Quiches,  or  Utletecas,  habi- 
taient  la  frontiere  du  sud,  les  chefs  de  Sacapu'iis  et  Uspatan  a  Test,  et  los 
Lacandones  iud.'pendants  au  nord.  lis  occupaient  probablement  la  plus 
grande  partie  du  district  actuel  do  Totonicajian  et  uno  portion  de  ctlui  de 
Quesaltenango.'  Sijuler,  in  Koufelles  Annnlis  d<s  Voy.,  1857,  tom.  cliii.,  p. 
177.  '  Lours  pnstes  principaux  furent  t'tablis  sur  les  deux  coti's  du  Chixoy, 
doimis  Zacapulas  jusqu'a  Zactzuy.'  Brasseur  de  Bourhoimi,  //is<.  Nat.  Vie, 
tom.  ii.,  pp.  131-2;   Wappiius,  Geog.  m.  Stat.,  pp.  280,  288,  291. 

The  Cakchiqmls  are  south  of  the  Quiches.  '  The  territory  of  the  Kaclii- 
quelcs  was  conq)osed  of  that  which  now  forms  the  provinces  of  (  lii:iialte- 
nango  and  Sacatejicques,  and  the  district  of  Holola;  and  as  the  Kachiijucl 
language  is  also  spoken  in  the  villages  of  Patulnl,  Cctzunialguaiian,  and 
others  along  the  same  coast,  it  is  a  [ilausible  supposition  that  they  weie 
colonies  settled  by  the  Kachiquels,  for  the  purpose  of  cultivating  the  desirable 
productions  of  a  warmer  climate  than  their  own.'  Juavros'  lIL-t.  Gnat.,  p. 
IC)'.).  '  La  capitalo  fut,  en  dernier  lien,  Iximche  ou  Tecpan-Guatem.ila,  lors 
do  la  declaration  de  riudepeudeucc  de  cette  uatiuu.'  -ii/us.scu,"  t/c  LnurLvunj, 


GUATE^IALAXS. 


783 


Pnpnl  Vnh,  introd.,  p.  270.  'Dnr  wistliflio  Thoil  dor  Prnvinz  fAtit  in]  iiiit 
1(1  Dilrfcrn  in  4  Kirflisintlcn,  vdu  Xiulikomimu  di  r  KiulMimlt  n  iiiul  Ziitii- 
(^ik'ii  l)c\vohnt.'  Ifdssil,  JA.r.  Omil.,  p.  ',i',1H.  'Los  jiaisis  dv  l,i  iiacinii  Calj. 
fliiqiiilii  Hon  Cbiiiiiiltoniinyo,  Ziuiiiuiuyo,  Tfjiir,  Santo  I).iiiiiiij4<>,  Saii  PkIid 
las  lliiertas,  Suu  GuHpnr,  Sau  Luisdc  las  Carrctas,  yotros  ditz  In^'ans,  tixLis 
Iicrti'iu'cientes  k  las  misiouus  do  los  I'P.  d(>iiiiiiicns;  _v  a  las  do  ius  i'l'.  ub» 
Horvantea  do  sau  Francisco  jicrti  iicccn  Isapa,  I'ason,  Tciiim-i^niatcnialin 
Comalapa,  San  Antonio,  San  Juan  del  Obispo,  y  otros  ipiincc  liiyans  a  lo 
nicnos  do  la  misma  nacion  Cakchiqiiila,  cuyas  pob'.acioncs  cstan  al  rcdcdor 
do  Guatoinaln.'  Jhrvih,  Cittnloiin,  torn,  i.,  p.  305. 

The  Ztttntjlls  dwelt  near  the  lake  of  Atitlan.  '  Tlip  dominion  of  tlio 
Zutuyilcs  extended  over  the  modern  district  of  Atitan,  and  tlic  vi'lit,')'  of 
Sau  Antonio,  SncliiUei>e(pies.'  Jwivnifi'  Hist.  Hiinl,^  p.  K',;).  •  I,a  capital  do 
los  caclii(iueles  era  ratmaniit  ci  Tecpan^uatcuiala,  citida  1  j^randc  y  f'uitf;  y 
la  do  los  zntuhiles,  Atitan,  ccrca  do  la  luguna  do  cste  nomine  y  (jue  so  teuiii 
por  inexpugnable.'  I'imcntcl,  <\a(lro,  toin.  ii.,  pp.  1212. 

The  rVtoWi.s  live  on  tlio  banks  of  the  ^Iotai,'ini  River.  Tlie  rhiipiiinulii 
•Indians  belong  to  the  Chorti nation.'  (ktranrtv,  in  I'linittini  Sluraiul  llintkl, 
Tec.  19,  18(;7;  LwJvichi's  Ah.  Lawj.,  p.  48. 

IJrasseur  de  Dourbourg  describes  qnito  a  ninnbrr  of  very  ancient 
nations,  of  some  of  which  ho  endeavors  to  fix  the  localities,  and  which 
I  insert  here.  Dan  or  Tamnb  fonnded  a  monarchy  on  the  ftuateniahin 
plateau.  Their  '  capitale,  Aiu;ig-l) m,  existait,  suivant  toute  apparence, 
entre  los  niunts  Tohil  ot  Miuuah,  ii  trois  lieues  a  peine  an  nord  d'lTt- 
latlan.'  Popol  Vuh,  introd.,  pp.  148,  2G2.  '  Ilocab  etcndait  si  domina- 
tion :i  I'onost  et  an  Slid  do  Tamnb,  et  la  cite  d^Ucjuincat,  siege  principale 
de  cette  inaison,  oecnpait  un  plateau  etroit,  situe  <'ntre  les  niemes  ravins 
qui  ceignent  un  ]ieu  phis  lias  les  mines  d'l'tlatlan.'  '  Li  vi'.le  dTcpiincat 
(forme  antique),  Avec  Ic  tilet  la  mettre  le  niais),  I'tait  siir  iin  platiau 
au  noi'd-o\iest  do  ceux  dTtlatlan,  d mt  eile  n'  talt  s-pare  (pie  jiar  ses 
ravins;  on  en  voit  encore  les  raiues  connues  auj  )ur.riuii  sois  le  nom  do 
P'-Ilocab,  en  Ilocab.'  /(/.,  p.  2G;i.  .\gaab,  'dont  les  i)ossessi  ins  s'eteinlaient 
Bur  los  deux  rives  du  Chixoy  ou  Lacandon.'  'Cetait  tine  nation  jiuissanto 
dont  los  priucipalos  villes  exislaient  a  pen  de  distance  de  1 1  rive  gauclie  du 
fleuve  Chixoy  ou  Lacandon  (Uio  Grande  de  Saeapr.las).  L'lme  d'ellcs  etait 
Carind,  dont  j'ai  visite  lo  premier,  on  1S5C,  les  belles  mines,  situ  es  s;:r  les 
bords  du  Pacalag,  riviere  ipii  so  jette  dans  hi  Lacanilon,  |  res  pie  vis-'i-vis 
rembouchure  do  celh' de  Ilabin  d,  dans  la  Vi'rapaz.'  /'i.  Caliiiiii,  'I.  <■  ijii- 
tale  etait  a  Zameueb,  dans  les  montagnes  de  Xoy  diali  on  X(4;;l>  h.  [I  i.tro 
les  roehers].'  /iZ.,  p.  270.  Ah-Actuliil,  '  so|it  tribiis  de  I  ■  natio.i  h-Vtiilid, 
qui   sVtaient   etablies   sur   ties   territoires   di'pendants   de    1  i    snivi  r.iineto 


d'.\titlan.'     '  Ces  sept  tribiis  sont:  AhTzmiue.  Ah-i  laiicni. 


it.  Mana- 


zaipieijct,  Vancoh,  Yabacoh  ot  Ah- rzakol-tinet  on  (,)u  h.  Ac-  lulul  ent-.'tro 
pour  Ah -TuluL'  /(/.,  p.  274.  '  Ah-Txiipiinah  i,  ee  ix  on  les  haliiiants  do 
Tziquinaha  (Nid  d'oiseau),  dont  lacaiiiialo  fut  Atillin.  sur  le  lac'  du  ni'Uio 
nom.'  Id.,  p.  29(5.  Acutoe.  'nom  aussi  d'une  ancienno  trilin  dont  on  re- 
trouvo  le  souvenir  dans  ('huvi-.\cutec,  au-dessus  d'.Vcutec,  sur  lo  te  ritoiro 
de  Chalcitau,  pros  de  Malaoatan  et  de  Huehueteiiangn.'  /r/.,  pp.  ;tl2-3. 
Cohab,  'nom  d'uue  tribu  antique   duns  Torient  des  t^uichi's.'  II.    p.  353. 


I; 


790 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


Tho  rhnntnkn  dwell  in  the  mnnntdin  districts  N.E.  of  Lnko  Nicnrnpiin, 
bosidos  hiiviii<»  iniscolliinoons  villiigcs  in  Gnirroro,  Oujivcn,  Tabiisro,  Gimte- 
nmln,  and  Ilonduras.  '  En  el  Dcpurtaniento  dti  Tliicolidii ....  y  ho  enourntran 
chontftloH  en  Guerrero,  en  Tabasco  y  en  (riiatt'inalii.'  Ornivn  y  Ikrro,  Gio- 
ijriifin,  pp.  18') -7.  In  San  Salvador,  Choluteca,  Honduras,  Nicaragua. 
Pilndo,  in  Pacheco,  Col.  Doc.  Imid.,  torn,  vi.,  pp.  7,  20,  35.'  Quii'chapa  . . 
2i)  Leguis  Hildiistlich  von  Oaj'ica  nnd  10  Li'guas  siidwcstlich  von  N» j'tpa 
.... .\n  den  Gri'inzen  dos  Landes  der  Chontalos. '....'  Tlapalcatepi'c.  Hiiu])t- 
ort  im  Lando  dor  Chont'il(!s.'  M'AMmpfnvdl,  M^jh'0,  torn,  ii.,  pt  i,,  pp.  17'2-.'l, 
17."),  1!)2.  'Lcs  Chontiiles  s'l'taicnt  vus  en  possession  de  tonte  la  contn'o 
qui  s'l'tend  entre  la  nu>r  et  la  ehaino  di;  Quyecolani  . .  etaient  en  posses- 
sion non  seulement  do  Nexapa,  niais  encore  do  la  portion  la  jilns  iniportanto 
do  la  montagno  do  Quiyecolani.'  Bmxs'  .,  de  lUwrhoimj,  Hist.  Xut.  <"u\, 
torn,  iii.,  pp.  3,  47,  'An  nord-ouest  du  grand  lac,  les  C'houdals  occupiiitiit 
le  district  montagneux  ajipele  encore  aujourd'hui  Choutales,  d'apres  eux.' 
Holiiuiki,  L'l  diUfornie,  p.  290.  '  Inhabitants  of  the  mountainous  regions  ta 
the  north-east  of  the  lake  of  Nicaragua.'  FnicbiVn  Cetd.  .\tttir.,  p.  52.  '  .\u 
nord  des  lacs,  les  Chontales  barbares  habitaicnt  la  eonlillero.'  linisscur  <le 
liouvbounj.  Hid.  Nut.  Ciiv,  torn,  ii.,  p.  110.  'The  Choiitals  covered  Chou- 
tales, northward  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  lying  between  the  tribes  already 
given,  and  those  on  tho  Caribbean  Hea.'  Sloul's  Xivdnvinn,  p.  111.  '  Bewoh- 
uor  der  Gebirgsgegendeu  nordiistlich  voni  See  von  Nicaragua."  Froihil,  Aus 
Amer.,  torn,  i.,  p. '285.  'In  Nicaragua  die  Chontales  im  Hoiddaude  ini  N . 
dos  XIanigua-Soes.'  Wdnpiim,  Genj.  u.  S<rt<.,  p.  24().  '  Deste  lugar  [Yztepe- 
que]  comien(;an  los  Chontales.'  Ilerrera,  U'lM.  Gen.,  dec.  iv.,  lib.  viii.,  cap. 
X.  'The  Chondals  d.  Chontals,  the  third  great  division  mentioned  by 
Oviedo,  occupied  the  wide,  mountainous  region,  still  bearing  the  name  of 
Chontales,  situated  to  tho  northward  of  Lake  Nicaragua,  and  midway  be- 
tween the  nations  already  named  and  the  savage  hordes  bordering  the  (Carib- 
bean Sea.'  Squier's  yimmijua,  (Ed.  185(5.)  vol.  ii.,  p.  311.  'On  the  northern 
shores  of  tho  Lake  of  Nicaragua.'  LwleirhfH  Ah.  Lami,  p.  48.     'The  Lencas 

under  the  various  names  of  Chontals,  and  perhaps  Xicaques  and  Payas, 

occupying  what  is  now  tho  Department  of  San  Miguel  in  San  Salvador,  of 
Comayagua,  Choluteca,  Tegucigalpa,  and  parts  of  Olancho  and  Yoro  in 
Honduras,  including  the  islands  of  lloatan,  Guanaja,  and  their  dependencies.' 
iSquier's  Cent.  Amcr.,  p.  2.52. 

The  Pipiles  '  n'y  occupaicnt  guere  quelques  cantons  sur  les  c6tes  de 
I'ocean  Paciftque,  dans  la  province  d'ltzcuintlau  et  no  s'internaient  que  vers 
les  frontieresde  I'etatde  San-Salvador,  le  long  dos  rives  du  rio  Paxa.'  /j'jvj.s- 
seur  dt  Bonrhourij,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  120.  '  Welche  den  gauzen 
•westlichen  Theil  des  heutigen  Staates  von  S.  Salvador  siullich  vom  Rio 
L  •m;)a,  das  sogen.  Rjich  Cozcotlan  bewohuton.'  W'lppiins,  Geoij.  u.  Slat., 
pp.  322,  32'),  '  Are  settled  along  the  coasts  of  tho  Pacitic,  from  the  province 
of  Escuintla  to  that  of  St.  Salvador In  a  short  time  those  Pipiles  multi- 
plied immensely,  and  spread  over  the  provinces  of  Zouzonate,  St.  Salvador, 
and  St.  Miguel.'  Juarros'  Hi.st.  Gual.,  pp.  202,  224.  Among  'los  Izalcos  y 
oosta  de  Guiizacap  m . . . .  San  Salvador ....  Hondur.vs ....  Nicaragua. '  Palacio, 
in  Pacheco,  Cul,  Doc.  Indd.,  torn,  vi.,  p.  7. 


NATIONS  OF  NICAUAQUA. 


7!U 


XminltnrtU-nn.  'A  liv  fiilda  ^lo  nn  nlto  voU'iiu  (Suu  Vicontc)  ostiin  cantro 
lugarcH  (Ic  iiulius,  que  lluiniiu  Ids  Nuiiuiilt'oH,'   /'/.,  p.  2'>. 

Tlnsntlteon.  '  In  iiiclircrcn  I'niictcn  Sun  SulvadniH,  wio  /..  11.  in  Isiilro, 
MoxicMiios,  Niihiiisiilco  Icbcn  noch  jctzt  Iniliunt;r  voni  Stiinmie  ilur  TliiKkul- 
tekcn.'  Sriicrzi'r,  W'tiiili'miniPii,  \i.  {'n't. 

Th('  I'h'iliilrrs  'occti'iiicd  tlic  districts  north  of  tlif  NiiKrundans,  extcndiiiR 
nlon{,'  th<^  (tulf  of  Fonsccii  into  what  is  now  Ilondiuiis  tcrritnry.'  Sl<iiit's 
NkfinnKfi,  p.  111.  'Th«>  CliolntecnnH,  HpfakinK  the  rholntccnn  dialci't.  hit- 
imtcd  to  the  northward  of  thi'  Naf,'randans,  and  c.xfcndinK'  alon^  the  (iiilf  of 
Foust'ca,  into  what  is  now  tho  territory  of  Ilonihu'as.  A  town  and  riv<  r  in 
tho  territory  here  indicated,  still  bear  the  name  of  Choliiteca,  which  how- 
ever is  a  Alexionn  name.'  Siinh-r's  Xiiutrdijiiii,  (Ed.  IH.Vi,')  vol.  ii.,  p.  IHO. 
These  Soconusco  exiles  settled  'dans  les  terres  (pii  .H'i'tendent  an  nord  et  a 
I'ouest  du  Rolfo  do  Concha;,'ua,  uux  frontieresde  Hondnras  et  de  Nicura^'iia.' 
Bvansfitr  d-  Uimrhniini,  Hisl.  Xnl.  r/c,  torn.  ii.  p.  79.  '  IJeyond  thcni  (Na- 
gr.indiinsi  on  the  f^nlf  of  Fonseca,  a  nation  called  thu  Cholutt.'cans  had  their 
seats.'  Frnehel's  Cent.  Aiiier.,  p.  53. 

Jf  (ci'/ios,  a  tribe  formerly  inhabitini,'  the  mountain  ref,'ion  about  Leon. 
'  Ihre  Woliusitze  bikleten  die  Provinz  Maiibichoa.'  Frochel,  Aim  Aim  r.,  toni. 
i.,  p.  '.m. 

'Ay  en  Nicaragua  cinco  leguajes. . .  .C'oribicl  . .  .Cliorotef,'a. . .  .f'hondal 
Orotina. . .  .Mexicano.'  Guniura.  Hist.  Iml.,  fol.  2(i4.  '  llablauan  <  n  Nica- 
ragua, cinco  lenguas  difei    ites,  Coribizi,  (pie  \o  hablan  niiicho  en  Chuloteca 

Los  de  Chontal la  qnarta  es  Orotina,  ^lexicana  es  la  (luiiita."  lla- 

rera,  Hid.  Gin.,  dee.  iii.,  lib.  iv.,  cap.  vii.  'In  Nicaragua  there  wer(>  tiuo 
linages,  and  difTt'rent  languages:  the  ("oribici,  f'iocotoga,  Ciondale.  Oretigua, 
and  the  Mexican.'  rnrclirts  his  J'UiiniiiiKic,  \o\.  v.,  887;  Oi  into,  Hist.  Utn., 
torn,  iv.,  p.  3.');  limchmunn,  Ortmimiien,  j).  132. 

The  I'lii/viitviianii  'occupied  the  entire  country  north  of  the  Niquirans, 
exteiuling  along  the  Pacific  Ocean,  bctwi'cu  it  and  J^ake  Managua,  to  the 
borders,  and  probably  for  a  distance  along  the  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Fonstca. 
They  also  occupied  the  country  south  of  the  Niipiirans.  and  around  the  gulf 
of  Nicoya,  then  calli'd  Orotina.'  S<j>iiir's  XiidrdijiKt.,  (Ed.  iH.'iC), )vol.  ii.,  p.  31(i. 
'  Welche  die  Gegenden  zwischiii  der  Siidsee  und  deni  Managua-See  vou  der 
Fonseca-l?i.i  sitd warts  bis  zii  den  aztckisch  sprechenden  Indianern  bewohncu 
und  audi  siidlich  von  di'U  Nicpiii-iansbis  zur  l>ai  von  Nicoya  sichausbreiten.' 
W<iiiiiiiiis,  (inoij.  u.  Slat.,  p.  2l().  '  North  of  the  Mexican  inhabitants  of 
Nicaragua  (the  Niquirans),  between  the  Pacific  Ocean,  Lake  Alanagu.i,  and 
the  Oulf  of  Fonseca.'  Lmlewi'i's  Ah.  L'lii'j.,  p.  48.  Before  thi'  eontpiest  they 
occupied  '  les  rcgituis  aujourd'hui  a  peu  jircs  di'sertes  (pii  s'etendcnt  entrc 
le  territoire  do  Tehuantepec  et  eelui  de  Soeonnsco,  sur  li's  Lords  de  lOcean 

Pacifiipie.' To  escape  the  Olmec  tyranny  they  iniigrated  to  '  golfe  de 

Nieoya;  de  h'l,  lis  retournerent  ensuite,  en  passant  h  s  moiits,  jusiprau  lac  de 
Nicaragua  et  se  fixerent  sur  ses  bords.'  Driven  ofl'  by  the  Nahuas  '  les  uns, 
se  dirigeant  au  nord-ouest,  vont  fonder  Nagarando,  an  bord  du  lac  de  Mana- 
gua, tandis  quo  les  autres  contournaient  les  rivages  du  g'>lfo  de  Nicoya,  quo 
Ton  trouve  encore  aujourd'hui  habites  par  leurs  descendants.'  liras.sinr  de 
Bourbounj,  Popol  Vuk,  iutrod.,  pp.  ce.,  ceil.      '  Als  die  Spunier  uuch  Nicara- 


702 


TRTDAL  nOUNDARIEH. 


(iwi  kiiinrn,  wir  dipss  Volk  nn  dir  Kiistc  vcrln'citft. . .   wolmton  liiiigM  dor 
Kiistf  dcM  AiistriiloctMiim.'   Ifiissil,  Mix.  Unat.,  \)\\.  .'tI)7-H, 

The  lUriiii.i  '  (>c-ciii)iod  the  territory  lyin^,' Ititwrm  tlir  npiicr  cxtrcinity  of 
Laki'  NiciUM^'im,  tliu  rivi-r  Tipifup.i,  ainltlic  Honthcrn  half  of  Luke  Maiianim 
niid  tlic  I'ai'illc,  wlioMi!  jiriiiripal  tnwiis  were  Kituatcd  wlirrc  now  Mtaiid  tho 
citicH  of  (ir.iiiadu,  tln'u  (culled  Siiltebi,)  Masayii,  and  Man.if,Mia,  and  the  vil- 
l;i','i'H  of  Tipitapii,  Dhiomo  and  Diriamha  '  Si/ithr's  XUnrdiiiKi,  (Kd.  lH."(i, ) 
V  )|.  ii.,  ]>  ItlO.  '(rroiip's  dans  les  localit's  encore  comiiiich  dc  I.iria,  do 
Dh'ioiii '.  dc  Diriamha,  de  Monh.icho  et  de  Ijenderi,  snr  les  hauteurs  ipii  forni- 
eiit  1,1  hasij  dii  volciiu  do  Mazava.'  Ilritntviir  ih'  lloitrlniiivij,  Il'ist.  S(d.  (  U\, 
toin.  ii.,  ]).  111.  '  Occiipii'd  Manaya,  Maiiaj,'iia,  Tipit.ipa,  I)irionio,  and 
l)iriaiiih:i.'    SinuVn  Xlcdni'inn,  p.  Ill;    Ffocln'l,  Ans  Aiiiir.,  toiii.  i.,  p.  'JH7. 

The  XiKji'diKlnns.  '  Enfre  les  Dirias  et  lu  ('h(dnteca  c'tait  sitiiei'  la  province 
dcs  llan^'Ui's  on  Niij,'arandaK  (Tonpiemaila  dit  que  Nn^'ariulo  est  un  mot 
de  h'ur  l:in!,'iio.  Oviedo  les  appelle  Na^jraiidas'i,  dont  les  fertiles  camp.i^'neH 
H'''tenilaient,  an  nord  et  ?i  I'oiiest  du  lac  dc  Manai,'na,  jiiscpr.'i  la  nii  r;  on  y 
ndmirait  les  cites  florissantcs  de  ('hinande:-;u,  de  ("hichi^'MJiia,  de  Po/olte^'a,  do 
Ti'Iica,  di^  Suhtiaha,  de  Naj,'arundo,  appeh'o  iiussi  Xolotl.n,  de  Matiari  s  et 
une  foiilu  d'aiitres,  r.'diiites  maintenaiit,  ixmr  lu  pliiiart,  a  de  misi'r.ihh^H 
hi)iir;^'adcs.'  Ilrassrar  ilf  lionrhniini,  Hist.  \iil,  (Ir.,  I(  ni.  ii.,  jp.  111-12. 
'  Thi)  \aj,'raiidaiis  occupied  the  plain  of  Leon  hetweeu  the  northern  extremo 
of  Lake  Mana^'Uft  and  the  Pacific. '  Slniil's  Xicuriifiiin,  p.  III.  'An  \V(  ieho 
Kicli  weiter  nordwestwiirts  (the  last  mention  was  Dirians)  die  Ihwdmi  r  der 
Gcf^ond  von  Leon,  welcho  Squier  Naj^'iauder  iiennt  . .  aiis(hloss<  ii.'  Fmilnl, 
vli(.>: -li/KT.,  torn.  1.,  p. '287.  '  ("hoviitet,'a  trihe  of  (he  plains  of  Leon.  Nica- 
ra;,'ua.'  Lmkiclfa  Ah,  Lmiij.,  p.  I'M);  S'jukr's  Xicdniniui,  i  L,l.  lh.")(i, )  vol.  ii., 
p.  310. 

The  Xiipiinins  '  Rottled  in  the  district  of  Nicaraf^'Ua,  In  twem  the  Lake  of 
Nicaraj^'iia  and  iho  Pacific  Ocean  '  J.ii(hirl<i's  Al>.  /,<//!(/,  p  lltl.  'Au  centro 
du  jiays,  siir  lo  hic  Nicaraj^na,  appel('  Cociholca  par  les  inuim'nes,  vivaieiit 
L's  Ni(iinrans.'  Ifollnshi,  La  ('(tUfitrnic,  p.  '2!)0.  Onietepec.  'This  island 
was  occupied  hy  the  Niqiiirans.'  Sqnkr's  Xkurayita,  (Ld.  18oG,)  vol.  ii.,  p. 
31:1;  ll,^l/l,■^s  i:i,lr,  vol.  i.,  p.  71. 

The  Oroli'Ktiin  occupied  '  t'  o  country  around  the  Gi.lf  of  Nieoya,  and  to 
tho  southward  of  liake  Nica  igua.'  Squier'n  Xk'ardipin,  {V.i],  IHhV),)  vol.  ii., 
p.  310.  '  .Vni  (iolfi!  von  Or( '.  'a  oder  Nicoya.  .  .  .I'litir  di  ii  )4eo;,'rai)hisclien 
N. linen  im  Laiido  der  Orotiiii  tiisst  man  iiuf  den  Vulkaii  Orosi.  iiii  j(t/ij,'en 
Costa  Rica,  Wiihrcnd  einer  de.  'ulkano  in  der  Kette  der  M  .rihiis,  bii  Leon, 
also  im  Lande  der  Naj,'rande  Orota  In.'isst.'  Fro'hvt,  Ans  Ainr.,  tom.  i., 
p.  '287.  'Les  Orotiuas,  voisiii  du  golfe  d((  Nicoya,  <loii4  les  vilics  princi- 
palos  etaitent  Nicoya,  Orotiiia.  aintren  et  Chorotc.'  Jirassriw  de  linurhourij, 
H'lsl.  Xnt.  Civ.,  tom.  ii.,  pp.  11'  .  '  Settled  the  country  soi.th  of  Lake  Nicaru- 
g.ia  arouu.l  tho  Gulf  of  Nicoya.'  Slaut's  Xkaratjua,  p.  111. 

The  MosQuiTOS,  as  a  subdivision  of  this  group,  inhabit  the  whole  of  Hon- 
duras, the  eastern  portion  of  Nicaragua,  and  all  that  part  of  the  cous-t  on  tho 
Caribbean  Sea  known  as  the  Mosquito  Coast. 

The  Xkaques  '  exist  in  the  district  lying  between  the  Lio  Ulna  and  Eio 
Tiuto....It  seems  probable   that  the    Xiuaques   were    once    much    more 


MOSQUITO  NATION'S. 


798 


widely  (lilTiiseil,  cxtiiuliiin  over  tho  iiluiiw  of  OIuiicIki.  iiinl  iiitu  '.he  ])>  i)art- 
iin'iit  ()(  NiU'Vii  Si'|,'()viii,  ill  Niciirat^tiii.'  Sijuiir's  (tnl.  Aiiier,,  ji.  2-II,  'So 
r<'ii('iinti'(>iit  ]ii'iii('i|iiili'iii)'iit  (lutiH  IcMlt'piirtt'iiiciit  dc  Vnro. , . .  (hhiiic)  h  rcin- 
lnnK'liiire  (Ic  la  rivii'rn  t'lKiloiim,  ct  Iv  iTHtc  est  iliHinrHi'  diiiH  Ics  iiiuutii^'iicrt 
k  ToiiuHt  (U)  111  pliiiiiu  (1u  Siilii.  DaiiH  lo  ili'imrtoiiK'iit  di'  Ydi'o,  iIh  Hunt  n'piiiw 
dim  dans  Id  piiyH  dc|)iiis  lii  rivii'-n.'  SuIiicd  jiisiiu'i'*  la  luiic  ilc  IIund'irMM.'  /i/., 
ill  Sunn llis  Aiiiiill.is  (lis  \'i>i/.,  IM.'.S,  tdiu.  I'lx.,  Jip.  lll:t-l.  Voru  di'|iailiiiclit ; 
'  Widi'lu'  mil  obticii  Liiiif  dur  FIuhso  mul  iu  dciii  Uti^,'-  und  UiiKtllamlo 
zwischcii  dcr  Kiisto  uiid  dciii  Thale  von  Oliindio  woliiitii.'  Wiijiju'ius,  (Imij, 
«.  Still.,  p.  317. 

The  I'oijds.  'In  tho  tiianKlf  liotwccn  tho  Tinto,  the  Hoa,  and  tlif  llio 
Wanks,  or  Segovia.'  Sqnier's  Cvht.  Axiir.,  \>.  '211.  '  Inlialiil  the  I'oycr 
niountains,  IicvdihI  tho  Kiiibarradcro  on  the  I'olvtr  liiver.'  Ymtitifs  S'lirni- 
tire,  p.  (SI).  •  iJcn  wcstlichfn  TIk  il  dts  I)istrikts  Taj^'ii/^alpa,  /wisclnn  dtii 
Fliissun  .\^,Minn  niid  IJarho.'  Unssil,  Mix.  tlwit.,  p.  ',i<K  '  Inhabit  tin  lirada 
of  the  Klai'k  and  I'atook  rivers.'  Ikil,  in  Lund,  ijnuj.  Soc,  Joiir.,  vol.  xxxii., 
p.  'i->H. 

The  Towkns,  'bowohnen  die  siidlichcn  (ic^cudtii  dcs  l)istrikts  (Ta^;uz- 
galpa)  und  diis  Oebir(,'e.'  Iliis.sd,  Mrx.  Uiud.,  p]).  ;i',»l)  1.  'Their  principal 
ri'sidciice  is  at  tho  head  of  I'atook  llivir.'  Ydaitifs  \<ii-riitin\  j).  )s7.  '  Tin  y 
dwell  alon^'  tin;  Twaka  river  whieh  is  a  branch  of  the  I'rinz  Awala.'  Utll,  iu 
Lonil.  '/(■(/ ;.  >(ii'.,  .four.,  vol.  xxxii.,  p.  2r)H. 

The  '  Tiiiiiiijliin  inhabit  along  the  other  branch  of  the  same  river.'   /'*. 

The  SiiiiiuH  'inhabit the  heads  of  all  tho  rivers  from  UlewlioKls  to  I'atook.' 

Jd.,  p.  2rr,. 

Tlie  VDokrdH  '  reside  about  ono  hundred  and  thirty  miles  from  its  mouth' 
(the  Rio  Eseondido).   Stmniitinnjs'  .Mosijiiito  .'^Imir,  p.  111). 

The  Cnrlhs  '  now  occupy  tho  coast  from  the  iieighbcirhood  of  the  port  of 
Triixillo  to  Caratiska  Lagoon. . .  .Their  original  seat  was  San  Vincent,  ono 
of  \vh;it  are  called  th(^  Leeward  Islaiuls,  whence  they  were  deported  ill  a  b<idy, 
by  the  English,  iu  17',^)S,  and  landed  upon  the  then  iinoceupied  island  of 
Hoatan,  in  the  I5ay  of  Honduras.'  Tiie}-  afterwards  removed  to  the  main 
land  'in  tho  vicinity  of  Truxillo,  whence  they  havt;  spread  rajiidly  to  tho 
eastw.ird.  -VU  along  the  coast,  generally  m  ar  the  niniitlis  of  the  various 
rivers  with  which  it  is  fringed,  they  have  tlnir  establishments  or  towns.' 
Bard'n  ir(((7.)W(,  p.  31().  '  Now  .settled  along  the  win  de  extent  of  coast  from 
C.ii>e  (rracias  fi  Dios  to  lielize.'  Fnx'hi'Vs  Cent.  Aiiirr.,  p.  IS.").  '  l>well  on 
tho  sea  c  )ast,  tliei.  lirst  town,  {,"ape  Town,  being  a  few  miles  t  >  the  west- 
ward of  Hlack  River.'  rouni/s  Xnrrntii-o,  pp.  71,  12J,  1;I4.  In  Roaiaii;  '  Die 
Volksiueiige  bcsteht  aus  Caraibeii  und  Sambus,  dereii  etwa  1,1)1111  auf  der  lii- 
Bol  seyn  solK'ii.'  //(s.vi/,  Mi\i:.  UniU.,\u  list).  '  Unter  dtii  ('araibemliiifern 
Bind  zu  nonuon:  Stanu  Creek. ..  .unfern  im  S.  von  Heli/.e,  uiid  voii  da  bis 
znr  Siilgreu/o  Settee,  Lower  Stanu  Crec'k,  Silver  I'reek,  Seven  Hills  uiul 
PiHiti  (j.)rd.i.'  \Viip[)aaii,  iJuoi/.  u.  Stilt.,  [>.  oW  See  also:  Siors,  Mittitainivi- 
ki,  pp.  lot,  179;  Mirdet,  Voynfjc,  torn,  ii.,  p.  W,). 

Tho  RftiiKis  extend  from  Groytown  to  IJlewtields,  a  regit)n  '  uninhubited 
except  by  tho  scinty  remnant  of  a  tribe  called  Ramas.'  'Inhabit  a  small 
island  utthe  southern  extremity  of  Blewlields  Lagoon;  they  are  only  a  uiiuer- 


794 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


al)lo  remnant  of  a  nnmoious  trihe  tlmt  formerly  lived  on  the  St.  .Tolin's 
and  other  rivers  in  that  neighliourhood.  A  great  nnndier  of  them  still  live 
at  the  head  of  tiie  Bio  Frio,  which  runs  into  the  St.  .John's  Hiver  at  Han  Carlos 
Fort.'  Jldl,  in  J.nnd.  (juxj.  Sur.,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxii.,  pp.  242,  2M.  '  llama  Cay, 
in  BK'wfiels  La^'oon.  This  small  island  is  the  refuge  of  a  feeble  remnant 
of  the  once  powerful  Bania  tribe.'   I'i)n  (tml  Sef))ia)in'»  DotlhKjs,  p.  278. 

The  Mdsijiiiliis  inhabit  '  the  whole  coast  from  Pearl  Key  Lagoon  to  Black 
River,  and  along  the  banks  of  the  Wawa  and  Waux,  or  Wanks  Rivers  for  a 
great  distance  inland.'  JjiII,  in  Lond.  (lauj.  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxii.,  p.  2.")(). 
'  L'intcrieur  dn  pays  est  occupc  par  la  nation  sauvage  et  indoniptable  des 
Mos(piit(is-Sond)os.  Les  cotes,  surtont  pres  le  cap  Gracias  a  Dios,  soiit 
habitees  par  une  autre  tribu  d'Indiens  (pie  les  navigateurs  anglais  ont  appeles 
Mos(init(is  de  la  cote.'  MaUc-Jiruu,  i'?v'ci.s  de  la  Gax/.,  toni.  vi.,  p.  472. 
An  dem  Ende  dieser  Provinz  (Honduras),  nahe  bey  dem  Cap,  Gnitias-a- 
Dios,  tindet  man  die  bcriihmte  Nation  der  Mos(puteu.'  Lihiiiorte,  Ji'u'.soi, 
torn.  X.,  p.  4114.  'Nearly  the  whole  coast  of  Honduras;  and  their  most 
numi'rous  tribe  exists  near  the  Cape  Gracios  a  Dios.'  Jioini/i'tistlc's  S]titn, 
Aimr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  172.  '  Ocupan  el  terrcni  de  mas  de  sesenta  h'guas,  (pie 
correu  desik-  la  jurisdiccion  de  Comaniagua,  iiasta  la  de  Costa-Rica.'  Iterisln 
Mix.,  toni.  i.,  p.  404.  'Die  Sambo,  oder  eigentlichen  Mos(piitoindi:in(r 
welche  den  gnissten  Tluil  der  Seekiiste  bis  zum  Black  river  hinauf  nnd  die 
an  dersclben  belegenen  Savannen  bewohnen.'  Mixiquilolimd,  Ikrivld,  p.  I'J. 
'  Inhabiting  on  the  Main,  on  the  N(U'th  side,  near  Cape  Gratia  Dios;  between 
Cape  Honduias  and  Nicaragua.'  Diuiijtkr's  V<'y<iins,  vol.  i.,  p.  7.  'Inhabit 
ft  considerable  space  of  coui;try  on  th(!  continent  of  America,  nearly  extend- 
ing from  Point  Castile,  or  Cap'^  Honduras,  the  southern  point  of  th(>  Bay  of 
Truxillo,  to  the  northern  branch  of  th(>  river  Nicaragua,  called  usually  St. 
Juan's;  and  comprehending  within  these  limits  nearly  100  leagues  of  land 
on  the  sea  coiwst,  from  latitude  11  to  Ki  deg.'  J[(mliv.^<in's  Ifoiuhmi.s,  pp.  211- 
12.  The  Sand)os  'inhabit  the  cotnitry  fruiii  Sandy  Bay  to  I'otook.'  Strahi/e- 
way.t'  Mosquito  Shoir,  j).  \i'AO.  'The  Sand)os,  or  Mos(piitians,  inhabit  the 
sea  coast,  and  the  savannas  inland,  as  far  west  as  Black  River.'  Yoiunfs 
iV(/cr«<n'(',  p.  71.  'The  increase  and  exjjansion  of  the  Caribs  has  already 
driven  most  of  the  Sandxis,  who  were  established  to  the  northward  and  west- 
ward of  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios,  into  the  territory  of  Nicaragua,  southward  of 
the  Cap*!.'  l^quhr's  Jlonduras  [Lund.,  1(S70,]  p.  109;  Id.,  Cent.  Aiiivr.,  p.  '228. 

The  Isthmians,  thi?  last  sub-division  of  this  gi'oup,  embrace  the  jieoplo 
of  Costa  Riea,  together  with  the  nations  dwelling  on  the  Isthmus  of  I'anania, 
or  Darieii,  as  far  as  the  gulf  of  I'raba,  and  along  the  river  Atrato  to  tho 
mouth  of  the  Na}>ipi,  thence  up  the  last-named  river  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
'  Tho  Indian  tribes  within  the  territory  of  Costarriea,  distinguished  by  the 
name  of  Parcialidades,  are  tln^  Valientes,  or  most  eastern  people  of  the  state; 
tho  TiriVacs,  who  occupy  the  coast  from  Bocatoro  to  the  Banana;  the  Tala- 
niancas  and  P'  '.ncos,  who  inhabit  tho  interior,  but  frecpient  tho  coast 
between  the  Banana  and  Salt  Creek;  the  ^Montauos  and  Cabecares,  who  are 
settled  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  high  lands  bounding  Veragua,  and  tho 
Guatusos,  inhabiting  tho  mountains  and  forest  between  Esparsa  and  Baga- 


ISTHMIAN  NATIONS. 


795 


fics,  nixl  towards  tlio  north  of  these  jiliicos. '  Gnlhxlo,  in  LonJ.  Orof],  For., 
Jiinr.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  134.  From  Hot';,  del  Toro  towiirils  the  west  const  dwell  Iho 
Vieeitiis,  lilniicos,  Valieiites,  Gniitnsos,  Tiribis,  iind  riiliiiimiiciis.  Wminir 
and  Sriii  rzi  r,  Costit  liifii,  yt.  ijol.  Bliineos,  Viilieiites,  mid  Tii!iuiiai>cas  'eiit- 
laiig  der  Ostlviisto  zwischeu  dem  Kio  Zeut  uiid  Boca  del  Toro,  iiu  Staato 
Costa  Itica.'  Id.,  p.  573. 

'J'hi'  (liitihisos  '  vorii  Nicarngiia  -  Seo  nn  don  Eio  Frio  anfw;irts  mid 
zwischeii  dii'SL'Ui  und  deiu  San  Carlos  bis  zmn  Iloehlande.'  iVuppihin, 
(jioij.  \i.  Slid.,  p.  3o7.  'Inhabit  a  territory  lying  between  the  JlerivaUs 
mountains  on  the  west,  the  lake  of  Nicaragua  and  the  San  Jiian  river 
on  the  north,  ho  Atlantic  shore  on  the  oast,  and  the  tablo  land  of  San 
Jose  upo!!  the  south.'. . .  .The  llio  Frio  'head-waters  are  the  favorite  haunt 

or   habitation   of  the  Guatnsos occupy  the   north-east   corner   of  Costiv 

Itica.'  liiiijk'H  Hide,  \ol.  i.,  pref.,  pp.  xii.,  xix.,  p.  298.  They  inhabit  '  tho 
basin  of  tho  llio  Frio,'  t<(jukr's  Cent.  Anivr.,  p.  •10.');  /(/.,  in  Xourcllis  An- 
ludes  (/c.s  !'(/(/.,  18.')(),  torn,  di.,  p.  5;  Id.,  iu  Jlist.  Mwj.,  vol.  iv.,  \}.  C5;  V'ujne's 
Travch,  \v\.  i.,  p.  77. 

The  Uiu'ktres  '  viven  ontjima  do  las  sierras  del  puerto  do  la  Herradura  e 
86  extiendeu  per  la  costa  deste  golpho  al  Poniente  do  la  banda  <U1  Norto 
hasvn  el  conliu  do  los  Chorotegas.'  Orhdo,  Hist.  (Itn.,  torn,  iii  ,  \).  1(  H. 

The  Jlhtitcos  '  welcho  uiigefiihr  5  Tageroisen  siidostlich  von  ,\ngostura  in 
don  Bergen  liansen.'    Warner  and  Srhener,  Co.sta  lUca,  pp.  55(),  554. 

The  I'idhnks  and  Bamas,  '  zwischen  dem  Punta  Gorda  und  dor  Lagnno 
von  ('liiri(pii.'  Mosqidhhind,  Jierirht,  p.  9. 

Inhabiting  the  Isthmus  were  numerous  tribes  speaking  different  lan- 
guages, mentioned  by  early  writers  only  by  tho  name  of  tho  chief, 
wliich  was  usually  identical  with  that  of  both  town  and  province.     In  the 

jirovince  of  i'anama  there  were  '  quatro  seiiores  do  lengiias  difercntes Do 

nlli  se  baxaua  a  la  prouincia  do  Nata. . .  .treynta  leguas  do  Panama otro 

Uamado  Eseoria,  oelio  leguas  do  Nata. . .  .Ocho  leguas  mas  adelaute,  la  buelta 
do  Panama,  aula  otro  Caziijue  dicho  Chiri'i,  de  lengua  diforento:  y  otrassieto 
leguas  mas  adelante,  hazia  Patiama,  estaua  el  do  Thame,  (juo  era  el  remate 
de  la  lengua  do  Coyba:  y  la  prouincia  de  1  aris  so  hallaua  dozo  h^guas  do 
Nata,  l.es  liuisto.'  Jfevrcri',  Hist.  Ow.,  dec.  ii.,  lib.  iii.,  cap.  vi.  Westward 
from  the  gulf  of  Uraba  '  hay  una  provineia  que  so  dice  Careta. . .  .yeiido  mas 
la  costa  abajo,  fasta  euarenta  leguas  desta  villa,  entrando  la  tierra  adentro 
fasta  doce  leg  las,  esta  un  caeicjue  ipie  se  dice  Comogro  y  otro  (jue  se  dice 
Poborosa.'  Balboa,  in  Xafarntr,  Vol.  dc  !"((;/?«,  tom.  iii.,  p.  .'idf!.  'En  la 
primera  jirovincia  de  los  darioles  hay  las  jxiblaciones  siguientes:  Kera<p'.e, 
Surugmiti.  Queno,  Morrri,  Agrazenutiua,  Occabayanti  y  Ujaba.'  llirriis, 
('atdlo'io,  tom.  i.,  p. '280.  'Treinta  y  tautas  leguas  del  Darien  habia  una 
provineia  que  se  decia  Careta,  y  otra  cinco  leguas  do  ella  qtie  se  dice  Acla .... 
La  primera  provineia  desde  .\cla  ha<'ia  el  uewte  es  Coniogre. . .  F.n  esta  tierra 
esta  una  provineia  que  s,  ILuna  Peruijueta,  de  una  mar  a  otra,  y  la  isla  de  las 
Porlas,  y  golfo  do  S.  Mignol,  y  otra  provineia,  que  llamamos  las  Behetrias 
por  no  liaber  en  ella  ningun  senor,  so  llanui  Cueva:  es  toda  una  gente  y  do 
una  lengua  . .  Desde  esta  provineia  de  PeriKpieta  hasta  Adechanie  (juo  son 
cerca  do  40  leguas  todavfa  nl  ucste,  se  llama  la  proviucia  de  Coiba,  y  la  len- 


?96 


TRIBAL  BOUNDARIES. 


gna  PS  la  de  Cneva . . . .  dcfidc  Biirica  hasta  esta  provincia,  que  so  dioo  To- 
breytrota,  casi  que  cada  scnor  cs  difiTcntc  de  Iciigna  niio  (Iv  titro.  .  .  .Dcsde 
aqui  tornando  a  baj.ir  corca  de  la  mar,  veiiiiiios  a  la  provincia  de  Tj."*a.  . .  . 
t'sta  30  Ic'guas  de  I'auaiiia. . .  .touia  por  eoutrario  a  \m  senor  que  se  decia  Es- 
coria,  que  tenia  sus  poblaeiones  en  uu  rio  p-ande  oeho  leguas  de  Meta. . . 
Esta  es  len<j;ua  por  hi'.  Y  ocho  leguas  de  alli  baeia  Panama  estA  otro  sener 
que  sc  diee  Cbiru,  lengua  diferonte.  Sitte  leguas  de  C'biru,  liacia  ranaiiui, 
estfi  la  provincia  de  C'banie:  es  el  reniatc  do  la  leiigua  de  Coiba. . .  .Chinian 
. . .  .dos  leguas  de  Coniogro.  . .  .desde  estc  C'Limau. . .  la  provincia  de  I'ocii- 
rosa,  y  de  alli  dos  leguas  la  vuelta  del  ueste.  . .  .la  de  Paruraca,  donde  conii- 
enza  la  de  Coiba,  y  do  alli  laniisniavia  euatro leguas. . .  .la  de  Tubanania.  y 
de  alli  a  oclio  leguas  todo  a  esta  via. .  .  la  de  Cbepo,  y  seis  leguas  do  a!li 
...  .la  de  Cliepobar,  y  dos  leguas  dolaute. . .  .la  de  Pacora,  y  euatro  de  alli 
.  . .  .la  de  Panama,  y  de  alli  otras  euatro, . .  .la  de  Periquete,  y  otras  euatro 
adelante. . .  .la  de  lahore,  y  otras  euatro  adelaute. . .  ,1a  do  Cliame,  que  cs 
remati' de  la  leugna  y  provincia  de  Coiba....  de  Cliamo  a  la  provincia  del 
C'liiru  bay  ocbo  leguas. . .  .y  este  Cliiru  es  otra  lengua  por  si.'  Andagoya,  in 
JVararre/e,  Cnl.  de  Vmjcs,  torn,  iii.,   pp.  397-8,  407-8,  410. 

Tlie  (liiahnles.  'En  la  provincia  de  Vcraguas,  situada  a  9  grados  de  lati- 
tud  boreal,  esta  la  naeiou  delos  Guaimieso  lluamies.  llcrrus,  L'tduli>(]<i,  toiii. 
i.,  pp.  '280-1.  'Los  quales  indios,  segnn  deciau.  no  eran  naturales  de 
nquella  coniarca:  antes  era  su  antigua  pntria  la  tierra  que  esta  junto  al  rio 
grande   de   Darieu.'  Vhza   de   Ij-on,  in  LI.,  p.  281. 

'  The  Indians  who  at  present  inhabit  the  Isthmus  are  scattered  over 
Bocas  del  Toro,  the  northern  portions  of  Vcraguas.  the  nortli-east(rn  shores 
of  Panama,  and  almost  the  whole  of  Darien,  and  consist  jirincipaliy  of 
four  tribes,  the  Savaneries,  the  San  Bias  Indians,  the  Bayanns,  and  the 
Cholos.  Each  tribe  speaks  a  diflVreiit  language.'  Snmann'n  Voij.  luruld, 
vol.  i.,  p.  317.  '  Li'S  Goajiros,  Ics  Jlotilones,  les  Guainetas  et  les  Cocinas, 
dans  les  juovinces  de  Ilio-llaclia,  de  I'jiar  et  de  Saiita-Marta;  etlesDa- 
riens,  les  Cunas  et  les  Choeoes,  siir  lis  rives  et  les  alHuiiils  de  I'Atrato  (t 
les  cotes  du  Darieu.'  lioqiulk',  iu  A'ourdks  Aniudes  dcs  Vol/.,  IbiJu,  tom. 
exlvii.,  pp.  24-5. 

'  The  Savtncncs  occupy  the  northern  portioi'  of  Vcraguas.'  lb. 

The  Doraclios  occupied  western  Veragu:i.   Iil.,  ]>.  312. 

The  MniizniiUhi,  or  San  Bias  Indians,  'inhabit  the  north-eastern  jwrtion 
of  the  province  of  Panama.'  /(/.,  p.  320.  'The  chict' settlement  is  about  Sun 
Bias,  th?  rest  of  the  coast  being  dotted  over  \;\\\\  small  villages.'  (iis!i<iniv's 
Ihirkn.  p.  l^C).  'Their  i)rincipal  settlements  are  on  the 'upper  branches  of 
the  Chipi).  Chiman.  and  Congo,  on  the  Tuquesa,  I'ciirgantI,  ilubiigaiiti,  and 
Cliiieti.  branches  of  the  CluKpianaqua,  and  on  the  Pucro  and  Paya.'  <'iilhi\'s 
])itricii,  ji.  (19.  'The  whole  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  exce])t  a  small  portion 
of  thi>  valley  of  the  Tuyra,  eonipiisiiig  the  towns  of  Chipogana,  Piiiogana, 
Yavisa,  and  Santa  Maria,  and  a  few  scattering  inhabitants  on  the  Bayauio 
near  its  mouth,  is  uninhabited  except  by  the  San  Pd.is  or  Darien  Indians. . . 
They  inhabit  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  from  San  Bias  to  the  Tarena,  mouth 
of  the  Atrato,  and  in  the  interior  from  tlu^  Sucubti  to  the  upper  parts  of  the 
Bayamo.'  SvlJ'r'ulije's  Varicn  Sitnrys,  p.  10. 


NATIONS  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


797 


The  ^^nndin(^^ls  '  occupy  the  coast  as  far  (is  the  Bay  of  raledonia.'  Pm/dl, 
in  Lonil.  Cleoij.  Sor,.,  Jour.,  vol.  xxxviii.,  p.  02;  llekhnnlt,  Cent.  Amer.,  p. 
Kil;  Lailewlifs  Ab.  .Lmu;,  p.  fil. 

The  Bayanos,  •  about  the  Hi verChepo.'  7(7.,  p.  18;  Seemann's  Voy.  Jlerahl, 
vol.  i.,  p.  ^-21. 

The  (linlos,  'extending  from  the  Giilf  of  San  Miguel  to  the  bay  r.f  rimro, 
and  thence  with  a  few  int<'rrnptions  to  the  northern  jiarts  of  tin;  Kepublic  of 
Ecuador.'  Sfantami's  Voy.  Jlemld,  vol.  i.,  p.  321.  'Inhabiting  j)art  of  tlio 
Isthmus  of  Durien,  east  of  tlu!  river  C'hu(iUiina(pm,  which  is  watered  by  tlio 
river  Paya  and  its  brunches  in  and  about  lat.  8'  b')'  N.,  and  long.  77  !iO'  W.' 
Latluim,  in  Lund.  Gvog.  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  xx.,  p.  180. 

'  The  Vitnas  have  established  themselves  on  the  shores  of  thi>  Gulf  of 
Urabi'i,  near  the  outlets  of  the  Atrato.'  Fuydt,  in  Lvnd.  Ueog.  .Soc,  Jour.,  vol. 
xxxviii.,  p.  02. 

The  CunacHims,  '  on  the  south-easterly  side  of  the  Isthmus.'  7',i((?r  iri/'.s  ,l/>. 
Lanr/.,  p.  50.  ''J"he  remnimts  of  the  Chncunacpiese  who  in  18(;i  dwelt  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  w'  ich  bears  their  name. . .  .have  gone  up  towards  the 
north.'  lb. 

Tlu  Chocoa,  'on  the  Leon  and  the  diflferent  tributaries  of  the  Atrato.' 
Mirhkr's  Ditikn,  p.  20. 

The  Cdhuftnc.'i,  '  between  Punta  Arenas  and  Turbo.'  Tb. 

The  Urabds,  '  en  las  selvas  y  bosques  de  la  Trovincia  de  Uraba.'  Alcedo, 
Dice,  tom.  v.,  p.  2.">8. 

The  Idibas  '  del  Reyno  de  Tierra-Firme  y  Gobierno  de  Panama,  son  con- 
tinantes  con  los  Chococs  y  los  Tatabes.'  /(/.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  113. 

The  I'ayas  'on  the  river  of  that  uume.'  Self  rid je's  Darkn  Surveys,  p. 
83. 


i2ND   OF   THE   FIPiST  VOLUME. 


